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    Vascular Disorders

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    Budoy Washupapi
    This document discusses several blood disorders including: 1. Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) which causes swelling, pain, and tenderness in the deep veins due to a blood clot. Risk factors include immobilization, injury, and hereditary factors. 2. Arterial disorders like aneurysms which are bulging, weak areas in artery walls that can rupture causing internal bleeding. Risk factors include age, smoking, and genetics. 3. Hypertension which puts long-term strain on blood vessels and organs. It can be primary or secondary to other conditions and is assessed through regular blood pressure readings.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Vascular Disorders

    Uploaded by

    Budoy Washupapi
    60 views14 pages
    This document discusses several blood disorders including: 1. Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) which causes swelling, pain, and tenderness in the deep veins due to a blood clot. Risk factors include immobilization, injury, and hereditary factors. 2. Arterial disorders like aneurysms which are bulging, weak areas in artery walls that can rupture causing internal bleeding. Risk factors include age, smoking, and genetics. 3. Hypertension which puts long-term strain on blood vessels and organs. It can be primary or secondary to other conditions and is assessed through regular blood pressure readings.

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    August-11

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    This document discusses several blood disorders including: 1. Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) which causes swelling, pain, and tenderness in the deep veins due to a blood clot. Risk factors include immobilization, injury, and hereditary factors. 2. Arterial disorders like aneurysms which are bulging, weak areas in artery walls that can rupture causing internal bleeding. Risk factors include age, smoking, and genetics. 3. Hypertension which puts long-term strain on blood vessels and organs. It can be primary or secondary to other conditions and is assessed through regular blood pressure readings.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    60 views14 pages

    Vascular Disorders

    Uploaded by

    Budoy Washupapi
    This document discusses several blood disorders including: 1. Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) which causes swelling, pain, and tenderness in the deep veins due to a blood clot. Risk factors include immobilization, injury, and hereditary factors. 2. Arterial disorders like aneurysms which are bulging, weak areas in artery walls that can rupture causing internal bleeding. Risk factors include age, smoking, and genetics. 3. Hypertension which puts long-term strain on blood vessels and organs. It can be primary or secondary to other conditions and is assessed through regular blood pressure readings.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    - feeling of heaviness, sometimes painful

    - ankle engorgement: blockage


    - homan’s sign is not reliable for DVT
    -positive : pain when dorsi-flexion

    Bagtak (calf): gastrocnemius


    VASCULAR DISORDERS
    Heparin - anticoagulant - low molecular weight
    heparin (LMWH)

    - thrombus formation which went to pulmo veins

    - prevent thrombus from becoming embolus


    - anticoagulants stopped one wk before surgery

    At risk: fat people, bed-ridden people


    VIRCHOW’S TRIAD: immobilization (stasis blood flow,
    higher risk), injury (clot), coagulation factors

    WOF: bleeding, thrombocytopenia (low pltlt), drug


    * what is phlegmasia cerulea dolens interaxns
    - blockage: inc in pressure > free-flowing blood
    pupunta sa area na yung causing pressure = sudden
    venous hypertension

    - deep veins
    -edema and swelling, deep vein prominent
    -tenderness: inflammation
    -superficial veins
    -redness, warm, swelling

    - sometimes familial (hereditary)


    - lower extremities
    ‘portous’ form? *clarify the term sa google - presence of peripheral arteries - duple
    untrasonogaphy
    - no backflow na because closed na ang valves - - inc o2 demand:
    incompetent valves affect backflow > portous form

    - compression stocking? *clarify ulit


    - para mag help sa incompetent valves
    - pag gising, suotin na

    Statin drugs: prevent atherosclerosis

    Endovascular mgt - treat underlying cause


    *gnawing pain - ngutngut, pain na parang throbbing Stent: tunnel na iiwan sa affected area
    na di mawala Atherectomy - get rid of the blockage in
    *dull pain - di ma pinpoint san banda atherosclerosis
    - muscle sa leg - milking of veins para may normal
    flow Claudication: cant work bc of pain
    - nocturnal cramps Bypass
    - necrosis sa wound

    - mt circulation: ambulate

    - fatal if will burst, do not palpate if abdominal


    ARTERIAL DISORDERS

    - wall should be stronger to avoid abnormal dilation


    of vessels ‘ weakening of walls ‘

    - age: wear and tear


    - genetics: weakened blood vessels
    - HPN, tobacco use

    Ballooning - aortic aneurysm


    - burst: lots of bleeding
    - aneurysm: sac-like

    Supine - more pressure


    Aphonia - cant smell?

