This document discusses several blood disorders including:
1. Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) which causes swelling, pain, and tenderness in the deep veins due to a blood clot. Risk factors include immobilization, injury, and hereditary factors.
2. Arterial disorders like aneurysms which are bulging, weak areas in artery walls that can rupture causing internal bleeding. Risk factors include age, smoking, and genetics.
3. Hypertension which puts long-term strain on blood vessels and organs. It can be primary or secondary to other conditions and is assessed through regular blood pressure readings.
This document discusses several blood disorders including:
1. Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) which causes swelling, pain, and tenderness in the deep veins due to a blood clot. Risk factors include immobilization, injury, and hereditary factors.
2. Arterial disorders like aneurysms which are bulging, weak areas in artery walls that can rupture causing internal bleeding. Risk factors include age, smoking, and genetics.
3. Hypertension which puts long-term strain on blood vessels and organs. It can be primary or secondary to other conditions and is assessed through regular blood pressure readings.
This document discusses several blood disorders including:
1. Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) which causes swelling, pain, and tenderness in the deep veins due to a blood clot. Risk factors include immobilization, injury, and hereditary factors.
2. Arterial disorders like aneurysms which are bulging, weak areas in artery walls that can rupture causing internal bleeding. Risk factors include age, smoking, and genetics.
3. Hypertension which puts long-term strain on blood vessels and organs. It can be primary or secondary to other conditions and is assessed through regular blood pressure readings.
This document discusses several blood disorders including:
1. Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) which causes swelling, pain, and tenderness in the deep veins due to a blood clot. Risk factors include immobilization, injury, and hereditary factors.
2. Arterial disorders like aneurysms which are bulging, weak areas in artery walls that can rupture causing internal bleeding. Risk factors include age, smoking, and genetics.
3. Hypertension which puts long-term strain on blood vessels and organs. It can be primary or secondary to other conditions and is assessed through regular blood pressure readings.
* what is phlegmasia cerulea dolens interaxns - blockage: inc in pressure > free-flowing blood pupunta sa area na yung causing pressure = sudden venous hypertension
- deep veins -edema and swelling, deep vein prominent -tenderness: inflammation -superficial veins -redness, warm, swelling
- sometimes familial (hereditary)
- lower extremities ‘portous’ form? *clarify the term sa google - presence of peripheral arteries - duple untrasonogaphy - no backflow na because closed na ang valves - - inc o2 demand: incompetent valves affect backflow > portous form
- compression stocking? *clarify ulit
- para mag help sa incompetent valves - pag gising, suotin na
Statin drugs: prevent atherosclerosis
Endovascular mgt - treat underlying cause
*gnawing pain - ngutngut, pain na parang throbbing Stent: tunnel na iiwan sa affected area na di mawala Atherectomy - get rid of the blockage in *dull pain - di ma pinpoint san banda atherosclerosis - muscle sa leg - milking of veins para may normal flow Claudication: cant work bc of pain - nocturnal cramps Bypass - necrosis sa wound
- mt circulation: ambulate
- fatal if will burst, do not palpate if abdominal
ARTERIAL DISORDERS
- wall should be stronger to avoid abnormal dilation
of vessels ‘ weakening of walls ‘
- age: wear and tear
- genetics: weakened blood vessels - HPN, tobacco use
Ballooning - aortic aneurysm
- burst: lots of bleeding - aneurysm: sac-like
Supine - more pressure
Aphonia - cant smell?
