Sets Their Types: Well-Defined Collection of Objects

1
Sets
The set theory was developed by German Mathematician Georg Cantor
(1845-1918). He first encountered sets while working on ‘problems on
trigonometric series’. This concept is used in every branch of Mathematics i.e.,
Geometry, Algebra, etc.
1 Sets and Their Types

In our daily life, while performing our regular work, we often come across a
variety of things that occur in groups.
e.g., Team of cricket players, group of tall boys, group of teachers, etc.
The words used above like team, group, etc., convey the idea of certain 3 Sets and Their Types
collections. 3 Subsets of Set
3 Venn Diagrams and Operations
Well-defined Collection of Objects on Sets
If any given collection of objects is in such a way that it is possible to tell 3 Applications of Set Theory
without any doubt whether a given object belongs to this collection or not,
then such a collection of objects is called a well-defined collection of objects.
e.g., ‘The rivers of India’ is a well-defined collection. Since, we can say that the
river Nile does not belong to this collection. On the other hand, the river
Ganga does belong to this collection.
Difference between Not Well-defined Collection and Well-defined Collection
Not Well-defined Collection Well-defined Collection
A group of intelligent students. A group of students scoring more than 95% marks of
your school.
A group of most talented writers A group of odd natural numbers less than 25.
of India.
Group of pretty girls. Group of girls of class XI of your school.
Here, a group of intelligent students, a group of most talented writers of India,
group of pretty girls are not well-defined collections, because we can not
decide whether a given particular object belongs to the given collection or not.
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2 ll ne Mathematics Class 11th
(iii) Here, we can definitely decide whether a given novel

Definition of Set belongs to this collection or not.
A well-defined collection of objects, is called a set. So, this collection is well-defined. Hence, it is a set.
Sets are usually denoted by the capital letters A, B, C, X, Y (iv) The term most dangerous is not a well-defined term. An
and Z etc. animal may be most dangerous for one person and may
not be for the other.
The elements of a set are represented by small letters a, b, c,
So, it is not well-defined. Hence, it is not a set.
x, y and z etc.
If a is an element of a set A, then we say that a belongs to A. Representation of Sets
The word belongs to denoted by the Greek symbol Sets are generally represented by following two ways
∈(epsilon).
1. Roster or Tabular Form or Listing Method
Thus, in notation form, a belongs to set A is written as
2. Set-builder Form or Rule Method
a ∈ A and b does not belongs to set A is written as b ∉ A.
e.g., 1. Roster or Tabular Form or Listing Method
(i) 6 ∈ N , N being the set of natural numbers and 0 ∉ N . In this form, all the elements of a set are listed, the
(ii) 36 ∈ P , P being the set of perfect square numbers, so elements are being separated by commas and are
enclosed within curly braces { }.
5 ∉ P.
e.g.,
* Some examples of sets used particularly in Mathematics are
(i) The set of all natural numbers less than 10 is
N → The set of natural numbers. {1, 2, 3, …} represented in roster form as {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,
Z → The set of all integers. {..., −3, − 2, − 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, ... } 8, 9}.
Q → The set of all rational numbers.
 3 2 1 1 2 3  (ii) The set of prime natural numbers is {2, 3, 5, 7, K}.
..., − , − , − , , , , ... Here, three dots tell us that the list of prime
 4 3 2 2 3 4 
R → The set of real numbers.
natural numbers continue indefinitely.
(rational and irrational numbers) Note (i) In roster form, order in which the elements are listed is not
Z + → The set of positive integers. {1, 2, 3, … } important.
Hence, the set of natural numbers less than 10 can also be
Q + → The set of positive rational numbers. written as {2, 4, 1, 3, 5, 6, 8, 7, 9} instead of {1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
1 2 3 4  6, 7, 8, 9}.
 , , , , ...
2 3 4 5  Here, the order of listing elements is not important.
R + → The set of positive real numbers. (ii) In roster form, element is not repeated i.e., all the elements
are taken as distinct.
(positive rational and irrational numbers) Hence, the set of letters forming the word
Note Objects, elements and members of a set are synonymous terms. ‘MISCELLANEOUS’ is {M, I, S, C, E, L, A, N, O, U}.
2. Set-builder Form or Rule Method

Example 1. Which of the following are sets? Justify your In this form, all the elements of set possess a single
answer. common property p ( x ) , which is not possessed by any
(i) The collection of all the months of a year beginning with other element outside the set.
the letter J.
In such a case, the set is described by { x : p ( x ) holds}.
(ii) The collection of ten most talented writers of India. e.g.,
(iii) A collection of novels written by the writer Munshi Prem In the set {a , e , i , o, u}, all the elements possess a
Chand. common property, i.e., each of them is a vowel of the
(iv) A collection of most dangerous animals of the world. English alphabet and no other letter possesses this
Solution property.
(i) We are sure that members of this collection are January, June If we denote the set of vowels by V, then we write
and July. V = {x : x is a vowel in the English alphabet}
So, this collection is well-defined. Hence, it is a set. The above description of the set V is read as ‘‘the
(ii) A writer may be most talented for one person and may not be set of all x such that x is a vowel of the English
for other. Therefore, we cannot definitely decide which writer alphabet.’’
will be there in the collection.
So, this collection is not well-defined. Hence, it is not a set.
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Some examples are given below Example 2. Describe the set

(i) Set of all natural numbers less than 10, (i) “The set of all vowels in the word EQUATION” in
A = { x : x ∈ N , x < 10} Roster form.
(ii) “The set of reciprocals of natural numbers” in
(ii) Set of all real numbers,
set-builder form.
R = {x : x ∈ R }
Solution
* Working Rule to Write the Set in the (i) The word “EQUATION” has following vowels i.e., A, E,
Set-builder Form I, O and U.
To convert the given set in set-builder form, we use the following Hence, the required set can be described in roster form as
steps {A, E, I, O, U}.
Step I Describe the elements of the set by using a symbol x or any (ii) Given set can be described in set-builder form as { x : x
other symbol y , z etc.
is a reciprocal of a natural number}
Step II Write the symbol colon ‘:’.
 1 
Step III After the sign of colon, write the characteristic property or x : x = , n ∈ N 
possessed by the elements of the set.
 n 
Step IV Enclose the whole description within braces i.e., { }. Example 3. Describe the following set in Roster
form.
Worked out Problem {x : x is positive integer and a divisor of 9}
Write the following set A = {14, 21, 28, 35, 42, ..., 98} Solution Here, x is a positive integer and a divisor of 9.
in set-builder form. So, x can take values 1, 3, 9.
Step I Describe the elements of the set by using a symbol.
∴ {x : x is a positive integer and a divisor of 9} = {1, 3, 9}
Let x represent the elements of given set. Example 4. Write the set of all natural numbers x such
Step II Write the symbol colon. that 4x + 9 < 50 in roster form.
Write the symbol ‘:’ after x.
/ Firstly, simplify the inequality and then listed all the natural
Step III Find the characteristic property possessed by the numbers under given condition.
elements of the set. Solution We have, 4x + 9 < 50
Given numbers are all natural numbers greater than 7 which are
multiples of 7 and less than 100. ⇒ 4x + 9 − 9 < 50 − 9
Step IV Enclose the whole description within braces. [subtracting 9 from both sides]
Thus, A = {x : x is a set of natural numbers greater than 7 which 41
are multiples of 7 and less than 100}. ⇒ 4x < 41 ⇒ x <
Which is the required set- builder form of given set. 4
∴ x < 10.25
Representation of a Statement in Both Form Since, x is a natural number, so x can take values 1, 2, 3,
Statement Roster form Set- builder form 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10.
∴ Required set = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
The set of all {11, 12, 13} {x : x ∈ N , 10 < x < 14}
natural numbers Example 5. Describe the following set in set-builder
between 10 form.
and 14.
B = {53, 59, 61, 67, 71, 73, 79, 83, 89, 97}
The set of all {DAV School, DPS School, {x : x is name of school
schools in Delhi Decent School, ...} in Delhi beginning with / Firstly, find the characteristic property possessed by the
beginning with letter D} elements of the set, then write in set-builder form.
letter D. Solution The given set is
The set of all {F, r, i, e, n, d} {x : x is the distinct {53, 59, 61, 67, 71, 73, 79, 83, 89, 97}.
distinct letters letters used in the word We observe that these numbers are all prime numbers
used in the word ‘Friend’} between 50 and 100.
‘Friend’.
∴ Given set, B = { x : x is a prime number and
50 < x < 100}
3
Types of Sets 4. Singleton Set

A set, consisting of a single element, is called a singleton set.
1. Finite Set e.g., (i) The sets {0}, {5}, {− 7} are singleton sets.
A set, which is empty or consists of a definite (ii) A = { x : x + 8 = 0, x ∈ Z } is a singleton set, because this
number of elements, is called a finite set. set contains only one integer, namely − 8.
e.g.,
(i) The set {1, 2, 3, 4} is a finite set, because it 5. Equivalent Sets
contains a definite number of elements Two sets A and B are equivalent, if their cardinal numbers are
i.e., only 4 elements. same i.e., n ( A) = n (B) .
(ii) The set of solutions of x 2 = 25 is a finite e.g., Let A = { a , b, c , d } and B = {1, 2, 3, 4}, then n( A) = 4 and
set, because it contains a definite number n( B ) = 4.
of elements i.e., 5 and − 5. Therefore, A and B are equivalent sets.
(iii) An empty set, which does not contain any
6. Equal Sets
element is also a finite set.
Two sets A and B are said to be equal, if they have exactly the same
The number of distinct elements in a finite set A elements and we write A = B . Otherwise, two sets are said to be
is called cardinal number of set and it is denoted
by n ( A). unequal and we write A ≠ B .
e.g., If A = { − 3, − 1, 8, 10, 13}, then n ( A) = 5. e.g., Let A = { a , b, c , d } and B = {c , d , b, a }, then A = B , because

each element of A is in B and vice-versa.
2. Infinite Set Note A set does not change, if one or more elements of the set are repeated.
e.g., The sets A = {1, 4, 5} and B = {1, 1, 4, 5, 5} are equal because elements
A set which consists of infinite number of of A is in B and vice-versa. That’s why, we generally do not repeat any
elements is called an infinite set. element in describing a set.
When we represent an infinite set in the roster Example 6. Identify which of the following set is an empty
form, it is not possible to write all the elements set, singleton set, infinite set or equal sets.
within braces { } because the number of elements (i) A = {x : x is a girl being living on the Jupiter}
of such a set is not finite, so we write a few (ii) B = {x : x is a letter in the word ‘‘MARS’’}
elements which clearly indicate the structure of (iii) C = { y : y is a letter in the word ‘‘ARMS’’}
the set following by three dots. (iv) D = {x : 3x − 2 = 0, x ∈ Q }
e.g., Set of squares of natural numbers is an (v) E = {x : x ∈ N and x is an odd number}
infinite set, because such natural numbers are Solution
infinite and it can be represented as (i) A = { x : x is a girl being living on the Jupiter}
{4, 9, 16, 25 ...}. We know that, there is no human being or any girl being living on
Note All infinite sets cannot be described in the roster the Jupiter. Hence, A is an empty set.
form. For example, the set of real numbers cannot be (ii) B = { x : x is a letter in the word ‘‘MARS’’}
described in this form, because the elements of this
set do not follow any particular pattern.
⇒ B = {M, A, R, S}
(iii) C = { y : y is a letter in the word ‘‘ARMS’’}
3. Empty Set ⇒ C = {A, R, M, S}
Here, we observe that the elements of sets B and C are exactly
A set, which does not contain any element, is same, hence these sets are equal.
called an empty set or null set or void set. It is (iv) D = { x : 3x − 2 = 0, x ∈ Q }
denoted by φ or { }.  2  2 
e.g., A = { x : x is a natural number less than 1} ⇒D =   Q 3x − 2 = 0 ⇒ x = ∈ Q
3  3 
We know that, there is no natural number less Hence, D is a singleton set.
than one. Therefore, set A contains no element (v) E = { x : x ∈ N and x is an odd number}
and hence it is an empty set. Clearly, it is an infinite set because there are infinite natural
numbers which are odd.
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Example 7. Which of the following pairs of sets are Here, we see that both sets have exactly the same elements.
equal? Justify your answer. ∴ A=B
(i) A = {x : x is a letter of the word ‘‘LOYAL’’}, (ii) Given, A = { x : x ∈ Z and x 2 < 8}
B = {x : x is a letter of the word ‘‘ALLOY’’}
= { − 2, − 1, 0, 1, 2}
(ii) A = {x : x ∈ Z and x 2 < 8},
[Qx 2 < 8 ⇒ − 2 2 < x < 2 2 and as x ∈ Z
B = {x : x ∈ R and x 2 − 4x + 3 = 0}
∴ x ∈ { − 2, − 1, 0, 1, 2}]
/ Firstly, describe the given sets in the roster form and check
whether they have exactly same elements. and B = { x : x ∈ R and x − 4x + 3 = 0} = {1, 3}
2
Solution [Q x 2 − 4x + 3 = 0 ⇒( x − 1)( x − 3) = 0 ⇒ x = 1, 3]
(i) Given, A = { x : x is a letter in the word ‘‘LOYAL’’} Here, we see that set A has 5 distinct elements and set B has
= {L, O, Y, A} = {A, L, O, Y} 2 distinct elements. So, they do not have same elements.
and B = { x : x is a letter of the word ‘‘ALLOY’’} ∴ A≠B
= {A, L, O, Y}
EXAM
Very Short Answer Type Questions [1 Mark each]
1. If A = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15}, then insert the 6. Use listing method to express the set
appropriate symbol ∈or ∉in each of the following A = {x : x = n3 , n ∈ N and x < 80}.
blank spaces.
(i) 1... A (ii) 6 ... A
Sol. A = {1, 8, 27, 64} [1]
(iii) 9 ... A (iv) 14 ... A
7. List the elements of the set
Sol. Given set is A = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15}  1 9
A =  x : x is an integer, − < x < 
(i) 1 ∈ A  2 2
(ii) 6 ∉ A Sol. A = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4} [1]
(iii) 9 ∈ A
(iv) 14 ∉ A [1] 8. Express the set
 n2 − 1 
2. Write {x : x is an integer and − 3 ≤ x < 7} in roster D = x : x = 2 , n ∈ N and n < 4  in roster form.
 n +1 
form.
 3 4
Sol. { − 3, − 2, − 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} [1] Sol. D = 0, ,  [1]
 5 5
3. Write set A = {3, 6, 9, 12, 15} in set-builder form.
9. Describe
Sol. A = {x : x is a natural number multiple of 3 and x < 18}. [1] (i) “The set of vowels in the word
MATHEMATICS” in roster form.
4. Write set A={1, 4, 9, ..., 100} in set-builder form. (ii) “The set of all odd natural numbers’’ in set
builder form.
Sol. A = { x : x = n 2 , n ∈ N and n < 11} [1] Sol. (i) The word “MATHEMATICS” has following vowels
i.e., A, E, I.
5. Write set D =  1 , 2 , 3 4 5 6 7
, , , ,  in Hence, the required set can be described in roster form
 2 5 10 17 26 37 50  as {A, E, I}. [1/2]
set-builder form. (ii) An odd natural number can be written in the form
 n  ( 2n − 1).
Sol. D =  x : x = 2 , n ∈ N and n ≤ 7 [1] Hence, given set can be described in set-builder form as
 n +1 
{ x : x = 2n − 1, n ∈ N } [1/2]
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Short Answer Type Questions [4 Marks each]

