ANDOVER

SAT 试题 024

安多福 SAT 项目组

 2 2
Reading: Question 1
Questions 1-10 are based on the following passage.

This passage is adapted from Dinaw Mengestu, The Beautiful Things That Heaven Bears. ©2007 by Dinaw Mengestu. Naomi, an
eleven-year-old on a school break, is visiting the narrator, a family friend from Ethiopia, at the store he manages. They have made a plan to
read the novel The Brothers Karamazov together.

Line I read forty or fifty pages that first day. Naomi read none. The charm wore off when I refused to acknowledge him. He
After I read the first page I waited for her to pick up where I had responded by slamming the roll on the counter, inches from my
left off, but she insisted, in a voice that bordered on pleading, 35 face, and storming out. Naomi and I read on.
that I continue. I slipped into the characters as I read. I grumbled and
5 “One more,” she said at first. And when that page had been bellowed, slammed my fist onto the counter, and threw my arms
completed, she added another “one more” to that, until wide open. I knew this was exactly what my father would have
eventually there were so many “pleases” and “pretty pleases” done had he been the one reading. He would have made the
and “come on, pleases” that I was left utterly defenseless. 40 story an event, as grand and real as life. He must have told me
I looked up every couple of pages to see if Naomi was still hundreds, perhaps even thousands, of stories, not just at night,
10 paying attention, and of course she was. Her attention, in fact, but throughout the course of any given day, over breakfast,
never seemed to waver. I felt her staring at me sometimes when during lunch, in the middle of a conversation he might have been
my eyes were focused on the page, and I realized she was taking carrying on with my mother or friends. There was no wrong time
it all in, not just the words, but me, and the scene that we had 45 with him, or if there was, he didn’t live long enough for me to see
created together. I tried not to notice too much, to simply just it.
15 live, but that was impossible. Every time I looked at her I became The stories he invented himself he told with particular delight.
aware of just how seemingly perfect this time was. I thought They all began the same way, with the same lighthearted tone,
about how years from now I would remember this with a with a small wave of the hand, as if the world were being
crushing, heartbreaking nostalgia, because of course I knew 50 brushed to the side, which I suppose for him it actually was.
even then that I would eventually find myself standing here “Ah, that reminds me. Did I tell you about—
20 alone. And just as that knowledge would threaten to destroy the The farmer who was too lazy to plow his fields
scene, Naomi would do something small, like turn the page too The hyena who laughed himself to death
early or shift in her chair, and I would be happy once again. The lion who tried to steal the monkey’s dinner
I had more customers then, and I treated each interruption to 55 The monkey who tried to steal the lion’s dinner?”
our reading as an assault on my privacy. When someone I didn’t If I had heard the story before, I let him tell it to me again. His
25 know entered the store, Naomi would mark where I had left off performance was that good, his love of a story that obvious.
so that I could keep my eyes on the person wandering around When Fyodor Karamazov spoke, I waved my hands wildly in the
the aisles. She would take the book out of my hand, put her air. I grumbled in a deep baritone and tried as hard as I could to
finger on the exact word or sentence I had just concluded, and 60 do my father proud.
hold it there until I returned. I kept one man, who came to the “Ah, you fools,” I shouted out, and Naomi smiled in delight.
30 counter with a single roll of toilet paper under his arm, waiting Naomi found each of the characters as real as anyone she
for more than a minute while I finished reading a page I had just met in the street.
started. At first he smiled and was charmed by what he saw. “Oooh, I hate him,” she would cry out after a particularly cruel

1 CONTINUE
 1 1
65 antic on the part of the elder Karamazov. When it came to 4
Alyosha, though, the youngest and gentlest of the Karamazov Which choice best reflects the perspective of the narrator
brothers, she was willing to fall completely in love. regarding his reading to Naomi?
A. He is unequivocally delighted, because reading to Naomi
has provided him with a much-needed creative outlet.
1 B. He is pleasantly surprised, because he did not expect
Over the course of the passage, the main shift in focus is Naomi to be so enthusiastic about reading.
from C. He is occasionally regretful, because he is not as skilled a
A. an anecdote about an amusing event to a recollection of reader as his father was.
similar events from the narrator’s childhood. D. He is somewhat ambivalent, because he knows that his
B.an account of the early stages of a friendship to a reading time with Naomi will inevitably end.
foreshadowing of that friendship’s ultimate demise.
C. a description of an emotionally significant activity to a 5
reflection on the narrator’s early experiences with that Which choice provides the best evidence for the answer to
activity. the previous question?
D. a character sketch of an individual to a consideration of A. lines 9-10 (“I looked . . . she was”)
how that individual has changed the life of the narrator. B. lines 15-20 (“Every . . . alone”)
C. lines 32-35 (“At first . . . read on”)
2 D. lines 58-60 (“When . . . proud”)
Which choice best supports the conclusion that reading to
Naomi interferes with some of the narrator’s responsibilities? 6
A. line 5 (“One . . . first”) As used in line 28, “concluded” most nearly means
B. lines 20-22 (“And just . . . again”) A. decided.
C. lines 24-27 (“When . . . aisles”) B. finished.
D. lines 29-32 (“I kept . . . started”) C. inferred.
D. dismissed.
3

The narrator’s descriptions of Naomi suggest that she is 7

notable for her It can reasonably be inferred from the passage that the
A.empathy toward other people. narrator’s father influenced him by
B. ability to concentrate and observe. A. creating an environment that encouraged young people to
C. talent for dramatizing fiction. express themselves.
D. optimism despite many hardships. B. emphasizing what was most important in a life well lived.
C. providing a model for the dramatic recounting of a story.
D. exposing the narrator to a number of classic novels
written by renowned authors.

2 CONTINUE
 2 2
8 10

The passage indicates that the narrator’s father viewed Which situation is most similar to the one described in lines
storytelling as something that 57-58 (“If I . . . obvious”)?
A. continued a long-standing family tradition. A. A viewer eagerly anticipates the new episodes of a
B. provided a means of bringing historical events to life. television series each week.
C. helped children to distinguish good choices from bad B. An artist paints a favorite landscape at several different
ones. hours of the day.
D. was part of the fabric of the family’s everyday life. C. A moviegoer happily sees a particularly memorable film
for a second time.
9 D. An actress repeatedly recites the lines of her script to

As used in line 44, “wrong” most nearly means improve her performance.

A.inappropriate.
B.unjust.
C.immoral.
D.inaccurate.

3 CONTINUE
 1 1
Reading: Question 11 65

Questions 11-20 are based on the following passage and supplementary material.

This passage is adapted from Adam Alter, Drunk Tank Pink: And Other Unexpected Forces That Shape How We Think, Feel, and
Behave. ©2013 by Adam Alter.
70

Line Perhaps the first experiment ever conducted in the field of Triplett’s effect—now known as the social facilitation effect—
social psychology suggests that humans are often faster and others found the opposite effect, known as social inhibition.
75
stronger when they test their speed and strength in the 35 Joseph Pessin and Richard Husband asked participants in their
company of other people, rather than alone. study to learn a simple maze either blindfolded alone or
5 That study, conducted at Indiana University in the late 1890s, blindfolded in the presence of other people. The blindfolded
was the brainchild of Norman Triplett, a cycling enthusiast and a participants traced their fingers along the maze, and reversed
sports aficionado. In dozens of experiments he pushed cyclists each time they encountered one of ten dead ends. Instead of
to ride as fast as they could on stationary bikes. Across his 40 performing better in front of an audience, Pessin and Husband’s
observations, Triplett noticed that the cyclists tended to ride participants completed the maze more quickly when they were
10 faster when other cyclists rode nearby. One cyclist rode a mile in alone.
2 minutes 49 seconds when alone, but managed to ride the Inconsistencies like these persisted for years, until social
same mile in 2 minutes 37 seconds in the company of four psychologist Bob Zajonc proposed a solution: it all depends on
pacing cyclists; similarly he rode ten miles in 33 minutes 17 45 the nature of the task. Audiences accentuate our instinctive
seconds while riding alone, but rode the same distance two responses and make it more difficult to override those responses
15 minutes faster when riding with several pacers. Triplett in favor of more carefully considered alternatives. The children in
acknowledged that his observations were far from rigorous, so Triplett’s experiment devoted little thought and attention to
he conducted an experiment to show that the effect persisted in frantically winding the experimental fishing reel. In contrast,
a tightly controlled lab study. 50 learning a maze is difficult, and it requires concentration. Pessin
Triplett recruited forty children, ages eight to thirteen, to and Husband’s maze learners were probably distracted by the
20 complete his study in 1897. He measured how quickly the knowledge that they were being watched, and feared making a
students could wind a fishing reel so that a small flag attached mistake in front of an audience.
to the line traveled a distance of sixteen meters. The task was Zajonc avoided experimenting with humans at first, choosing
simple but novel, and none of the children had played with 55 to observe the behavior of seventy-two cockroaches instead.
fishing rods before the experiment. They performed the task With a small team of researchers, he devised two small athletic
25 both alone and in the presence of other children, and Triplett tasks that required the cockroaches to scuttle from a brightly lit
noticed that they wound the reels faster in the presence of area in a small box to a more appealing darker compartment.
others. He concluded that an audience enables people to Some of the cockroaches completed a simpler task, in which
“liberate latent energy” not normally available when they 60 they ran along a straight runway from the glare of the box to the
perform alone. darkened goal compartment. The remaining cockroaches
30 Science doesn’t always tell simple stories, and other completed a more difficult task, traversing a more complex maze
researchers challenged Triplett’s groundbreaking results well before they could escape the light. Some of the cockroaches
into the twentieth century. While some researchers replicated completed these tasks alone, but the researchers also built a

