BFC5926 Seminar 8 - FX Markets
BFC5926 Seminar 8 - FX Markets
BFC5926 Seminar 8 - FX Markets
BUSINESS
SCHOOL
BFC5926
Financial Institutions and Markets
Seminar 8:
Foreign Exchange Markets
• Explain the workings of the foreign exchange markets
• Calculate exchange rates
– direct/indirect quotations
– spot/forward rates
– cross exchange rates
– forward premiums/discount
• Discuss foreign exchange rate theories
– Purchasing power parity
– Relative parity theory
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Foreign exchange
A foreign exchange rate is the value of one currency
expressed in terms of another.
Foreign currencies trade through a global market comprised
of a range of financial centres linked together through an
extensive 24‐hour a day, telecommunications network
(computers, telephones, telexes & faxes).
• Price movements in these centres are simultaneous as the
market immediately absorbs new financial and economic
news.
• It has no physical trading floor.
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AUD
exchange
rate
Source: Reserve Bank of
Australia (2017), Chart Pack,
May.
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Purpose of FX markets
FX markets have three main purposes:
– to facilitate cross‐currency payments
– to reveal the value of currencies
(assuming they are not fixed by their
monetary authorities)
– to allow traders to manage their FX
risks
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FX market participants
FX market participants can be classified as:
– FX dealers and brokers
– central banks
– firms with international trade transactions
– investors and borrowers in the international money
markets and capital markets
– foreign currency speculators
– arbitrageurs
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Global FX markets
• Trading in foreign exchange markets averaged
$5.1 ($5.4) trillion per day in April 2016 (BIS).
• In terms of market participants:
– major banks accounted for 42% FX turnover,
– smaller banks 22%,
– institutional investors such as pension funds and
insurance companies 16%,
– hedge funds & proprietary trading firms 11%, and
– corporations 9%.
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Global FX markets
• In terms of currencies:
– the USD is involved in 88% of transactions;
– EUR is in 31%, and
– JPY is 22% of FX transactions.
• In calculating FX volumes, it is necessary to
double count in that two currencies are
involved with each transaction.
• As the total should be 200% rather than
100%, 88% is something like the equivalent of
an overall 44%
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Importance of FX trading centres
• Given the importance of the US dollar, New York City,
or at least the USA, might be expected to be the
lead FX trading centre.
• London, however, dominates this business. This was
the case historically and remains true today.
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Spot FX transactions
• Spot transactions (S) involve the exchange of
one currency for another at an agreed rate for
delivery in two working days (T+2) after the
transaction.
• Value today (TOD) or value tomorrow (TOM)
transaction are also possible if settlement is
needed sooner.
• The AUD/NZD spot rate is shown as
S(AUD/NZD)
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Settlement timing
Source: Viney, C. & Phillips, P. (2013) Financial institutions, instruments &
markets, 7th Edn., McGraw‐Hill: Sydney, p. 505.
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Forward FX transactions
• Forward transactions involve an exchange of a
currency with settlement at a pre‐agreed date
more than two days distant.
– Up to one month to perhaps 12 months are easily
available.
• The forward rate (F) is determined by:
– the current spot rate,
– plus or minus a premium or margin depending on
the length of period covered.
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Calculating FX
transactions
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Exchange rate quotations
• An exchange rate quote is the price of the commodity or
“base” currency quoted in the “terms” currency
○ For example: AUD/NZD1.2154,
○ the AUD is the commodity currency, and
○ the NZD is the terms currency
• Direct quotes: Domestic currency = terms currency
• Indirect quotes: Domestic currency = commodity currency
– i.e., an indirect quote (AUD/USD) from Aus investors’ perspective
• The above exchange rate can be reversed by inverting the
rate and setting the NZD as the commodity currency
NZD/AUD 0.8228
1
0 .8228
1 . 2154
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FX quotes
• A dealer would provide a two way quote (both buy
and sell) against a base currency, typically the USD.
USD 1.00 = AUD 1.2661/1.2668
(dealer will buy USD 1.00 @ 1.2661AUD
and sell USD 1.00 @1.2668AUD)
• In practice, dealers will often just quote the last
two digits each way rather then complete number.
61/68
(note that USD/AUD 1.2661 could be quoted as AUD/USD
0.7898)
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Interpreting exchange rates
• An appreciation of the base or commodity currency is shown
by an increase in its value in the term currency; for example
○ AUD/NZD1.28 → AUD/NZD1.31
• A depreciation of the commodity currency is shown by a fall in
its value; e.g.
