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NtspUk; Nte;jUk;

jkpofj;jpy; fpilf;Fk; jkpo;g; gpuhkpf; fy;ntl;Lfs; mf;fhy murpay;

epiyiag; Gupe;J nfhs;s cjTfpd;wd. ,f;fy;ntl;Lfs; $Wk; rq;f fhyk; jdp

kdpj tPujPur; nray;fshy; vOr;rpf; nfhz;bUe;j tPuAff; fhyk;. mf;fhyj;jpy;

murpay; fpohu;> kd;dd;> Ntspu;> Nte;ju; vd;w mjpfhug;gb epiyfisf; nfhz;L

tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. fp.K.500,y; ,Ue;J njhlq;Fk; jkpof murpaypy; fpohu; vd;w

murpay; jiytd; njhlf;fj;jpy; Fbj; jiytdhff; Fwpf;fg; ngWfpd;whd;.

jkpofj;jpy; ,uj;j cwTs;s kf;fs; xU Fbahff; fUjg;ngw;wdu;. jkpofk;

KOtJk; gutyhff; fpilf;Fk; ghidNahl;Lf; FwpaPLfs; gy Fbfs; gy;NtW

njhopy;fs; nra;J tho;f;if elj;jpdu; vd;gij njw;nwd tpsf;Ffpd;wd.

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xd;Wld; xd;W Nkhjpf; nfhz;bUe;jd. ,t;thW ele;j Nkhjypy; khz;ltu;fSf;F

cUthf;fg;gl;litNa ngUq;fw; rpd;dq;fs;.251

,e;jf; Fbfspd; jiytu;fSf;F ngUq;fw; rpd;dq;fs; itf;fg;ngw;w

fhyj;jpy; Ntspu;fs; ,y;iy. jiytu;fs; ,y;yhj epiyapy; tho;e;j Fbfs;

mg;NghJ epiyg;ngw;wpUe;jdu;. ,e;j epiyapy; jkpo;g;gpuhkpf; fy;ntl;Lfspy; tUk;

‘me;ij’ vd;w nrhy; jiytidf; Fwpf;Fk;.

‘me;ij’ vd;w nrhy; xU FLk;gj;jpYs;s %j;jtiuNah my;yJ xU

CupYs;s Kjd;ikahdtiuNah> jiyikahdtiuNah Fwpf;Fk;

vdf;fUjg;gLfpwJ. khq;Fsk; jkpo;g;gpuhkpf; fy;ntl;by; me;ij m]_jd;

m]_jd vd;w
ngaUk;> Nkl;Lg;gl;b fy;ntl;Lfspy; me;ij mupa;jp> me;ij ,uhtjd;> me;ij

tp]_td;> me;ij Nre;j mjd;> me;ij> Ftpu me;ij Nghd;w ngau;fSk;>

251
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fhyhz;L Ma;tpjo;> nrd;id> 2009. g.5

168
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gpfd vd;w ngaUk;> GfSu; fy;ntl;by;
nfhw;we;ij vd;w ngaUk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.252

jpUg;guq;Fd;wj;jpYs;s gpuhkpf; fy;ntl;by; me;Jtd; vd;w ngau; gapd;W

tUfpwJ. ,jw;Fk; jiytd; vd;w nghUSz;L.

fpohu; vd;gJk;> fpohd; vd;gJk; rq;f ,yf;fpa mbf;Fwpg;Gfspy; fhzg;gLk;

ngau; milnkhopfshFk;. Gytu;fisf; Fwpg;gpLk;NghJ fpohu; vd;W $Wtijf;

fhzKbfpd;wJ. Nfht+u; fpohu;> Mye;J}u; fpohu; Nghd;w ngau;fisr; rhd;whff;

fhl;lyhk;. murpay; jiytu;fisf; Fwpg;gpLk;NghJ fpohd; vd;W $wg;ngWfpd;wJ.

mf;fpohu;fs; jkpof murpay; tho;tpy; Muk;gj; jiytu;fshfthu;fs;.

mtu;fspypUe;Jjhd; NtspUk; Nte;jUk; cUthfp epiy ngw;wdu;. mt;tsu;r;rp

gw;wp Nf.vd;.rptuhrk; gps;is Ma;e;Js;shu;.