4 CONTINUE
 2 2
65 small audience box to force some of the athletic cockroaches to 12
compete in front of an audience of roach spectators. Just as the Which choice best represents the different meanings of “simple”
researchers predicted, the cockroaches were much quicker to as used in line 23 and line 30?
cover the straight runway when watched by an audience, A. Easy; straightforward
reaching the darkened goal compartment an average of twenty- B. Mindless; sincere
70 three seconds more quickly when they were performing before a C. Effortless; humble
crowd. But the cockroach athletes responded very differently to D. Innocent; uncomplicated
an audience when they were faced with the complex maze,
reaching the goal seventy-six seconds more quickly when they 13
were alone. The same audience that pushed the cockroaches to
Based on the passage, the design of Triplett’s fishing-reel
75 perform the simpler task more quickly also delayed them when
experiment most likely ruled out which potential objection to his
the task was more complex.
findings?
A. Improvements in the subjects’ performance after being asked
to perform the task in front of an audience may reflect the
subjects’ increasing competence at the task.
B. Differences between the subjects’ performance with an
audience and their performance without an audience may be
influenced by the subjects’ prior experience with the task.
C. Variations in performance among the subjects under either
audience condition may be attributed to variations in the
subjects’ ages and physical development.
D. Changes in the subjects’ performance after being put in front
of an audience may result from some subjects observing and i
Adapted from Hazel Markus, “The Effect of Mere Presence on Social
mitating the performance of more highly skilled subjects.
Facilitation: An Unobtrusive Test.” ©1978 by Academic Press, Inc.
Participants were observed performing an easy task (such as putting on
their shoes) and a difficult task (such as putting on a back-tying lab coat). 14

Which choice provides the best evidence for the answer to the
11 previous question?
The main purpose of the passage is to A. lines 15-18 (“Triplett . . . study”)
A. assert that the majority of people learn more effectively in a B. lines 19-20 (“Triplett . . . 1897”)
group than they do alone. C. lines 22-24 (“The task . . . experiment”)
B. present the contradictory results of two studies about learning D. lines 24-27 (“They . . . others”)
that have each been considered groundbreaking.
C. show how various experiments helped establish and refine the
understanding of an audience’s effect on performance.
D. chronicle the historical development of competing theories of
social interaction.

5 CONTINUE
 1 1
15 18

As presented in the passage, Triplett would most likely agree The author uses the terms “athletic cockroaches,” “roach
that human beings spectators,” and “cockroach athletes” in the last paragraph of the
A. are capable of ultimately mastering almost any task with passage most likely to
which they are presented. A. call attention to the similarity of the two experiments
B. exhibit a general tendency to avoid attempting difficult tasks described.
when they are alone. B. stress the skepticism with which the author views the design
C. have a strong desire to cooperate with other members of a of the experiment.
group. C. create a casual tone that offsets the seriousness of the work Line
D. possess abilities that they are not always able to exploit. being done.
D. reinforce the idea that the observed cockroach behavior is
16 comparable to that of humans.

Which choice provides the best evidence for the answer to the 5
previous question? 19

A. lines 7-8 (“In dozens . . . bikes”) According to the graph, how long did it take participants, on
B. lines 27-29 (“He concluded . . . alone”) average, to perform an easy task when they were alone?
C. lines 30-32 (“Science . . . century”) A. More than 10 seconds but less than 15 seconds
D. lines 32-34 (“While . . . inhibition”) B. More than 15 seconds but less than 20 seconds 10
C. More than 20 seconds but less than 25 seconds
17 D. More than 25 seconds but less than 30 seconds

Based on the passage, which choice best describes what

happened when the cockroaches in Zajonc’s experiment 20

attempted to complete the complex maze in front of a cockroach Information about which of the following is presented in the 15

audience? graph but NOT discussed in the passage?

A. The cockroaches became less hesitant in making choices than A. The time needed to complete tasks
they had been without an audience. B. Difficult tasks
B. The cockroaches completed the maze more slowly than they C. Tasks performed alone
had without an audience. D. An inattentive audience 20

C.The cockroaches in the maze appeared to communicate directly

with the audience.
D. The cockroaches sought out the simpler task instead of the
complex maze.
25

30

6 CONTINUE
 2 2
Reading: Question 21
Questions 21-31 are based on the following passages.

Passage 1 is adapted from Christine Dell’Amore, “Why Do Zebras Have Stripes? New Study Offers Strong Evidence.” ©2014 by
National Geographic Society. Passage 2 is adapted from Laura Poppick, “Why Do Zebras Have Stripes? It’s Not for Camouflage.” ©2015 by
Purch.

Line Passage 1 Angeles, who studies stripes in plains zebras, said the new
The question of why zebras have stripes has puzzled study’s approach is “broad brush,” and that more specific
scientists—including Darwin—for over a century, leading to five 35 research may be needed.
main hypotheses: that the stripes repel insects, provide That’s why “the story is likely to be much more complex, and
5 camouflage, confuse predators, reduce body temperature, or this is unlikely to be the last word on the subject,” said Larison.
help the animals interact socially. Passage 2
For the first time, scientists played all of these theories Researchers based at the University of California, Los
against each other in a statistical model—and the result was 40 Angeles (UCLA) have produced one of the most comprehensive
pretty much, well, black and white. zebra stripe studies yet by examining how 29 different
10 “We found again and again and again [that] the only factor environmental variables influence the stripe styles of plains
which is highly associated with striping is to ban biting flies,” zebras at 16 different sites from south to central Africa.
said study leader Tim Caro, a biologist at the University of The scientists found that the definition of stripes along a
California, Davis. 45 zebra’s back most closely correlated with temperature and
For the study, Caro and colleagues collected data from a vast precipitation in a zebra’s environment, and did not correlate with
15 range of sources, including museum collections and historical the prevalence of lions or tsetse flies in the region. These
maps. findings suggest that torso stripes may do more to help zebras
First, the team looked at variations in striping patterns regulate their body temperature than to avoid predators and
across the seven living species of the equid group—which 50 tsetse flies.
includes horses, asses, and zebras—and their 20 subspecies. “This wall we kept hitting up against was, ‘Well, why do zebra
20 Most have some sort of striping somewhere on their bodies. have to have stripes for predation? Other animals have
They also noted where the stripes occurred on the body—for predators, and they don’t have stripes,’” said study co-author
instance, the face, belly, or rump. Brenda Larison. “And other animals get bitten by flies, and they
The team then mapped where current and extinct equid 55 don’t have stripes, either.”
species live, where biting flies are found, the ranges of predators Other animals also need to regulate body temperature, or
25 like lions and hyenas, distribution of forests, and other thermoregulate, Larison pointed out, but zebras may especially
environmental factors that could influence the evolution of benefit from an extra cooling system because they digest food
stripes. The data was then entered into a statistical model to much less efficiently than other grazers in Africa. As such,
find out which variable best explains striping. 60 zebras need to spend longer periods of time out in the heat of
The results showed that the range of striped species overlaps the midday sun, eating more food.
30 with where biting flies are most active—regardless of species The team found that the plains zebras with the most-defined
and where the stripes occur on the body, according to the study. torso stripes generally lived in the Northern, equatorial region of
Brenda Larison, a biologist at the University of California, Los their range, whereas those with less-defined torso stripes were

