Mosfets As Current Sources: Analog Electronics
Mosfets As Current Sources: Analog Electronics
Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Year 2018
Analog Electronics
(Course Code: EE314)
Lecture 21‐22: MOSFETs Amplifiers
Course Instructor: Shree Prakash
Tiwari
Email: sptiwari@iitj.ac.in
Webpage: http://home.iitj.ac.in/~sptiwari/
b h //h / /
Course related documents will be uploaded on
http://home.iitj.ac.in/~sptiwari/EE314/
Note: The information provided in the slides are taken form text books for microelectronics
(including Sedra & Smith, B. Razavi), and various other resources from internet, for
teaching/academic use only 1
MOSFETs as Current Sources
• A MOSFET behaves as a current source when it is operating in
the saturation region.
• An NMOSFET draws current from a point to ground (
An NMOSFET draws current from a point to ground (“sinks
sinks
current”), whereas a PMOSFET draws current from VDD to a
point (“sources current”).
1
10/2/2018
Common‐Source Stage: = 0
Amplifier circuit Small‐signal analysis circuit
for determining voltage gain, Av
Small‐signal analysis circuit for
determining output resistance, R
determining output resistance Rout
W
Av gm RD 2nCox I D RD
L
Rin
Rout RD
Common‐Source Stage: 0
• Channel‐length modulation results in reduced small‐signal
voltage gain and amplifier output resistance.
Small signal analysis circuit
Small‐signal analysis circuit Small signal analysis circuit for
Small‐signal analysis circuit for
for determining voltage gain, Av determining output resistance, Rout
Av gm RD || rO
Rin
Rout RD || rO
2
10/2/2018
CS Gain Variation with L
• An ideal current source has infinite small‐signal resistance.
The largest Av is achieved with a current source as the load.
CS Stage with Current‐Source Load
• Recall that a PMOSFET can be used as a current source from VDD.
Use a PMOSFET as a load of an NMOSFET CS amplifier.
Av g m1 rO1 || rO 2
Rout rO1 || rO 2
3
10/2/2018
PMOS CS Stage with NMOS Load
• An NMOSFET can be used as the load for a PMOSFET CS amplifier.
Av g m 2 ( rO1 || rO 2 )
Rout rO1 || rO 2
CS Stage with Diode‐Connected Load
Amplifier circuit Small‐signal analysis circuit
including MOSFET output resistances
0:
If 0 : 1
Av gm1 || rO2 || rO1
1 W / L1 gm2
Av gm1
gm2 W / L2 Rout
1
|| rO2 || rO1
gm2
Av is lower, but it is less dependent on process parameters
n and Cox and drain current (ID).
4
10/2/2018
CS Stage with Diode‐Connected PMOS Load
0:
1
Av g m 2 || ro1 || ro 2
g m1
1
Rout || ro1 || ro 2
g m1
CS Stage with Degeneration
Amplifier circuit Small‐signal analysis circuit
for determining voltage gain, Av
RD
If 0 : Av
1
RS
gm
Find Av when is not 0
5
10/2/2018
Example
• A diode‐connected device degenerates a CS stage.
RD
Av
1 1
g m1 g m 2
Rout of CS Stage with Degeneration
• Degeneration boosts the output impedance:
Small‐signal analysis circuit for
determining output resistance, Rout
Current flowing down through ro is
i X g m v1 i X g m i X RS
i X g mi X RS
v1 i X RS
rO i X g mi X RS i X RS v X
rO 1 g m RS RS rO g m rO RS
vX
iX
6
10/2/2018
Output Impedance Examples
1
Rout rO11 gm1 Rout g m1rO1rO 2 rO1
g m2
CS Stage with Gate Resistance
• For low signal frequencies, the gate conducts no current.
Gate resistance does not affect the gain or I/O impedances.
