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CALCULUS
(1) If y = f(x), x is called the independent variable and ‘y’ the dependent variable.
(2) Some important limits:
sinθ
(i) Lt 1
θ0 θ
(ii) Lt cosθ  1
θ0
tanθ
(iii) Lt 1
θ0 θ
sinmθ
(iv) Lt m
θ0 θ
tanmθ
(v) Lt m
θ0 θ
xn  an
(vi) Lt  nan  1
xa x  a
1
(vii) Lt (1  h) h  e Where 2 < e < 3, e = 2.71 approximately
h0
h
 1
(viii) Lt 1   e
h   h
ex  1
(ix) Lt 1
x 0 x
ax  1
(x) Lt  log e a
x 0 x
f(a)
(3) L’Hospital’s rule :If f(x) and  (x) are such that is indeterminate i.e.takes
φ(a)
0 f(x)
Lt f' (x)
= xLt

the form or , then x a   a
0

φ(x) φ' (x)
Derivatives of a function or differential coefficients of functions:
If y = f(x), the derivative of y w.r.t ‘x’ is defined as
dy f(x  δ x)  f(x)
 Lt
dx δx  0 δx
Derivatives of some standard functions:

y dy Y dy
dx dx
xn nx n 1 Sec x Sec x tanx
1 1 Cot x -cosec2x
 2
x x

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x 1 Sin ax a cos ax
2 x

1 n Tan ax a sec2ax

xn xn 1
ex ex e f (x) e f (x).f '  x 
ax ax loge a a f (x) af(x) .f '  x . log e a
loge x 1 loge f(x) 1
f ' (x)
x f(x)
loga x 1 loga f(x) 1
loga e f' (x). loga e
x f(x)
Sin x Cos x Sin f(x) Cos f(x). f’(x)
Cos x - sin x Cos f(x) - sin f(x) f’(x)
Tan x Sec2x Tan f(x) Sec2f(x) f’(x)
Cosec f(x) -cosec 2 f(x)
cot f(x).f’(x)
Cosec x - cosec x cot x Sec f(x) Sec f(x) tan f(x) f’(x)
Cot f(x) -cosec2f(x).f’(x)

Problems on Limits:

Evaluate the following Limits:

2x   2 2
1. Lt  Lt   2 , using L’Hospital’s rule
x   2 cos x x 2  sin x sin  2
 
sin(x 
) cos(x  )
6 0  6 1
Lt
2. x      Lt   2 , using L’Hospital’s rule
6 3 0  x   6 sin x 1
 cos x
2 2
1  cos x  0 
3. Lt   
x 0 x2 0 
sin x  0  cos x 1
 Lt     Lt  , using L’Hospital’s rule.
x  0 2x 0  x 0 2 2
a  b cos x
4. Lt  2 , find the value of ‘a’
x 0 x2

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a  b cos x ab
Lt   a  b  0 , since the given value of the limit = 2
x 0 x 2 0
 b sin x  b  sin x  b
 Lt  Lt  
x 0 2x x 0 2  x  2
Since the original limit = 2; -b/2 = 2; b = -4
Since a + b = 0; a = 4

1
1
5. 1  2  3  ...  n n(n  1) n1 n 1
Lt  Lt  Lt  Lt
x n 2 n  2n 2 n   2n n  2 2
1
Since n ; 0
n
(1  x)n  1 (1  x)n  1 x n  an
6. Lt  Lt  n.1n1  n [use the result Lt  nan  1 ]
x 0 x (1 x)1 (1  x)  1 x a x  a

3 1
2 2 
2x  3x  1 x x2 2 1 1
7. Lt  Lt  , since  0 and 2  0
x 5x 2  2 x 2 5 x x
5 2
x
3  5  x 0
8. Lt    [Indeterminate form]
x4 x4 0
1

