Breaking Barriers:

Harlem Renaissance

Vi Duong and Jessica Mendoza

HIST137 - U.S. History 2

Professor Quitadamo

June 9, 2020
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Primary Sources

Bettmann, Otto. Digital Image. Brettmann Archive.

<http://web.archive.org/web/*/Harlem%20renaissance>. Accessed June 9, 2020.
This archive is an archive by Otto Bettmann that shows millions of photographs from
back then of the United States. The images that he had taken are some of the best known
U.S. historical images.

Colored Men of the 369th (15th N.Y.). Digital Image. National Archives.
<http://archives.gov/press/press-kits/picturing-the-century-photos.gallery1.html>.
Accessed June 8, 2020.
This photo is taken from an unknown photographer. It shows the image of colored men
during the time of World War I. They were the New York Army National Guard. They
had won the Croix de Guerre for gallantry in action.

Friedlander, Isac. Rhapsody in Black. 1931. Digital Image. National Gallery of Art.
<http://nga.gov/education/teachers/lessons-activities/unconvering-america/harlem-renaiss
ance.html>.
This is an image from Isac Friedlander who was a white printmaker who had emigrated
to the United States. It reminds everyone of the Harlem Renaissance and the nightlife
that occurred during then. It showed African American artists performing.

"Harlem: The Cultural Capital." African-American History. Accessed May 20, 2020.
<http://online.infobase.com/Auth/Index?aid=238739&itemid=WE01&primarySourceId=
18885>.
This article explains the significance of the Harlem Renaissance on African Americans,
and Americans in the United States. The author argues that the Harlem Renaissance gave
African Americans more job opportunities, and it led to the civil rights movement in
America. He claims that the city of Harlem helped white Americans see African
Americans as equals rather than parts of a gang. This article helped me find more
information on how the Harlem renaissance helped make in impact on African American
History.

“Harlem in the Jazz Age”. Magazine. New York Times Magazine, February 8, 1987. New York
Times Archive.
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<http://nytimes.com/1987/02/08/magazine/harlem-in-the-jazz-age.html?src=pm>.
Accessed June 5, 2020.
This magazine is a primary source. The New York Times Magazine had released this
article that talked briefly about the impact African Americans artists and their works in
Harlem. It was a time that the African Americans felt it was a good time to be alive.
Everything had seemed possible and African Americans got to show and be proud of
their culture.

Hartt, Rollin Lynde. “‘The New Negro’: ‘When He's Hit, He Hits Back!".” January 15, 1921.
Article. Independent. From History Matters - The U.S. Survey Course on the Web.
Accessed May 20, 2020. <http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5127>.
This article argues how the Harlem Renaissance has affected the African American
community for good, and it changed the way African Americans perceived themselves.
The Harlem Renaissance was a major era for African Americans, it was a time where
they were starting to gain more civil rights. In the north, planters were giving African
Americans some land, so they could grow their own crops. Even though African
Americans were still having to pay color tax, the New Negro had a new attitude, they
were more determined to get what they wanted and deserved. The author explains how
the Harlem renaissance changed the lives of African Americans, and it was a step further
to gaining full freedom in America. This article helped in my research to help answer the
question on how the Harlem Renaissance impacted African Americans influence in
history.

Johnson S. Charles, “Chicago Study, Migration Interviews”. Chicago. 1917. Records of the
National Urbal League. Library of Congress. Accessed June 06, 2020.
<http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5337>.
This interview was during the Great Migration when south African Americans were
heading towards the North for a new home with new opportunities. It shows the reason
why people were heading towards the North.