7 CONTINUE
 1 1
65 more common in the Southern, cooler regions of the range—a 23
finding that supports the thermoregulation explanation. According to Larison in Passage 2, the reason stripes are
Still, the researchers have not experimentally tested the particularly beneficial to zebras is probably because zebras
theory that black and white stripes may generate small-scale A. endure greater exposure to the midday sun than other
breezes over a zebra’s body, and some researchers don’t think grazers do.
70 stripes can actually create this effect. B. cannot escape predators as easily as other grazers in hot
“I don’t think that you would want to have a lot of black hairs regions can.
along the top of your back if you wanted to try to keep cool,” said C. live in hot, dry climates that lack an adequate food supply for
Tim Caro, a professor of wildlife biology at the University of most grazers.
California, Davis, who studies zebra stripes but was not involved D. defend themselves more poorly against predator attacks than
75 in the new study. “It’s kind of the last color that you would want.” other grazers do.
Caro said regions with warmer, wetter climates are
particularly susceptible to several species of disease-carrying 24
flies other than the tsetse flies that the team considered in their
In Passage 2, the fourth paragraph (jump to lines 56-61) mainly
study, and that the relationship the researchers found may
serves to
80 actually be a function of fly avoidance, not thermoregulation.
A. note a distinction between zebras and other animals with
stripes.
21
B. suggest that a weakness in zebra physiology might be
Which choice best supports the idea that Caro’s team’s study may mitigated by stripes.
be relevant to animals other than zebras? C. imply that Caro’s research is based on a false premise about
A. lines 2-6 (“The question . . . socially”) zebras’ grazing behavior.
B. lines 10-13 (“We found . . . Davis”) D. describe differences between zebras in warm climates and
C. lines 14-16 (“For . . . maps”) those in cool climates.
D. lines 29-31 (“The results . . . study”)

25
22
Passage 2 implies that Larison’s team’s study falls short of being
In describing the new study’s approach as “broad brush” (jump definitive because Larison
toline 34), Larison suggests that the study A. disregarded facts that did not support her conclusions.
A. produced results that are relevant to an array of scientific B. used research methods that have not proved effective.
disciplines. C. did not build on the achievements of prior research on the
B. revealed that further research will require a specialized focus. subject.
C. raised theoretical questions that proved unanswerable. D. has yet to confirm a key assumption made in the study.
D. collected far more data than could be analyzed properly.

8 CONTINUE
 2 2
26 29

Which choice provides the best evidence for the answer to the The primary purpose of both passages is to consider studies that
previous question? A. describe the process by which stripes became widespread
A. lines 44-47 (“The scientists . . . region”) among zebra species.
B. lines 47-50 (“These . . . flies”) B. dispute a common misconception regarding zebras’ stripes.
C. lines 62-66 (“The team . . . explanation”) C. explore the likely benefit that zebras derive from their stripes.
D. lines 67-70 (“Still . . . effect”) D. compare zebras’ stripes to coloration in other animal species.

27 30

Based on Passage 2, Caro would most likely agree with which Based on the description of Caro’s study in Passage 1 and that of
of the following statements about coloration patterns containing Larison’s study in Passage 2, with which claim regarding zebras
black stripes? would both researchers most likely agree?
A. They have an unknown genetic basis. A. Stripes in zebras are used primarily for a different purpose
B. They might hinder thermoregulation in animals. than to provide camouflage.
C. They occur in nature very rarely. B. The role of stripes in zebras remains as elusive today as in
D. They are aesthetically unappealing. the past.
C. The evolution of stripes in zebras is in direct response to
28 predation.

In Passage 2, the phrase “particularly susceptible” (jump to line D. The geographic locations in which zebras live do not influence

77) mainly serves to stripe patterns.

A. point out a flaw in Larison’s conception of zebras’ geographic

range. 31

B. emphasize the abundance of pests where some zebras live. In the passages, Caro and Larison defend their conclusions by
C. highlight the challenges the terrain presents to zebras in relying on
avoiding predators. A. several experiments that simulate conditions in nature.
D. imply that the heat of their environment affects zebras more B. field observations over the course of several months.
negatively than it does other grazers. C. data collected from various museums and maps.
D. observed correlations among multiple variables.

9 CONTINUE
 1 1
Reading: Question 32
Questions 32-42 are based on the following passage.

This passage is from Charles Dickens, American Notes for General Circulation. Originally published in 1842. After spending six
months traveling in North America, British novelist Charles Dickens wrote an account of his travels and of the people he encountered.

Line But I may be pardoned, if on such a theme as the general every transaction of public life. By repelling worthy men from
character of the American people, and the general character of your legislative assemblies, it has bred up a class of candidates
their social system, as presented to a stranger’s eyes, I desire to 35 for the suffrage, who, in their very act, disgrace your Institutions
express my own opinions in a few words, before I bring these and your people’s choice. It has rendered you so fickle, and so
5 volumes to a close. given to change, that your inconstancy has passed into a
They are, by nature, frank, brave, cordial, hospitable, and proverb; for you no sooner set up an idol firmly, than you are
affectionate. Cultivation and refinement seem but to enhance sure to pull it down and dash it into fragments: and this, because
their warmth of heart and ardent enthusiasm; and it is the 40 directly you reward a benefactor, or a public servant, you
possession of these latter qualities in a most remarkable degree, distrust him, merely because he is rewarded; and immediately
10 which renders an educated American one of the most endearing apply yourselves to find out, either that you have been too
and most generous of friends. I never was so won upon, as by bountiful in your acknowledgments, or he remiss in his deserts.
this class; never yielded up my full confidence and esteem so Any man who attains a high place among you, from the
readily and pleasurably, as to them; never can make again, in 45 President downwards, may date his downfall from that moment;
half a year, so many friends for whom I seem to entertain the for any printed lie that any notorious villain pens, although it
15 regard of half a life. militate directly against the character and conduct of a life,
These qualities are natural, I implicitly believe, to the whole appeals at once to your distrust, and is believed. You will strain
people. That they are, however, sadly sapped and blighted in at a gnat in the way of trustfulness and confidence, however
their growth among the mass; and that there are influences at 50 fairly won and well deserved; but you will swallow a whole
work which endanger them still more, and give but little present caravan of camels, if they be laden with unworthy doubts and
20 promise of their healthy restoration; is a truth that ought to be mean suspicions. Is this well, think you, or likely to elevate the
told. character of the governors or the governed, among you?’
1
It is an essential part of every national character to pique The answer is invariably the same: ‘There’s freedom of
itself mightily upon its faults, and to deduce tokens of its virtue 55 opinion here, you know. Every man thinks for himself, and we
or its wisdom from their very exaggeration. One great blemish in are not to be easily overreached. That’s how our people come to be
25 the popular mind of America, and the prolific parent of an suspicious.’
innumerable brood of evils, is Universal Distrust. Yet the 1
Take pride in
American citizen plumes2 himself upon this spirit, even when he 2
Indulges with self-satisfaction
is sufficiently dispassionate to perceive the ruin it works; and will
often adduce it, in spite of his own reason, as an instance of the
30 great sagacity and acuteness of the people, and their superior
shrewdness and independence.
‘You carry,’ says the stranger, ‘this jealousy and distrust into

10 CONTINUE
 2 2
32 35

One central idea of the passage is that Americans’ Which choice provides the best evidence for the idea that
A. wariness of their elected representatives has led to poor Americans too readily accept unfounded criticism of their
judgment on the part of citizens and to inferior candidates elected leaders?
for public office. A. lines 6-11 (“They . . . friends”)
B. distrust of both their fellow citizens and foreigners means B. lines 11-15 (“I never . . . life”)
that Americans will remain insular and unrefined. C. lines 44-48 (“Any . . . believed”)
C. perceptiveness and independence have enabled Americans D. lines 52-53 (“Is this . . . you”)
to be astute judges of their elected officials.
D. suspiciousness of their politicians has undermined the 36
government and contributed to widespread instability. As used in jump to line 15, “regard” most nearly means
A. care.
33 B. motive.
Over the course of the passage, Dickens’s main focus shifts C. appreciation.
from D. aspect.
A. defending Americans against the charge of being
uncultivated to conceding that Americans would benefit 37
from being more refined. Dickens suggests that the tendency toward suspicion
B. describing particular kindnesses shown to him by exhibited by many Americans is especially problematic
Americans to questioning why Americans are so because it
suspicious of their own countrymen. A. causes people to be distrustful of their neighbors and
C. discussing the tendency of nations to take pride in their acquaintances.
flaws to recommending that Americans view themselves B. emboldens people to challenge each other’s judgments.
more critically. C. invites people to act with too great a degree of
D. praising admirable qualities identified with Americans to independence.
expressing concern about certain objectionable American D. encourages people to act against their best interests.
traits.

38
34
As used in jump to line 29, “reason” most nearly means
As used in line 2 and line 3, “character” most nearly means A. judgment.
A. symbol. B. explanation.
B. rank. C. cause.
C. nature. D. defense.
D. portrayal.

11 CONTINUE
 1 1
39 41

Dickens most likely adopts the point of view of “the stranger” Which choice provides the best evidence for the answer to the
(jump to line 32) in order to previous question?
A. expose harsh criticisms of Americans that he believes to be A. lines 33-36 (“By repelling . . . choice”)
unfounded. B. lines 36-38 (“It has . . . proverb”)
B. dramatize a strong view of a certain American intellectual C. line 40 (“directly . . . rewarded”)
tendency in an imaginary conversation. D. lines 48-52 (“You will . . . suspicions”)
C. articulate a view of Americans that he previously held and
has since abandoned. 42 Line
D. report on a conversation that he had with a particular According to the passage, Americans quickly turn against the
American citizen. elected leaders they had recently idolized because Americans
A. are suspicious that anyone who is elected might not be
40 worthy of the honor. 5
In the passage, Dickens implies that American political B. have learned from experience that elected representatives
leaders are often are likely to be corrupt.
A. unresponsive to their constituents. C. know that elected officials abandon their political platforms
B. undeserving of the positions they hold. soon after being elected.
C. too changeable in their judgments. D. distrust the political institutions that are the foundation of 10
D. well positioned to wield their authority. the American government.