10. Which of the following sets are empty? 12. Which of the following sets are finite and which
(i) A = {x : x ∈ N and x ≤ 1} are infinite?
(ii) B = {x : 3 x + 1 = 0, x ∈ N} (i) The set of the months of a year.
(iii) C = {x :2 < x < 3, x ∈ N} (ii) {1, 2, 3, ...}
(iii) The set of prime numbers less than 99.
/ A set which does not contain any element is called the Sol. (i) It is a finite set, as there are 12 members in the set which
empty set.
are months of the year. [1]
Sol. (i) A = {x : x ∈ N and x ≤ 1} (ii) It is an infinite set, since there are infinite natural numbers.
Since, x ≤ 1i.e., x < 1and x = 1, which is a natural number. [1 12 ]
∴ A = {1} (iii) It is a finite set, because the set is {2, 3, 5, 7, ..., 97}. [1 12 ]
So, this is not an empty set. [1] 13. From the following sets, select equal sets.
(ii) B = {x : 3x + 1 = 0, x ∈ N } A = {2, 4, 6, 8}, B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5},
Since, 3x + 1 = 0 C = {−2, 4, 6, 8}, D = {2, 3, 5, 4, 1}, E = {8, 6, 2, 4}
−1
⇒ x= ∉N / Two sets are said to be equal, if they have exactly the same
3
elements.
Thus, set B does not contain any element.
Sol. A = { 2, 4, 6, 8} and E = {8, 6, 2, 4}
Hence, set B is an empty set. [1 12 ]
Since, each element of set A presents in set E and vice-versa.
(iii) C = {x : 2 < x < 3, x ∈ N } [1]
Since, there is no natural number between 2 and 3. Therefore, A and E are equal sets. [1]
Hence, set C is an empty set. [1 12 ] Similarly, B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} and D = { 2, 3, 5, 4, 1}
Since, each element of set B presents in set D and vice-versa.
 x +5 4 x − 40 
11. Let T =  x : −5= . [1]
 x −7 13 − x  Therefore, B and D are also equal sets. [1]
Is T an empty set? Justify your answer. 14. Are the following pair of sets equal? Give reason.
Sol. The given set T is not an empty set. (i) A = {2, 3} and B = {x : x is a solution of
Justification x 2 + 5 x + 6 = 0}
x +5 4x − 40 (ii) A = {x : x is a letter in the word ‘‘FOLLOW’’}
Q −5=
x−7 13 − x and B = {y : y is a letter in the word ‘‘WOLF’’}
x + 5 5 4x − 40
⇒ − = [1]
/ Firstly, convert the given sets in roster form and then
x − 7 1 13 − x
check whether they have exactly the same elements.
x + 5 − 5x + 35 4x − 40
⇒ = Sol. (i) Here, A = { 2, 3}
x−7 13 − x and B = {x : x is a solution of x 2 + 5x + 6 = 0}
40 − 4x 4x − 40 First, we find the solution of x 2 + 5x + 6 = 0.
⇒ = [1]
x−7 13 − x Now, x 2 + 3x + 2x + 6 = 0
− ( 4x − 40) 4x − 40 ⇒ x ( x + 3) + 2( x + 3) = 0
⇒ − =0 ⇒ ( x + 2)( x + 3) = 0 ⇒ x = − 2, − 3
x−7 13 − x
∴ B = { −2, − 3} [1]
 1 1  Since, the elements of A and B are not same, therefore
⇒ ( 4x − 40)  +  =0 [1]
(13 − x ) ( x − 7) A ≠ B. [1]
 6  (ii) Here, A = {x : x is a letter of the word ‘‘FOLLOW’’}
⇒ ( 4x − 40)   =0 = {F, O, L, W}
(13 − x ) ( x − 7)
and B = { y : y is a letter of the word ‘‘WOLF’’}
⇒ 4x − 40 = 0 = {W, O, L, F} [1]
∴ x = 10 Since, every element of A is in B and every element of B
Hence, T is not an empty set. [1] is in A i.e., both have exactly same elements.
∴ A=B [1]
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TRY YOURSELF
1 Mark Questions
1. Write set A = {x : x is an integer and x 2 < 20} in the roster form.
2. Write set A = {x : x is a planet} in the roster form.
3. Which of the following is/are the examples of an empty set?
(i) Set of all even prime numbers.
(ii) {x : x is a point common to any two parallel lines}
4. Write the following sets in the roster form.
(i) B = { x : x 2 = x, x ∈ R}
(ii) C = {x : x is a positive factor of a prime number p}
5. Write the following sets in the set-builder form.
(i) { 5, 25, 125, 625}
(ii) {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}
4 Marks Questions
6. From the sets given below, pair the equivalent sets.
A = {1, 2, 3}, B = { t, p, q, r, s}, C = {α, β, γ } and D = {a, e, i, o, u}
7. From the sets given below, select empty set, singleton set, infinite set and equal sets.
(i) A = {x : x < 1and x > 3} (ii) B = { x : x 3 − 1 = 0, x ∈ R}
(iii) C = {x : x ∈ N and x is a prime number} (iv) D = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}
(v) E = {x : x is positive even integer and x ≤ 10}
8. From the sets given below, select equal sets and equivalent sets.
A = { 0, a}, B = {1, 2, 3, 4}, C = { 4, 8, 12},
D = { 3, 1, 2, 4}, E = {1, 0}, F = { 8, 4, 12},
G = {1, 5, 7, 11} and H = {a, b}
9. State which of the following statements are true and which are false? Justify your answer.
(i) 35 ∈{x : x has exactly four positive factors}

(ii) 128 ∈{y : the sum of all the positive factors of y is 2y}
(iii) 3 ∉{ x : x 4 − 5x 3 + 2 x 2 − 112 x + 6 = 0}
(iv) 496 ∉{y : the sum of all the positive factors of y is 2y}
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2 Subsets of Set
Subset ❖ Some Important Results
1. Every set is a subset of itself.
Let A and B be two sets. If every element of A is an
Proof Let A be any set. Then, each element of A is clearly in A. Hence,
element of B, then A is called a subset of B. A ⊆ A.
If A is a subset of B, then we write A ⊂ B , which is 2. The empty set φ is a subset of every set.
read as ‘‘A is a subset of B ” or A is contained in B. Proof Let Abe any set and φ be the empty set. To show that φ ⊆ A, i.e., to
show that every element of φ is an element of Aalso. But we know that
In other words, A ⊆ B , if whenever a ∈ A, then
empty set φ contains no element. So, every element of φ is in A. Hence,
a ∈ B . It is often convenient to use the symbol φ ⊆ A.
‘‘⇒’’ which means implies. Using this symbol, we 3. A set itself and an empty set are always subsets of every set and set itself
can write the definition of subset as follows is called improper subset of the set.
A ⊂ B , if x ∈ A 4. The total number of subsets and proper subset of a finite set containing n
elements is 2n and 2n − 1, respectively.
⇒ x ∈B 5. If A ⊆ B andB ⊆ C, then A ⊆ C.
The above statement is read as 6. A = B, if and only if A ⊆ B andB ⊆ A.
A is subset of B, if x is an element of A, then it implies
that x is also an element of B. Example 1. Let A = {1, 2, {3, 4}, 5}. Which of the following
If A is not a subset of B, then we write A ⊆ / B. statements are incorrect and why?
If A ⊂ B , then B is called a superset of A written as (i) {3, 4} ⊂ A (ii) {3, 4} ∈ A (iii) {{3, 4}} ⊂ A
B ⊃ A. (iv) 1 ∈ A (v) 1 ⊂ A (vi) {1, 2, 5} ⊂ A
e.g., Consider the sets A and B, where set A denotes (vii) {1, 2, 5} ∈ A (viii) φ ⊂ A (ix) φ ∈ A
the set of all students in your class, B denotes the (x) {φ} ⊂ A
set of all students in your school. We observe that,
Solution We have, A = {1, 2, {3, 4}, 5}
every element of A is also an element of B.
Therefore, we can say that A is subset of B i.e., (i) Since, {3, 4} is a member of set A.
A ⊂ B. ∴ {3, 4} ∈ A
Hence, {3, 4} ⊂ A is incorrect.
If it happens for both sets A and B, i.e., every
(ii) Since, {3, 4} is a member of set A.
element of A is in B and every element of B is in A,
Hence, {3, 4} ∈ A is correct.
then in this case, A and B are same sets. Thus we
(iii) Since, {3, 4} is a member of set A.
have,
So, {{3, 4}} is a subset of A.
A ⊆ B and B ⊆ A ⇔ A = B, where ‘‘⇔’’ is a Hence, {{3, 4}} ⊂ A is correct.
symbol for two ways implications and is usually (iv) Since, 1 is a member of A.
read as if and only if (iff ). Hence, 1 ∈ A is correct.
Note (i) {1} ⊂ {1, 2, 3} (v) Since, 1 is a member of set A.
(ii) 2 ⊂ {1, 2, 3}, which is not possible. Hence, 1 ⊂ A is incorrect.
(vi) Since, 1, 2, 5 are members of set A.
Proper Subset So, {1, 2, 5} is a subset of set A.
Hence, {1, 2, 5} ⊂ A is correct.
If A ⊆ B and A ≠ B , then A is called a proper
(vii) Since, 1, 2 and 5 are members of set A.
subset of B, written as A ⊂ B and B is called proper
So, {1, 2, 5} is a subset of A.
superset of A.
Hence, {1, 2, 5} ∈ A is incorrect.
e.g., Let A = {x : x is an even natural number} (viii) Since, φ is subset of every set. Hence, φ ⊂ A is correct.
and B = { x : x is a natural number} (ix) Since, φ is not a member of set A.
Then, A = {2, 4, 6, 8,...} Hence, φ ∈ A is incorrect.
and B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5,...} (x) Since, φ is not a member of set A.
Hence, { φ} ⊂ A is incorrect.
∴ A⊂B
8
ll ne Sets 9
Subsets of the Set of Real 5. Irrational Numbers