○ AUD/NZD1.29 → AUD/NZD1.27
• Suppose a dealer’s bid and offer quotes for AUD/NZD are
1.2119/53 and a NZ bank decides to buy AUD10m. It will pay
○ AUD10m * 1.2153 = NZD12,153,000
Note that most quotations are carried out to 4 decimal places
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Cross FX rate quoting
Cross exchange rates:
– rate of exchange between 2 currencies expressed in
terms of a common currency.
– 181 world currencies, so 181*180 = 32,580 possible
combinations.
– Given one relationship, the other combinations can
be calculated, but it is easier to standardise them
against the USD.
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FX cross rates
• A cross‐rate transaction involves the purchase and sale
of one currency for another without reference to one's
home currency.
•
Given: SGD 1.3083
‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐
AUD 1.00
THB 31.38
‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐
AUD 1.00
• Then the SGD/THB rate must be
THB 31.38
‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ = 23.983
SGD 1.3083
• So, SGD 1.00 equals THB 23.9853
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Arbitrage transactions
• An arbitrage transaction entails the
simultaneous buying and selling of similar or
like commodities across markets to take
advantage of differences in prices or yields.
• If handled property, an arbitrage transaction
should entail little risk other than settlement
risks.
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Types of FX arbitrage
• Locational (V&P calls geographic)‐ FX rates
quoted differ between different dealers or
centres.
• Triangular ‐ discrepancies between cross
exchange rates.
• Covered interest rate ‐ where differences in
interest rates of two countries are not
reflected in the forward rates.
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Locational arbitrage
• Locational arbitrage is possible when a bank’s buying
price (bid price) is higher than another bank’s selling
price (ask price) for the same currency.
• For example:
Bank C Bid Ask Bank D Bid Ask
NZ$ $.635 $.640 NZ$ $.645 $.650
Buy NZ$ from Bank C paying its asking price of $.640,
and sell it to Bank D taking its buying or bid price of
$.645.
The difference between $.645 and $.640 provides a
profit = NZ$.005.
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Triangular arbitrage
• Triangular arbitrage is possible when a cross
exchange rate quote differs from the rate
calculated from spot rates.
Example: Bid Ask
British pound (£) US$1.60 US$1.61
Malaysian ringgit (MYR) US$0.200 US$0.202
British pound (£) MYR8.1 MYR8.2
Use US$ to buy British pounds £ @ $1.61, then convert them into MYR @
MYR8.1/£, finally sell the MYR back into US$ @ $0.200. Profit = $.01/£.
(8.1.2=1.62)
• When the exchange rates of the currencies are
not in equilibrium, triangular arbitrage will
force them back into equilibrium (see next
slide).
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Triangular arbitrage
$
Value of Value of
£ in $ MYR in $
£ MYR
Value of
£ in MYR
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Quoting forward rates
• The forward rates are quoted as the basis points
of discount or premium from the spot rate.
• For example, if the spot AUD/USD rate is 1.04,
and the forward rate is 1.05, the AUD is trading
at a forward premium. If the forward rate was
1.02, than AUD would be trading at a forward
discount
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Determining forward rates
• The relationship between the spot‐exchange rate
and the forward‐exchange rate is a function of the
relative interest rate differences between the two
countries and the time frame covered.
• This relation may similarly reflect:
– market expectations of inflation rates,
– projection of trade figures,
– capital flows,
– government economic policies, and
– political conditions
all of these will impact on interest rates in the future.
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Calculating forward rates
The spot rate is a currency’s exchange rate:
A forward rate adjusts the spot rate where the interest rate
(r) is different in the two currencies
1 rt terms
f com / terms s com / terms
1 rt com
Where f is the forward rate
s is the spot rate, and
t is the forward period (d/diy)
diy is the number of days in the year
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Forward rate example
Given the spot rate is AUD/NZD1.3525 (indirect quote
from Aus investors’ perspective), and 90‐day interest
rates are 4.5% in Australia and 6.5% in New Zealand,
calculate the 90‐day AUD/NZD forward rate
1 0.065 * 90
f AUD / NZD 1.3525 365 1.3591
1 0.045 * 90
365
The resulting AUD forward rate is 66 points higher than
the spot rate
AUD sells at a forward premium.
This reflects the lower interest rate in Australia.