7
10/2/2018
CS Core with Biasing
R1 || R2 RD R1 || R2
Av Av gm R D
RG R1 || R2 1 R RG R1 || R2
S
gm
Diode‐Connected MOSFETs
Diode‐connected NMOSFET Diode‐connected PMOSFET
1 1
RX ro 1 RY ro 2
g m1 gm2
Small‐signal analysis circuit Small‐signal analysis circuit
• Note that the small‐signal model of a PMOSFET is identical to
that of an NMOSFET
8
10/2/2018
Summary of MOSFET Impedances
• Looking into • Looking into • Looking into the
the gate, the the drain, the source, the
impedance is impedance is impedance is 1/gm
i fi it ( )
infinite (∞). ro if the gate
if th t i
in parallel with r
ll l ith o if
if
and source the gate and drain
are (ac) are (ac) grounded.
grounded.
Common‐Gate Amplifier Stage
• An increase in Vin decreases VGS and hence decreases ID.
The voltage drop across RD decreases Vout increases
The small signal voltage gain (Av) is positive.
The small‐signal voltage gain (A ) is positive
Av gmRD
9
10/2/2018
Operation in Saturation Region
• For M1 to operate in saturation, Vout cannot fall below Vb‐VTH.
Trade‐off between headroom and voltage gain.
I/O Impedances of CG Stage ( = 0)
Small‐signal analysis circuit for Small‐signal analysis circuit for
determining input resistance, Rin determining output resistance, Rout
1
Rin Rout RD
gm
10
10/2/2018
CG Stage with Source Resistance
Small signal equivalent
Small‐signal equivalent
circuit seen at input 1
gm
vX vin
1
RS
gm
For = 0:
0:
vout vout v X 1 RD
g m RD Av
vin v X vin g m RS 1 1
RS
gm
CG Stage with Source Resistance
• The output impedance of a CG stage with source resistance is
identical to that of CS stage with degeneration.
S ll i
Small‐signal analysis circuit for
l l i i i f
determining output resistance, Rout
Rout rO 1 g m RS RS 1 g m rO RS rO
11
10/2/2018
CG Stage with Biasing
• R1 and R2 establish the gate bias voltage.
• R3 provides a path for the bias current of M1 to flow.
vout R3 || 1/ gm
gmRD
vin R3 || 1/ gm RG
CG Stage with Gate Resistance
• For low signal frequencies, the gate conducts no current.
Gate resistance does not affect the gain or I/O impedances.
12
10/2/2018
CG Stage Example
Small‐signal equivalent Small‐signal equivalent
circuit seen at input circuit seen at output
1
1 1
Rout1 g m1rO1 RS rO1
g m1 g m 2 1 g m 2
vX vin vin
1 1 1 g m1 g m 2 RS
RS
g m1 g m 2
vout vX gm1RD 1
Av Rout gm1rO1 || RS rO1 || RD
vX vin 1 gm1 gm2 RS gm 2
Source Follower Stage
vout r || R
Av O L 1
vin 1 r || R
O L
gm
Small‐signal analysis circuit for
determining voltage gain, Av Equivalent circuit
vout gmv1ro RL
vin v1 vout
gmvin voutro RL
13
10/2/2018
Source Follower Example
• In this example, M2 acts as a current source.
rO1 || rO 2
Av
1
rO1 || rO 2
g m1
Rout of Source Follower
• The output impedance of a source follower is relatively low,
whereas the input impedance is infinite (at low frequencies);
, g
thus, it is useful as a voltage buffer.
Small‐signal analysis circuit for
determining output resistance, Rout
1 1
Rout || rO || RL || RL
gm gm
14
10/2/2018
Source Follower with Biasing
• RG sets the gate voltage to VDD; RS sets the drain current.
(Solve the quadratic equation to obtain the value of ID.)
Assuming = 0:
1 W
ID nCox VDD IDRS VTH
2
2 L
Supply‐Independent Biasing
• If Rs is replaced by a current source, the drain current ID
becomes independent of the supply voltage VDD.
15
10/2/2018
Review: MOSFET Amplifier Design
• A MOSFET amplifier circuit should be designed to
1. ensure that the MOSFET operates in the saturation region,
2 allow the desired level of DC current to flow, and
2. the desired level of DC current to flow and
3. couple to a small‐signal input source and to an output “load”.
