Pointers in CSS1 (1st Grading)

Components of the Computer System

1. Hardware. It refers to the physical equipment or components of an electronic data processing system. It may also be referred
to as the machinery that performs the mechanics of operations.
2. Software. It is the general term that refers to all types of programs used to run computer and process data
3. Peopleware. It represents the personnel involve in system analysis, programming, computer operations, system maintenance
& the likes.
The Hardware
1. Memory. The working place in computer where all data is stored is called memory. There are small cells called bit. In these
cell data is stored in the form of 0 & 1. Its unit is bytes. A memory cell may be defined as a device which can store a symbo l
selected from a set of symbols.
2. Input Devices. It is used to allow the entry of data into the system unit
a. Keyboard. Its structure is like typewriter. It contains no. of keys which have some specific ASCII values. Like ‗A‘ has
ASCII value 65. When this is pressed , it is converted into 65 & this 65 is sent to CPU in the form of Binary language (i.e.
1000001). Then operations are done on this data.
b. Mouse. This is a pointing device which contains a roller in its base. When the mouse is moved on any surface, the pointer
on the screen is also moved. It contains a potentiometer coupled with the roller. This potentiometer senses the motion of
mouse & convert it into digital value. A mouse may contain two or three buttons.
c. Bar Code Reader. It is a device which is used to read the code from the products which are usually in the form of Bars. It
contains a light sensitive detector which identifies the values of the bars on the product & converts them into numeric
code. These Bar readers are used in Shopping malls in a very large scale.
d. Digital Camera/ Web Camera. As the name specifies, these camera stores the data digitally, which then can be stored in
the computer & can be stored for a long time. But it has very limited storage capacity. These are very popular because of
less expensive photographs & Speed.
e. Light Pen. It is a pointing device which contains a photocell mounted at its tip. It senses the light from the screen when it
becomes closer to the screen, & generates a pulse. So for identifying a particular location on the screen these light pens
are very useful. But this is not in very much use these days.
f. Scanner. The scanner is an input device like the photocopier machine which makes the electronic copy of the picture or
document which can be further edited.
g. Mic's Or Microphones. The microphone that sometimes found with the headset. It is used to capture voice and sound data
electronically.
3. Output Devices. The devices which are used to display the data to the user either in the form of hard copy or soft copy are
called output devices.
a. Speakers. Speakers receive the sound in the form of electric current from the sound card & convert it to sound format.
These are used for listening music, chatting , seminars for presentations etc.
b. Monitor. It is also called Visual Display Unit (VDU). It displays information in pictorial form. A monitor usually
comprises the display device, circuitry, casing, and power supply.
i. Cathode Ray Tube (CRT). It is a vacuum tube that contains one or more electron guns and a phosphorescent screen,
and is used to display images. It modulates, accelerates, and deflects electron beam(s) onto the screen to create the
images.
ii. Liquid Crystal Display (LCD). These screens are used in laptops & notebook sized PCs. A special type of liquid is
sandwiched between two plates. The top plate is clear & bottom plate is reflective. The molecules in these liquids are
normally aligned & the computer signals are used to align these molecules.
iii. Organic Light-emitting Diode (OLED). The emissive electroluminescent layer is a film of organic compound that
emits light in response to an electric current. This layer of organic semiconductor is situated between two electrodes;
typically, at least one of these electrodes is transparent. OLEDs are used to create digital displays in devices such
as television screens, computer monitors, portable systems such as mobile phones, handheld game
consoles and PDAs. A major area of research is the development of white OLED devices for use in solid-state
lighting applications.
c. Printer. It is used to generate information in either ink, ribbon or heat transfer. These devices gives the hard copy of the
output. These are in different types.
i. Impact - Have mechanical contact in between paper & printing head
1. Line Printers - print line wise (E.g. Drum Printer)
2. Character Printer - print character wise (E.g. Daisy Printer)
3. Dot Matrix - It is a type of computer printing which uses a print head that moves back-and-forth, or in an up-and-
down motion, on the page and prints by impact, striking an ink-soaked cloth ribbon against the paper, much like
the print mechanism on a typewriter. However, unlike a typewriter or daisy wheel printer, letters are drawn out
of a dot matrix, and thus, varied fonts and arbitrary graphics can be produced.
ii. Non Impact - No mechanical contact between paper & printing head
1. Electromagnetic Printers. It contains a printing unit where nozzle valves are controlled with the application
of electromagnetic transducers. Housings of the same type cover 25 or 32-dot print-heads which differ in the
number of valves and nozzles installed inside them.
2. Thermal Printers. It is a digital printing process which produces a printed image by selectively heating coated
thermochromic paper, or thermal paper as it is commonly known, when the paper passes over the thermal print
head.
3. Electrostatic Printers. It is a printing technique done without any plate, ink or type form. The paper is coated with
a thin layer of zinc oxide, making it an insulator in the dark and simultaneously a conductor of electricity when
exposed to light. These machines are used for printing of geographic maps.
4. Inkjet Printers. It is a computer peripheral that produces hard copy by spraying ink onto paper. A typical inkjet
printer can produce copy with a resolution of at least 300 dots per inch ( dpi )
5. Laser Printers. It produces good-quality printed material by using a laser to form a pattern of electrostatically
charged dots on a light-sensitive drum, which attract toner (or dry ink powder). The toner is transferred to a piece
of paper and fixed by a heating process.
4. Input-Output Devices. The devices which are used to accept and generate data
a. MODEM. Modulator-demodulator
 b. Touch Screen
c. FAX Machine
d. Headset