15

20

25

30

12 CONTINUE
 2 2
Reading: Question 43
Questions 43-52 are based on the following passage and supplementary material.

This passage is adapted from Kelly Servick, “Gut Bugs May Boost Flu Shot’s Effects.” ©2014 by American Association for the
Advancement of Science.

Line Every year, some unlucky people get the flu even though that had spent 4 weeks drinking water laced with antibiotics to
they’ve had their seasonal shot. One reason, according to a new obliterate most of their microbiome.
study, might be their gut bacteria. Researchers have shown that, 35 Seven days after vaccination, all three groups showed
at least in mice, a strong immune response to the flu vaccine significantly reduced concentrations of vaccine-specific
5 relies in part on signals from intestinal microbes. The findings antibodies in their blood compared with vaccinated control mice.
could help explain variation in the response to the vaccine and The reduction was less marked by day 28, as blood antibody
suggest ways to maximize its effectiveness. levels appeared to rebound. But when the researchers observed
The new evidence came out of a curious observation that 40 the mice lacking Tlr5 on the 85th day after vaccination, their
researchers revealed in a 2011 paper. Bali Pulendran, an antibodies seemed to have dipped again, suggesting that
10 immunologist at Emory University in Atlanta, and colleagues without this bacterial signaling, the effects of the flu vaccine
were looking for genetic signatures in the blood of people wane more quickly.
injected with the trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine—a The researchers saw similar results when they gave mice a
mixture of three flu strains. They wanted to know whether the 45 polio vaccine, which, like the flu shot, uses an inactivated virus
expression of specific genes in the immune system’s white blood and doesn’t contain so-called adjuvants—additives that boost
15 cells correlated with the amount of vaccine-specific antibodies in the body’s immune response. Pulendran and colleagues suggest
the blood—which indicates how strongly a person’s immune that these weaker, adjuvant-lacking vaccines rely more heavily
system responds to the shot, and how much protection that on bacterial signaling. (They didn’t see the same results with the
person will gain against future infections. In a long list of genes 50 live virus in the yellow fever vaccine, for example.)
associated with strong vaccine response, the researchers found No specific type of bacteria seemed more important than
20 an unexpected one: the gene that codes for a protein called toll- another in prompting the vaccine response. But further
like receptor 5 (TLR5). experiments showed a major role for macrophages—immune
“We thought this must just be a coincidence,” Pulendran says. cells that display pieces of the virus to activate B cells and that
TLR5 is a sensor of flagellin, a protein that makes up the 55 can also recognize flagellin. Pulendran’s favored explanation is
appendages of bacteria. Why would a receptor that interacts that flagellin manages to break through the lining of the
25 with bacteria in the gut have anything to do with the body’s intestines to circulate in the body and activate B cells and
response to a virus injected into muscle? Maybe, the group macrophages, amping up antibody production. But where and
thought, B cells—the white blood cells that produce antibodies— how the interaction happens “is a huge mystery,” he says. “We
receive a signal from bacteria that boosts their activity. 60 don’t have the full answer.”
To explore that possibility, the researchers designed a new
30 study using mice. They gave the flu vaccine to three different
groups: mice genetically engineered to lack the gene for TLR5,
germ-free mice with no microorganisms in their bodies, and mice

13 CONTINUE
 1 1
Figure 1 43

The primary purpose of the passage is to

A. discuss research on a factor that influences vaccine
effectiveness.
B. describe how vaccines are tested for safety and efficacy.
C. present a study of the role of bacteria in causing illness.
D. analyze the genetic components of the flu virus.

44

In the second paragraph (jump to lines 8-21), the author uses

the words “curious” and “unexpected” primarily to suggest that
Pulendran and his colleagues
A. did not anticipate that the gene coding for TLR5 would be so
Figure 2 widespread in the people who received the trivalent vaccine.
B. assumed that the gene coding for TLR5 would not be found
in any of the people with weak immune responses to the
trivalent vaccine.
C. were surprised to find a link between the expression of the
gene coding for TLR5 and relatively high counts of trivalent
vaccine-specific antibodies.
D. had previously overlooked the connection between the
gene coding for TLR5 and changes in white blood cells in
response to the trivalent vaccine.

45

Which statement regarding subjects who had strong immune

responses to the trivalent vaccine can be most reasonably
inferred from the passage?
A. They demonstrated higher white blood cell counts in
Figures adapted from Jason Z. Oh et al., “TLR5-Mediated
response to the trivalent vaccine than in response to other
Sensing of Gut Microbiota Is Necessary for Antibody Responses
vaccines.
to Seasonal Influenza Vaccination.” ©2014 by Elsevier Inc.
B. They had a similar pattern of gene expression that was not
found in subjects with weak responses to the vaccine.
C. They showed immunity to flu strains other than those for
which the trivalent vaccine was intended.
D. They possessed some types of intestinal bacteria that
previously had been observed only in mice.

14 CONTINUE
 2 2
46 48

Which choice provides the best evidence for the answer to the The main purpose of the last paragraph is to
previous question? A. question the overall importance of the vaccine response in
A. jump to lines 3-5 (“Researchers . . . microbes”) light of new discoveries.
B. jump to lines 9-13 (“Bali . . . strains”) B. suggest that the researchers who studied the vaccine
C. jump to lines 18-21 (“In a . . . TLR5”) response were uncertain about their data.
D. jump to lines 23-24 (“TLR5 . . . bacteria”) C. emphasize the fact that further research into the nature of
the vaccine response is necessary.
47 D. urge other scientists to consider furthering the existing

According to the passage, which statement best explains the work regarding the vaccine response.

hypothesis that Pulendran’s group tested in their experiment

with mice? 49

A. B cells must receive signals from intestinal bacteria to As used in jump to line 52, “prompting” most nearly means
begin producing vaccine-specific antibodies. A. inciting.
B. Vaccines containing active viruses must be accompanied by B. suggesting.
adjuvants to generate a strong immune response. C. shortening.
C. The effectiveness of vaccines at stimulating flagellin D. refreshing.
activity depends on the presence of the gene that codes for
TLR5. 50
D. The strength of the immune response following vaccination According to figure 1, the relative concentration of vaccine-
is related to the white blood cells’ detection of signals from specific antibodies in the germ-free mice 7 days after
intestinal bacteria. vaccination was closest to which value?
A. 0.20
B. 0.80
C. 1.00
D. 1.20

15 CONTINUE
 1 1
51 52

Figure 2 supports which statement about the relative Based on the passage and figures 1 and 2, how would the
concentrations of vaccine-specific antibodies in control mice bars in figure 1 most likely change if they focused on the
and in mice without Tlr5? concentration of vaccine-specific antibodies 14 days after
A. They increased between 7 and 28 days after vaccination. vaccination?
B. They reached their highest points 85 days after A. The bar for the mice without Tlr5 would be lower.
vaccination. B. The bar for the mice given antibiotics would be higher
C. They began to decrease 28 days after vaccination. than the bar for the control mice.
D. They returned to their lowest levels 85 days after C. The bar for the control mice only would be higher.
vaccination. D. The bars for all four groups of mice would be higher.

STOP
If you finish before time is called, you may check your work on this section
only
Do not turn to any other section.

16
 2 2
Writing and Language: Question 1
Questions 1-11 are based on the following passage.

Agriculture Grows Up 1
[1]Current agricultural practices will not be able to To make this paragraph most logical, sentence 5 should be
meet the needs of the world’s growing population, which placed
is expected to rise to 9.6 billion by the year 2050. [2] The A. where it is now.
amounts of arable land, water, and fossil fuels necessary B. after sentence 1.
to feed so many people using conventional agricultural C. after sentence 2.
methods are simply too great. [3] Vertical farms maximize D. after sentence 3.
available space by stacking plant racks on top of each
other inside skyscrapers and by growing crops year-round, 2
regardless of weather conditions. [4] This method of farming
A. NO CHANGE
increases crop production per square meter, yielding much
B. it’s
more food than does a traditional farming method employed
C. there
on an equivalent area of land. [5] One creative alternative is
D. their
vertical farming: growing crops arranged vertically inside
tall buildings rather than spread horizontally on land.
3
1 Conventional agriculture uses 70 percent of the world’s
A. NO CHANGE
available drinking water for irrigation, while vertical farming
B. farms using traditional methods.
techniques are much more efficient in 2 its use of water.
C. traditional farmers.
Using drip irrigation to water the roots of plants directly
D. traditional farms.
rather than irrigating the soil around the plants, vertical
farmers use less water than do 3 traditional places like
4
farms. Other water-efficient methods available to vertical
Should the writer make this addition here?
farmers are hydroponics (suspending plants in troughs
A. Yes, because it presents a claim that is countered later in
of circulating nutrient-enriched water) and aeroponics
the passage.
(irrigating plants with only water vapor and nutrients). 4
B. Yes, because it gives an example that supports the main
point of the paragraph.
C. No, because it distracts from the focus of the paragraph
by adding irrelevant information.
D. No, because it contradicts a point made earlier in the
paragraph.

