Mechanisms

Prof.dr.ing. Csaba Antonya

antonya@unitbv.ro
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Mechanisms– Lecture 12

 Topics:
 Profile shift
 Path of contact
 Contact ratio
 Interference
 Helical gears
 Bevel gears
 Exam
MECHANISMS

2 Lecture 12
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Profile shift

 A profile shift (or addendum modification)

can be made to have an influence on tooth
shape and tooth thickness.
 Profile shift is used to prevent undercut or
to adjust center distance between two
gears.
 You can think of profile shift as simply
shifting the teeth outward or inward so
that the active profile of the teeth uses a
different sector of the same involute
MECHANISMS

curve.
 Profile shift is measured with the profile
shift coefficient (x).
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Profile shift

 Profile shift improves most aspects of

gear operation:
 Avoiding undercut
 Avoiding narrow top-lands to avoid
case/core separation in carburized gears
 Balancing specific sliding to maximize wear
resistance and Hertzian fatigue resistance
 Balancing flash temperature to maximize
scuffing resistance
 Balancing bending fatigue life to maximize
MECHANISMS

bending fatigue resistance

 Does not require a modified rack

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Profile shift

 Gear shifting is made by changing the

relative position of the rack cutter in
respect with circular gear, by shifting the
rack radially
 An unshifted tooth (or unshifted gear) is
generated with the rack reference line
tangent to the gear pitch circle.
 A positive shifted gear (“plus” gear) is cut
with the rack outwardly shifted,
 A negative shifted gear (“minus” gear) is
MECHANISMS

cut with a inwardly shifted rack.

 The amount of shifting is defined by the
“profile shift coefficient” x, times the
module.
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6
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The generating of the standard spur gear

 Standard spur gear

 (α= 20°, z = 10, x = 0)
MECHANISMS

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The generating of shifted spur gear

Positive Shifted Negative Shifted

x = +0.5 x = -0.5
MECHANISMS

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 The potential advantage to be gained by

using profile shift is exemplified below for
three 20o full depth 9-tooth gears which
are identical apart from being generated
with different profile shifts.
 Since the gears have the same number of
teeth they share the same standard pitch
and base circles.
MECHANISMS

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Examples

 Change the tooth form with the profile

shift: number of teeth = 10; tooth 1: x =
0,5; tooth 2: x = 0; tooth 3: x = -0,5
MECHANISMS

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Positive shifting of gears

 Most of the shifted gears are made positive.

 Positive shifting of gear has the following
important consequences:
 increased tooth thickness at the root which
gives improved strength at bending
 increased radius of curvature that gives
improved strength at contact
 the possibility to avoid undercutting for gears
with small numbers of teeth (z < zmin)
 tooth sharpening on the addendum circle
MECHANISMS

 Shortcoming:
 reduced contact ratio which is undesired
especially for high speed gearings

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The meshing of profile shifted gears

 Without profile shift, the choice of centre

distance is limited by the modules
available from the standard list and by
integral tooth numbers, however the
profile shift sum provides flexibility in the
choice of (extended) centre distance
MECHANISMS

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The meshing of profile shifted gears

x1  x2
w    2 tg
z1  z2
 w  tg w   w ,
  tg  

db  d  cos   d w  cos  w
d  cos 
dw  ,
cos  w
d  cos 
cos  w 
MECHANISMS

dw
cos  cos  cos 
aw  rw1  rw2  r1  r2 a ,
cos  w cos  w cos  w

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The meshing of profile shifted gears

 In the meshing of profile shifted gears, it

is the operating (working) pitch circles
that are in contact and roll on each other
that portrays gear action.
 The standard pitch circles no longer are of
significance; and the operating pressure
angle is what matters.
 The operating (working) pitch
diameters (dw)
MECHANISMS

 The working (operating)

pressure angle (αw).

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 Dedendum circle

d f  m( z  2,5)  2 xm  m( z  2,5  2 x)

 Addendum circle

da1  2aw  d f2  2co  2aw  m( z2  2  2 x2 )

MECHANISMS

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Shifted gear set

 If shifted gears are included in a gear set

 According to the distribution of the sum
of profile shift coefficient (x1 + x2) into
pinion (x1) and gear (x2)
 positive shifted gear set
x1  x2  0,   w   ,  w   , rw  r, aw  a
 negative shifted gear set
x1  x2  0,   w   ,  w   , rw  r, aw  a
 “zero” shifted gear set
x1  x2  0, x1   x2 ,   w   ,  w   , rw  r, aw  a
MECHANISMS

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Path of contact

 Path of contact:

It is the path traced

by the point of
contact of two teeth
from the beginning
to the end of
engagement.
MECHANISMS