fpohu;

gz;ilj; jkpofj;jpy; Fbj; jiytu;fshf tpsq;fpa fpohu;fspd; Ml;rpNa

Kjypy; Vw;gl;lJ. mf;fpohu;fs; Cu;f;Fbfshy; Nju;e;njLf;fg; ngw;w taJ

Kjpu;e;j jiytu;fshtu;. mtu;fs; ,uj;j cwtpd; mbg;gilapy; vOr;rpngw;w

Fbj;jiytu;fs;. Fbahl;rpj; jiytu;fs; vd;Wk; nfhs;syhk;. mj;jiytu;fs;

NtspUk;> Nte;jUk; murpaypy; cUthtjw;F Kd; murpay; mjpfhuk;

ngw;wpUe;jhu;fs;. Ntspu;fspd; tPwhu;e;j g+rypdhy; fpohu; Ml;rp Ntspu; mjpfhuj;jpd;

fPo; nfhz;L tug;ngw;wJ. fpohupd; gioa kf;fshl;rp jd;ik khwp> Ntspu;fSf;Fj;

jq;fs; FbapypUe;J jpiw my;yJ fhzpf;if thq;fpj; jUk; Nguhsu;fshf

252
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169
khwpdu;. NtspUk; Nte;jUk; FbfsplkpUe;J tup thq;Ftjpy; fLikahf

,Ue;jdu;.253

njhy;Fb tho;f;ifapy; xt;nthU Fbf;Fk; xU jiytd; ,Ue;jpUf;f

Ntz;Lk;. mtd; mitf; $l;lq;fspy; jiyikj; jhq;fpj; jpwk;gl

elj;JgtdhfTk;> g+ry; fhyq;fspy; jiyikNaw;W gilelj;jp ntw;wp

nfhs;gtdhfTk; ,Ue;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,j;jiytd; Muk;gj;jpy; Nju;e;njLf;fg;

ngw;whd;. gpd;dhspy; epakpf;fg;ngw;whd;. mt;thW epakpf;fg; ngw;wtd; FLk;gNk

toptopahff; Fbapd; jiyikg; nghWg;gpy; epd;wJ. mj;jiytd; fpohd; vdg;

ngau; ngw;whd;.

gz;ilaj; jkpofj;jpy; epiyngw;wpUe;j fpohu; Ml;rp Kiw tlehl;by;

cUthfp epiyg;ngw;wpUe;j fhgjp Ml;rp KiwAld; xg;gplj;jf;fjha; cs;sJ.

fhgjp vd;gJ jkpopy; fhtpjp vd;W jpupe;J toq;fpaJ. fhgjp FLk;gpd; jiytd;.
FLk;gpd; jiytd; fhgjp Ml;rp> fpohu; Ml;rp mikg;Gld; gy $Wfspy;

xj;Js;sd vd Nuhkpyh jhg;gu; $Wfpwhu;. rptfq;if khtl;lk; jpUkiyapy;

mike;Js;s jkpo;g;gpuhkpf; fy;ntl;nlhd;W>’vUfhL CU fhtpjpNfhd; nfhwpa

ghspa;’254 vd;W gapd;W tUfpwJ. kJiu khtl;lk; jpUg;guq;Fd;wj;jpy; cs;s

kw;nwhU gpuhkpf; fy;ntl;nlhd;W>’vU fhLu; <o FLk;gpfd; Nghyhyad; nra;jh

Ma;rad; neLrhjd;’255 vd;W $WfpwJ. Nkw;fz;l ,U fy;ntl;LfspYk; fhtpjp>

FLk;gpfd; Nghd;w gz;ila jkpof murpay; jiytu;fs; Fwpf;fg;gLtijf;

fhzyhk;.

fpohu; vd;w gl;lk; jkpofj;jpy; nry;thf;Fg; ngw;wpUe;jikahYk;> fhtpjp>

FLk;gp Nghd;w gl;lq;fs; jkpofj;jpw;F ntspapypUe;J te;jtu;fs; nfhz;L

253
u.g+q;Fd;wd;> Nk.F.E}. g.6
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170
te;jikahYk; fpohu; vd;w nrhy; rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspy; gutyhfTk;> fhtpjp>

FLk;gpfd; Nghd;w nrhw;fs; jkpo;g;gpuhkpf; fy;ntl;Lfspy; xd;wpuz;L ,lq;fspYk;

fhzg;gLfpd;wd. Mdhy; efuq;fspYk; tzpfu;fspilNaAk; fhtpjp> FLk;gpfd;

Nghd;w nrhw;fs; nry;thf;Fg; ngw;wpUe;jd vd;gjw;F fhtpjp gl;lk; ngw;w kfspu;

gw;wp ngUq;fij tpupthfg; NgRtNj rhd;whFk;.