17 CONTINUE
 2 2
Because their indoor facilities can be placed anywhere 5
there is 5 sufficient light and energy, vertical farms can A. NO CHANGE
be located where they 6 had been most needed: in cities. B. just about enough
Establishing farms in cities not only provides residents C. an unobjectionable amount of
with fresh produce 7 but also reduces the fossil fuel D. a plenitude of essential
consumed during shipping. Salad greens from the Chicago-
based company FarmedHere, for example, are sold within 6
a few miles of the vertical farm where they are harvested.
A. NO CHANGE
By contrast, most lettuce consumed in Chicago must be
B. were
transported over 1,000 miles by truck before it is eaten.
C. are
D. are being

A. NO CHANGE
B. and also reduces
C. as it also reduces
D. while also reducing

18 CONTINUE
 2 2
Despite the advantages of vertical farming, it can be 8
difficult to construct buildings that let in enough sunlight Which choice most effectively sets up the next sentence in
for crops to grow, and 8 the energy needed to supplement the paragraph?
or replace sunlight with artificial light can be prohibitively A. NO CHANGE
expensive. However, preliminary experiments with low-cost B. the air quality inside the buildings differs according to
LED lights have been promising, showing that farming with location.
artificial light can be feasible on a 9 large and great scale. C. the architect would likely need some knowledge of
More experiments are necessary to demonstrate the viability vertical farming.
of vertical farms, which Dickson 10 Despommier professor D. cities that are already populous may not have room for
of, public health and environmental health sciences at more buildings.
Columbia University, believes could make cities nearly self-
sufficient food producers. Still, as demand for agricultural 9
produce continues to increase, 11 vertical-farming
A. NO CHANGE
advocates will likely encourage consumers to patronize local
B. large
businesses, including vertical farms.
C. large, extensive
D. large and also extensive

10

A. NO CHANGE
B. Despommier, professor of
C. Despommier professor, of
D. Despommier professor of

11

The writer wants a conclusion that restates the main idea of

the passage. Which choice best accomplishes this goal?
A. NO CHANGE
B. vertical-farming advocates seek additional ways to allow
sunlight into city buildings so the plants can grow.
C. researchers are continuing to investigate the feasibility of
using low-cost LED lights in vertical farming.
D. vertical farming and similar efforts to meet the world’s
nutritional needs can only become more important.

19 CONTINUE
 2 2
Writing and Language: Question 12
Questions 12-22 are based on the following passage.

A Singer Finds Her Voice 12

In the spring of 1963, African Americans across A. NO CHANGE
the United States learned that the civil rights leader B. writers; and
Martin Luther King Jr. had been arrested at a nonviolent C. writers and,
demonstration protesting racial segregation in Alabama. As D. writers, and
King worked on his historic “Letter from Birmingham Jail,”
many African American musicians, 12 writers, and, other 13
artists looked for ways to use their skills to 13 increase the
A. NO CHANGE
cause of civil rights. One such artist, celebrated singer Nina
B. enlarge
14 Simone; became a strong public voice for the movement,
C. advance
15 having studied classical music at the Juilliard School in
D. elaborate
New York City.

14

A. NO CHANGE
B. Simone—
C. Simone,
D. Simone

15

The writer wants to introduce one of the passage’s important

ideas. Which choice best accomplishes this goal?
A. NO CHANGE
B. even though she hesitated at first to take a prominent role.
C. although her early musical work was in jazz and cabaret.
D. an unsurprising turn of events for such a talented singer.

20 CONTINUE
 2 2
Simone’s friend, the dramatist Lorraine Hansberry, 16
had recently brought national attention to racial inequality A. NO CHANGE
through her play A Raisin in the Sun. Hansberry was B. Regardless,
passionate about inspiring her fellow artists to be more C. On the contrary,
outspoken in support of civil rights. 16 However, she D. DELETE the underlined portion and capitalize the next
pointedly asked Simone 17 what she was doing for the word.
movement while its most visible leader sat in a jail cell.
Although Simone was an avid supporter, she said she did not 17
see herself in a leadership role.
A. NO CHANGE
Simone’s unease about playing a more vocal part in the
B. was she doing anything for the movement while its most
movement 18 were based largely on her misgivings about
visible leader sat in a jail cell.
mixing politics with popular music. She thought that a three-
C. whether she was doing anything for the movement while
minute song was too brief to adequately convey a nuanced
its most visible leader sat in a jail cell?
political message. 19 Moreover, it seemed to her that
D. what she was doing for the movement while its most
popular music, typically intended for light entertainment,
visible leader sat in a jail cell?
did not provide the dignity the subject matter deserved. She
feared that noble ideals would be cheapened if expressed
18
to the tune of a pop song. Hansberry, however, urged her to
A. NO CHANGE
reconsider.
B. are
C. have been
D. was

19

The writer is considering deleting the underlined sentence.

Should the sentence be kept or deleted?
A. Kept, because it elaborates on a key term that is used in
the paragraph.
B. Kept, because it adds an additional detail that supports the
main point of the paragraph.
C. Deleted, because it distracts from the paragraph’s
discussion by introducing irrelevant information.
D. Deleted, because it merely repeats information that is
found earlier in the passage.

21 CONTINUE
 2 2
Only a few months after King’s arrest, the backlash 20
against civil rights activists intensified. News of violent Which choice most effectively combines the sentences at the
acts carried out against civil rights demonstrators and even underlined portion?
bystanders shocked the public. The 20 events dismayed A. events so dismayed Simone that in 1964 she wrote and
Simone. In 1964 she wrote and performed her first protest performed
song to express her anguish. Other such songs followed. B. events dismayed Simone; in 1964 Simone wrote and
Simone decided that Hansberry had been right—the stage performed
and the airwaves could be used to promote the struggle for C. events, to her dismay, caused her in 1964 to write and
civil rights and 21 have denounced discrimination and perform
violence. D. events, dismaying her, caused her in 1964 to write and
In 1965, at the age of 34, Hansberry died. In 1970, perform
Simone composed a political anthem and named it after a
play based on Hansberry’s work: “To Be Young, Gifted, 21
and Black.” The song was a heartfelt tribute to the artist
A. NO CHANGE
and activist who had inspired Simone’s own political
B. denounce
development. 22
C. denouncing
D. will denounce

22

The writer wants a conclusion that emphasizes how Simone

sought to motivate members of her audience to take political
action of their own. Which choice best accomplishes this
goal?
A. For Simone, the meaning of the song was more important
than the melody or the complexity of the lyrics—she just
wanted to reach people with her message.
B. In a fitting turn, Simone encouraged listeners to recognize
their abilities and dedicate them to the cause of civil
rights, just as Hansberry had done for her.
C. Simone eventually left the United States, but she
continued to produce music that made her a worldwide
phenomenon.
D. Simone was invited to New York City in 1971 to receive
a commendation.

22 CONTINUE
 2 2
Writing and Language: Question 23
Questions 23-33 are based on the following passage and supplementary material.

The Inner Workings of Work 23

23 A specialist within the field of psychology, A. NO CHANGE
industrial/organizational (I/O) psychologists are hired by B. Specialists within the field
companies to apply psychological principles and research C. Being a specialist within the field
methods to the workplace. With the goal of improving D. Those that are specialists within the fields
workplace culture and organization, I/O psychologists study
many elements of a company, such as hiring processes, 24
training, and employee work habits, and help implement
A. NO CHANGE
changes to improve them. Though hiring an I/O psychologist
B. maybe weary
is an expense a company 24 maybe wary of taking on, it
C. may be wary
pays off: an investment in the expert guidance of an I/O
D. may be weary
psychologist can yield process improvements, increased job
satisfaction among employees, and cost savings.
25
I/O psychologists strive to promote productivity and
A. NO CHANGE
cooperation among employees. Eduardo Salas, an I/O
B. dynamics among astronauts and the variables
psychologist at the Institute for Simulation and Training at
C. dynamic’s among astronauts and the variables
the University of Central Florida, consults with organizations
D. dynamics among astronauts and the variable’s
to study how employees interact with each other and respond
to challenges. For example, he has worked with NASA
26
to study team 25 dynamic’s among astronauts and the
A. NO CHANGE
variable’s inherent in the isolated and 26 dicey environment
B. dodgy
of outer space. “It is usually context specific,” Salas says of
C. chancy
his team-training strategy. So, when working with NASA,
D. hazardous
his goal was to provide recommendations that would keep
astronauts safe and productive.