Lawrence, Jacob. 1942. Whitney Museum of American Art. New York. Jacob and Gwendolyn
Lawrence Foundation. <http://whiteney.org/www/jacoblawrence/art/index.html>.
Accessed May 9, 2020.
This is a website that has photos of Jacob Lawrence’s work. It has a story of how
African Americans received a new identity from the Great Migration, Depression, Jazz
Age and the Harlem Renaissance. It created a new identity that Jacob Lawrence had
shown through his work.
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Locke, Alain. “Enter the New Negro.” Survey Graphic Magazine. 1925. National Humanities
Center. Accessed June 5, 2020.
<http://natioanlhumanitiescenter,org/pds/maai3/migrations/text8/lockenewnegro.pdf.>
This magazine is a primary source. It gives a brief introduction of Alain Locke. The
magazine goes on to say the perspectives of the New Negro Movement and how the new
generation is taking over and making a name for themselves

Locke, Alain. “Forward to The New Negro: An Interpretation.” Digital History. Survey Graphic
Magazine, 1925.
http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtID=3&psid=3622.
This magazine is a primary source. Alain Locke is a person that has published works of
African American authors. This source is talking about Harlem's significance for racial
relationships. It talked about African Americans in a new light than what they were
perceived as. They were left out before, but they have stories to tell as well.

Locke, Alain. “The New Negro.” Digital History. Survey Graphic Magazine, 1925.
http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtID=3&psid=3617.
This magazine is a primary source. It talks about how the African American spirits were
beginning to reveal themselves as their culture began to show during the Harlem
Renaissance. By understanding and taking in the stories of the African Americans, they
are learning something new as a country. African Americans are trying to find their own
voice in the light of the American culture.

Ralph, Ellison. City Streets, June 15, 1939. Manuscript. New York City, New York. From
Library of Congress, U.S. Work Projects Administration, Federal Writers’ Project.
Accessed May 20, 2020. <https://www.loc.gov/resource/wpalh2.21020505/?sp=2>.
This is a primary source. It is a manuscript is an interview that was conducted in 1939 of
an African American performer who was playing music when a man had come up and
started yelling at him to play actual music. It gives a real experience of an African
American experiencing racism for their music. It is quotes on quote of how the
conversation went between the two men. This well help me with my thesis of how
African Americans were able to perform but still faced racism during this time.
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Schuyler, George S. “The Negro-Art Hokum,” June 16, 1926: 662-3. Article. Nation 122. From
History Matters – The U.S. Survey Course on the Web. Accessed May 20, 2020.
<http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5129>.
This article is a primary source. This article will help me understand more about the
Harlem Renaissance because it is talking about how African American artists in
American were equally as diverse as white artists. This source will help me understand
how the public had perceived artwork of African Americans during the Harlem
Renaissance. It also gives a new perspective on the African Americans in general. There
are also links to a story featured in The New Negro.

Secondary Sources

The American Yawp, June 7, 2013. <http://www.americanyawp.com/text/22-the-twenties/>

This article is a secondary source. It gives a summary of the New Era and goes into
detail about “The New Negro”. It gives a summary of Alain Locke’s New Negro as well.
There are certain examples of productions, famous painters and musicians. It goes into
explaining how the self-expression of African Americans had spread during this time. It
would help me understand more about the Harlem Renaissance. There are also links to
the primary sources that the article had referenced from.

Harlem. Digital Image. NYC & Company, Inc.

<http://jessgoode.com/tv/americandraon/newyork/page435/htm>. Accessed June 9, 2020.
This was a map of Harlem and it explained how this was the African American
neighborhood that was famous for the Harlem Renaissance. It tells how African
Americans were moving into the neighborhood slowly and started to prosper as a African
American community.

Johnson, James Weldon. "Harlem: The Cultural Capital." ​African-American History.​ Accessed
June 8, 2020.
online.infobase.com/Auth/Index?aid=238739&itemid=WE01&primarySourceId=18885.
This article explains the significance of the Harlem Renaissance on African Americans,
and Americans in the United States. The author argues that the Harlem Renaissance gave
African Americans more job opportunities, and it led to the civil rights movement in
America. He claims that the city of Harlem helped white Americans see African
Americans as equals rather than parts of a gang. This article helped me find more
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information on how the Harlem renaissance helped make an impact on African American
History.