Numbers A number which cannot be written in the form p/q, where
p and q both are integers and q ≠ 0, is called an irrational
Rational numbers and irrational numbers taken together, number i.e., a number which is not rational is called an
are known as real numbers. Thus, every real number is irrational number.
either a rational or an irrational number. The set of real The set of irrational numbers is denoted by T.
numbers is denoted by R.
There are many important subsets of set of real numbers which T = { x : x ∈ R and x ∉Q }
are given below e.g., 0.535335333..., 2, 3 are irrational numbers.
Above subsets can be represented diagramatically as given
1. Natural Numbers below
The numbers being used in counting as 1, 2, 3, 4,..., Non-negative
number Negative rational
rational Real
called natural numbers. number
number
The set of natural numbers is denoted by N. Whole Irrational
N = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, ...} number number
Natural
2. Whole Numbers number
The natural numbers along with number 0 (zero) form

the set of whole numbers i.e., 0, 1, 2, 3, ... , are whole
numbers. The set of whole numbers is denoted by W. Intervals as Subsets of R
W = {0, 1, 2, 3, ...} Let a, b belongs to R and a < b. Then, the set of real
Set of natural numbers is the proper subset of the set of numbers { x : a < x < b} is called an open interval and is
whole numbers. denoted by ( a , b ).
⇒ N ⊂W
All the real numbers between a and b belongs to the open
3. Integers interval (a, b) but a and b do not belong to this set
(interval).
The natural numbers, their negatives and zero make the
The interval which contains the first and last members of
set of integers and it is denoted by Z. the set, is called closed interval and it is denoted by [a, b].
Z = {..., − 5, − 4, − 3, − 2, − 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, ...} Here, [ a , b ] = { x : a ≤ x ≤ b}
Set of whole numbers is the proper subset of integers.
⇒ W ⊂Z Semi-open or Semi-closed Interval
Some intervals are closed at one end and open at the
4. Rational Numbers other, such intervals are called semi-closed or semi-open
p intervals.
A number of the form , where p and q both are integers
q [ a , b) = { x : a ≤ x < b} is an open interval from a to b
and q ≠ 0, is called a rational number (division by 0 is not which includes a but excludes b.
permissible). ( a , b ] = { x : a < x ≤ b} is an open interval from a to b
The set of rational numbers is generally denoted by Q. which excludes a but includes b.
e.g.,
p 
Q =  : p , q ∈ Z and q ≠ 0 (i) (2, 8) is a subset of ( −1, 11).
q 
(ii) [4, 6) is a subset of [4, 6].
All the whole numbers are also rational numbers, since
they can be represented as the ratio. (iii) The set [ 0, ∞) defines the set of non-negative real
3 6 18 numbers.
e.g., 3 = , , , etc. (iv) The set ( − ∞, 0) defines the set of negative real
1 2 6
The set of integers is the proper subset of the set of numbers.
rational numbers i.e., Z ⊂ Q and N ⊂ Z ⊂ Q . (v) ( −∞, ∞) is the set of real numbers.
9
On real line, we can draw the interval, which is shown by the dark portion on Example 3. What universal sets would you
the number line propose for each of the following?
(a, b) [a, b] (i) The set of right triangles.
a b a b (ii) The set of isosceles triangles.
[a, b) (a, b] Solution
a b a b (i) The universal set for the set of right triangles
Length of an interval The number (b − a ) is called the length of is set of triangles.
any of the intervals ( a , b), [ a , b ], [ a , b) or ( a , b ]. (ii) The universal set for the set of isosceles
triangle is set of equilateral triangles or set of
Example 2. (a) Write the following as intervals triangles.
(i) {x : x ∈ R, − 5 < x ≤ 6} (ii) {x : x ∈ R, − 11 < x < − 9}
(b) Write the following as intervals and also represent on the number
line.
Power Set
(i){x : x ∈ R, 2 ≤ x < 8} (ii) {x : x ∈ R, 5 ≤ x ≤ 6} The collection of all subsets of a set A, is
called the power set of A and it is denoted by
/ If an inequality is of the form ≤ or ≥, then we use the symbol of closed P(A). In P(A), every element is a set.
interval, otherwise we use the symbol of open interval.
e.g., Let A = {3, 4, 5}
Solution
Then, P ( A) = {φ, {3}, {4}, {5}, {3, 4}, {3, 5},
(a) (i) { x : x ∈ R, − 5 < x ≤ 6} is the set that does not contain −5 but
contains 6. So, it can be written as an interval whose first end point is {4, 5}, {3, 4, 5}}
open and last end point is closed i.e., ( −5, 6]. Note (i) If set A has n elements, then the total number
(ii) { x : x ∈ R, − 11 < x < − 9} is the set that neither contains−11 nor −9, of elements in its power set is 2n .
so it can be represented as open interval i.e., ( −11, − 9). (ii) If A is an empty set φ, then P ( A ) has just one
(b) (i) { x : x ∈ R, 2 ≤ x < 8} is the set that contains 2 but not contain 8.So, it element i.e., P( A ) = {φ}.
can be represented as an interval whose first end point is closed and
the other end point is open i.e., [2, 8). Properties of Power Sets
On the real line [2, 8) may be graphed as shown in figure given
below
(i) Each element of a power set is a set.
(ii) If A ⊆ B , then P ( A) ⊆ P ( B ).
0 2 8
(iii) P ( A) ∩ P (B ) = P ( A ∩ B )
The dark portion on the number line is the required set.
(iv) P ( A ∪ B ) ≠ P ( A) ∪ P (B )
(ii) { x : x ∈ R, 5 ≤ x ≤ 6} is the set which contains 5 and 6 both. So, it is
equivalent to a closed interval i.e., [5, 6]. * Method to Write the Power Set of a
On the real line [5, 6] may be graphed as shown in the figure given Given Set
below Let a set having n elements is given, then for
writing its power set, we use the following steps
0 5 6
Step I Write all the possible subsets having single
The dark portion on the number line is the required set. element of given set.
Step II Write all the possible subsets having two
Universal Set elements at a time of given set.
If there are some sets under consideration, then there happens to be a Step III Write all the possible subsets having three
set which is a superset of each one of the given sets. Such a set is elements at a time of given set. Repeat this
process for writing all possible subsets
known as the universal set and it is denoted by U. having n elements at a time, as the given set
e.g., has n elements.
(i) Let A = {2, 4, 6}, B = {1, 3, 5} andC = {0, 7} Step IV Form a set, with the help of the subsets
obtained from steps I, II and III and
Then,U = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} is an universal set. element φ.
This set will give the power set of given set.
(ii) For the set of all integers, the universal set can be the set of
rational numbers or the set of real numbers.
10
ll ne Sets 11
Example 4. Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4}, B = {1, 2, 3} and C = {2, 4}.

Worked out Problem Find all sets X satisfying each pair of conditions
If A ={ 1, 2 , 3 } then find the power set of A. (i) X ⊆ B and X ⊆/ C (ii) X ⊆ B, X ≠ B and X ⊆/ C
Step I Write all the possible subsets having single Sol. Given, A = {1, 2, 3, 4}, B = {1, 2, 3} and C = { 2, 4}
element of given set. Now, P ( A ) = { φ, {1}, { 2}, {3}, { 4}, {1, 2}, {1, 3}, {1, 4},
All possible subsets of a given set having single { 2, 3}, { 2, 4}, {3, 4}, {1, 2, 3}, {1, 2, 4}, {1, 3, 4}, { 2, 3, 4}, {1, 2, 3, 4}}
element are {1}, {2}, { 3}.
...(i)
Step II Write all the possible subsets of a given set P ( B ) = { φ, {1}, { 2}, {3}, {1, 2}, {1, 3}, { 2, 3}, {1, 2, 3}} ...(ii)
having two elements at a time. and P (C ) = { φ, { 2}, { 4}, { 2, 4}} ...(iii)
All possible subsets of a given set having two
(i) Now, X ⊆ B and X ⊆/ C
elements at a time are {1, 2}, {2, 3}, {3, 1}.
⇒ X ∈ P ( B )and X ∉ P (C )
Step III Write all the possible subsets of a given set
From Eqs. (ii) and (iii), we get
having three elements at a time.
All possible subsets of a given set having three
X = {1}, {3}, {1, 2}, {1, 3}, { 2, 3}, {1, 2, 3}
elements at a time is {1, 2, 3}. (ii) Now, X ⊆ B, X ≠ B and X ⊆/ C
Step IV Form a set with the help of the subsets
⇒ X ∈ P ( B ), X ≠ B, X ∉ P (C )
obtained from steps I, II and III and element φ. From Eqs. (ii) and (iii), we get
Hence, the required power set is X = {1}, {3}, {1, 2}, {1, 3}, { 2, 3}
{{1}, {2}, {3}, {1, 2}, {2, 3}, {3, 1}, {1, 2, 3}, φ}.
Here, X does not contain B = {1, 2, 3} as X ≠ B.
EXAM
1. Consider the following sets φ, A = {1, 2} / If inequalities are of the form ≥ or ≤, then use the symbol of closed
interval and then find the length of the interval, which is equal to the
and B = {1, 4, 8} difference of its extreme values.
Insert the following symbols ⊂ or ⊄ Sol. { x : x ∈ R, − 12 ≤ x ≤ − 10} = [ −12, − 10]
between each of the following pair of sets.
(i) φ ... B (ii) A ... B
and length of interval = − 10 − ( −12) = 2
On the real line set [−12, − 10] may be graphed as shown in figure
Sol. (i) Since, null set is proper subset of every set.
given below
∴ φ⊂B [1/2]
(ii) Given, A = {1, 2} and B = {1, 4, 8}. Since, –12 –10 0
element 2 ∉B. The dark portion on the number line is the required set. [1]
∴ A⊄B [1/2]
4. Let A = {a, b, {c, d}, e}. Which of the following
2. Prove that A ⊆ φ implies A = φ. statements is/are true?
Sol. Given, A⊆φ ...(i) (i) {c, d} ∈ A (ii) {{c, d }} ⊂ A
But φ ⊆ A [empty set is a subset of each set] …(ii) Sol. Given, A = {a, b, {c, d}, e}
[1/2] (i) Since a, b, {c, d} and e are elements of A.
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get ∴ {c, d} ∈ A
A=φ [1/2] Hence, it is a true statement. [1/2]
3. Write the following subset of R as interval. (ii) As {c , d } ∈ A and {{c , d }} represents a set, which is a subset of A.
Also find the length of interval and ∴ {{c, d}} ⊂ A
represent on number line. Hence, it is a true statement. [1/2]
{x : x ∈ R, − 12 ≤ x ≤ − 10}
11
5. Write down the subsets of the following sets. 8. In each of the following, determine whether the
statement is true or false. If it is true, then prove it.
(i) {1, 2, 3} (ii) {φ} If it is false, then give an example.
Sol. (i) The subsets of {1, 2, 3} are (i) If x ∈ A and A ∈ B, then x ∈ B.
φ, {1}, {2}, {3}, {1, 2}, {2, 3}, {1, 3}, {1, 2, 3}. [1/2] (ii) If A ⊂ B and B ∈ C, then A ∈ C.
(ii) Clearly, { φ} is the power set of empty set φ. Now, its Sol. (i) False,
subsets are φ and {φ}. [1/2] Let A = { 2}, B = {{2}, 3}
Clearly, 2 ∈ A and A ∈ B, but 2 ∉B.
6. Let A = {1, 3, 5} and B = {x : x is an odd natural So, x ∈ A and A ∈ B need not imply that x ∈ B. [1/2]
number < 6}.
(ii) False,
(i) Is A ⊆ B? (ii) Is A = B?
Let A = { 2}, B = { 2, 3} and C = {{2, 3}, 4}
Sol. Given, A = {1, 3, 5} Clearly, A ⊂ B and B ∈ C , but A ∉C .
and B = {x : x is an odd natural number < 6}
Thus, A ⊂ B and B ∈ C need not imply that A ∈ C .
⇒ B = {1, 3, 5}
[1/2]
(i) Yes, here A ⊆ B ,because all elements of set A are
present in set B. [1/2] 9. Given, the sets A = {1, 3, 5}, B = {2, 4, 6} and
(ii) Yes, here, B ⊆ A, because all elements of set B are C = {0, 2, 4, 6, 8}. Which of the following may be
present in set A. considered as universal set(s) for all three sets A,
Hence, A = B, because both sets contain equal and same B and C?
elements. [1/2] (i) φ (ii) {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
7. Write down the power set of the following sets. Sol. We know that, universal set for sets A, B and C is superset
(i) B = {0, 1, 3} (ii) C = {1, {2}} of A, B and C i.e., universal set contains all elements of A, B
and C.
Sol. (i) Given, B = {0, 1, 3} (i) φ cannot be considered as universal set. [1/2]
∴ P ( B ) = {φ, {0}, {1}, {3}, {0, 1}, {0, 3}, {1, 3}, {0, 1, 3}} (ii) {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10} is the universal set for the
[1/2] given sets A, B and C as all the elements of sets A, B and
(ii) Given, C = {1, { 2}} C are in this set. [1/2]
P (C ) = {φ, {1}, {{2}}, {1, {2}}} [1/2]