23 CONTINUE
 2 2
27 Survey results can be an effective means of 27
gauging the effectiveness of I/O psychologists. A company’s Which choice provides the best introduction to the main idea
success depends largely on worker of the paragraph?
28 morale; a 2010 Gallup study, found that productivity lost A. NO CHANGE
by unhappy, disengaged workers costs companies $28,000 B. Employee productivity can be affected by a variety of
per person annually. 29 To minimize such losses, some I/O factors.
psychologists research ways to make employees feel valued C. I/O psychologists can also improve workplaces by
and engaged. For example, they may design training courses focusing on employee satisfaction.
to help employees learn new skills or advance to leadership D. In addition to making recommendations, I/O
positions. psychologists can suggest effective ways of implementing
them.

28

A. NO CHANGE
B. morale—a 2010 Gallup study,
C. morale, a 2010 Gallup study,
D. morale: a 2010 Gallup study

29

Which choice provides the best transition from the previous

sentence?
A. NO CHANGE
B. Despite that study,
C. Although workers are often disengaged,
D. Since productivity can vary,

24 CONTINUE
 2 2
A 2014 survey of the 500 fastest-growing private 30
companies in the US found that more than half are A. NO CHANGE
looking for innovative ways to attract and retain high- B. insights
performing employees. To meet these needs, companies are C. perceptiveness
increasingly turning to the 30 intuitions provided by I/O D. discernment
psychology. The US Bureau of Labor Statistics reports that
I/O psychology is still a relatively small field: 31 the total 31
number of psychologists is expected to increase 12 percent
Which choice best illustrates the claim made earlier in the
from 2012 to 2022. However, I/O psychology is one of the
sentence with information from the table?
fastest-growing fields in the country, expected to grow 32
A. NO CHANGE
to 178,900 employees between 2012 and 2022.
B. there will be almost 1,000 more jobs in I/O psychology
by 2022.
Employment Projections for Psychologists, 2012–2022
C. there were only about 1,600 I/O psychologists in 2012.
Percent
2022 D. the total number of psychologists in 2022 is projected to
Occupational 2012 increase,
projected
title employment 2012–2022 be 178,900.
employment
(projected)
Clinical,
32
counseling,
145,100 161,500 11%
and school Which choice provides accurate information from the table
psychologists
to support the point made in the sentence?
Industrial/
organizational 1,600 2,500 56% A. NO CHANGE
psychologists B. 11 percent
Other C. 56 percent
14,900 10%
psychologists 13,500
D. from 13,500 to 14,900 employees
Total
178,900 12%
psychologists 160,200
33
Adapted from US Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics,
Employment Projections, 2014. A. NO CHANGE

Though companies must spend money to hire I/O 33 B. psychologists; while

psychologists, but doing so is a worthwhile investment. C. psychologists; however,

Businesses can hire I/O psychologists full-time or contract D. psychologists,

with them on a short-term basis to solve specific problems.

More than just benefiting a company’s bottom line, I/O
psychologists can help people feel valued and engaged at
work, and that results in jobs well done.

25 CONTINUE
 2 2
Writing and Language: Question 34
Questions 34-44 are based on the following passage and supplementary material.

The Road to Recovery 34

The Endangered Species Act (ESA) requires the A. NO CHANGE
US government to identify and protect plant and animal B. conservationists’ have identified hundreds
species that are in danger of extinction. While the ESA C. conservationist’s have identified hundreds’
helps to preserve species classified as endangered, 34 D. conservationists have identified hundreds’
conservationists have identified hundreds of at-risk species
that do not appear on the government’s endangered species 35
list. A species that may require protection under the ESA
A. NO CHANGE
must first be vetted via a complicated and time-consuming
B. guarantee by ensuring
process. Since the ESA’s implementation in 1973, 10
C. ensure the certainty
percent of all species that were candidates for inclusion on
D. ensure
the list have disappeared. If the ESA is to fulfill its task of
preserving biological diversity, it must reform its procedures
to 35 ensure and guarantee that the list accurately reflects
the number of at-risk species in existence.

26 CONTINUE
 2 2
The ESA considers a species endangered if it is 36
“in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant Which choice best introduces the topic of this sentence?
portion of its range.” Many critics of the act argue that A. NO CHANGE
this ambiguous terminology hinders species from being B. Although there is disagreement about the terms that
classified as endangered. 36 Some critics also worry that should be used,
the ESA could have negative economic impacts, so scientists C. Critics do not always have suggestions about how the
and government officials must define it for themselves, ESA might be improved;
and they often 37 reach for different conclusions. A more D. Because the act does not explain the meaning of “a
objective approach would be to define the term “endangered” significant portion,”
as the probability of a species becoming extinct within
a set number of years. While scientists may debate the 37
methods used to calculate this probability of extinction, 38
A. NO CHANGE
therefore, the set number of years would need to be defined,
B. reach
conservationists could identify at-risk species using this
C. reach toward
standard of measurement.
D. have an outreach of

38

A. NO CHANGE
B. and
C. even so,
D. DELETE the underlined portion.

27 CONTINUE
 2 2
The ESA’s criteria would also benefit from 39
39 tighter restrictions. The act uses only two categories Which choice best introduces the discussion in the rest of the
to classify at-risk 40 species. These two categories are paragraph?
“endangered”—likely to go extinct—and “threatened”— A. NO CHANGE
likely to become endangered in the near future. By contrast, B. clearer definitions of key terms.
the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), C. stronger oversight.
a private environmental 41 group acknowledges a broader D. being more inclusive.
range of species vulnerability by using three categories for
at-risk species in the wild: critically endangered, endangered, 40
and vulnerable. A comparison of animals classified by the
Which choice most effectively combines the sentences at the
ESA and the IUCN 42 reveal that the 43 IUCN lists a total
underlined portion?
of 642 at-risk species.
A. species:
B. species; respectively, the two are
C. species, these being
D. species: they are

41

A. NO CHANGE
B. group;
C. group—
D. group,

42

A. NO CHANGE
B. revealing
C. reveals
D. have revealed

43

Which information from the table provides the strongest

evidence in support of the passage’s main argument?
A. NO CHANGE
B. ESA fails to recognize 82.7 percent of the species listed
as at-risk by the IUCN.
C. ESA fails to recognize 80.0 percent of the amphibian
species listed by the IUCN as at-risk.
D. IUCN includes six classes of animals in its classifications
of at-risk animal populations.

28
2 2
Noninclusion of IUCN At-Risk Species 44
by the US Endangered Species Act Which choice best introduces the argument made in the final
Total Total Percent sentence of the paragraph?
IUCN-listed unrecognized unrecognized A. NO CHANGE
species by ESA by ESA
B. please conservationists more than any other strategy;
Amphibians 55 44 80.0%
Birds 62 25 40.3% C. be subject to further revision;
Mammals 36 18 50.0% D. constitute a model for other nations grappling with
Gastropods 195 176 90.3% environmental perils;
Insects 105 100 95.2%
Crustaceans 189 168 88.9%
Total 642 531 82.7%

Adapted from J. Berton C. Harris et al., “Conserving Imperiled Species:

A Comparison of the IUCN Red List and US Endangered Species Act.”
©2011 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

The US government could improve the scope of its

conservation efforts by recognizing more degrees of risk
and using the IUCN’s categories as a model for ESA reform.
A new classification system could also 44 be financially
advantageous; the US government would be able to begin
protection efforts earlier, which might prevent the need for
drastic—and costly—interventions when a species is nearly
extinct.

STOP
If you need the answers of this test and more SAT tests, you may go to
www.teachai.cn

29
  
.BUI 5FTU o /P $BMDVMBUPS
 .* /65&4  2 6 &45*0/4

5VSO UP 4FDUJPO  PG ZPVS BOTXFS TIFFU UP BOTXFS UIF RVFTUJPOT JO UIJT TFDUJPO

'PS RVFTUJPOT , solve each problem, choose the best answer from the choices
provided, and fill in the corresponding circle on your answer sheet. 'PS RVFTUJPOT ,
solve the problem and enter your answer in the grid on the answer sheet. Please refer to
the directions before question 16 on how to enter your answers in the grid. You may use
any available space in your test booklet for scratch work.

1. The use of a calculator is not permitted.

2. All variables and expressions used represent real numbers unless otherwise indicated.
3. Figures provided in this test are drawn to scale unless otherwise indicated.
4. All figures lie in a plane unless otherwise indicated.
5. Unless otherwise indicated, the domain of a given function f is the set of all real numbers x for
which f(x) is a real number.