Methods of Processing Data

1. Batch Processing. A technique in w/c data to be processed or programs to be executed are collected into groups
2. On-line Processing. It uses devices directly connected to the central processing unit (CPU) either for data entry or inquiry purposes
3. Real-time processing. A method of data processing w/c has the capability of a fastest response to obtain from an activity or
physical process. It is the processing of data that is done immediately.
4. Distributed Processing. It consists of remote terminals linked to a large central computer system
The Earliest Computing devices
1. Abacus. The fist manual data processing device w/c was developed in China in the 12 th Century A.D.
2. Napier’s Bones. Invented by John Napier, a Scottish Mathematician that the use of ―logs‖
3. Oughtred’s Slide Rule. It is consists of 2 movable rulers placed side by side. It is invented by William Oughtred, an English
mathematician in the 17th Century
4. Pascal’s Calculator. It is a calculating machine that was capable of adding & subtracting numbers. It was invented by Blaise
Pascal, a French Mathematician in 1645
5. Leibniz’s Calculator. It utilized the same technique for addition & subtraction as Pascal‘s device but it could also perform
multiplication & division as well as extracted square roots. It was invented by Gottfried Leibniz in 1664.
6. Babbage’s Analytical Engine. Invented by Charles Babbage, the father of modern computer. It was designed to use 2 types of
cards –operation cards – indicate the specific functions to be performed, and variable cards – to specify the actual data. Lady Ada
Byron – The first computer programmer.
7. Hollerith’s Punched Card Machine. Invented by Herman Hollerith in 1880‘s. It is a set of machines to help process the results of
the 1890 US Census.
Early Developments in Electronic Data Processing
1. MARK 1. Invented by Howard Aiken in 1944. The official name was Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator. It could perform
the 4 basic arithmetic operations & could locate information stored in tabular form. It processed numbers up to 23 digits long &
could multiply 3 to 8 digit numbers in 1 second.
2. ENIAC. Invented by Prosper Eckert Jr. & John Mauchly in 1946. It is an acronym for electronic numerical integrator and
calculator. It could perform 300 multiplications per second.
3. EDVAC. Invented by John Von Neumann in 1947. It is a modified version of ENIAC w/c means electronic discrete variable
automatic computer. It could employ binary arithmetic & would have stored program capability.
The Five Generations of Computers
First Generation (1940-1956) Vacuum Tube
The first computers used vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory, and were often enormous, taking up entire
rooms. They were very expensive to operate and in addition to using a great deal of electricity, generated a lot of heat, which was
often the cause of malfunctions.
Second Generation (1956-1963) Transistors
Transistor replaced vacuum tubes and ushered in the second generation of computers. The transistor was invented in 1947 but did not
see widespread use in computers until the late 1950s. The transistor was far superior to the vacuum tube, allowing computers to
become smaller, faster, cheaper, more energy-efficient and more reliable than their first-generation predecessors. Though the transistor
still generated a great deal of heat that subjected the computer to damage, it was a vast improvement over the vacuum tube.
Third Generation (1964-1971) Integrated Circuits
The development of the integrated circuit was the hallmark of the third generation of computers. Transistors were miniaturized and
placed on silicon chips, called semiconductors, which drastically increased the speed and efficiency of computers.
Fourth Generation (1971-Present) Microprocessors
The microprocessor brought the fourth generation of computers, as thousands of integrated circuits were built onto a single silicon
chip. What in the first generation filled an entire room could now fit in the palm of the hand. The Intel 4004 chip, developed in 1971,
located all the components of the computer—from the central processing unit and memory to input/output controls—on a single chip.
Fifth Generation (Present and Beyond) Artificial Intelligence
It is based on artificial intelligence, but still in development, though there are some applications, such as voice recognition. The use
of parallel processing and superconductors is helping to make artificial intelligence a reality. Quantum computation and molecular
and nanotechnology will radically change the face of computers in years to come. The goal of fifth-generation computing is to develop
devices that respond to natural language input and are capable of learning and self-organization.
 Pointers in CSS1 (2nd Grading)
Rear Panel: Names and Functions of Parts