Fbj;jiytu;fshfpa fpohu;fs; jhq;fs; tho;e;j gFjpfspy; Gije;J

fpilf;Fk; fdpk tsq;fisf; fz;lwpe;J mtw;iw thzpfg; gz;lkhf;fpdu;.

,Uk;G> nrk;G> <ak;> gpj;jis> nghd; Nghd;wtw;iw cUf;fpnaLj;jdu;. mt;thW

cUf;fpnaLj;j cNyhfq;fisf; nfhz;L gy;NtW fUtpfisAk;> fiyg;

nghUl;fisAk; nra;J tpw;wdu;. rpy gFjpfspy; tho;e;j fpohu;fs; mUkzpf;

fw;fis ntl;bnaLj;jdu;.256 mt;t+u;fs; kzpfspd; thzpfj;jpdhy; gpd;G

efuq;fshf khwpd.

rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; gy Ntspu; fpohd; vd;w gl;lg;ngau; ngw;wpUe;jdu;.

fpohu;fspy; xt;nthU fpohDk; xt;nthU FLk;gpd; jiytdhf tpsq;fpdhd;.

Mdhy; Ntspu; gy FLk;Gfspd; $l;likg;gpd; jiytu;fshf vOr;rp ngw;whu;fs;.

mjw;Fr; rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; Neubr; rhd;Wfs; VJkpy;iyahdhYk; mfo;Tr;

rhd;Wfs; fpilf;fpd;wd. xt;nthU Fbf;Fk; xU FwpaPL vd;W nfhz;L gy

FwpaPLfs; fpilf;Fk; Cupy; gy Fbapdu; tho;e;jdu; vd;W nfhs;sg; ngWfpd;wJ.

gy FwpaPLfs; fpilf;Fk; Cupy; Nts; vd;W nghwpj;j ghid XLk; fpilj;Js;sJ.

vdNt gyFbfspd; jiytdhf Nts; tpsq;fpdhd;.

jpizfs;> njhopy;fs;> me;jj; njhopypy; <Lgl;ltu;fs;> jpizfspy;

epiyngw;wpUe;j Fbfs;> Fbfspd; jd;ik> cwTKiw Mfpait gw;wp r%f

khdpltpay; fz;Nzhl;lj;jpy; Ma;T nra;Js;sdu;. rq;f fhyk; KOtJk; Fb

mikg;G cilahkypUe;jJ vd;gJ gyuJ cWjpahd fUj;J. fpohu;> fpohs; vd;w

256
u.g+q;Fd;wd;> K.F.E}. g.9

171
mbg;gilapy; Fbfs; ,aq;fpd. ngUk;ghyhd fpohu;fs; kUj epyj;jpy;

tho;e;Js;sdu;. mtu;fs; Nte;jd; mitapy; NgrpAs;sdu;. (gpk;gprhud;

Ntj;jitapy; 3000 fpuhkzpfs; gq;Nfw;wdu;). Fb Fbj;jiytd; fPopUe;jJ.

mtu;fs; rpWFb kd;du;> rPW}u; kd;du;> FWepy kd;du; vd;W gy tifapy;

miof;fg; ngw;wdu;. Ntspu; Ml;rp epiy ngw;wpUe;jik gw;wpAk; tpupthf

Ma;e;Js;sdu;. Ntspu;fs; kiyg;gFjpf;Fupatu;fs;. Ntl;Ltu;fs; vd;W $Wtu;. ,J

jtwhd fUj;jhFk;. FwpQ;rp> Ky;iy> kUjk;> nea;jy; Mfpa ehd;F

jpizfspYk; Ntspu; vOr;rp ngw;whu;fs;. FWepyg; gFjpfspy; jq;fs; Ml;rpia

elj;jpdu;. Fbfs; ,izf;fg; ngw;w $l;likg;gpd; jiytNd Nts;. Nts; vd;w

nrhy;Ny Ntl;Ltu; vd;w nrhy;ypd; mbg;gilapd; cUthdJ vd;gu;.

Ntspu;

jkpofj;jpd; muRUthf;f tuyhw;wpy; Ntspu; gq;F Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhFk;.