10. If A = {3, {4, 5}, 6}, then find which of the following 11. Let A and B be two sets. Then, prove that
statements are true. A = B ⇔ A ⊆ B and B ⊆ A.
(i) {4, 5} ⊂ A Sol. Given A = B
(ii) {4, 5} ∈ A To prove A ⊆ B and B ⊆ A
(iii) φ⊂ A Proof By definition of equal sets, every element of A is in B
(iv) {3, 6} ⊂ A and every element of B is in A. [1]
Sol. Given, A = {3, {4, 5}, 6} ∴ A ⊆ B and B ⊆ A
Here, 3, {4, 5}, 6 all are elements of A. Thus, A = B ⇒ A ⊆ B and B ⊆ A
(i) { 4, 5} ⊂ A, which is not true. Again, let A ⊆ B and B ⊆ A [1]
Since, element of any set is not a subset of any set and By the definition of a subset, if A ⊆ B then it follows that
here { 4, 5} is an element of A. [1]
every element of A is in B and if B ⊆ A then it follows that
every element of B is in A.
(ii) { 4, 5} ∈ A, is a true statement. [1]
(iii) It is always true that φ ⊂ A. [1] ∴ A=B [1]
(iv) {3, 6} makes a set, so it is a subset of A i.e., {3, 6} ⊂ A. Hence, A = B ⇔ A ⊆ B and B ⊆ A [1]
[1] Hence proved.
12
ll ne Sets 13
12. Examine whether the following statements are (iii) False, since a ∈{a, b, c} and not {a}. [1]
true or false. (iv) True, since all elements of both sets {1, 3, 5} and
(i) {a, b} ⊄ {b, c, a} {2, 4, 6} are present in {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}.
(ii) {a, e} ⊂ {x : x is a vowel in the English Hence, {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10} is the universal
alphabet} set for given two sets. [1]
(iii) {a} ∈{a, b, c}
(iv) {0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10} is the universal set for
13. Show that n {P [P (P (φ))]} = 4.
the sets {1, 3, 5} and {2, 4, 6}. Sol. We have P ( φ) = { φ}
Sol. (i) Since, the elements of the set {a, b} are also present in the ∴ P ( P ( φ)) = { φ, { φ}} [1]
set {b, c, a}.
So, { a, b } ⊂ {b, c , a } [1]
⇒ P [ P ( P φ))] = { φ, { φ}, {{ φ}}, { φ, { φ}}} [1]
⇒ {a, b} ⊄ {b, c, a} is false. Hence, number of elements in P [ P ( P ( φ))] is 4. [1]

(ii) Vowels in the English alphabets are a, e, i, o, u. i.e., n { P [ P ( P ( φ))]} = 4 [1]
∴{a, e} ⊂ {x : x is a vowel in English alphabet}is true. [1] Hence proved.
TRY YOURSELF
1 Mark Questions
Directions (Q.Nos. 1 to 3) Determine whether the statement is true or false.
1. If A = {3, 6, 7}, B = {2, 3, 7, 8, 10}, then A ⊂ B.
2. If A = {x : x 2 + 4x − 21 = 0, x ∈ N} and B = { −7, 3}, then A ⊆ B.
3. If A = {1, 7, 9}, B = {2, 4, 6} and C = { 0, 2, 4}, then U = { 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} is the universal set for all three
sets.
4. Let A = {4, 5, {6}, 7}, then which of the following statements are incorrect and why?
(i) {6} ∈ A (ii) {6} ⊂ A
5. Find the power set of a set A = {0, 1, 2}.
6. If set A = {1, 3, 5}, then find the number of elements in P{P( A )}.
7. If A = { x : x = n2 , n = 1, 2, 3}, then find the number of proper subsets.
4 Marks Questions
8. Write the following intervals in the set-builder form.
(i) (−6, 0) (ii) [3, 21)
(iii) [2, 21] (iv) ( − 23, 5]
9. Write the following as intervals.
(i) { x: x ∈ R, − 3 < x ≤ 7} (ii) { x: x ∈ R, − 11< x < −7}
(iii) { x: x ∈ R, 0 ≤ x < 11} (iv) { x: x ∈ R, 2 ≤ x ≤ 9}
13
ll ne
3 Venn Diagrams and Operations on Sets

Venn Diagrams (ii) Since, every student studying English studies
Mathematics.
Venn diagrams are named after the English logician, Hence, E ⊂ M ⊂U
John Venn (1834-1883). Venn diagrams represent most Through, Venn diagram we represent it as
of the relationship between sets. These diagrams consist
of rectangles and closed curves usually circles. U
M
In Venn diagrams, the universal set is represented by a E
rectangular region and its subset are represented by
circle or a closed geometrical figure inside the universal
set. Also, an element of a set is represented by a point
within the circle of set. Operations on Sets
e.g., If U = {1, 2, 3, 4,..., 10} and A = {1, 2, 3}, There are some operations which when performed on
then its Venn diagram is as shown in the figure two sets give rise to another set. Here, we will define
U certain operations on set and examine their properties.
10 A
4 9
1. Union of Sets
1
2
Let A and B be any two sets. The union of A and B is the
5 3 8 set of all those elements which belong to either in A or in
6 7 B or in both. It is denoted by A ∪ B and read as A union
B. The symbol ‘∪’ is used to denote the union.
Example 1. Draw the Venn diagrams to illustrate the ∴ A ∪ B = { x : x ∈ A or x ∈ B }
following relationship among sets E, M and U, e.g., Let A = {2 , 3} and B = {3, 4, 5},
where E is the set of students studying English in a then A ∪ B = {2, 3, 4, 5}
school, M is the set of students studying
Mathematics in the same school and U is the set of The union of sets A and B is represented by the following
all students in that school. Venn diagram.
(i) All the students who study Mathematics also study A U
English, but some students who study English do not B
study Mathematics.
(ii) Not all students study Mathematics, but every
student studying English studies Mathematics.
The shaded portion represents A ∪ B .
/ Firstly, make a relation between sets under given condition.
Then, it is easy to draw a Venn diagram. Some Properties of Union of Sets
Solution (i) A ∪ B = B ∪ A [commutative law]
Given, E = Set of students studying English (ii) ( A ∪ B ) ∪ C = A ∪ ( B ∪ C ) [associative law]
M = Set of students studying Mathematics
U = Set of all students A B
U
(i) Since, all of the students who study Mathematics also

study English, but some students who study English do
not study Mathematics.
∴ M ⊂ E ⊂U C
Through, Venn diagram we represent it as
U (iii) A ∪ φ = A
E
[law of identity element, φ is the identity of ∪]
M (iv) A ∪ A = A [idempotent law]
(v) U ∪ A = U [law of U]
14
ll ne Sets 15
Example 2. Find the union of each of the following (iii) φ ∩ A = φ, U ∩ A = A [law of φ and U]
pairs of sets. (iv) A ∩ A = A [idempotent law]
(i) A = {a, e, i, o, u}, B = {a, c, d } (v) If A, B andC are any three sets, then
(ii) A = {1, 3, 5}, B = {2, 4, 6} (a) A ∩ ( B ∪ C ) = ( A ∩ B ) ∪ ( A ∩ C )
(iii) A = {x : x is a natural number and 1 < x ≤ 5}
[distributive law i.e., ∩ distributes over ∪]
and B = {x : x is a natural number and 5 < x ≤ 10}
This can be shown with the Venn diagram as given below
/ Firstly, convert the given set in roster form, if it is not given For LHS
in that. Then union of two sets, is the set which consists of all
those elements which are either in A or in B. U U
A B A B
Solution
(i) A = { a, e, i, o, u }, B = { a, c, d }
⇒ A ∪ B = { a, c , d , e , i, o, u }
C C
(ii) A = {1, 3, 5}, B = { 2, 4, 6}
⇒ A ∪ B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} (i) Shaded portion (ii) Shaded portion
represents (B ∪ C ) represents A ∩ (B ∪ C )
(iii) A = { x : x is a natural number and 1 < x ≤ 5}
⇒ A = { 2, 3, 4, 5} For RHS
B = { x : x is a natural number and5 < x ≤ 10} B
U
B
U
A A
⇒ B = { 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
∴ A ∪ B = { 2, 3, 4, 5} ∪ {6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
= { 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
C C
2. Intersection of Sets
(iii) Shaded portion (iv) Shaded portion
Let A and B be any two sets. The intersection of A and B represents (A ∩ B ) represents (A ∩ C )
is the set of all those elements which belong to both A and
B. It is denoted by A ∩ B and read as A intersection B. A B
U
The symbol ‘∩’ is used to denote the intersection.
∴ A ∩ B = { x : x ∈ A and x ∈ B }
The intersection of sets A and B is represented by the C
following Venn diagram.
(v) Shaded portion represents
U (A ∩ B ) ∪ (A ∩ C )
B
A
(b) A ∪ ( B ∩ C ) = ( A ∪ B ) ∩ ( A ∪ C )
[∪ distributes over ∩]
Example 3.
The shaded portion represents A ∩ B . (i) If A = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9} and B = {2, 3, 6, 8, 9}, then find
e.g., Let A = {2, 3, 4, 5} and B = {1, 3, 6, 4} A ∩ B.
(ii) If A = {e, f , g } and B = φ, then find A ∩ B.
Then, A ∩ B = {3, 4}
(iii) If A = {x : x = 3n, n ∈ Z } and
Some Properties of Intersection of Sets B = {x : x = 4n, n ∈ Z }, then find A ∩ B.
(i) A ∩ B = B ∩ A [commutative law] Solution
(ii) ( A ∩ B ) ∩ C = A ∩ ( B ∩ C ) [associative law] (i) Given, A = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}
U and B = { 2, 3, 6, 8, 9}
A B
⇒ A ∩ B = {3, 9}
[Q3 and 9 are only elements which are common]
(ii) Given, A = {e , f , g } and B = φ
C ⇒ A ∩ B = φ [since, there is no common element]
15
(iii) Let x ∈ A ∩ B ∴ A − B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} − { 2, 4, 6}