1. Handler I/O Port. The terminal to which an automatic machine (handler) used on a production line is connected. See Handler I/O
Port. Connector type: 36-pin Ribbon (Centronics) connector
2. Ethernet Port. A terminal for connecting the E5071C to a LAN (Local Area Network). Connecting this instrument to a LAN enables
you to access the hard disk drive of this instrument from an external PC or to control this instrument by using SICL-LAN or telnet.
Specification Value
Connector type 8-pin RJ-45 connector
Base standard 10Base-T/100Base-TX Ethernet (automatic data rate selection)
3. External Monitor Output Port (Video). A terminal to which an external color monitor (display device) can be connected. By
connecting a color monitor to this terminal, the same information shown on the LCD screen of the main body can be displayed on an
external color monitor.
Connector type: 15-pin VGA connector, female
4. GPIB Connector. The connection of an external controller through General Purpose Interface Bus (GPIB) connector allows you to
configure an automatic measurement system. This GPIB connector is used only for controlling the E5071C from an external
controller. Use USB/GPIB interface to control other devices from the E5071C. You cannot control other devices from the E5071C
through this GPIB connector.
5. External Trigger Input Port (Ext Trig). A connector to which external trigger signals are input. This connector detects the downward
transition from the HIGH state in TTL signals as the trigger signal. To use this connector to generate a trigger, you must set the trigger
source to "external" (key operation: Trigger > Trigger Source > External). Connector type: BNC connector, female
6. Fan. The cooling fan for controlling the temperature inside the E5071C. This fan exhausts heated air from inside the analyzer to the
outside.
7. Line Switch (Always ON). Always keep this switch on (|).
 Do not use this switch to turn off (O) the mains. Doing so may cause the analyzer to fail. For more information, see the
description of the Standby Switch.
8. Power Cable Receptacle (to LINE). The receptacle (outlet) to which the power cable is connected.
 To connect the device to a power source (outlet), use the supplied three-prong power cable with a ground conductor. The plug
attached to the power cable (on the power outlet side or device side of the cable) serves as the disconnecting device (device that
cuts off power supply) of the E5071C. When the power supply must be cut off to avoid such danger as electric shock, pull out
the power cable plug (on the power outlet side or device side of the cable). For the procedure for turning off the mains in normal
use, see the description in Standby Switch.
For more on the power supply, see the Installation Guide.
9. High Stability Frequency Reference Output Port (Ref Oven, Option 1E5 only)
When Option 1E5 (high stability frequency reference) is installed, the reference signal is output from this connector.
Specification Value
Connector type BNC connector, female
Output signal (Typical) 10 MHz ± 1 ppm, 0 dBm minimum
 When Option 1E5 (high stability frequency reference) is installed, connect this connector to the External Reference Signal Input
Connector (Ref In) by using the BNC(m)-BNC(m) cable included with the option.
10. External Reference Signal Input Port (Ref In)
 The reference signal input connector for phase-locking the measurement signal from the E5071C to the external frequency reference
signal. Inputting the reference signal to this connector improves the accuracy and frequency stability of the measurement signal from
the E5071C.
Specification Value
Connector type BNC connector, female
Input signal (Typical) 10 MHz ± 10 ppm, -3 dBm to +10 dBm
 When the frequency reference signal is input to this connector, the measurement signal from the E5071C is automatically
phase-locked to the reference signal. When an input signal is not present, the frequency reference signal inside the E5071C is
automatically used. The ExtRef on the instrument status bar is displayed in blue when the system is phase-locked to the
external reference signal and in gray when not phase-locked.
When using Option 1E5 (high stability frequency reference), connect this connector to the High Stability Frequency
Reference Output Connector (Ref Oven, Option 1E5 only) by using the BNC(m)-BNC(m) cable included with the option.
11. Internal Reference Signal Output Port (Ref Out)
A connector for outputting the internal frequency reference signal from the E5071C. By connecting this output connector to the
external reference signal input connector of another device, the device can be phase-locked to the internal reference signal of the
E5071C and used under this condition.
Specification Value
Connector type BNC connector, female
Output signal (Typical) 10 MHz ± 5 ppm, 0 dBm ± 3 dBm
Output impedance (Typical) 50 ohm
12. Serial Number Plate. The label showing the product number, serial number and the installed option number. The accessary and
system rack options are not listed on this label. (CFGxxx or ATOxxx in the first line is for Keysight Use Only.)