Ntspupd; ngz;ghw; nrhy; Ntz;khs;
hs MFk;. Nts;
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KUfd;> jpUkzk;> rpwe;j Mz;kfd; vd;Dk; ngau;fisAk; Rl;Lk;.257

Nts; vd;gJ jiyikf;Fupatiuf; Fwpg;gjhFk;. Nts; vd;gjd; tiuaiw

,d;Dk; Ma;Tf;FupadthfNt cs;sd. mjd; nghUs; gw;wp Ma;Tfs; ele;j

tz;zk; cs;sd. Ntspu; tuyhw;wpid rq;f,yf;fpa Nehf;fpYk; nghUspYk;

,uhftma;aq;fhu; tpupthf Ma;T nra;Js;shu;. ,uhft ma;aq;fhu; fhyj;jpNyNa

,tu; fUj;Jf;fis kWj;J vOjpatu;fSk; cz;L.258 MdhYk; ,d;W tiu Ntspu;

tuyhw;wpy; ma;aq;fhu; mtu;fspd; fUj;Nj epiyg;ngw;w fUj;jhf Nghw;wg;

ngWfpd;wJ. Ntspu;fs; tlf;fpypUe;J te;j ahjtu;fs; vd;gJ ,uhfitaq;fhu;

KbghFk;. tlgFjpapy; Vw;gl;l murpay; neUf;fbapy; Fb ngau;e;J njd;dfk;

257
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258
K.,uhfitaq;fhu;> Ntspu; tuyhW> g.7

172
te;j ,t;Ntspu;fNs njd;dfj;J Ntshsu;fspd; Kd;Ndhbfs;.259 Ntspu;fs;> Fb

ngau;e;j ahjtu;fs; vd;gjw;Fg; GwehD}w;Wg; ghlNy (201) mtUf;Fr; rpwe;j

rhd;whf mike;jJ. NkYk; gpd;dhspy; njd;dpe;jpahtpy; muir cUthf;fp Mz;l

muru;fSk;> tlghd;Kdptd; jltpDs; Njhd;wpatu;fs; vd;gij typAWj;j

fijfisg; gilj;Jf; nfhz;ldu;.

goe;jkpo;f; fy;ntl;Lfs; gy Ntspu; gw;wpf; Fwpg;Gf;fisj; je;Js;sd.

je;J tUfpd;wd. rkzj;JwtpfSf;F nfhilahf toq;fg;gl;l Fifj;jsq;fspy;

nghwpf;fg; ngw;w Nts; miw epfk; vd;Wk;>260 Ntz;fhrpgd;
hrpgd261 (Nts;fhrpgd;) vd;Wk;
gz;;ilj; jkpo;f; fy;ntl;Lfspy; $wg;ngWfpd;wJ. mupl;lhgl;bapy; cspad;

(nthspad;) vd;W xUtd; ngaiuf; $Wk; fy;ntl;L xd;W fpilj;Js;sJ. ,jid

ntspad; vdTk; ghlNgjkhf gbj;Js;sdu;. ,f;fy;ntl;L fp.K. 2Mk;

E}w;whz;bidr; Nru;e;jJ. xspad; vd;gJk; Nts; vd;Dk; nghUspNyNa gapd;W

tUk;.

nfhLkzypy; eilngw;w mfo;tha;tpy; ,uz;L ghid XLfspy; Nts;

vd;W vOjg; ngw;wpUe;jJ.262 ‘Nts;

Nts;’> ‘Ntshjd;
Ntshjd;’> vd;w nrhw;fNs mitahFk;.

,it nfhLkzy; Nts; Ml;rpapd; fPo; ,Ue;jikiaf; fhl;Lfpd;wd. NkYk;

mq;Ff; fpilf;fpd;w nghwpg;GfSk; fPwy; FwpaPLfSk; Ntspiuf; Fwpg;gjhfyhk;

vd;W fUjg;ngWfpd;wJ.

mz;ikapy; Gypkhd;Nfhk;igapy; fpilj;j rq;ffhy eLfy; fy;ntl;by;

Nts; Cu; mt;td; gjtd;’

‘Nts; vd;W tUfpwJ.263 ,f;fy;ntl;L fp.K. ehd;fhk;