⇒ x ∈ A and x ∈ B ⇒ A − B = {1, 3, 5}
⇒ x is a multiple of 3 and x is a multiple of 4. [only those elements of A which do not belong to B]
⇒ x is a multiple of 3 and 4 both.
and B − A = { 2, 4, 6} − {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} = {6}
⇒ x is a multiple of 12.
⇒ x = 12n, n ∈ Z [only those elements of B which do not belong to A]
Hence, A ∩ B = { x : x = 12n, n ∈ Z }
4. Symmetric Difference of Two Sets
3. Difference of Sets Let A and B be any two sets. The symmetric difference of A
Let A and B be any two sets. The difference of sets A and and B is the set ( A − B) ∪ ( B − A ). It is denoted by A∆B
B in this order is the set of all those elements of A which and read as A symmetric difference B. The symbol ‘∆’ is
do not belong to B. It is denoted by A − B and read as A used to denote the symmetric difference.
minus B.The symbol ‘−’ is used to denote the difference ∴ A∆B = ( A − B ) ∪ ( B − A)
of sets. = { x : x ∈ A or x ∈ B but x ∉ A ∩ B }
∴ A − B = { x : x ∈ A and x ∉ B } The symmetric difference of sets A and B is represented
by the following Venn diagram
Similarly, B − A = { x : x ∈ B and x ∉ A}
U
The difference of two sets A and B can be represented by A B
the following Venn diagram
U U
A B A B A–B B–A
A–B
Hence, the shaded portion represents the symmetric
B–A difference of sets A and B.
e.g., Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and B = {3, 4, 5, 6}
The shaded portion represents the difference of two sets Now, A − B = {1, 2}
A and B. B − A = {5, 6}
e.g., Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} ∴ A∆B = ( A − B ) ∪ ( B − A) = {1, 2, 5, 6}
and B = {3, 5, 7, 9} * Method of Finding Symmetric Difference of Two
Then, A − B = {1, 2, 4} Sets
and B − A = { 7, 9} If two sets A and B (say) are given, then we find their symmetric
Some Properties of Intersection of Sets difference with the help of following steps
(i) A − B = A ∩ B ′ (ii) B − A = B ∩ A ′ Step I Write the given sets in tabular form (if not given in
tabular form) and assume them A and B (say).
(iii) A − B ⊆ A (iv) B − A ⊆ B
Step II Find the difference of sets A and B i.e., A − B.
Example 4. Step III Find the difference of sets B and A i.e., B − A.
(i) If X = {a, b, c, d, e, f} Step IV Find the union of sets obtained from steps II and III,
and Y = { f, b, d, g, h, k}, then find X – Y and Y – X. which will give the required symmetric difference.
(ii) If A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} and B = {2, 4, 6}, then find
A − B and B − A. Worked out Problem
Solution Find the symmetric difference of sets
(i) Given, X = { a, b, c , d , e , f } and Y = { f , b, d , g , h, k } A = { 1, 3, 5 , 6 , 7 } and B = { 3, 7 , 8, 9 }.
∴ X − Y = { a, b, c , d , e , f } − { f , b, d , g , h, k } = { a, c , e } Step I Write the given sets in tabular form
[only those elements of X which do not belong to Y ] Given sets are A = {1, 3, 5 , 6 , 7 } and B = {3, 7 , 8 , 9} which are
and Y − X = { f , b, d , g , h, k } − { a, b, c , d , e , f } in tabular form.
= { g , h, k } Step II Find the difference of sets A and B i.e., A − B.
[only those elements of Y which do not belong to X ] We know that, difference of sets A and B is the set of
those elements of A, which are not present in B.
(ii) Given, A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} So, A − B = {1, 3, 5 , 6 , 7 } − {3, 7 , 8 , 9} = {1, 5 , 6 }
and B = { 2, 4, 6}
16
ll ne Sets 17
Step III Find the difference of sets B and A i.e., B − A. / Firstly, convert all the sets in roster form, if it is not given in
We know that, difference of sets B and A is the set of that. Then use the condition for disjoint sets i.e., A ∩ B = φ.
those elements of B, which are not present in A. Solution
So, B − A = {3, 7 , 8 , 9} − {1, 3, 5 , 6 , 7 } = {8 , 9}
(i) Given, A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
Step IV Find the union of sets obtained from steps II and III,
and B = { 4, 5, 6}
which will give the required symmetric difference.
∴Required symmetric difference,
∴ A ∩ B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} ∩ { 4, 5, 6}
A ∆ B = ( A − B ) ∪ (B − A ) = {1, 5 , 6 } ∪ {8 , 9} = {1, 5 , 6 , 8 , 9} = { 4, 5, 6} ≠ φ
Hence, this pair of sets is not disjoint.
Example 5. If A = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9} and (ii) Here, A = {b1 , b2 , ... } and B = { g 1 , g 2 , ... },
B = {2, 3, 5, 7, 11}, where b1 , b2 , ... , are the boys and g 1 , g 2 ,…, are the girls
then find A∆B. of school.
Clearly, A∩B = φ
/ Firstly, determine the sets A − B and B − A and then find the Hence, this pair of set is disjoint set.
union of these sets.
Solution We know that, A∆B is the symmetric difference of
sets A and B. Complement of a Set
∴ A∆B = ( A − B ) ∪ ( B − A ) Let U be the universal set and A be any subset of U,
Given, A = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}, then complement of A with respect to U is the set of all
and B = { 2, 3, 5, 7, 11}
those elements of U which are not in A.
It is denoted by A or A ′ and read as
Then, A − B = {1, 9} ‘A complement’.
and B − A = { 2, 11}
Thus, A = { x : x ∈U and x ∉ A}
∴ A∆B = ( A − B ) ∪ ( B − A )
= {1, 9} ∪ { 2, 11} = {1, 2, 9, 11} or A′ = U − A
The complement of set A is represented by the following
Disjoint Sets Venn diagram
Two sets A and B are said to be disjoint sets, if they have U
A′
no common element i.e., A ∩ B = φ. A
The disjoint of two sets A and B can be represented by
the following Venn diagram
Hence, the shaded portion represents the complement
U
A B of set A.
e.g., Let U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
and A = {2, 4}
Then, A′ = U − A
Hence, separation of sets represents the two disjoint sets. = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} − {2, 4}
= {1, 3, 5, 6}
e.g., Let A = {2, 4, 6} and B = {1, 3, 5}
Then, A ∩ B = φ. Hence, A and B are disjoint sets. Note If A is a subset of the universal set U, then its complement A′ is
also a subset of U.
Note The sets A − B, A ∩ B and B − A are mutually disjoint sets i.e.,
the intersection of any of these two sets is an empty set. Some Properties of Complement of Sets
(i) ( A ′ ) ′ = A [law of double complementation]
Example 6. Which of the following pairs of sets are
disjoint? (ii) (a) A ∪ A ′ = U
(i) A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} (b) A ∩ A ′ = φ [complement law]
and B = {x : x is a natural number and 4 ≤ x ≤ 6} (iii) (a) φ′ = U
(ii) A = {x : x is the boys of your school} (b) U ′ = φ [laws of empty set and universal set]
B = {x : x is the girls of your school}
17
(iv) (a) ( A ∪ B ) ′ = A ′∩ B ′ and B′ =U − B

(b) ( A ∩ B ) ′ = A ′ ∪ B ′ [De-Morgan’s law] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} − { 2, 3, 5, 7}
= {1, 4, 6, 8, 9}
U U
A B ∴ A ′∩ B ′ = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9} ∩ {1, 4, 6, 8, 9}
= {1, 9} ...(ii)
A B From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
( A ∪ B )′ = A ′ ∩ B ′ Hence verified.
(ii) Here, A ∩ B = { 2, 4, 6, 8} ∩ { 2, 3, 5, 7} = { 2}
(a) (b)
∴ ( A ∩ B )′ = U − ( A ∩ B )
i.e., the complement of the union of two sets is the = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} − { 2}
intersection of their complements [figure (a)] and the ⇒ ( A ∩ B )′ = {1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 ,8, 9} …(i)
complement of the intersection of two sets is the union of
Now, A ′∪ B ′ = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9} ∪ {1, 4, 6, 8, 9}
their complements [figure (b)].
= {1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} …(ii)
All the operations between two sets can be represented in
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
a single Venn diagram, as given below
( A ∩ B )′ = A ′∪ B ′ Hence verified.
(Shaded Part) A ∪ B
(Portion shaded by
(Portion shaded B − A vertical lines in Example 8. If
A B U A ∩ B circle B)
by vertical lines A = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}, B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7},
in circle A) (Portion shaded by horizontal
A–B line between A and B)
C = {2, 6, 7, 10} and
(A ∪ B)′ (Without shaded
U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}, then verify that
part) (i) (B ∪ C )′ = B ′∩ C ′
A ∆ B (Portion shaded by vertical Line (ii) A ∪ (B ∪ C ) = ( A ∪ B) ∪ C
in both circles) (iii) A ∩ (B ∩ C ) = ( A ∩ B) ∩ C
(iv) A ∪ (B ∩ C ) = ( A ∪ B) ∩ ( A ∪ C )
Example 7. Let U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}, (v) A ∩ (B ∪ C ) = ( A ∩ B) ∪ ( A ∩ C )
A = {2, 4, 6, 8} and B = {2, 3, 5, 7}. Solution Given, A = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}, B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7},
Verify that C = { 2, 6, 7, 10} and U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
(i) ( A ∪ B)′ = A′∩ B ′ (i) B ∪ C = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} ∪ { 2, 6, 7, 10}
(ii) ( A ∩ B)′ = A′∪ B ′ = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10}
∴ ( B ∪ C )′ = U − ( B ∪ C )
/ Use the formulae,
= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10} − {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10}
(A ∪ B)′ = U − (A ∪ B), A′ = U − A and B ′ = U − B and then
simplify it. = {8, 9} ...(i)
Similarly, B ′ = U − B = {8, 9, 10}
Solution
and C ′ = U − C = {1, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9}
(i) We have, U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
∴ B ′∩C ′ = {8, 9} ... (ii)
A = { 2, 4, 6, 8}
B = { 2, 3, 5, 7}
( B ∪ C )′ = B ′∩ C ′ Hence verified.
∴ A ∪ B = { 2, 4, 6, 8} ∪ { 2, 3 ,5, 7}
(ii) Here, A = { 2, 4, 6, 8, 10}
⇒ A ∪ B = { 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}
Now, B ∪ C = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10}
Now,( A ∪ B )′ = U − ( A ∪ B )
∴ A ∪ ( B ∪ C ) = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10} ...(iii)
= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} − { 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}
Now, A ∪ B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10}
= {1, 9} ...(i)
Now, A ′ = U − A ∴ ( A ∪ B ) ∪ C = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10} ∪ { 2, 6, 7, 10}
= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} − { 2, 4, 6, 8} ⇒ ( A ∪ B ) ∪ C = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10} ...(iv)
= {1, 3, 5, 7, 9} From Eqs. (iii) and (iv), we get
A ∪ (B ∪ C ) = ( A ∪ B ) ∪ C Hence verified.
18
ll ne Sets 19
(iii) Here, B ∩ C = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} ∩ { 2, 6, 7, 10} ∴ ( A ∪ B ) ∩ ( A ∪ C ) = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10}

= { 2, 6, 7} ∩ { 2, , 4, 6, 7, 8, 10}
A ∩ ( B ∩ C ) = { 2, 4, 6, 8, 10} ∩ { 2, 6, 7} = { 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 10} ...(viii)
= { 2, 6} ...(v) From Eqs. (vii) and (viii), we get
Now, A ∩ B = { 2, 4, 6, 8, 10} ∩ {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} A ∪ (B ∩ C ) = ( A ∪ B ) ∩ ( A ∪ C )
= { 2, 4, 6} Hence verified.
∴ ( A ∩ B ) ∩ C = { 2, 4, 6} ∩ { 2, 6, 7, 10} (v) Now, B ∪ C = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} ∪ { 2, 6, 7, 10}
= { 2, 6} ...(vi) = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10}
From Eqs. (v) and (vi), we get A ∩ ( B ∪ C ) = { 2, 4, 6, 8, 10} ∩ {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10}
A ∩ (B ∩ C ) = ( A ∩ B ) ∩ C ⇒ A ∩ ( B ∪ C ) = { 2, 4, 6, 10} ...(ix)
Hence verified. Now, ( A ∩ B ) = { 2, 4, 6, 8, 10} ∩ {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}
(iv) Here, B ∩ C = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} ∩ { 2, 6, 7, 10} = { 2, 4, 6}
= { 2, 6, 7} and ( A ∩ C ) = { 2, 4, 6, 8, 10} ∩ { 2, 6, 7, 10}
A ∪ ( B ∩ C ) = { 2, 4, 6, 8, 10} ∪ { 2, 6, 7} = { 2, 6, 10}
= { 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 10} ... (vii) ∴ ( A ∩ B ) ∪ ( A ∩ C ) = { 2, 4, 6} ∪ { 2, 6, 10}
Now, ( A ∪ B ) = { 2, 4, 6, 8, 10} ∪ {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} = { 2, 4, 6, 10} ...(x)
= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10} From Eqs. (ix) and (x), we get
and ( A ∪ C ) = { 2, 4, 6, 8, 10} ∪ { 2, 6, 7, 10} A ∩ (B ∪ C ) = ( A ∩ B ) ∪ ( A ∩ C )
= { 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 10} Hence verified.
EXAM
1. If A = {3, 5, 7, 9, 11}, B = {7, 9, 11, 13} and Sol. (i) We have, A = { 2, 4, 6, 8} and B = {1, 3, 5}
C = {11, 13, 15}, then find Now, A ∩ B = { 2, 4, 6, 8} ∩ {1, 3, 5}
(i) A ∩ B (ii) B ∩ C
⇒ A∩B = φ
Therefore, A and B are disjoint sets.
Sol. We have, A = {3, 5, 7, 9, 11}
Hence, given statement is true. [1/2]
B = { 7, 9, 11, 13} and C = {11, 13, 15}
(ii) We have, A = { a, e , i, o, u } and B = { a, b, c , d }
(i) A ∩ B = {3, 5, 7, 9, 11} ∩ { 7, 9, 11, 13} Now, A ∩ B = { a }
= { 7, 9, 11} [1/2]
i.e., A∩B ≠ φ
(ii) B ∩ C = { 7, 9, 11, 13} ∩ {11, 13, 15} Therefore, A and B are not disjoint sets.
= {11, 13} [1/2]
Hence, given statement is false. [1/2]
2. Find A − B and B − A when A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} and
B = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}.
4. Prove that( A ∩ B′ )′ ∪ (B ∩ C) = A ′∪ B.
Sol. Now, A − B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} − { 2, 4, 6, 8, 10} = {1, 3, 5} Sol. LHS = ( A ∩ B ′ )′ ∪ ( B ∩ C )
[1/2]
= { A ′∪ ( B ′ ) ′ } ∪ ( B ∩ C ) [by De-Morgan’s law]
and B − A = { 2, 4, 6, 8, 10} − {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} = ( A ′∪ B ) ∪ ( B ∩ C ) [Q( B ′ ) ′ = B]
= {8, 10} [1/2]
= (( A ′∪ B ) ∪ B ) ∩ (( A ′ ∪ B ) ∪ C )
3. State whether each of the following statement is = ( A ′∪ ( B ∪ B )) ∩ ( A ′ ∪ B ∪ C )
true or false. = ( A ′ ∪ B) ∩ ( A ′ ∪ B ∪ C )
(i) A = {2, 4, 6, 8} and B = {1, 3, 5} are disjoint sets. = ( A ′∪ B ) = RHS [1]
(ii) A = { a, e, i, o, u} and B = { a, b, c, d} are disjoint Hence proved.
sets.
19
5. Let S = Set of points inside the square, T = Set of According to the given condition, the Venn diagram is given
below
points inside the triangle and C = Set of points C S
inside the circle. If the triangle and circle T
intersect each other and are contained in a
square. Then, prove that S ∪ T ∪ C = S, by Venn
diagram.
Sol. Given, S = Set of points inside the square It is clear from the Venn diagram that, S ∪ T ∪ C = S [1]
T = Set of points inside the triangle Hence proved.
C = Set of points inside the circle