ℓ
r c 2x 60° s 45° s√2
w h b x
30° 45°
b a x√3 s
A = pr 2 A = ℓw 1
A = bh c 2 = a2 + b 2 Special Right Triangles
2
C = 2pr

h r r h h
h
w r w
ℓ ℓ
V = ℓwh V = pr 2h 4
V = pr 3
1
V = pr 2h V = 1 ℓwh
3 3 3
The number of degrees of arc in a circle is 360.
The number of radians of arc in a circle is 2p.
The sum of the measures in degrees of the angles of a triangle is 180.

Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. 38 $0 /5* / 6 &
 3 3
Math without Calculator: Question 1
1 3

What is the sum of (3x5+4x2+8) and (12x3-2x2+6)?

A. 15x8+2x2+14
B. 3x5+12x3+2x2+14
C. 3x5+12x3+6x2+14
D. 3x5+12x3+4x2-2x+14

The lines in the xy-plane above are the graphs of two linear
equations. What is the solution (x,y) to the system formed by
the equations?
A. (-2,4) Line l  is shown in the xy-plane above. Line m (not shown) is

B. (-1.2) parallel to line  l and passes through the point (0,3). Which

C. (0,0) of the following is an equation of line m ?

D. (0,4) A. y=- 2
x +3
3
2 B. y=- 3 +3
x
A checkers enthusiast is customizing a checkers set by 2
painting a design on each of the 24 checkers in the set. It C. y= 2 +3
x
takes the enthusiast 35 minutes to paint the design on each 3
checker. If c of the checkers are already painted, which of D. y= 3 +3
x
the following represents the number of additional minutes 2
needed to finish painting the set of checkers?
A. 24(35-c)
B. 24(c-35)
C. 35(24-c)
D. 35(c-24)

30 CONTINUE
 3 3
5 7

What are the slope and the y-intercept of the graph in the xy- (2x-1)(x+2)2=0
plane of the equation 5x+4y+3=0 What is the solution to the equation above?

A. The slope is - 5  and the y-intercept is (0, - 3 )

1 
4 4 A.  ， - 2
2 
B. The slope is - 5  and the y-intercept is (0, 3 )
 1 
4 4 B. - ,2
 2 
C. The slope is 5  and the y-intercept is (0, - 3 )
1 
4 4 C.  ， - 2,2
2 
D. The slope is 5  and the y-intercept is (0, 3 )
 1 
4 4 D. - ， - 2,2
6
 2 

1 x-2=x-3
4 8

What value of x satisfies the equation above? (3+4i)-(2+3i)

4 In the complex number system, which of the following is

A. 3
equivalent to the expression above? (Note: i=
-1 )
B. 4 A. 0
C. 5 B. 1+i
20 C. -1-i
D.
3
D. -5-7i

31 CONTINUE
 3 3
9 12

x -1 x + 1 x−2 1 1
= = +
3 2 x(x− 3) x x − 3
What is the solution to the equation shown? What is the solution set of the equation above?
A. -5
A. {1}
B. -2
B. {0,3}
C. 0
C. {1，2}
D. 1
D. {1,3}

10 13
t
2
P(x)=x -11x+k P(t)=60 ˄ 3)2
In the function above, k is a constant. If 2 is a zero of the
function, what is the value of k ? The number of microscopic organisms in a petri dish grows
A. -18 exponentially with time. The function P above models
B.-2 the number of organisms after growing for t days in the
C. 3 petri dish. Based on the function, which of the following
D. 18 statements is true?
A. The predicted number of organisms in the dish triples
11 every two days.

2 1 B. The predicted number of organisms in the dish doubles

2
− 2 every three days.
3x 6x
Which of the following expressions is equivalent to the C. The predicted number of organisms in the dish triples

expression above for x>0 ? every day.

1 D. The predicted number of organisms in the dish doubles
A. -
2x 2 every day.
1
B. -
3x 2
1
C.
3x 2
1
D.
2x 2

32 CONTINUE
 3 3
14 17

In the xy-plane, the graph of the equation y=9x-8  intersects 1 1

+ =0
2
the graph of the equation y=x at two points. What is the sum x x −1
of the x-coordinates of the two points? What value of x satisfies the equation above?
A. -9
B. -7 18
C. 7 For a function f, f(-1)=12 and f(1)=16. If the graph
D. 9 of y=f(x) is a line in the xy-plane, what is the slope of the
line?
15

Which of the following expressions is equivalent 19

2
to  ( −4 x 3 ) 3 An angle measure of 540 degrees was written in radians
A.- 2x 3 ⋅ 3 2 as xπ . What is the value of x ?
3
B.- x ⋅ 3 16
2
C. 2 x ⋅ 3 2 20
D. 2 x 2 ⋅ 3 16 Tamika is ordering desktop computers for her company.
The desktop computers cost $375 each, and tax is an
16
additional 6% of the total cost of the computers. If she can
spend no more than $40,000 on the desktop computers,
including tax, what is the maximum number of computers
that Tamika can purchase?

In right triangle ABC above, BC=8 . If the cosine of

3 what is the length of AB?
x° =
2

STOP
If you finish before time is called, you may check your work on this section
only
Do not turn to any other section.

33
 4 4
Math Test – Calculator
55 MI NUTES , 38 Q U ESTIONS

Turn to Section 4 of your answer sheet to answer the questions in this section.

For questions 1-30, solve each problem, choose the best answer from the choices
provided, and fill in the corresponding circle on your answer sheet. For questions 31-38,
solve the problem and enter your answer in the grid on the answer sheet. Please refer to
the directions before question 31 on how to enter your answers in the grid. You may use
any available space in your test booklet for scratch work.

1. The use of a calculator is permitted.

2. All variables and expressions used represent real numbers unless otherwise indicated.
3. Figures provided in this test are drawn to scale unless otherwise indicated.
4. All figures lie in a plane unless otherwise indicated.
5. Unless otherwise indicated, the domain of a given function f is the set of all real numbers x for
which f(x) is a real number.

ℓ
r c 2x 60° s 45° s√2
w h b x
30° 45°
b a x√3 s
A = pr 2 A = ℓw 1
A = bh c 2 = a2 + b 2 Special Right Triangles
2
C = 2pr

h r r h h
h
w r w
ℓ ℓ
V = ℓwh V = pr 2h 4
V = pr 3
1
V = pr 2h V = 1 ℓwh
3 3 3
The number of degrees of arc in a circle is 360.
The number of radians of arc in a circle is 2p.
The sum of the measures in degrees of the angles of a triangle is 180.

Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. 48 CO NTI N U E

 4 4
Math with Calculator: Question 1

1 3

(3 x + 2) (2x +3) Number of Flight Arrivals at

Centerville Airport in a Month
Which of the following is equivalent to the expression
On time Delayed Total
above?
Airline A 2,029 861 2,890
2
A. 3 x + 10 x + 5 Airline B 1,150 700 1,850
2
B. 5 x + 13x + 5 Total 3,179 1,561 4,740
2
C. 6 x + 13x + 6
D. 6 x 2 + 15x + 9 Based on the table above, what fraction of the flights for
Airline A were delayed?
2
700
f (x) = 2x − 11 A.
1,850
861
The function f is defined above. What is the value of f (-2)? B.
1,561
A. -15
861
B. -7 C.
2,890
C. 15
D. 30 2,029
D.
2,890

34 CONTINUE
 4 4
4 7

A political scientist wants to predict how the residents of P = 2000 x

New Jersey will react to a new bill proposed in the state （2 x）
P = 500
senate. Which of the following study designs is most likely
to provide reliable results for the political scientist? A website administrator is considering using one of the two
A. Mailing a questionnaire to each of 200 randomly selected models above to predict the total number of purchases, P,
residents of New Jersey made x weeks after the website’s advertising campaign
B. Surveying a group of 300 randomly selected New Jersey begins. How many more purchases are predicted by the
residents exponential model than by the linear model 5 weeks after the
C. Interviewing a group of students randomly selected from advertising campaign begins?
a large public university in New Jersey A. 6,000
D. Surveying a group of 1,500 randomly selected US B. 8,000
residents C. 10,000
D. 16,000
5

If the ratio of 0.5 : x is equivalent to 1.5 : 2.25, what is the

value of x ?
A. 0.75
B. 1.6875
C. 3
D. 3.25

8ax − 4 = 24
Based on the equation above, what is the value of 2ax − 1 ?
A. 3
B. 6
C. 8
D. 12

35 CONTINUE
 4 4
Question 8 to 10 refer to the following information
8 9

The Conowingo Reservoir had an original storage capacity What was the approximate storage capacity, in acre-feet, of
of 300,000 acre-feet at the end of 1928, the year in which it the reservoir at the end of 1993?
was built. Starting in 1929, sediment carried downstream by
A. 300,000
the Susquehanna River collected in the reservoir and began
B. 189,500
reducing the reservoir’s storage capacity at the approximate
C. 175,000
rate of 1,700 acre-feet per year.
D. 159,500

Which of the following could be a graph of the reservoir’s

capacity c, in acre-feet, as a function of time t, in years, after
1928?