259
e.K.Ntq;flrhkp ehl;lhu;> Ntspu; tuyhw;wpd; Muha;r;rp
260
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NkyJ. g.31
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fh.,uh[d;> nfhLkzy; mfoha;T> g.
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173
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gr;irf;fy;> kzpfs; fpilf;fpd;wd. mit. fp.K. ehd;fhk; E}w;whz;L

ghsepiyapy; fpilf;fpd;wd.264 tlnkhopapy; gapd;WtUk; it^upak; vd;w

nrhy;ypw;F mk;nkhopapy; Ntu;r;nrhy; fpilf;ftpy;iy. mr;nrhy; Nts; vd;w

nrhy;NyhL njhlu;GgLj;jpg; Ngrg;gLfpd;wJ.265 ghyp nkhopapy; NtSupah vd;W

gapd;W tUk; nrhy;Ny it^upak; vd;w nrhy;Yf;F Kd;Ndhb vd;W gp];th];

fUJfpwhu;. Ntspu; Kjypy; fhy;eil Nka;g;gu;fNs Mtu;. MNfhs; g+ry;

mtu;fSf;F Kjd;ikahdJ. G+rypd; NghJjhd; Nts; cUthdhd; vd;gJ Ma;tpy;

njw;nwd tpsq;Fk;. Ntspu; fhy;eil tsu;g;Gld; fdpk tsq;fisAk; fz;lwpe;J

kzpfshf;fp ntspehLfSf;F Vw;Wkjp nra;jdu;. mjdhy; nghw;fhRfs; Ntspu;

fUt+yj;ij epug;gpd.266 nfhLkzypy; 10000 kzpfs; fpilj;Js;sd vd;gJ

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mtu;fspd; nghUshjhu epiyahdJ gupRfshYk; kjpg;GW gz;lq;fshYk; kpf;f

Vw;wj;jpypUe;jJ vd;gjw;F nfhLkzy;> nghUe;jy; mfo;Tfspy; fpilj;Js;s

<kg;nghUl;fNs rhd;whFk;.

<oj;jpy; fpilf;fpd;w gpuhkpf; fy;ntl;Lfspy; gj;Jf;Fk; Nkw;gl;ltw;wpy

Nts; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfs; fpilf;fpd;wd.268 mf;fy;ntl;Lfspy; ngUk;ghyhdit

jkpo;g;gFjpfspNyNa fpilf;fpd;wd. mz;ikapy; aho;g;ghzg; gFjpapy; ‘ntsp

ntsp’
ntsp

vd;W vOjg; ngw;w ghidNahL xd;W fpilj;Js;sJ.269 Mifahy; jkpo;ehl;by;

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264
Himanah Praha Ray, Monastery and a wild, pp.29-30
265
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vz;.50>51 g.31
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fh.,uh[d;> K.F.E}. g.86
268
R.Poongundrun, Vel in Sri Lankan Brahmi Inscriptions, Kaveri (Editor) S.Rajagopal ef.al. p. 67
269
Iravatham Mahadevan, Early Tamil Epigraphy, p. 54

174
Ntz;Lk;. Mdhy; Nts; vd;W $wg;glhj rpw;wuru;fisf; $l Nts; vd;W

nfhs;syhk;. fpohd;> ,iw> Nfh> rPW}u; kd;dd; ,j;jifag; ngau;fNs rq;f

,yf;fpaq;fspy; mjpfk; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ. Mdhy; ,tu;fSk; FWepy kd;du;fspd;

njhFg;Gg; ngauhd Nts; vd;w epiyiaNa ngw;wpUe;jduh vd;gJ Ma;Tf;FupaJ.

Ntspu; Nts; vd;gjd; gd;ikr; nrhy;. Nts; vd;gjw;Fg; Nguhrpupau; ,uhft

ma;aq;fhu;> nkh.m.Jiumuq;frhkp MfpNahu; nghUs; fhz Kad;Ws;sdu;.

ma;aq;fhu; $w;Wg;gb Nts;> Ntshsu; Mfpa nrhw;fs; Ntshz;ikAld;

njhlu;Gila nrhw;fs; vd;Wk;> Ntspu; Ntshsu;fspd; Kd;Ndhb vd;Wk;

fUjyhk;.270 Mdhy; muq;frhkp Nts; vd;w nrhy;> nts;> ntspr;rk;

Mfpatw;wpypUe;J cUthd nrhy; vd;W $Wthu;. NkYk; Nts; vd;gJ xsp vd;w
nghUisj; je;jJ vd;W $Wk; mtu; Ma;tpid Nkw;Nfhs; fhl;LtJ gaDilaJ.