    Systolic bruit - sound of blood rushing - coldness, pain, pallor - wala ng flow sa fingertips
    Abdomial or back pain - IMPENDING RUPTURE Trigger: emotion and sensitivity to cold
    - ubos ang blood so low BP ACROCYANOSIS - cyanosis of extremeties

    ‘-statin’ medxs
    Stent graft: surgery
    No palpation, bending -- can increase pressure
    - pallor muna before bluish
    -WHITE-BLUE- RED

    -calcium-channel blockers - relieve vasospasm

    - avoid nicotine

    - necrotise na
    A. k.a - THROMBOANGIITIS OBLITERANS
    -segment thrombus formation
    -tobacco-use is strongly associated 139/89 - pre hypertension
    -ischemia > necrosis 140/90 - may htn na

    Kuha ka everyday same time


    - one complication of htn is kidney failure

    -secondary may cause


    -primary walang cause, usually genetic

    - blood components: ‘solid’ portion of blood


    Blood forming tissues: bone marrow, spleen (collects
    blood waste after cell death), lymph system

    LVH - heart overworked


    -epistaxis is good sign - ma relieve daw (bleeding ma
    release ang blood, pressure)

    Transient ischemic attack - sign, marelieve for 24 hrs


    - medication na
    If di marelieve within 24 hrs then CVA na

    Plasma - ‘liquid’
    - lifestyle modification ‘thaw’ blood : plasma nasa taas, other components
    - watch for food will settle

    PM:
    Fight platelet aggregrates: antiplatelet medication -
    prevent CVA, MI, and other thrombus formation

    Erythropoiesis - rbc production


    -mountanous places - thin air- kidney produce
    erythropoietin > stimulate bone marrow to produce Extrinsic - bleeding outside (wounds)
    rbc Factors - important in clotting mechanism - if
    missing, clotting mechanism will not work
    Hemolysis - rbc destruction
    - sometimes sets in earlier
    - release bilirubin
    - 120 days - rbc lifespan - apoptosis

    Granulocytes - may granules

    Neutrophils - main phagocytes of inflammation Infection - rbc migrate to area


    Eosinophil - main phagocytes of parasitic infection Bleeding - platelet will go to area to close wound
    Basophil - allergic reaxns - inflammatory

    Agranulocytes
    Lymphoccytes- t-cells b-cells
    Monocytes

    Liver - largest organ, easiest to be injured in a blunt


    - hemostasis - stopping of bleeding
    trauma
    Liver fx
    1. Hematologic - liver synthesis of plasma protein
    and clotting factors of ALBUMIN
    - Clears damaged and non-functioning rbc
    - Spleen talaga ang main na nagalinis ng rbc

    Inc of wbc - not only infection but also tissue injury -


    migration: chemotaxis

    - only prod RBC during fetal life Leukopenia: typhoid fever


    Neutropenia: destruction of neutrophils

    LIVER: RUQ
    SPLEEN: LUQ-

    -pltlt decrease: dengue fever

    First to bleed when low pltlt: stomach because of


    acids - gastritis- hemoptosis
    Pluripotential stem cell - stem cell of all stem cells
    Pancytopenia - lahat sila nagbaba
    Myeloid stem cells: prod granulocytes

    Lymphoid stem cells - prod t cells, b cells, plasma


    cells
    - dev’t memory cells
    - secondary to acquired infections

    - ct scan w the system that produces it


    Chronic - slow bleeding, minute bleeding caused bby
    problem, can be parasitic, seeping of blood
    secondary to helminths, ulcer minute bleeding