Systolic bruit - sound of blood rushing - coldness, pain, pallor - wala ng flow sa fingertips Abdomial or back pain - IMPENDING RUPTURE Trigger: emotion and sensitivity to cold - ubos ang blood so low BP ACROCYANOSIS - cyanosis of extremeties
‘-statin’ medxs Stent graft: surgery No palpation, bending -- can increase pressure - pallor muna before bluish -WHITE-BLUE- RED
-calcium-channel blockers - relieve vasospasm
- avoid nicotine
- necrotise na A. k.a - THROMBOANGIITIS OBLITERANS -segment thrombus formation -tobacco-use is strongly associated 139/89 - pre hypertension -ischemia > necrosis 140/90 - may htn na
Kuha ka everyday same time
- one complication of htn is kidney failure
-secondary may cause
-primary walang cause, usually genetic
- blood components: ‘solid’ portion of blood
Blood forming tissues: bone marrow, spleen (collects blood waste after cell death), lymph system
LVH - heart overworked
-epistaxis is good sign - ma relieve daw (bleeding ma release ang blood, pressure)
Transient ischemic attack - sign, marelieve for 24 hrs
- medication na If di marelieve within 24 hrs then CVA na
Plasma - ‘liquid’ - lifestyle modification ‘thaw’ blood : plasma nasa taas, other components - watch for food will settle
PM: Fight platelet aggregrates: antiplatelet medication - prevent CVA, MI, and other thrombus formation
Erythropoiesis - rbc production
-mountanous places - thin air- kidney produce erythropoietin > stimulate bone marrow to produce Extrinsic - bleeding outside (wounds) rbc Factors - important in clotting mechanism - if missing, clotting mechanism will not work Hemolysis - rbc destruction - sometimes sets in earlier - release bilirubin - 120 days - rbc lifespan - apoptosis
Granulocytes - may granules
Neutrophils - main phagocytes of inflammation Infection - rbc migrate to area
Eosinophil - main phagocytes of parasitic infection Bleeding - platelet will go to area to close wound Basophil - allergic reaxns - inflammatory
Liver - largest organ, easiest to be injured in a blunt
- hemostasis - stopping of bleeding trauma Liver fx 1. Hematologic - liver synthesis of plasma protein and clotting factors of ALBUMIN - Clears damaged and non-functioning rbc - Spleen talaga ang main na nagalinis ng rbc
Inc of wbc - not only infection but also tissue injury -
migration: chemotaxis
- only prod RBC during fetal life Leukopenia: typhoid fever
Neutropenia: destruction of neutrophils
LIVER: RUQ SPLEEN: LUQ-
-pltlt decrease: dengue fever
First to bleed when low pltlt: stomach because of
acids - gastritis- hemoptosis Pluripotential stem cell - stem cell of all stem cells Pancytopenia - lahat sila nagbaba Myeloid stem cells: prod granulocytes
Lymphoid stem cells - prod t cells, b cells, plasma
cells - dev’t memory cells - secondary to acquired infections
- ct scan w the system that produces it
Chronic - slow bleeding, minute bleeding caused bby problem, can be parasitic, seeping of blood secondary to helminths, ulcer minute bleeding
- volume or size, or qty of hgb - ANEMIA
RBC - CARRY O2
Dec erythrocytes : kidney problem
Inc destruction of eryth: condition that cause early demise of RBC
Thalassemia - Beta globin is lacking
Pallor-not enough hgb in blood
Fatigue&weakness - o2 is needed for activities Dyspnea - lack o2, body will interpret Palpi and tachy - compensatory mech Headache, dizz, restlessness - lack o2 - look for iron-containing food Slow thought - low o2 in brain -hemolysis - rbc death Paresthesia - less feeling in areas lacking o2 (tingling, numbness)
Acute - bleeding, hemorrhage
Serum ferritin- component of iron Endoscopy/colonoscopy- check for bleeding
Iron excess- sluggish flow of blood - clog
Ulcer: treat to stop bleeding
- large rbc and not normally functioning
MEGA = BIG - LARGE Forms: - cobalamin and folic acid deficiency
BOTH Parents should have the component
Fetal hgb - alpha chain and yung ---- chain? - doesnt carry the B chain, only alpha and f chain Adult hgb - absent fetal hgb - composed of 2 alpha and 2 beta chain Adult 2 - alpha and delta
- affected and pluripotential stem cells - all blood
components affected: PANCYTOPENIA
CRITICIAL: hemorrhage and sepsis - body cannot
recover
Large amt: uric acid
Big structure of rbc: cannot enter smaller vessels - sickle cell: will cause obstruction
-depleted lahat: aplastic anemia
- immunosuppresant - sometimes and immune sytem sumisira
Medication: actively monitor
- can also deposit in kidneys
Polycythema vera - yung sa hi altitude then mataas
ang rbc
G6PD - deficiency sa g6? haha ambot
- diet: bawal ang soy sauce, peanut - chronic exposure
3rd maj cause of anemia ang hemolytic anemia
Membrane abN: structure
Extrinsic - nnormal rbc but dmged - heart valve implants - might cause blockage - phlebotomy - drain the blood- parang blood donation
Myelosuppressive agent - suppress myelogenous
from producing rbc
Agranulocytosis - severe neutropenia
Neutropenia can be acquired or congenital
KOSTMANN’S SYNDROME
Neutrophil - maj component for bacterial infection,
fights bacterial infection.
Chemo - expose all normal cells to certain substance
that destroy them - usually causes death to pt Leukemia - immature wbc (?)) Most common leukemia in children: ALL - good prognosis Most common leukemia of older adults: CLL - fatal - mostly will die
AML and CML is not common
4 forms accdg to stem cell
ALL or AML: ma identify sa blood smear
Many immats cells - compressed
Bleeding tendencies: thrombocytopenia Lymphocytes: responsible for phagocytosis HIT: Heparin: anticoagulant - paradoxical effect - cause thrombosis NEOPLASM - body develop antibody for heparin / allergy
HODGKIN’S DISEASE cancer of the - cervical lymph Dengue: microbleeding > answered by platelet > node (neck) platelet depletion > when severe bleeding comes, no platelet left *ASK NOTES NAWALA ANG NET