Kranz, Rachel C. "Anderson, Marian." ​The Biographical Dictionary of African Americans.​ Facts
On File, 1998. Accessed June 9, 2020.
online.infobase.com/Auth/Index?aid=238739&itemid=WE01&articleId=162360.
This is a secondary source that explains who Marian Anderson was. This source illustrates the
story of her life and who she was, it also explains major moments of her life.

Kranz, Rachel C. "Ellington, Duke." ​The Biographical Dictionary of African Americans​. Facts
On File, 1998. Accessed June 9, 2020.
online.infobase.com/Auth/Index?aid=238739&itemid=WE01&articleId=162280.
This is a secondary source about the famous jazz musician Duke Ellington. This source
explains who Duke Ellington was, and how he became famous. It also includes what he did,
and how he influenced African Americans to move forward during the Harlem Renaissance.

Lawrence, Jacob. The Migration Series. 1941. Digital image.

<http://lawrencemigration.phillipscollection.org>. Accessed June 8, 2020.
This series captures the image of African Americans who were moving from the South to
the North, the Great Migration.

Otfinoski, Steven, and Tom Verde. "Cullen, Countee." ​Countee Cullen.​ Facts On File, 2014.
Accessed June 9, 2020.
online.infobase.com/Auth/Index?aid=238739&itemid=WE01&articleId=158164.
This is a secondary source that tells the life story of Countee Cullen. This source also shows
some of his poems, and explains the meaning of them.

Reagan, Charles, and William Ferris. “Black Literature.” Library of Southern Literature: Black
Literature. University of North Carolina Press, 1989.
https://docsouth.unc.edu/southlit/blacklit.html. Accessed May 28, 2020
This is a secondary source that was written to explain the influence of African Americans
on American literature. It talks about the awards that African Americans were receiving,
their overall achievements as a group that didn’t get much recognition before.
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Smith, Joanna. "Ellington, Duke." ​The Great Depression and World War II, Third Edition.​ Facts
On File, 2017. Accessed June 9, 2020.
online.infobase.com/Auth/Index?aid=238739&itemid=WE01&articleId=194590.
This secondary source is a short Biography about Duke Ellington. This source explains what
Ellington was famous for, and how he impacted the Harlem Renaissance.

Sonneborn, Liz. "Anderson, Marian." ​American Women in the Performing Arts, Second Edition.​
Facts On File, 2015. Accessed June 9, 2020.
online.infobase.com/Auth/Index?aid=238739&itemid=WE01&articleId=163246.
This secondary source explains the road to Marian Anderson’s fame. This article explains not
only how she became famous, but also the struggles she faced on her road to fame. This
source also explains how she impacted race barriers during the Harlem Renaissance.

The 1963 March on Washington. Digital Image. United States Information Agency.
<http://inthesetimes.com/article/19869/cold-war-clinton-how-luberals-conservatives-sepa
rated-race-class-socialism>. Accessed June 9, 2020
This picture shows the March on Washington for jobs and freedom during the civil rights
movement. Combined with that was the demand for economic and racial justice that the
African Americans have been asking for.

Vlad. Digital Image. Museum of the City of New York.

<http://mcny.org/event/sketching-salon-1920s-harlem-renaissance-jazz-age-speakeasy>
Accessed June 9, 2020.
This event photo shows an ensemble that occurred during the Harlem Renaissance. It
was live music that had occurred in New York City in the 1920s.

“World War I and Postwar Society.” African American Odyssey: World War I and Postwar
Society (Part 1). Accessed May 20, 2020.
<http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/aaohtml/exhibit/aopart7.html>.
This article argues that the Harlem Renaissance changed others' perspectives on how they
saw and treated African Americans. During this time, they slowly confronted racial
inequalities, in search of civil rights. Many artists, actors, and writers challenged the
intellectual and artistic bias through art like jazz and poetry. Many African Americans
also went into combat in World War I to fight for civil rights, and earn the equality that
they deserve. This article helped me answer my research question on the impact of the
Harlem Renaissance in African American History. There is a part two that adds onto the
article. Part two is about important artists and works during that time​.
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