    - volume or size, or qty of hgb - ANEMIA


    RBC - CARRY O2

    Dec erythrocytes : kidney problem


    Inc destruction of eryth: condition that cause early
    demise of RBC

    Thalassemia - Beta globin is lacking

    Pallor-not enough hgb in blood


    Fatigue&weakness - o2 is needed for activities
    Dyspnea - lack o2, body will interpret
    Palpi and tachy - compensatory mech
    Headache, dizz, restlessness - lack o2 - look for iron-containing food
    Slow thought - low o2 in brain -hemolysis - rbc death
    Paresthesia - less feeling in areas lacking o2 (tingling,
    numbness)

    Acute - bleeding, hemorrhage


    Serum ferritin- component of iron
    Endoscopy/colonoscopy- check for bleeding

    Iron excess- sluggish flow of blood - clog

    Ulcer: treat to stop bleeding

    - large rbc and not normally functioning


    MEGA = BIG - LARGE
    Forms:
    - cobalamin and folic acid deficiency

    BOTH Parents should have the component


    Fetal hgb - alpha chain and yung ---- chain? - doesnt
    carry the B chain, only alpha and f chain
    Adult hgb - absent fetal hgb - composed of 2 alpha
    and 2 beta chain
    Adult 2 - alpha and delta

    Adult (a1) - carries beta chain - thalassemia affected


    by beta chain

    - if both parents walang bchain then thalassemia risk

    - result of malabsorption
    - intrinsic factor - found at gastric mucosa - required
    for cobalamin absorption

    H2-histamine receptor blockers


    Omeprasol - proton pump inhibitor
    Ranitidin - given
    Antacids

    Children who no longer use fetal hgb usually dies


    undiagnosed
    Life threatening - lack of o2 sa body
    -early demise of rbc - splenomegaly, hepatomegaly

    Thalassemia minor : one component lang from


    parent - beta chain can still be produced

    Major: both walang production of beta chain -


    manifests pag wala na ang fetal hgb
    - decrease carrying o2 cpacity

    -peripheral blood smear - daming bilog bilog Kidney illness: lack of erythropoietin

    - affected and pluripotential stem cells - all blood


    components affected: PANCYTOPENIA

    CRITICIAL: hemorrhage and sepsis - body cannot


    recover

    Large amt: uric acid


    Big structure of rbc: cannot enter smaller vessels -
    sickle cell: will cause obstruction

    -depleted lahat: aplastic anemia


    - immunosuppresant - sometimes and immune
    sytem sumisira

    Medication: actively monitor

    - can also deposit in kidneys

    Polycythema vera - yung sa hi altitude then mataas


    ang rbc

    G6PD - deficiency sa g6? haha ambot


    - diet: bawal ang soy sauce, peanut - chronic
    exposure

    3rd maj cause of anemia ang hemolytic anemia

    Membrane abN: structure


    Extrinsic - nnormal rbc but dmged
    - heart valve implants
    - might cause blockage
    - phlebotomy - drain the blood- parang blood
    donation

    Myelosuppressive agent - suppress myelogenous


    from producing rbc

    Agranulocytosis - severe neutropenia


    Neutropenia can be acquired or congenital

    KOSTMANN’S SYNDROME

    Neutrophil - maj component for bacterial infection,


    fights bacterial infection.

    Chemo - expose all normal cells to certain substance


    that destroy them - usually causes death to pt
    Leukemia - immature wbc (?))
    Most common leukemia in children: ALL - good
    prognosis
    Most common leukemia of older adults: CLL - fatal -
    mostly will die

    AML and CML is not common

    4 forms accdg to stem cell

    ALL or AML: ma identify sa blood smear

    Many immats cells - compressed


    Bleeding tendencies: thrombocytopenia Lymphocytes: responsible for phagocytosis
    HIT:
    Heparin: anticoagulant
    - paradoxical effect - cause thrombosis
    NEOPLASM - body develop antibody for heparin / allergy

    HODGKIN’S DISEASE cancer of the - cervical lymph Dengue: microbleeding > answered by platelet >
    node (neck) platelet depletion > when severe bleeding comes, no
    platelet left
    *ASK NOTES NAWALA ANG NET

    Tagal ang bleeding, maliit yung aptt (?)

    Stress - petechial rashes

    TTP - microthrombi - lahat ng platelet magamit -

    8QUIZ ON MONDAY TAPOS COVID DISCUSSION

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