Short-Circuit Analysis

IEC Standard

©1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC

 Purpose of Short-Circuit
Studies
• A Short-Circuit Study can be used to determine
any or all of the following:
– Verify protective device close and latch capability

– Verify protective device interrupting capability

– Protect equipment from large mechanical forces

(maximum fault kA)

– I2t protection for equipment (thermal stress)

– Selecting ratings or settings for relay coordination

©1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC Slide 2

 Types of Short-Circuit Faults

©1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC Slide 3

 Types of Short-Circuit Faults
Types of SC Faults
•Three-Phase Ungrounded Fault
•Three-Phase Grounded Fault
•Phase to Phase Ungrounded Fault
•Phase to Phase Grounded Fault
•Phase to Ground Fault

Fault Current
•IL-G can range in utility systems from a few percent to
possibly 115 % ( if Xo < X1 ) of I3-phase (85% of all
faults).
•In industrial systems the situation IL-G > I3-phase is rare.
Typically IL-G .87 * I3-phase
•In an industrial system, the three-phase fault condition
is frequently the only one considered, since this type of
fault generally results in Maximum current.
©1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC Slide 4
 Short-Circuit Phenomenon

v(t) i(t)
v(t) Vm Sin( t )

©1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC Slide 5

 v(t)
i(t)

di
v(t) Ri L Vm Sin( t ) (1)
dt
Solving equation 1 yields the following expression
R
sin( - ) e L
Vm Vm - t
i(t) sin( t - )
Z Z
   
Steady State Transient
(DC Offset)

©1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC Slide 6

 AC Current (Symmetrical) with
No AC Decay

DC Current

©1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC Slide 7

 AC Fault Current Including the
DC Offset (No AC Decay)

©1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC Slide 8

 Machine Reactance ( λ = L I )

AC Decay Current

©1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC Slide 9

 Fault Current Including AC & DC Decay

©1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC Slide 10

 IEC Short-Circuit
Calculation (IEC 909)
• Initial Symmetrical Short-Circuit Current (I"k)

• Peak Short-Circuit Current (ip)

• Symmetrical Short-Circuit Breaking Current

(Ib)

• Steady-State Short-Circuit Current (Ik)

©1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC Slide 11

 IEC Short-Circuit
Calculation Method
• Ik” = Equivalent V @ fault location divided by
equivalent Z

• Equivalent V is based bus nominal kV and c

factor

• XFMR and machine Z adjusted based on

cmax, component Z & operating conditions

©1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC Slide 12

 Transformer Z Adjustment
• KT -- Network XFMR

• KS,KSO – Unit XFMR for faults on system

side

• KT,S,KT,SO – Unit XFMR for faults in auxiliary

system, not between Gen & XFMR

• K=1 – Unit XFMR for faults between Gen &

XFMR
©1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC Slide 13
 Syn Machine Z Adjustment
• KG – Synchronous machine w/o unit XFMR

• KS,KSO – With unit XFMR for faults on

system side

• KG,S,KG,SO – With unit XFMR for faults in

auxiliary system, including points between
Gen & XFMR

©1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC Slide 14

 Types of Short-Circuits

• Near-To-Generator Short-Circuit
– This is a short-circuit condition to which at least
one synchronous machine contributes a
prospective initial short-circuit current which is
more than twice the generator’s rated current, or
a short-circuit condition to which synchronous
and asynchronous motors contribute more than
5% of the initial symmetrical short-circuit current
( I"k) without motors.
©1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC Slide 15
 Near-To-Generator Short-Circuit

©1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC Slide 16

 Types of Short-Circuits

• Far-From-Generator Short-Circuit
– This is a short-circuit condition during which the
magnitude of the symmetrical ac component of
available short-circuit current remains essentially
constant.