13. Certificate of Authenticity Label. The label showing the information of the Certificate of Authenticity of Windows.
14. Rear USB Port. Four USB (Universal Serial Bus) ports are provided that can be used for connecting to ECal (Electronic
Calibration) module, USB, Multiport test set or a printer. Connecting a designated ECal module to this port enables ECal
measurements to be taken. Connecting a compatible printer to this port enables screen information on the E5071C to be printed.
 The specifications of this port are identical to the Front USB Port.
15. USB (USBTMC) Interface Port. Through this port, you can control the E5071C from external controllers. For more information
on the measurement system using the USB port, see the USB Remote Control System.
Specification Value
Connector type Universal serial bus (USB) jack, type B (4 contact positions), Female
Compliance Standards USBTMC-USB488 and USB2.0
16. External Trigger Output Port. The External Trigger Output Port can output the pulse with the specified polarity either before or
after the measurement of each point.
 The External Trigger Output Port can safely handle a maximum Output Current of 50mA.
Symbol Parameter Typical Value Unit Condition
Pulse Width 1 µsec
VOH HIGH Level Output Voltage 5 Volt Iout=-50µA
VOL LOW Level Output Voltage 0 Volt Iout=50µA

17. Bias Input Ports

This BNC female connector allows external bias to be applied at the test ports.

 Do not apply DC voltage exceeding 35 Volt.

 Bias Input Port is an optional component of E5071C. Valid for options: 235, 435, 285, 485.
18. Fuse for Bias Input Ports
Fuse for Bias Input Ports is an optional component of E5071C. Valid for options: 235, 435, 285, 485.
Specification Description
Fuse Rating 0.5A/125V
Part Number 2110-0046
19. Aux Input Ports
The Aux Input Ports are used to input DC signal for DC signal measurement.