6. If U = {a, b, c, d, e, f , g, h}, then find the Then, ( A − B ) = {1, 3, 6, 11, 12} − {1, 6}
complement of the following sets. = {3, 11, 12}
(i) A = { a, b, c} (ii) B = { d, e, f , g} and ( B − A ) = {1, 6} − {1, 3, 6, 11, 12} = φ [1]
(iii) C = { a, c, e, g} (iv) D = { f , g, h} ∴ A∆B = ( A − B ) ∪ ( B − A )

Sol. We have, U = { a, b, c , d , e , f , g , h } = {3, 11, 12} ∪ φ = {3, 11, 12} [1]
(i) Complement of A is A′. 8. If U = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11},

∴ A ′ = U − A = { a, b, c , d , e , f , g , h } − { a, b, c } A = {2, 4, 7}, B = {3, 5, 7, 9, 11} and
= { d , e, f , g , h } [1] C = {7, 8, 9, 10, 11}, then compute
(ii) Complement of B is B′. (i) ( A ∩ U) ∩ ( B ∪ C) (ii) C − B
∴ B ′ = U − B = { a, b, c , d , e , f , g , h } − { d , e , f , g } (iii) B − C (iv) ( B − C)′
= { a, b, c , h } [1] Sol. Given,
(iii) Complement of C is C ′. U = { 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11},
∴ C ′ = U − C = { a, b, c , d , e , f , g , h } − { a, c , e , g } A = { 2, 4, 7}, B = {3, 5, 7, 9, 11} and C = { 7, 8, 9, 10, 11}
= {b, d , f , h } [1] (i) ( A ∩ U ) = { 2, 4, 7} ∩ { 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11}
(iv) Complement of D is D′. = { 2, 4, 7}
∴ D ′ = U − D = { a, b, c , d , e , f , g , h } − { f , g , h } B ∪ C = {3, 5, 7, 9, 11} ∪ { 7, 8, 9, 10, 11}
= { a, b, c , d , e } [1] = {3, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11}
∴( A ∩ U ) ∩ ( B ∪ C ) = { 2, 4, 7} ∩ {3, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11}
7. Find A∆B, if
= { 7} [1]
(i) A = {1, 3, 4} and B = {2, 5, 9, 11}.
(ii) C − B = { 7, 8, 9, 10, 11} − {3, 5, 7, 9, 11}
(ii) A = {1, 3, 6, 11, 12} and B = {1, 6}.
= {8, 10} [1]
Sol. (i) We have,
(iii) B − C = {3, 5, 7, 9, 11} − { 7, 8, 9, 10, 11}
A = {1, 3, 4}
= {3, 5} [1]
and B = { 2, 5, 9, 11}
(iv) ( B − C )′ = U − ( B − C )
Then, ( A − B ) = {1, 3, 4} − { 2, 5, 9, 11}
= { 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11} − {3, 5}
= {1, 3, 4}
= { 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11} [1]
and ( B − A ) = { 2, 5, 9, 11} − {1, 3, 4}
= { 2, 5, 9, 11} [1] 9. Verify( A ∩ B)′ = A ′ ∪ B′, where A = {3, 4, 5, 6} and
∴ A∆B = ( A − B ) ∪ ( B − A ) B = {3, 6, 7, 8} are subsets of
= {1, 3, 4} ∪ { 2, 5, 9, 11} U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}.
= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 9, 11} [1] Sol. We have, A = {3, 4, 5, 6}, B = {3, 6, 7, 8}
(ii) We have, and U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}
A = {1, 3, 6, 11, 12} Now, A ∩ B = {3, 4, 5, 6} ∩ {3, 6, 7, 8}
and B = {1, 6} = {3, 6} [1]
20
ll ne Sets 21
∴ ( A ∩ B )′ = U − ( A ∩ B ) = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8} − {3, 6} 12. Prove that A − (B ∪ C) = ( A − B) ∩ ( A − C).

⇒ ( A ∩ B )′ = {1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 8} ... (i) [1]
Sol. Let x be any element of A − ( B ∪ C ).
Also, A′ = U − A
Then, x ∈ A − ( B ∪ C )
= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8} − {3, 4, 5, 6}
= {1, 2, 7, 8} [1] ⇒ x ∈ A and x ∉ B ∪ C
and B′ =U − B ⇒ x ∈ A and (x ∉ B and x ∉C ) [1/2]
= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8} − {3, 6, 7, 8} ⇒ (x ∈ A and x ∉ B) and (x ∈ A and x ∉C )

= {1, 2, 4, 5} [1] ⇒ x ∈ ( A − B ) and x ∈ A − C
∴ A ′∪ B ′ = {1, 7, 8} ∪ {1, 2, 4, 5} ⇒ x ∈( A − B ) ∩ ( A − C )
= {1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 8} ... (ii) ∴ A − ( B ∪ C ) ⊆ ( A − B ) ∩ ( A − C ) ...(i) [1]
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get Now, let x be any element of ( A − B ) ∩ ( A − C ).
( A ∩ B )′ = A ′ ∪ B ′ [1] Then, x ∈( A − B ) ∩ ( A − C )
Hence verified. ⇒ x ∈( A − B )
and x ∈( A − C ) [1/2]
10. Let A and B be any two sets. Using properties of
sets prove that ⇒ (x ∈ A and x ∉ B)
(i) ( A − B) ∪ B = A ∪ B (ii) ( A − B) ∪ A = A and (x ∈ A and x ∉C )
(iii) ( A − B) ∩ B = φ (iv) ( A − B) ∩ A = A ∩ B′ ⇒ x ∈ A (and x ∉ B and x ∉C )
Sol. (i) ( A − B ) ∪ B = ( A ∩ B ′ ) ∪ B ⇒ x ∈ A and x ∉ B ∪ C
[Q A − B = A ∩ B ′ ]
⇒ x ∈ ( A − ( B ∪ C ))
= ( A ∪ B ) ∩ ( B ′∪ B )
∴ ( A − B ) ∩ ( A − C ) ⊆ A − ( B ∪ C ) ...(ii) [1]
[since, ∪ is distributes over ∩]
= ( A ∪ B ) ∩U [Q B ′ ∪ B = U ]
A − (B ∪ C ) = ( A − B ) ∩ ( A − C ) [1]
= A∪B [1]
Hence proved.
(ii) ( A − B ) ∪ A = A [Q A − B ⊆ A ] [1]
(iii) ( A − B ) ∩ B = ( A ∩ B ′ ) ∩ B [Q A − B = A ∩ B ′ ] 13. Suppose A1 , A2 , ..., A30 are thirty sets each
= A ∩ ( B ′∩ B ) [since, ∩ is associative] having 5 elements and B1 , B2 , ..., Bn are n sets
= A∩ φ= φ [Q B ′∩ B = φ] [1] each having 3 elements.
(iv) ( A − B ) ∩ A = A − B = A ∩ B ′ [1] 30 n
Hence proved. Let U A i = U Bj = 5 and each element of S
i=1 j =1
11. For any two sets A and B, prove by using belongs to exactly 10 of A i ’s and exactly 9 of Bj ’s.
properties of sets that Then, find the value of n.
( A ∪ B) − ( A ∩ B) = ( A − B) ∪ (B − A)
Sol. LHS = ( A ∪ B ) − ( A ∩ B ) Sol. If elements are not repeated, then number of elements
= ( A ∪ B ) ∩ ( A ∩ B )′ [Q X − Y = X ∩ Y ′ ] A1 ∪ A 2 ∪ A3 ∪ K ∪ A30 is 30 × 5 but each element is
used 10 times, so
= X ∩ ( A ′∪ B ′ ), where X = A ∪ B
30 × 5
[Q ( A ∩ B )′ = A ′∪ B ′ ] [1] n (S ) = = 15 ... (i) [1]
10
= ( X ∩ A′ ) ∪ ( X ∩ B′ ) [∩ distributes over ∪]
Similarly, if elements in B1 , B 2 , ..., Bn are not repeated,
= (B ∩ A ′ ) ∪ ( A ∩ B ′ ) [1] then total number of elements is 3n, but each element is
Q X ∩ A ′ = ( A ∪ B ) ∩ A ′ = ( A ∩ A ′ ) ∪ ( B ∩ A ′ ) repeated 9 times, so
 = φ ∪ (B ∩ A ′ ) = B ∩ A ′  3n
  n (S ) = [1]
Similarly,  [1] 9
 
X ∩ B ′ = ( A ∪ B ) ∩ B ′ = ( A ∩ B ′) ∪ (B ∩ B ′ ) 
3n
⇒ 15 = [from Eq. (i)]
 = ( A ∩ B ′ ) ∪ φ = ( A ∩ B ′) 
9
15 × 9
= ( A ∩ B ′ ) ∪ (B ∩ A ′ ) = ( A − B ) ∪ (B − A ) ∴ n= = 45 [2]
3
[Q A − B = A ∩ B ′ and B − A = B ∩ A ′] [1]
Hence proved.
21
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TRY YOURSELF
1 Mark Questions
1. Let A = {2, 4, 6, 8} and B = {6, 8, 10, 12}. Find A ∪ B.
2. Let A = {a, e, i, o, u} and B = {a, i, u}. Show that A ∪ B = A.
3. If A = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9 } and B = {2, 3, 5, 7, 11}, then find A − B.
4. Let U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}, A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and B = {2, 4, 6, 8}. Find ( A ∪ B )′.
5. If A and B are two sets, then verify A ∩ ( A ∪ B ) = A.

6. If U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}, A = {1, 2, 3, 5}, B = {2, 4, 6, 7} and C = {2, 3, 4, 8}, then find (B ∪ C )′.
4 Marks Questions
7. If A = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}, B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} and C = {2, 6, 7, 10}, then verify that
(i) A − (B ∪ C ) = ( A − B ) ∩ ( A − C )
(ii) A − (B ∩ C ) = ( A − B ) ∪ ( A − C )
8. If U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}, A = {1, 3, 4} and B = { 5, 6}, then verify that
A − B = A ∩ B′ = B′ − A ′
9. If U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}, A = {1, 2, 3, 4}, B = { 3, 4, 6} and C = { 5, 6, 7, 8}, then verify that
(i) A ∪ (B ∩ C ) = ( A ∪ B ) ∩ ( A ∪ C )
(ii) ( A ∩ B )′ = A ′∪B ′
10. If A = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17}, B = {2, 4, ..., 18} and N, the set of natural numbers is the universal set, then
prove that A ′ ∪ {( A ∪ B ) ∩ B ′ } = N.
11. (i) If L = {1, 2, 3, 4}, M = { 3, 4, 5, 6} and N = {1, 3, 5}, then verify that L − (M ∪ N) = (L − M ) ∩ (L − N)
(ii) If A and B are subsets of the universal set U, then show that A ⊆ A ∪ B .
12. If X and Y are two sets and X′ denotes the complement of X, then verify that X ∩ ( X ∪ Y )′ = φ.
13. A, B and C are subsets of universal set U. If A = {2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 20}, B = { 3, 6, 9, 12, 15}, C = { 5, 10, 15} and U is
the set of all whole numbers, then draw a Venn diagram showing the relation of U, A, B and C.
14. Determine, whether each of the following statement is true or false. Justify your answer.
(i) For all sets A and B, ( A − B ) ∪ ( A ∩ B ) = A.
(ii) For all sets A, B and C, if A ⊂ C and B ⊂ C, then A ∪ B ⊂ C.
22
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4 Applications of Set Theory

In this topic, we discuss some practical problems Using the formula,
related to our daily life, which are based on union and n ( X ∪ Y ) = n ( X ) + n(Y ) − n ( X ∩ Y ), we get
intersection of two sets.
60 = 40 + n(Y ) − 10
For solving these types of problem, we have following ⇒ 60 = 30 + n(Y )
formulae. ⇒ n (Y ) = 60 − 30
If A and B are two finite sets, then two cases arise ∴ n(Y ) = 30
Case I If A and B are disjoint sets, then there is no Hence, total number of elements in Y have 30.
common element in A and B i.e., A ∩ B = φ.
Then, ❖ Important Results
n( A ∪ B ) = n( A) + n( B ) 1. n(X ∪Y ) = n(X ∩Y ′) + n(X ′∩Y ) + n(X ∩ C)
A B U 2. n (A∆B) = n [(A − B) ∪ (B − A)] = n (A − B) + n(B − A)