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Intuition about forward rates
The future value of the amounts exchanged under a
forward contract should equal the present value of the
amounts exchanged under the spot rate
– Spot rate AUD/NZD1.3525 AUD10m = NZD13.525m
– In 90 days the future values from investing in the two
currencies are as follows:
• AUD10m*(1+0.045*90/365)=AUD10,110,959
• NZD13.3525m*(1+0.065*90/365)=NZD13,741,771
• Exchanging these amounts
(NZD13,741,771/AUD10,110,959) gives the same amount as
the forward rate of AUD/NZD1.3591
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Spot & forward rate quotations
USD equiv. USD equiv. Currency per Currency per
Country Friday Thursday USD Friday USD Thursday
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Forward Premium
• This is just the interest rate differential implied
by forward premium or discount.
• For example, suppose the $ is appreciating
from S(£/$) = 1.5627 to F180(£/$) = 1.5445
• The forward premium is given by:
FF ($ / £) SS(£/$)
(£/$) ($ / £) 360
365 1.5445 1.5627 360
365
f180,£ v$ 180
180
S ($ / £)
S(£/$) 180 1.5627 180
‐0.0236
0.0233
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FX related
theories
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FX supply & demand factors
Those with local currency seeking FX:
importers
investing/lending to overseas
interest/dividends to overseas
remittances to overseas
tourists going overseas
speculators hoping for depreciation
central bank selling
Those with FX seeking local currency:
exporters
investing/borrowing from overseas
interest/dividends from overseas
remittances from overseas
tourists coming from overseas
speculators hoping for appreciation
central bank buying
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FX Supply and Demand
• Demand and supply determine the value of a
currency in a floating exchange rate regime.
• Factors influencing the demand and/or supply of a
currency
– relative inflation rates relative national income
growth rates
– relative interest rates
– exchange rate expectations
– central bank or government intervention.
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Explaining supply & demand
• Exchange rates move randomly and their
movements are difficult to consistently predict
• The three main explanations of their
movements are
○Purchasing power parity (PPP)
○Interest rate parity (IRP)
○International Fisher Effect (IFE)
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Purchasing power parity (PPP)
• The key to PPP is the “law of one price.” This
states that identical goods will sell for an
equivalent price regardless of the currency in
which the price is set.
• Arbitragers ensures in perfect markets, but
market imperfections (transport costs, tariffs,
etc.......) may limit or slow their impact.
• Certain goods, particularly services, however,
also may present problems.
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PPP and FX rate determination
• The exchange rate between two currencies
should equal the ratio of the two countries’
price levels: S(£/$) = P$ / P£
• For example, if an ounce of gold costs $1,600 in
the U.S. and £800 in the U.K., then the price of
one pound in terms of dollars should be:
S(£/$) = P$ / P£ = $1,600 / £800 = $2 / £ 1
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Absolute parity theory
• The absolute form simply states that the prices of
similar products in two different countries should be
equal when measured in a common currency (see Big
Mac Index and iPod index).
• Where there are differences, arbitragers will work to
ensure this difference is eliminated by importing or
exporting the cheaper (non‐perishable) good to where
it is higher priced.
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The Big Mac Index takes
the price of a Big Mac in
each country, converts
it to US dollars, and
then compares it to the
price of a Big Mac in the
USA.
As the Big Mac is
basically the same
everywhere, the price
difference may reflect
divergence from
purchasing power parity
Source: The Economist, Jan 2018.
Valuation compared to USD
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Could arbitrage
profits to be
had from
buying Big
Macs in
Ukraine and
then selling
them in
Switzerland?
Source: The Economist, January, 2018
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PPP and its success
• While the concept is attractive, PPP has not
proved so effective in predicting FX
movements. Indeed some suggest PPP stands
for “poor price predictor” of FX rates.
• Restrictions on trade, differences in price
indices, and non‐traded items all hamper its
effectiveness.
40
Relative parity theory
Due to market imperfections prices of similar products
in different countries may not be the same, but the rate
of change in prices should be similar.
– assume 2 countries have zero inflation;
– assume current exchange rate between 2 currencies is in
equilibrium.
– as time passes, 2 countries experience inflation;
– for PPP to hold, exchange rate should adjust to offset
inflation rate differential.
– prices of goods in either country should then appear
similar to consumers.
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Review of learning objectives
• Explain the workings of the foreign exchange markets
• Calculate exchange rates (direct/indirect,
spot/forward, cross exchange rates, forward
premium/discount)
• Discuss foreign exchange rate theories
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