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    MIND MAP Walking in Pain

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    DRMAZLINA
    This document discusses atherosclerosis, which is the hardening and thickening of arteries due to plaque buildup on the inner walls. It notes several risk factors like diabetes, hypertension, smoking, and family history. Complications include carotid artery disease, peripheral artery disease, aneurysms, stenosis, and thrombosis. The pathogenesis involves endothelial injury, lipoprotein accumulation, monocyte adhesion and transformation, platelet adhesion, and smooth muscle cell proliferation. Diagnostic tests mentioned are blood tests, carotid Doppler ultrasound, CT angiogram, and coronary angiogram. Physical exam findings described are reduced pulse and discoloration indicating peripheral vascular disease and gangrene.

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    MIND MAP Walking in Pain

    Uploaded by

    DRMAZLINA
    59 views1 page
    This document discusses atherosclerosis, which is the hardening and thickening of arteries due to plaque buildup on the inner walls. It notes several risk factors like diabetes, hypertension, smoking, and family history. Complications include carotid artery disease, peripheral artery disease, aneurysms, stenosis, and thrombosis. The pathogenesis involves endothelial injury, lipoprotein accumulation, monocyte adhesion and transformation, platelet adhesion, and smooth muscle cell proliferation. Diagnostic tests mentioned are blood tests, carotid Doppler ultrasound, CT angiogram, and coronary angiogram. Physical exam findings described are reduced pulse and discoloration indicating peripheral vascular disease and gangrene.

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    Atherosclerosis type of diagnosis

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    This document discusses atherosclerosis, which is the hardening and thickening of arteries due to plaque buildup on the inner walls. It notes several risk factors like diabetes, hypertension, smoking, and family history. Complications include carotid artery disease, peripheral artery disease, aneurysms, stenosis, and thrombosis. The pathogenesis involves endothelial injury, lipoprotein accumulation, monocyte adhesion and transformation, platelet adhesion, and smooth muscle cell proliferation. Diagnostic tests mentioned are blood tests, carotid Doppler ultrasound, CT angiogram, and coronary angiogram. Physical exam findings described are reduced pulse and discoloration indicating peripheral vascular disease and gangrene.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    59 views1 page

    MIND MAP Walking in Pain

    Uploaded by

    DRMAZLINA
    This document discusses atherosclerosis, which is the hardening and thickening of arteries due to plaque buildup on the inner walls. It notes several risk factors like diabetes, hypertension, smoking, and family history. Complications include carotid artery disease, peripheral artery disease, aneurysms, stenosis, and thrombosis. The pathogenesis involves endothelial injury, lipoprotein accumulation, monocyte adhesion and transformation, platelet adhesion, and smooth muscle cell proliferation. Diagnostic tests mentioned are blood tests, carotid Doppler ultrasound, CT angiogram, and coronary angiogram. Physical exam findings described are reduced pulse and discoloration indicating peripheral vascular disease and gangrene.

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    RISK FACTOR FOR DEFINITION COMPLICATIONS OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS

    PATHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF
    ATHEROSCLEROSIS - Carotid artery disease
    process of hardening ATHEROSCLEROSIS
     Medical history- Diabetes - Peripheral artery disease
    and thickening of the - Aneurysms • Superficial fibrous cap- Smooth muscle
    mellitus, hypertension, gout
    arteries walls due to - Atherosclerotic Stenosis cells, relatively dense collagen
     Social history- smoking,
    the formation of - Thrombosis • Where the cap meets the vessels wall
    sedentary lifestyle (eating
    atheroma/atheromato - Vasoconstriction (the “shoulder”)- More cellular area
    fast food)
    us plaque on the inner containing macrophages, T lymphocytes
     Family History- ischaemic PATHOGENESIS OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS
    lining of the wall. and smoothmuscle cells
    heart disease Endothelial injury • Necrotic core- Containing lipid (primarily
     Gender- male (higher risk) Doesn’t occur in the ↓ cholesterol and cholesterol esters),
     Age- between 40-50 y/o veins or capillarie Lipoprotein accumulation necrotic debris, lipid laden macrophages
    (↑risk of myocardial ↓ and smooth muscle cells (foam cells),
    infarction) Monocyte adhesion and fibrin, variable organized thrombus and
    transformation other plasma proteins.
    ↓ • Periphery of the lesions-
    MANAGEMENT Platelet adhesion Neovascularization (proliferating small bld
    • Risk factor modification- diet control ↓ vessels)
    (diabetic and cholesterol intake), Factor release to recruit smooth
    ↑physical activity, BP control muscle cells
    (optimize medication), diabetic ↓ LAB INVESTIGATION
    control (medication) Smooth muscle cells proliferation • FBC-slightly ↓Hb
    • Vascular intervention- stenting and ECM production • Fasting plasma glucose- slightly ↑
    • Medication- fibrinolytic agents, anti- ↓ • Fasting serum lipid- TGs ↑
    coagulants (heparin/warfarin), aspirin Lipid accumulation • ESR and CRP ↑- indicate Inflammation
    • Surgery- Vascular bypass (to redirect • Coagulation profile- INR- ↓, APTT- ↑,
    blood flow from one area to another HbA1c- ↑
    by reconnecting blood vessels and • Carotid Doppler- fibrous plaque at left
    amputation (left gangrenous of the Atherosclerosis distal Common Carotid Artery, bulb and
    second toe) proximal Internal Carotid Artery (cause
    Internal Carotid Artery stenosis)
    SYMPTOMS/ PHYSICAL FINDINGS • CT Angiogram Bilateral Lower Limbs- both
    • Normal : 37°C common and external iliac arteries,
    PERIPHERAL • Diabetes mellitus, hypertension, gout and active smoker (20 per day) superficial and common femoral arteries,
    VASCULAR • Progressive worsening left leg pain for 6 months , occasional chest pain and and deep profunda→ present of
    DISEASE left carotid bruit atherosclerotic changes
    • Capillary refill was reduced on left limb-weak pulse on left femoral and • Coronary Angiogram- Left Anterior
    absence pulse in left popliteal, posterior tibialis and dorsalis pedis arteries Descending Proximal (40-50% stenosis),
    • After 3 months- pain and numbness on left leg and blackish discoloration of Left Circumflex Small with collateral Right
    second toe (Dry gangrene) Coronary Artery (mild occlusion), Right
    • BP: 150/90mmHg (hypertension) Coronary Artery Dominant (40-50% mild
    • PR: 82/min (normal) stenosis)

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