A.
10

If the reservoir’s capacity t years after 1928 was between

290,000 and 292,000 acre-feet, which of the following must
be true?

A. t < 2
B. B. 2 < t < 4
C. 4 < t < 6
D. 6 < t < 8

C.

D.

36 CONTINUE
 4 4
11 13

The graph above shows the price that a chemical company

charges for an order of fragrance oil, depending on the
The scatterplot above shows the relationship between the
weight of the order. Based on the graph, which of the
amount of dietary cholesterol, in milligrams (mg), and
following statements must be true?
the amount of total fat, in grams (g), in the 12 sandwiches
A. The company charges more per pound for orders greater
offered by a certain restaurant. The line of best fit predicts
than 100 pounds than for orders less than 100 pounds.
the amount of total fat a sandwich has based on the amount
B. The company charges less per pound for orders greater
of dietary cholesterol in the sandwich. How many grams of
than 100 pounds than for orders less than 100 pounds.
total fat are in the sandwich for which this prediction is the
C. The company charges less per pound for orders greater
most accurate?
than 1,000 pounds than for orders less than 1,000 pounds.
A. 140
D. The company charges the same price per pound,
B. 115
regardless of order size.
C. 85
D. 60
14

12 If 2 x + 3 = x − 4 ,what is the value of x + 8 ?

Which of the following is a solution to the equation A. -7

B. -1
14 - x + 2 = x?
C. 1
1. -2
D. 7
2. 1
3. 5
A. Ⅰ only
B. Ⅱ only
C. Ⅲ only
D. Ⅰ and Ⅲ

37 CONTINUE
 4 4
15 17

A group of 10 students played a certain game. Every player

f (x) = x(x+5)
received a score equal to an integer from 1 to 10, inclusive.
For the 10 players, the mean score was 4. If more than half The function f is defined above. If the function g is defined
of the players received a score greater than 5, which of the by  g ( x ) = f ( x ) + 5 , what is the value of  g (3)  ?
following is true about the mean score of the remaining
A. 8
players?
B. 15
A. It must be less than 4.
C. 24
B. It must be equal to 4.
D. 29
C. It must be between 4 and 5.
D. It must be greater than 5.
18

A sample of 600 ninth graders was selected at random and

16
asked how much time they spend on homework each day.
Of the ninth graders selected, 220 spend less than 2 hours
on homework each day. If the conclusion was drawn that
“approximately 1.35 million ninth graders spend less than
2 hours on homework each day,” which of the following is
closest to the population, in millions, of ninth graders?
A. 0.495
B. 1.35
C. 3.68
The figure above represents a rectangular D. 5.84
painting with a frame that is 2 inches wide. The

expression  2 x − ( x − 4 )(2 x − 4 )  represents the

2
19
area of the frame, in square inches. What does the y = −2
quantity  ( x − 4 )(2 x − 4 )  in the expression represent? y + 11 = x 2
A. The width of the painting, in inches
B. The height of the frame, in inches If  (x1 , y1 )  and  (x2 , y2 )  are solutions to the system of
C. The area, in square inches, of the inner rectangle equations above, what are the values of  x1 and   x2 ?
D. The combined area, in square inches, of the frame and
A. − 13 and 13
painting
B. − 11 and 11
C. -2 and 2
D. -3 and 3

38 CONTINUE
 4 4
20 22

The energy pyramid below shows four trophic levels in an The graph above models the speed, s, of an automobile
ecosystem and the direction of energy transfer between those during the first 5 minutes of travel time, t. What was the total
levels. distance traveled from  t = 1  to  t = 4  ?
A. 0.5 mile
B. 1.5 mile
C. 2.0 mile
D. 2.5 mile

23
12
On average, 10% of the net energy of one trophic level is ( ° °
In the figure above, sin 90 − x = ) 13
. What is the value

transferred to the next trophic level in an ecosystem. Based of   sin (x ) ?

°

on the energy pyramid, if primary producers have 5,000 12

A.
joules (J) of energy, approximately how much of this energy, 13
in calories, is transferred to the secondary consumers in this 5
B.
ecosystem? (1 calorie = 4.18 J) 13
A. 11.96 5
C.
B. 20.90 12
C. 119.6 13
D.
D. 209.0 12

24
21
s = 9.8t
a
xb
The equation above can be used to approximate the speed s,
Which of the following is equivalent to the expression above
in meters per second (m/s), of an object t seconds after being
for all x>0, where a and b are positive integers?
dropped into a free fall. Which of the following is the best
ab
A. x a
interpretation of the number 9.8 in this context?
B. x bb A. The speed, in m/s, of the object when it hits the ground
C. xa B. The increase in speed, in m/s, of the object for each
D. x a −b second after it is dropped
C.The speed, in m/s, of the object t seconds after it is
dropped
D.The initial speed, in m/s, of the object when it is dropped

39 CONTINUE
 4 4
25 27

A magazine article on video game habits in the United

y = x 2 − 6 x − 16
States reported that in 2012 gamers spent an average of
5.6 hours per week playing games. The article also reported The graph of the equation above in the xy-plane is a
the average for 2013 to be 6.3 hours per week. Based on the parabola. Which of the following equivalent forms of the
article, how did the average number of hours that gamers equation includes the x- and y-coordinates of the vertex as
spent playing games per week change from 2012 to 2013? constants?
A. It decreased by 12.5%. 2
A. y = ( x − 3) − 25
B. It increased by 7.0%.
B. y = x( x − 6) − 16
C. It increased by 11.1%.
C. y = x 2 − 2(3 x + 8)
D. It increased by 12.5%.
D. y + 16 = x( x − 6)

26

5x + y = a
− 3x − 2 y = 5

In the system of equations above, a is a constant. What is

the y-value of the solution to the system in terms of a ?

- 3a − 25
A.
7
a −1
B.
7
2a + 5
C.
7

D. 10a + 5
7

40 CONTINUE
 4 4
Questions 28 and 29 refer to the following information. 29

Which of the following box plots could represent Amir’s

28 survey data?
For a particular office building with 1,420 employees, Tia
and Amir each conducted a survey about the average one- A.
way commute times, in minutes, between the employees’
home and office. Both Tia and Amir selected employees
at random, mailed out surveys, and collected data from
the returned surveys. For both surveys, respondents were
asked to report their average commute times to the nearest 5 B.
minutes. Tia collected data from 150 employees, and Amir
collected data from 85 employees. The results from Tia’s and
Amir’s returned surveys are summarized below.

C.

D.

If T is the median commute time of the employees who

responded to Tia’s survey and A is the median commute time
of the employees who responded to Amir’s survey, what is
the value of T-A ?
A. 10
B. 8
C. 5
D. 0

41 CONTINUE
 4 4
30 33

In triangle ABC, angle A measures 48°, angle B measures

88°, and angle C measures 44°. Triangle ABC is similar to
ML MN NL
triangle LMN, such that  = = = 3. What is the
AB BC CA
measure,

in degrees, of angle L ?

34
In the xy-plane above, lines k and l are perpendicular. What
is the x-coordinate of point P ? 1 19 1
y= − x
A. 5.25 2 12 3
5 y = 3x
B. 5.75
C. 6 In the xy‑plane, the lines that correspond to the system of

D. 6.25 equations above intersect at the point  (a, b ) . What is the

a
value of   ?
b
31
35
A museum built a scale model of an Apatosaurus dinosaur
skeleton, where 1 centimeter in the model is equivalent to 16 5 12
z= z−
centimeters of the actual skeleton. If the length of the femur 2 8

bone of the actual skeleton is 184 centimeters, what is the What value of z satisfies the equation above?

length, to the nearest tenth of a centimeter, of the femur bone

in the model?

32

How many cups, each with a capacity of 8 fluid ounces, can

be filled with water from a cooler that contains 10 gallons of
water? (1 gallon = 128 fluid ounces)

42 CONTINUE
 4 4
36 38

A circle in the xy-plane has a diameter with By the end of the season, the coach wants the team to reduce

endpoints  (- 1,−3)  and  (7,3) . If the point  (0, b )  lies on the its mean split time by 10% as compared to this race. At the

circle and  b > 0 , what is the value of b ? end of the season, what should the team’s mean split time be,
Questions 37 and 38 refer to the following information. in seconds?

37

Race Summary
Total race time
Split Race segment Split time
  at end of split
number   (meters)   (seconds)
  (seconds)
1 0–500 109 109
2 500–1000 112 221
3 1000–1500 111 332
4 1500–2000 108 440

A rowing team entered a 2000-meter race. The team’s coach is analyzing

the race based on the team’s split times, as shown in the table above.
A split time is the time it takes to complete a 500-meter segment of the
race.
During the fourth split of the race, the team rowed at a rate of 28 strokes
per minute. To the nearest whole number, how many strokes did it take
the team to complete the final 500 meters of the race?

STOP
If you finish before time is called, you may check your work on this section
only
Do not turn to any other section.

43