Proper “DC biasing” is required!
(DC analysis using large‐signal MOSFET model)
• Key amplifier parameters:
(AC analysis using small‐signal MOSFET model)
(AC analysis using small‐signal MOSFET model)
– Voltage gain Av vout/vin
– Input resistance Rin resistance seen between the input node
and ground (with output terminal floating)
– Output resistance Rout resistance seen between the output
node and ground (with input terminal grounded)
MOSFET Models
• The large‐signal model is used to determine the DC
operating point (VGS, VDS, ID) of the MOSFET.
• The small‐signal model is used to determine how the
output responds to an input signal
output responds to an input signal.
16
10/2/2018
Comparison of Amplifier Topologies
Common Source Common Gate Source Follower
• Large Av < 0 • Large Av > 0 • 0 < Av ≤ 1
‐ degraded by RS ‐degraded by RS
• Large Rin
• Large Rin • Small Rin – determined by
‐ decreased by RS biasing circuitry
– determined by biasing
circuitry • Rout RD • Small Rout
‐ decreased by RS
• Rout RD • ro decreases Av & Rout
but impedance seen
but impedance seen • ro decreases A
decreases Av &
&
• ro decreases A
d v & R
& out
looking into the drain Rout
but impedance seen
can be “boosted” by
looking into the drain
source degeneration
can be “boosted” by
source degeneration
Common Source Stage
0
R1 || R2 RD
Av
RG R1 || R2 1 R
0
S
gm
Rin R1 || R2
Rout R D Rout RD rO g m rO RS
17
10/2/2018
Common Gate Stage
0
RS || 1/ gm
Av gm RD
RS || 1/ gm RG
1
Rin RS 0
gm
Source Follower
0 0
RS rO || RS
Av Av
1 1
RS rO || RS
gm gm
Rin RG Rin R G
1 1
Rout || RS Rout || ro || RS
gm gm
18
10/2/2018
CS Stage Example 1
• M1 is the amplifying device; M2 and M3 serve as the load.
Equivalent circuit for small‐signal analysis,
showing resistances connected to the drain
1
Av g m1 || rO3 || rO 2 || rO1
g m3
1
Rout || rO3 || rO 2 || rO1
g m3
CS Stage Example 2
• M1 is the amplifying device; M3 serves as a source (degeneration)
resistance; M2 serves as the load.
E i l t i it f
Equivalent circuit for small‐signal analysis
ll i l l i
1 0
rO2
Av
1 1
|| rO3
gm1 gm3
19
10/2/2018
CS Stage vs. CG Stage
• With the input signal applied at different locations, these circuits
behave differently, although they are identical in other aspects.
Common source amplifier
Common source amplifier Common gate amplifier
Common gate amplifier
1 0
2 0
rO1
Av gm1(1 gm2rO2 )RS rO2 || rO1 Av
1
RS
gm2
Composite Stage Example 1
• By replacing M1 and the current source with a Thevenin
equivalent circuit, and recognizing the right side as a CG stage,
g g y
the voltage gain can be easily obtained.
1 0 2 0
RD
Av
1 1
g m 2 g m1
20
10/2/2018
Composite Stage Example 2
• This example shows that by probing different nodes in a circuit,
different output signals can be obtained.
• Vout1 is a result of M1 1 acting as a source follower, whereas V
g , out2
is a result of M1 acting as a CS stage with degeneration.
1
|| rO2
vout1 gm2
vin 1 1
|| rO2
gm1 gm2
1 0 1
|| rO3 || rO4
vout2 g m3
vin 1 1
|| rO2
gm1 gm2
Short‐Circuit Transconductance
• The short‐circuit transconductance is a measure of the
strength of a circuit in converting an input voltage signal into
p g
an output current signal:
iout
Gm
vin vout 0
21
10/2/2018
What Next
• Cascode stage
• Current Mirror
• Frequency Response
Frequency Response
22