Tooth contact
begins and ends at
the two addendum
circles
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Path of contact
MECHANISMS

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Length of path of contact

the contact between

a pair of involute
teeth:
begins at K (the
outer end of the
tooth face on the
wheel)
ends at L (outer end
of the tooth face on
the pinion)
MECHANISMS

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Length of path of contact

KL  ML  KN  MN
MN  MP  PN
KL  2
ra1  2
rb1  2
ra 2  2
rb 2   r1  r2  sin 
 Length of arc of contact:
 the arc of contact is the path traced by a
point on the pitch circle from the beginning
to the end of engagement of a given pair of
teeth.
MECHANISMS

KL
cos 
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Contact ratio

 or number of pairs of teeth in contact

 defined as the ratio of the length of the
path of contact to the circular pitch

ra21  rb21  ra22  rb22   r1  r2  sin 

 , p m
p  cos 

 Generally want more than one tooth in

MECHANISMS

contact at the same time

  1,1
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Contact ratio - notes

 The contact ratio, usually, is not a whole

number. For example, if the contact ratio
is 1.6, it does not mean that there are 1.6
pairs of teeth in contact. It means that
there are alternately one pair and two
pairs of teeth in contact and on a time
basis the average is 1.6.
 The theoretical minimum value for the
contact ratio is one, that is there must
always be at least one pair of teeth in
MECHANISMS

contact for continuous action.

 Larger the contact ratio, more quietly the
gears will operate.

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Interference

 Contact of portions of tooth profiles that

are not conjugate is called interference.
 Occurs when contact occurs below the
base circle
 If teeth were produced by generating
process, then the generating process
removes the interfering portion; this is
known as undercutting.
 The undercut not only weakens the tooth
with a wasp-like waist, but also removes
MECHANISMS

some of the useful involute adjacent to

the base circle.

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Interference

 The maximum length of the line-of-

contact is limited to the length of the
common tangent.
 Any tooth addendum that extends beyond
the tangent points (T and T') is not only
useless, but interferes with the root fillet
area of the mating tooth
MECHANISMS

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Interference
MECHANISMS

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Avoiding interference

Profile shifting
The limiting case
occurs when the
addendum circles Pitch line
pass through the
points of tangency K Reference
line
 z 2 
xmin  m  ha  BC  ha  KC sin   ha  r sin   m 1  sin  
2

 2 
 z 
xmin  1  sin 2   z 2 2
 2  1  sin   0  z   17
MECHANISMS

sin 2 
0
2
17  z
xmin 
17
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 The minimum number of teeth on pinion to

avoid interference is given by zmin (17)

 Undercutting is not significant for z above 14.

 Sometimes undercutting is used to eliminate
interference; but this can weaken the tooth
MECHANISMS

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Helical gears

 The helical tooth form is involute in the

plane of rotation
 On a taut plane, unwrapped on the base
cylinder, is a straight line AB, which when
wrapped on the base cylinder has a helical
trace AoBo.
MECHANISMS

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Helix angle

 The axial twist of the teeth introduces a helix

angle.
 Since the helix angle varies from the base of
the tooth to the outside radius, the helix angle
β is defined as the angle between the tangent
to the helicoidal tooth at the intersection of
the pitch cylinder and the tooth profile, and an
element of the pitch cylinder
MECHANISMS

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Helical gears

 Two related pitches:

 The transverse
radial pitch, pt , in
the plane of
rotation
 The normal circular
pitch, pt, normal to
the tooth
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Helical gears

 The normal module, mn :

 The radial module, mt :

 Pitch diameter – This is given by the same

expression as for spur gears, but if the
normal module is involved it is a function
MECHANISMS

of the helix angle:

mn  z
d  mt  z 
cos 

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Helical gears

 Addendum diameter, dedendum diameter,

distance between the centers:
 z 
da  d  2ha  mn   2 
 cos  

 z 
d f  d  2h f  mn   2.5 
 cos  
d1  d 2
a 
mn
z1  z2 , 1    2
2 2 cos 1,2
MECHANISMS

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Helical gear sets

 Helical gears used to transmit power between

parallel shafts
 The helix angle is the same on both gears
 One gear must have a right-hand helix and the
other left-handed
 Helical gears subject the shaft to radial and
thrust loads
 Because of the nature of the contact between
helical gear the contact ratio is of minor
importance
MECHANISMS

 Herringbone gear – a gear with a double helix

to avoid thrust loads. Like two helical gears of
opposite hand mounted side by side on the
same shaft.
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Bevel gears

 Bevel gears have tapered elements

 Pitch diameters of mating bevel gears
belong to frusta of cones (pitch cones)
MECHANISMS

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Bevel gears notations
MECHANISMS

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Bevel gears geometry
MECHANISMS

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