©1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC Slide 17

 Far-From-Generator Short-Circuit

©1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC Slide 18

 Factors Used in If Calc
• κ – calc ip based on Ik”

• μ – calc ib for near-to-gen & not meshed network

• q – calc induction machine ib for near-to-gen & not

meshed network

• Equation (75) of Std 60909-0, adjusting Ik for

near-to-gen & meshed network

• λmin & λmax – calc ik

©1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC Slide 19

 IEC Short-Circuit Study Case

©1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC Slide 20

 Types of Short-Circuits

When these options

are selected
• Maximum voltage factor is used

• Minimum impedance is used (all negative

tolerances are applied and minimum
resistance temperature is considered)

©1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC Slide 21

 Types of Short-Circuits

When this option is

selected
• Minimum voltage factor is used

• Maximum impedance is used (all positive

tolerances are applied and maximum
resistance temperature is considered)

©1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC Slide 22

 Voltage Factor (c)
• Ratio between equivalent voltage &
nominal voltage

• Required to account for:

• Variations due to time & place

• Transformer taps

• Static loads & capacitances

• Generator & motor subtransient behavior

©1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC Slide 23
 Calculation Method

• Breaking kA is more
conservative if the option
No Motor Decay is
selected

©1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC Slide 24

 IEC SC 909 Calculation

©1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC Slide 25

 Device Duty Comparison

©1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC Slide 26

 Mesh & Non-Mesh If
• ETAP automatically determines mesh & non-
meshed contributions according to individual
contributions

• IEC Short Circuit Mesh Determination

Method – 0, 1, or 2 (default)

©1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC Slide 27

 L-G Faults

©1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC Slide 28

 L-G Faults
Symmetrical Components

©1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC Slide 29

 Sequence Networks

©1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC Slide 30

 L-G Fault Sequence
Network Connections

If 3 Ia 0
3 VPrefault
If
Z1 Z 2 Z0
if Zg 0

©1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC Slide 31

 L-L Fault Sequence Network
Connections

Ia 2 I a1
3 VPrefault
If
Z1 Z 2

©1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC Slide 32

 L-L-G Fault Sequence
Network Connections

Ia 2 I a1 I a 0 0 Ia
VPrefault
If
Z0 Z 2
Z1
Z0 Z 2
if Zg 0

©1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC Slide 33

Transformer Zero Sequence Connections

©1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC Slide 34

 Solid Grounded Devices
and L-G Faults
Generally a 3 - phase fault is the
most severe case. L - G faults can be
greater if :
Z1 Z2 & Z0 Z1
If this conditions are true then :
I f3 I f1
This may be the case if Generators or
Y/ Connected transform er are solidly
grounded.

©1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC Slide 35

 Zero Sequence Model
• Branch susceptances and static
loads including capacitors will be
considered when this option is
checked
• Recommended by IEC for
systems with isolated neutral,
resonant earthed neutrals &
earthed neutrals with earth fault
factor > 1.4

©1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC Slide 36

 Unbalanced Faults Display
& Reports
Complete reports that include individual
branch contributions for:
•L-G Faults
•L-L-G Faults
•L-L Faults

One-line diagram displayed results that

include:
•L-G/L-L-G/L-L fault current
contributions
•Sequence voltage and currents
•Phase Voltages

©1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC Slide 37

 Transient Fault Current
Calculation (IEC 61363)
Total Fault Current Waveform

©1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC Slide 38

 Transient Fault Current
Calculation (IEC 61363)
Percent DC Current Waveform

©1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC Slide 39

 Transient Fault Current
Calculation (IEC 61363)
AC Component of Fault Current Waveform

©1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC Slide 40

 Transient Fault Current
Calculation (IEC 61363)
Top Envelope of Fault Current Waveform

©1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC Slide 41

 Transient Fault Current
Calculation (IEC 61363)
Top Envelope of Fault Current Waveform

©1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC Slide 42

 IEC Transient Fault Current
Calculation

©1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC Slide 43

 Unbalanced Faults Display
& Reports
Complete reports that include individual
branch contributions for:
•L-G Faults
•L-L-G Faults
•L-L Faults

One-line diagram displayed results that

include:
•L-G/L-L-G/L-L fault current
contributions
•Sequence voltage and currents
•Phase Voltages

©1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC Slide 44

©1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC Slide 45
©1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC Slide 46