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    P6-The Balance Between Enthalpy and Entropy

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    juanbuuren serna victoria
    This document describes an experiment where students dissolve three different salts (sodium chloride, sodium nitrate, and sodium acetate) in water and measure the temperature change. They record the initial and final temperatures and calculate the temperature change (ΔT) for each mixture. Based on whether ΔT is positive or negative, they determine whether each dissolving process is endothermic or exothermic. The document asks students to write ionic equations for the dissolving reactions and use thermodynamic concepts like Gibbs free energy (ΔG), enthalpy (ΔH), and entropy (ΔS) to analyze the experimental results.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    P6-The Balance Between Enthalpy and Entropy

    Uploaded by

    juanbuuren serna victoria
    453 views2 pages
    This document describes an experiment where students dissolve three different salts (sodium chloride, sodium nitrate, and sodium acetate) in water and measure the temperature change. They record the initial and final temperatures and calculate the temperature change (ΔT) for each mixture. Based on whether ΔT is positive or negative, they determine whether each dissolving process is endothermic or exothermic. The document asks students to write ionic equations for the dissolving reactions and use thermodynamic concepts like Gibbs free energy (ΔG), enthalpy (ΔH), and entropy (ΔS) to analyze the experimental results.

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    This document describes an experiment where students dissolve three different salts (sodium chloride, sodium nitrate, and sodium acetate) in water and measure the temperature change. They record the initial and final temperatures and calculate the temperature change (ΔT) for each mixture. Based on whether ΔT is positive or negative, they determine whether each dissolving process is endothermic or exothermic. The document asks students to write ionic equations for the dissolving reactions and use thermodynamic concepts like Gibbs free energy (ΔG), enthalpy (ΔH), and entropy (ΔS) to analyze the experimental results.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    453 views2 pages

    P6-The Balance Between Enthalpy and Entropy

    Uploaded by

    juanbuuren serna victoria
    This document describes an experiment where students dissolve three different salts (sodium chloride, sodium nitrate, and sodium acetate) in water and measure the temperature change. They record the initial and final temperatures and calculate the temperature change (ΔT) for each mixture. Based on whether ΔT is positive or negative, they determine whether each dissolving process is endothermic or exothermic. The document asks students to write ionic equations for the dissolving reactions and use thermodynamic concepts like Gibbs free energy (ΔG), enthalpy (ΔH), and entropy (ΔS) to analyze the experimental results.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 2

    Name_______________________________

    3-13: The Balance Between Enthalpy and Entropy

    For chemical reactions, we say that a reaction proceeds to the right when ΔG is negative and that the
    reaction proceeds to the left when ΔG is positive. At equilibrium ΔG is zero. The Gibbs-Helmholtz
    equation specifies that at constant temperature ΔG = ΔH - TΔS or, in other words, that the sign and size of
    ΔG is governed by the balance between enthalpic (ΔH) and entropic (ΔS) considerations. In this
    assignment, you will dissolve several different salts in water, measure the resulting temperature changes,
    and then make some deductions about the thermodynamic driving forces behind the dissolving process.

    1. Start Virtual ChemLab, select Thermodynamics, and then select The Balance Between Enthalpy and
    Entropy from the list of assignments. The lab will open in the Calorimetry laboratory.

    2. There will be a bottle of sodium chloride (NaCl) on the lab bench. A weigh paper will be on the
    balance with approximately 2 g of NaCl on the paper.

    3. The calorimeter will be on the lab bench and filled with 100 mL water. Click on the Lab Book to open
    it. Make certain the stirrer is On (you should be able to see the shaft rotating). In the thermometer
    window click Save to begin recording data. Allow 20-30 seconds to obtain a baseline temperature of
    the water.

    4. Drag the weigh paper with the sample to the calorimeter until it snaps into place and then pour the
    sample in the calorimeter. Observe the change in temperature until it reaches a maximum (or
    minimum) and then record data for an additional 20-30 seconds. (You can click the clock on the wall
    labeled Accelerate to accelerate the time in the laboratory.) Click Stop. A data link icon will appear in
    the Lab Book. Click the data link icon and record the temperature before adding the NaCl and the
    highest or lowest temperature after adding the NaCl in the data table.

    5. Click the red disposal bucket to clear the lab. Click on the Stockroom to enter. Click on the clipboard
    and select the preset experiment called Heat of Solution-NaNO3 and repeat the experiment with
    NaNO3. Record the initial and final temperatures in the data table.

    6. Click the red disposal bucket to clear the lab. Click on the Stockroom to enter. Click the clipboard and
    select the preset experiment called Heat of Solution-NaAc and repeat the experiment with
    NaCH3COO (NaAc). Record the initial and final temperatures in the data table.

    Data Table
    Mixture T1 T2 ΔT (T2-T1)
    NaCl (s) + H2O (l)
    NaNO3 (s) + H2O (l)
    NaCH3COO + H2O (l)

    Use your experimental data to answer the following questions:

    7. Calculate ΔT (ΔT = T2 -T1) for each mixture and record the results in the data table.

    97
    Thermodynamics

    8. An exothermic process releases heat (warms up), and an endothermic process absorbs heat (cools
    down).

    Which solutions are endothermic and which are exothermic? What is the sign of the change in
    enthalpy, ΔH, in each case?

    9. Which solution(s) had little or no change in temperature?

    10. When sodium chloride dissolves in water, the ions dissociate:

    NaCl (s) = Na+ (aq) + Cl- (aq)

    Write ionic equations, similar to the one above, that describe how NaNO3 and NaCH3COO each
    dissociate as they dissolve in water. Include heat as a reactant or product in each equation.

    11. What is the sign of the change in Gibbs free energy (ΔG) for each process?

    12. Consider the Gibbs-Helmholtz equation, ΔG = ΔH - TΔS. For each dissolving process, substitute the
    signs of ΔG and ΔH into the equation and predict the sign for the entropy (ΔS). Does the sign for
    entropy change seem to make sense? Explain.

    13. If the sign for ΔG is negative (spontaneous process) and the sign for ΔS is positive (more disorder)
    for both dissolving processes, how could one be endothermic (positive ΔH) and one be exothermic
    (negative ΔH)? Is there more to consider than just the dissolving process?

    98

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