[since, (A − B) and (B − A) are disjoint sets]
= n (A) − n (A ∩ B) + n (B) − n (A ∩ B)
= n (A) + n (B) − 2n(A ∩ B)
3. n (A′∪ B′ ) = n [(A ∩ B)′] = n (U ) − n (A ∩ B)

Case II If A and B are not disjoint sets, then there are 4. n (A′∩ B ′) = n [(A ∪ B)′] = n (U ) − n (A ∪ B)
common elements in A and B. Then,
5. If A, B and C are finite sets, then
n ( A ∪ B ) = n ( A) + n (B ) − n ( A ∩ B ) n (A ∪ B ∪ C) = n [(A ∪ B ) ∪ C ]
B = n (A) + n (B) + n(C) − n(A ∩ B)
A U
− n (B ∩ C) − n (A ∩ C) + n (A ∩ B ∩ C)
6. Let M = Set of students who have Mathematics.
A–B A∩ B B – A
P = Set of students who have Physics.
C = Set of students who have Chemistry.
On applying the different operations on these three sets, we get
It is called addition theorem for two sets. following important results.
(i) M ′ = Set of students who have no Mathematics.
We know that, sets A − B , A ∩ B and B − A are
(ii) P′ = Set of students who have no Physics.
disjoint and their union is A ∪ B . Then, (iii) C′ = Set of students who have no Chemistry.
(i) n ( A ∪ B ) = n ( A − B ) + n ( B − A) + n( A ∩ B ) (iv) M ∪ P = Set of students who have atleast one subject
(ii) n ( A) = n ( A − B ) + n ( A ∩ B ) Mathematics or Physics.
(iii) n ( B ) = n ( B − A) + n ( A ∩ B ) (v) P ∪ C = Set of students who have atleast one subject
Physics or Chemistry.
Example 1. If X and Y are two sets such that X has (vi) C ∪ M = Set of students who have atleast one subject
40 elements, X ∪ Y has 60 elements and X ∩ Y Chemistry or Mathematics.
(vii) M ∩ P = Set of students who have both subjects
has 10 elements, then how many elements does Y Mathematics and Physics.
have? (viii) P ∩ C = Set of students who have both subjects Physics
and Chemistry.
/ Use the formula, n (X ∪Y ) = n (X ) + n (Y ) − n (X ∩Y ) (ix) C ∩ M = Set of students who have both subjects Chemistry
and simplify it. and Mathematics.
Solution Given, n( X ) = 40, (x) (M ∩ P ∩ C) = Set of students who have all the subjects.
n( X ∪ Y ) = 60, (xi) (M ∪ P ∪ C) = Set of all students who have three subjects.
n( X ∩ Y ) = 10,
23
Solution of Word Problems Example 2. In a class of 60 students, 25 students

play Cricket, 20 students play Tennis and
Word problems related to sets can be solved by following two
10 students play both the games. Then, find the
methods
number of students who play neither games.
1. By Using Operations Solution Let C and T denote the students who play Cricket,
In this method, we use the operations related to set and Tennis, respectively and U denotes the total number of
according to the given information.This method can be students in a class.
understand with the help of an worked out problem Then, n(C ) = 25, n(T ) = 20 and n(U ) = 60
which is given below. We know that,
n(C ∪ T ) = n(C ) + n(T ) − n(C ∩ T )
Worked out Problem On putting the values, we get
Each student in a class of 40 students study atleast n (C ∪ T ) = 25 + 20 − 10 = 45 − 10 = 35
one of the subjects English, Mathematics and ∴Number of students who play neither games,
Economics. 16 students study English, 22 n(C ′∩T ′ ) = n(C ∪ T ) ′ [by De-Morgan’s Law]
Economics and 26 Mathematics, 5 study English = n(U ) − n(C ∪ T ) = 60 − 35 = 25
and Economics, 14 Mathematics and Economics Hence, 25 students play neither games.
and 2 English, Economics and Mathematics. Find
the number of students who study English and 2. By Using Venn Diagram
Mathematics.
Sometimes a word problem contains three sets and many
Step I Consider the set which represent students in given information related to these sets but not exact
subjects. information related to such set separately. Then, that
Let A, B and C denote the set of students who study English, problem become difficult to solve by previous method.
Economics and Mathematics, respectively.
Such problems can be solved by considering a variable on
Step II Find the relation between number of students of each each part of the venn diagram containing three sets and
subject given in question. then make some equations, which are given below
Given, total number of students, n ( A ∪ B ∪ C ) = 40 (i) Union of three sets
Number of students who study English, n ( A ) = 16
Number of students who study Economics, n (B ) = 22
a + b + c + d + e + f + g = Constant
Number of students who study Mathematics, n (C ) = 26 U
A B
Number of students who study English and Economics,
n (A ∩ B) = 5 a b c
e
Number of students who study Mathematics and d f
Economics, n (B ∩ C ) = 14
and number of students who study all subjects,
g
n (A ∩ B ∩ C ) = 2
C
Step III Use the suitable formula, for three sets. Then,
substitute all the given values and simplify it. (ii)For Set A a + b + d + e = Constant
We know that,
(iii)For Set B b + c + e + f = Constant
n( A ∪ B ∪ C ) = n( A ) + n(B ) + n(C )
− n( A ∩ B ) − n(B ∩ C )− n( A ∩ C ) + n( A ∩ B ∩ C ) (iv) For Set C d + e + f + g = Constant
On putting the values from step II, we get
40 = 16 + 22 + 26 − 5 − 14 − n(C ∩ A ) + 2 (v) Intersection of two sets at a time
⇒ 40 = 66 − 19 − n (C ∩ A ) (a) b + e = Constant (b) d + e = Constant
⇒ n (C ∩ A ) = 47 − 40
=7
(c) e + f = Constant
Hence, number of students who study English and Now, solve these equations one by one by using given
Mathematics are 7. values and get separate values of each set.
24
ll ne Sets 25
Example 3. In a survey of 25 students, it was found ⇒ b +e =9

that 15 had taken Maths, 12 had taken Physics, ⇒ b +3=9 [Qe = 3]
11 had taken Chemistry, 5 had taken Maths and ⇒ b =6
Chemistry, 9 had taken Maths and Physics, 4 had ∴ Number of students who had taken Physics and
taken Physics and Chemistry and 3 had taken all Chemistry,
the three subjects. Find the number of students that n( P ∩ C ) = 4
had taken ⇒ e+ f =4
⇒ 3+ f =4 [Qe = 3]
(i) only Chemistry.
⇒ f =1
(ii) only Maths.
Number of students who had taken Maths and Chemistry,
(iii) only Physics.
n( M ∩ C ) = 5
(iv) Physics and Chemistry but not Maths. ⇒ d +e =5
(v) Maths and Physics but not Chemistry. ⇒ d +3=5 [Qe = 3]
(vi) only one of the subject. ⇒ d=2
(vii) atleast one of the three subjects. Number of students who had taken Maths,
(viii) None of the subjects. n( M ) = 15
Solution Let M, P and C denote the set of students who had ⇒ a + b + d + e = 15
taken Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry, respectively. ⇒ a + 6 + 2 + 3 = 15 [Qb = 6, d = 2, e = 3]
Let in Venn diagram, a, b, c, d, e, f and g denote the number ⇒ a = 15 − 11 ⇒ a = 4
of elements in respective regions.
Number of students who had taken Physics.
M U n( P ) = 12
P
b
⇒ b + c + e + f = 12
a c
e ⇒ 6 + c + 3 + 1 = 12 [Qb = 6, e = 3, f = 1]
d f
⇒ c = 12 − 10 ⇒ c = 2
g Number of students who had taken Chemistry,
C
n(C ) = 11
⇒ d + e + f + g = 11
From the Venn diagram, we get ⇒ 2 + 3 + 1 + g = 11 [Q d = 2, e = 3, f = 1]
n( M ) = a + b + d + e ⇒ g = 11 − 6 ⇒ g = 5
n( P ) = b + c + e + f Now, the number of students in various cases are as follows
n(C ) = d + e + f + g (i) Only Chemistry, g = 5
n( M ∩ P ) = b + e (ii) Only Maths, a = 4
n( P ∩ C ) = e + f (iii) Only Physics, c = 2
n( M ∩ C ) = d + e (iv) Physics and Chemistry but not Maths, f = 1
and n( M ∩ P ∩ C ) = e (v) Maths and Physics but not Chemistry, b = 6
It is given that, number of students who had taken all three (vi) Only one of the subject, a + c + g = 4 + 2 + 5 = 11
subjects, (vii) Atleast one of the three subjects
n( M ∩ P ∩ C ) = 3 a + b + c + d + e + f + g = 4 + 6 + 2 + 2 + 3 + 1 + 5 = 23
⇒ e =3 (viii) None of the subjects,
∴ Number of students who had taken Maths and Physics, 25 − ( a + b + c + d + e + f + g ) = 25 − 23 = 2
n( M ∩ P ) = 9
25
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EXAM
1. If X and Y are two sets such that 2. If X and Y are two sets such that X ∪ Y has
n(X) = 17 , n(Y) = 23 and n(X ∪ Y ) = 38, then find 18 elements. X has 8 elements and Y has
n(X ∩ Y ). 15 elements, then how many elements does X ∪ Y
have?
/ We will use the addition theorem,
Sol. Given, n ( X ∪ Y ) = 18, n ( X ) = 8 and n (Y ) = 15
n (A ∪ B) = n (A) + n (B) − n (A ∩ B) , to calculate anyone of
the four values, if three of them are given. According to the addition theorem, we have
Sol. Given, n ( X ) = 17 n ( X ∪ Y ) = n ( X ) + n (Y ) − n ( X ∩ Y )
n (Y ) = 23 ⇒ 18 = 8 + 15 − n ( X ∩ Y )
and n ( X ∪ Y ) = 38 ⇒ n ( X ∩ Y ) = 23 − 18 = 5 [1]
According to the addition theorem, we have 3. If n( A ) = 4 , n (B) = 5 , n (U) = 7 and n ( A ∩ B) = 2,
n ( X ∪ Y ) = n ( X ) + n (Y ) − n ( X ∩ Y ) then find the value of n (A ∪ B) ′.
⇒ n( X ∩ Y ) = n( X ) + n(Y ) − n( X ∪ Y )
Sol. Given, n ( A ) = 4, n ( B ) = 5, n (U ) = 7
On putting the values, we get
and n ( A ∩ B) = 2
n ( X ∩ Y ) = 17 + 23 − 38
= 40 − 38 Q n ( A ∪ B ) = n ( A ) + n (B ) − n ( A ∩ B )
=2 [1] ∴ n ( A ∪ B) = 4 +5 − 2 = 7
Now, n ( A ∪ B )′ = n (U ) − n ( A ∪ B ) = 7 − 7 = 0 [1]

4. In a town of 840 persons, 450 persons read Hindi, 5. In a survey of 400 movie viewers, 150 were listed
300 read English and 200 read both newspapers. as liking ‘Veer Zaara’, 100 were listed as liking
Then, find the number of persons who read ‘Aitraaz’ and 75 were listed as both liking ‘Aitraaz’
neither of the newspapers. as well as ‘Veer Zaara’. Find how many people
were liking neither ‘Aitraaz’ nor ‘Veer Zaara’.
Sol. Let H and E denote Hindi and English newspapers.
Given, total number of persons, n (U ) = 840
Total number of persons who read Hindi newspaper, Sol. Let U denotes the set of movie viewers, V denotes the set of
people liking ‘Veer Zaara’ and A denotes the set of people
n ( H ) = 450
liking ‘Aitraaz’.
Total number of persons who read English newspaper,
Then, we have, n(U ) = 400, n(V ) = 150, n( A ) = 100
n ( E ) = 300
and n(V ∩ A ) = 75 [1]
and n ( H ∩ E ) = 200
Now, the number of people those were liking neither
We know that, n ( H ∪ E ) = n ( H ) + n ( E ) − n ( H ∩ E ) ‘Aitraaz’ nor ‘Veer Zaara’,
∴ n( H ∪ E ) = 450 + 300 − 200 n(V ′∩ A ′ ) = n(V ∪ A )′ [by De-Morgan’s law]
= 750 − 200 = 550 [2]
= n(U ) − n(V ∪ A )
∴ The number of persons who read neither of the
newspaper, = n(U ) − n(V ) − n( A ) + n(V ∩ A )
[Qn ( A ∪ B ) = n ( A ) + n ( B ) − n ( A ∩ B )] [1]
n (H ′ ∩ E ′) = n (H ∪ E )′ [by De-Morgan’s law]
= 400 − 150 − 100 + 75 = 225
= n(U ) − n( H ∪ E ) = 840 − 550 = 290
Hence, 290 persons read neither of the newspapers. Hence, 225 people were liking neither ‘Aitraaz’ nor ‘Veer
[2]
Zaara’. [2]
26
ll ne Sets 27
6. There are 60 students in a Mathematics class and Now, n ( M ∪ P ) = n ( M ) + n ( P ) − n ( M ∩ P )