= 2 5x 1 1 1 [using L’Hospital’s rule]
Lt   
x4 1 2 54 2  3 6
9.
cos 2 x 0 1  sin 2 x (1  sin x)(1  sin x) 
Lt   Lt  Lt  Lt 1  sin x  1  sin 11  2
x   2 1  sin x 0 x   2 1  sin x x 2 (1  sin x) x 2 2
log x  0 
10. Lt    [Indeterminate form].
x 1 x 1 0
1
11 using L’Hospital’s Rule
 Lt x  1
x 1 1 1
e 3x  1 e 3x  1 e ax  1
11. Lt  Lt  3  1  3  3 , using the formula Lt 1
x 0 x x 0 3x ax  0 ax
12.
3
1
4 (81  x) 4
81  x  3  0  4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Lt     Lt       (108) 1
x 0 x  0  x 0 1 4 3 4 3
4.3 3 4  27 108
4 4
(81  0) 4 (3 )
sin 1 x 
13. Lt  Lt where x = sin 
x0 x   0 sin 
=1
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sin 2x
14. f(x)  is continuous, find f(0)
x
sin 2x  0 
f(0)  Lt    [Indeterminate form]
x 0 x 0
2 cos 2x 2 cos 0
 Lt   2 , Since cos 0 = 1 (Using L’Hospital’s rule)
x 0 1 1
3x  7x  0 
15. Lt    [Indeterminate form]
x 0 x 0
3 x log3  7 x log7 3
= Lt  log3  log7  log 
x 0 1 7
sinx  cosx cosx  sinx π π 1 1 2
Lt 
16. x   Lt  cos  sin     2
π4 xπ4 x π 4 1 4 4 2 2 2
πx
17. Lt (x  1)tan  0
x 1 2
x 1 0 1 1 2
 Lt     Lt   
x 1 πx  0  x 1 π 2 πx π π Since cosec 1
cot  cosec 2
2 2 2 2
1  cos2x  0 
18. Lt    [Indeterminate form]
x 0 x 0
2sin2x 2  0
 Lt  0
x 0 1 1

19.
    nθ  2 
mθ 2  2 mθ    
2sin sin 2
1  cosmθ 2  2   mθ   2   1 m2 θ 2 4 m2
Lt  Lt  Lt           Lt   1  
θ  0 1  cosrθ nθ θ  0  mθ  2 2  nθ 2 4 n2 θ 2 n2
 
θ0 θ0
2sin 2    sin 2   nθ 
2  2    2 
    2 
ax  b x 0 a x loga  b x logb  a
20. Lt     Lt  loga  logb  log 
x 0 x 0
  x  0 1 b
1 1
2 2 2 2 1(1  )(2  )
21. 1  2  3  ....  n n(n  1)(2n  1) n n 2 1
Lt  Lt 
n  n 3 n   6n 3 6 6 3

PROBLEMS ON RATE MEASURES

1. The side of an equilateral triangle is 2 cm. and increasing at the rate of 8 cm/hr.
Find the rate of increase of the area of the triangle?
A = side = 2 cm
da
 8 cm/hr.
dt

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3 2
Area of Equilateral triangle =  = a
4
dΔ 3 da 3
 .2a   2  8  8 3 cm2/hr
dt 4 dt 2
2. The area of a circular plate increases at the rate of 37.5 cm 2/min. Find the rate of
change in the radius when the radius of the plate is 5 cm.
Area, A = r2
dA dr dA
 2 r [Given  37.5 cm2/min, r = 5 cm]
dt dt dt
dr
37.5 = 2π  5
dt
dr 37.5 37.5
  cm/min
dt 10π π

3. If the rate of change of volume of a spherical ball is equal to the rate of change in
its radius, then find the radius of the spherical ball.
4 dv dr
V  πr 3 Given 
3 dt dt
dv 4 2 dr
 π  3r
dt 3 dt
dr dr
 4π r 2
dt dt
4r2 = 1

1
r2 
4π
1
r 
2 π

4. An error of 0.02 cm is made while measuring the side of a cube. Find the
percentage error in measuring the surface area of the cube, when the side is 10 cm.
Let ‘a’ be a side of the cube
Surface area, S = 4a2
Given a = 10cm
S = 4 100 = 400 cm2
Consider S = 4a2
Taking log on both sides, we get
log S = log 4 + 2 log a
Taking differentials
dS da
2
S a
dS 2  0.02
  2  0.002  0.004
S 10
ds
 100 = percentage error in 5 = 0.004  100 = 0.4%
s
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1
5. If there is an error of % in measuring the radius of a spherical ball, then find
10
the percentage error in the calculated volume.
4
V  πr 3
3
4 
logV  log π   3logr
3 
1 dr
Taking differentials, dv  0  3 
V r
1  dr  1 3
dv  100  3    100   3    0.3
V  r  10 10

6. Find the slope of the tangent at (1, 6) to the curve 2x2 + 3y2 = 5
2x2 + 3y2 = 5
dy
Differentiating w.r.t x, 4x  6y 0
dx

dy
6y  4x
dx
dy  2x

dx 3y
 dy  2 1 1
Slope =   at (1, 6) =   
 dx  36 9

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