90 students in Physics class. Find the number of = 60 + 90 − 30 = 120 [1]
students which are either in Physics class or (iii) Most of the students study Physics in comparison of
Mathematics class in the following cases Mathematics. [1]
(i) Two classes meet at the same hour.
(ii) Two classes meet at different hours and 7. In a group of 26 persons, 8 take tea but not coffee
30 students are enrolled in both the courses. and 16 take tea. How many persons take coffee
(iii) What value is shown here? but not tea? What value is shown here?
Sol. Let M be the set of students in Mathematics class and P be
the set of students in Physics class. Sol. Let T and C be the set of persons taking tea and coffee,
Given that, n( M ) = 60 and n( P ) = 90 respectively.
U
(i) Two classes meet at same hour i.e., T C
M ∩P = φ
8 10
⇒ n( M ∩ P ) = 0 [1] 8
Now, n ( M ∪ P ) = n ( M ) + n ( P ) − n ( M ∩ P )
= 60 + 90 − 0 We have, n (T ∪ C ) = 26
= 150 n (T ∩ C ′ ) = 8
P U and n (T ) = 16 [1]
M Using the identity,
60 90 n (T ∩ C ′ ) = n (T ) − n (T ∩ C )
⇒ 8 = 16 − n (T ∩ C )
[1] ⇒ n(T ∩ C ) = 16 − 8 = 8 [1]
(ii) In this case, two classes meet at different hours and Using the identity,
30 students are enrolled in both the courses. n (T ∪ C ) = n (T ∩ C ′ ) + n (C ∩ T ′ ) + n (T ∩ C )
U ⇒ 26 = 8 + n (C ∩ T ′ ) + 8
⇒ n (C ∩ T ′ ) = 26 − 16 = 10
M P
30 30 60 Number of persons who take coffee but not tea,

n (C ∩ T ′ ) = 10 [1]
Here, we see that most people like coffee in comparison of
∴ n ( M ∩ P ) = 30 tea. [1]
Long Answer Type Questions [6 Marks each]

8. In a survey, it is found that 21 people like product Then, n ( A ) = a + b + c + d = 21 ...(i)
A, 26 people like product B and 29 people like n ( B ) = b + c + f + g = 26 …(ii) [1]
product C. If 14 people like products A and B, 12 n (C ) = c + d + e + f = 29 …(iii)
people like products C and A, 14 people like n ( A ∩ B ) = b + c = 14 …(iv)
products B and C, 8 people like all the three
n (C ∩ A ) = c + d = 12 …(v)
products. Find how many like product C only.
n ( B ∩ C ) = c + f = 14 …(vi)
Sol. Let A, B andC denote the set of people who liked products and n ( A ∩ B ∩ C ) = c = 8 …(vii) [1]
A, B and C, respectively. We have to find the number of people like product C only
Let in Venn diagram a, b, c , d , e , f and g denote the i.e., value of e.
number of elements in respective regions. On putting the value of c from Eq. (vii) in Eq. (iv), we get
A C
U b + 8 = 14
a d e ⇒ b =6 [1]
e Now, putting the value of c from Eq. (vii) in Eq. (v), we
b f
get
g 8 + d = 12
B ⇒ d=4 [1]
27
Now, putting the value of c from Eq. (vii) in Eq. (vi), we On putting the values of c, d and f in Eq. (iv), we get
get 3 + 6 + e + 5 = 26
8 + f = 14 ⇒ f = 6 [1] ⇒ e = 26 − 14 = 12 [1]
On putting the values of c, d and f in Eq. (iii), we get On putting the values of b, c and f in Eq. (iii), we get
8 + 4 + e + 6 = 29 8 + 3 + 5 + g = 26
∴ e = 29 − 18 = 11 ⇒ g = 26 − 16 = 10
Hence, number of people who like product C only is 11. On putting the values of b, c and d in Eq. (ii), we get
[1] a + 8 + 3 + 6 = 25
⇒ a = 25 − 17 = 8 [1]
9. In a survey of 60 people, it was found that
25 people read newspaper H, 26 read (i) Number of people who read atleast one of the three
newspaper T, 26 read newspaper Z, 9 read both H newspapers,
and Z, 11 read both H and T, 8 read both T and Z A(U ) = a + b + c + d + e + f + g
and 3 read all three newspapers. Find = 8 + 8 + 3 + 6 + 12 + 5 + 10 = 52
(i) the number of people who read atleast one of (ii) Number of people who read exactly one newspaper
the newspaper. = a + e + g = 8 + 12 + 10 = 30 [1]
(ii) the number of people who read exactly one
newspaper. 10. In a survey of 200 students of a school, it was
Sol. Given, set of people who read types of newspapers H, T and found that 120 study Mathematics, 90 study
Z. Physics and 70 study Chemistry, 40 study
Mathematics and Physics, 30 study Physics and
Let in Venn diagram a, b, c , d , e , f and g denote the
Chemistry, 50 study Chemistry and Mathematics
number of elements in respective regions.
and 20 none of these subjects. Find the number of
H U students who study all the three subjects.
Z
a d e
e Sol. Let M, P and C denote the students studying Mathematics,
b f Physics and Chemistry, respectively.
g
Then, we have,
n (U ) = 200, n ( M ) = 120, n ( P ) = 90, n (C ) = 70,
T
n ( M ∩ P ) = 40, n ( P ∩ C ) = 30, n ( M ∩ C ) = 50 [1]
Here, n (U ) = a + b + c + d + e + f + g = 60 ...(i) [1] and n ( M ∪ P ∪ C )′ = 20
n ( H ) = a + b + c + d = 25 ...(ii) Now, n ( M ∪ P ∪ C )′ = n (U ) − n ( M ∪ P ∪ C )
n (T ) = b + c + f + g = 26 ...(iii) ∴ 20 = 200 − n ( M ∪ P ∪ C ) [1]
n ( Z ) = c + d + e + f = 26 ...(iv) ⇒ n ( M ∪ P ∪ C ) = 200 − 20 = 180 [1]
n (H ∩ Z ) = c + d = 9 ...(v) We know that, n ( M ∪ P ∪ C ) = n ( M ) + n ( P ) + n (C )
n ( H ∩ T ) = b + c = 11 ...(vi) − n ( M ∩ P ) − n ( P ∩ C ) − n (C ∩ M )
n (T ∩ Z ) = c + f = 8 ...(vii) + n (C ∩ M ∩ P )
and n (H ∩T ∩ Z ) = c = 3 ...(viii) [1] ∴ 180 = 120 + 90 + 70 − 40 − 30 − 50
On putting the value of c in Eq. (vii), we get + n (C ∩ M ∩ P )
3+ f =8⇒ f =5 ⇒ 180 = 280 − 120 + n (C ∩ M ∩ P ) [1]
On putting the value of c in Eq. (vi), we get ⇒ 180 + 120 − 280 = n ( P ∩ C ∩ M ) [1]
3 + b = 11 ⇒ b = 8 [1] ∴ n ( P ∩ C ∩ M ) = 300 − 280 = 20
On putting the value of c in Eq. (v), we get Hence, 20 students study all the three subjects. [1]
3+ d =9⇒d =6
28
ll ne
TRY YOURSELF
1 Mark Questions
1. If A and B are two sets, such that n( A ) = 28, n(B ) = 32 and n( A ∩ B ) = 10, then find the value of n( A ∪ B ).
2. If A and B are two sets, such that A ∪ B has 18 elements, A has 8 elements and B has 15 elements, then how
many elements does A ∩ B have?
4 Marks Questions
3. In a school, there are 20 teachers who teach Maths or Physics. Out of these, 12 teach Maths and 4 teach
Physics and Maths. How many teach Physics?
4. In a committee, 50 people speak French, 20 speak Spanish and 10 speak both Spanish and French. How
many people speak atleast one of these two languages?
5. In a survey of 400 students in a school, 100 were listed as taking apple juice, 150 as taking orange juice and
75 were listed as taking both apple as well as orange juice. Find how many sutdents were taking neither apple
juice nor orange juice.
6. In a group of 65 people, 40 like nutrition Indian food, 10 like both Indian nutrition food and fast food. How many
like only fast food? What is your opinion about this set of people?
6 Marks Questions
7. In a town of 10000 families, it was found that 40% families buy newspaper A, 20% families buy newspaper B,
10% families buy newspaper C, 5% families buy A and B, 3% families buy B and C and 4% families buy A and
C. If 2% families buy all the three newspapers, then find
(i) the number of families which buy newspaper A only.
(ii) the number of families which buy newspaper of A, B and C only.
8. In a group of 50 students, the number of students studying French, English and Sanskrit were found to be as
follows
French = 17, English = 13, Sanskrit = 15, French and English = 9, English and Sanskrit = 4, French and
Sanskrit = 5 and English, French and Sanskrit = 3.
Then, find the number of students who study
(i) French only (ii) English only (iii) French and English both
Which language is study by most of the students?
Answers for TRY YOURSELF

Topic 1 Sets and Their Types
1. A = { − 4, − 3, − 2, − 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4}
2. A = {Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune}
3. (ii)
4. (i) { 0, 1} (ii) {1, p}
5. (i) { x : x = 5 , n ∈ N and 1 ≤ n ≤ 4}
n
(ii) { x : x = 2n, n ∈ N and 1 ≤ n ≤ 5}

6. A, C ; B, D
7. (i) Empty set (ii) Singleton set (iii) Infinite set (iv) and (v) Equal sets
8. Equal sets-B = D, C = F and Equivalent sets-A, E, H; B, D, G; C , F
9. (i) T (ii) F (iii) T (iv) F
29

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1

1 Sets and Their Types

(iii) Here, we can definitely decide whether a given novel

2. Set-builder Form or Rule Method

Some examples are given below Example 2. Describe the set

Types of Sets 4. Singleton Set

e.g., If A = { − 3, − 1, 8, 10, 13}, then n ( A) = 5. e.g., Let A = { a , b, c , d } and B = {c , d , b, a }, then A = B , because

Short Answer Type Questions [4 Marks each]

(i) 35 ∈{x : x has exactly four positive factors}

Subsets of the Set of Real 5. Irrational Numbers

The natural numbers along with number 0 (zero) form

Example 4. Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4}, B = {1, 2, 3} and C = {2, 4}.

Short Answer Type Questions [4 Marks each]

⇒ {a, b} ⊄ {b, c, a} is false. Hence, number of elements in P [ P ( P ( φ))] is 4. [1]

3 Venn Diagrams and Operations on Sets

(i) Since, all of the students who study Mathematics also

(iii) Let x ∈ A ∩ B ∴ A − B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} − { 2, 4, 6}

(iv) (a) ( A ∪ B ) ′ = A ′∩ B ′ and B′ =U − B

(iii) Here, B ∩ C = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} ∩ { 2, 6, 7, 10} ∴ ( A ∪ B ) ∩ ( A ∪ C ) = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10}

Short Answer Type Questions [4 Marks each]

(iii) C = { a, c, e, g} (iv) D = { f , g, h} ∴ A∆B = ( A − B ) ∪ ( B − A )

(i) Complement of A is A′. 8. If U = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11},

∴ ( A ∩ B )′ = U − ( A ∩ B ) = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8} − {3, 6} 12. Prove that A − (B ∪ C) = ( A − B) ∩ ( A − C).

= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8} − {3, 6, 7, 8} ⇒ (x ∈ A and x ∉ B) and (x ∈ A and x ∉C )

5. If A and B are two sets, then verify A ∩ ( A ∪ B ) = A.

4 Applications of Set Theory

A B U 2. n (A∆B) = n [(A − B) ∪ (B − A)] = n (A − B) + n(B − A)

3. n (A′∪ B′ ) = n [(A ∩ B)′] = n (U ) − n (A ∩ B)

Solution of Word Problems Example 2. In a class of 60 students, 25 students

Example 3. In a survey of 25 students, it was found ⇒ b +e =9

Short Answer Type Questions [4 Marks each]

6. There are 60 students in a Mathematics class and Now, n ( M ∪ P ) = n ( M ) + n ( P ) − n ( M ∩ P )

30 30 60 Number of persons who take coffee but not tea,

Long Answer Type Questions [6 Marks each]

Answers for TRY YOURSELF

(ii) { x : x = 2n, n ∈ N and 1 ≤ n ≤ 5}

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