ntspad;> ntspkhd; Nghd;w nrhw;fs;> Ntspu; vd;w nrhy;iyg; gw;wp

MuhAk;NghJ Fwpf;fg;gl;ld. xspaNu ntspau; vd;why;> xsp ntsp vd;gd xNu

nghUisf; Fwpg;gdthFk;. jw;fhyj;Jg; Ngr;R tof;fpy; ntspr;rk; vd;Dk; nrhy;

xsp vd;Dk; nghUspNyNa toq;FfpwJ. nts;is> ntz;ik> nts;sp vd;w

nrhw;fs; vy;yhk; ntz;ik epwk; my;yJ xspAila vd;w nghUs; jUk; ‘nts;’

vd;w mbr;nrhy;ypd; mbahfg; gpwe;jd vdyhk;. Nts; vd;w nrhy;Yk; ,jdbahfg;

gpwe;jJ vdf;nfhz;lhy; mr;nrhy; Gfo;ngw;w xspauha; tpsq;FNthu; vd;w

nghUisj; jUtjhYk; my;yJ goq;fhyj;jpy; muru;fisg; gw;wpg; nghJthf

epytpa ek;gpf;;ifapd;gb Ntspuplj;Js;s xsp my;yJ flTs; jd;ik vd;w

nghUisj; jUtjhfyhk;.271

270
K.,uhfitaq;fhu;> Ntspu; tuyhW> g.8
271
nkh.m.Jiu muq;frhkp> rq;ffhyr; rpwg;Gg; ngau;fs;> g.314-15

175
 muq;frhkpapd; Ma;T KbTfs; Nts; vd;w nrhy;ypd; cz;ikg; nghUis

tpsq;fpf; nfhs;sg; ngupJk; Jiz epw;gJ. Nts;> xsp Mfpa nrhw;fs; xU

nghUs; Ejypait vd;gijf; $wp Nkw;NfhSld; mtu; tpsf;Fthu;.

,isau; ,dKiwau; vd;wpfohu; epd;w

xspNah nlhOfg; gLk;. (698)

,f;FwSf;Fg; nghUs; muriu ,isau;> jkf;F ,d;d KiwiaAilatu;

vd;w mikjpahdJ mtuplj;jpy; cs;s xspNahL nghUe;j xOf Ntz;Lk;

vd;gNj. <z;L gupNkyofu; ‘xspahdJ muru; cwq;fh epw;fTk; jhk; cyfk;

fhf;fpd;w mtu; flTs; jd;ik’ vd;W $Wthu;. Nj[]; vdg;gLk; rk];fpUjr;

nrhy;ypd; jkpo; tbtNk xsp vdf; nfhs;syhk;.

gl;bdg;ghiyapy; ‘gy;
gy;xspau; gzp nghLq;f’ (274) vd;W gapd;WtUk; mb

vLj;Jf; fhl;lj;jf;fJ. ,t;tbapy; ‘gy; xspau;’ vd;W $WtJ Ntspu;fisNa

vdyhk;. Ntspu;f;F xspau; vd;w nrhy;Yk; gad;gLj;jg; ngw;wik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.

Nts;> xsp Mfpa nrhw;fs; xU nghUs; Ejypa nrhw;fs;. mit xspiaAk;

jiytidAk; Fwpj;J te;jd. nre;jkpo; Nru;e;j gd;dpuz;L nfhLe;jkpo; ehLfisg;

Fwpg;gpLk; xU Nkw;Nfhs; ghlypy; NtzhL vd;W $wg;ngWfpd;wJ. mNj nra;jp

gw;wp kw;nwhU ghlypy; NtzhL vd;gjw;Fg; gjpyhf xspehL vdf;

$wg;ngWfpd;wJ.272

Mifahy; Nts;> xsp Mfpa nrhw;fs; xU nghUs; Ejypad vdyhk;.

NkYk; NtspUk; xspaUk; mt;thNw vLj;Jf;nfhs;sj;jf;f nghUisNa jUk;

vdyhk;. ghz;bau; nrg;Ngl;by; (Nts;tpf;Fbr; nrg;NgL) xspefu; mopj;J vd;W

$Wtjw;Ff; $l Nts;efiu mopj;J vd;Wk; nghUs; nfhs;syhk;.273 ,JTk;

272
njhy;. nrhy;. E}.400> Nrdhtiuau; ciu
273
ghz;bau; nrg;NgLfs; gj;J> cyfj;jkpohuha;r;rp epWtdk;> nrd;id> g.25

176
xspf;Fk; NtspUf;Fk; ,ilapYs;s njhlu;gpid cWjpg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. xspf;Fk;

NtSf;Fk; ,ilapy; cs;s njhlu;gpid typAWj;j mz;ikapy;

fz;Lgpbf;fg;ngw;w jkpo;g; gpuhkpf; fy;ntl;L rhd;W gfu;fpd;wJ. mf;fy;ntl;by;

‘ney;ntsp rpoptd; nthspad; Kohif nra;gpNjhd;’ vd;W gapd;W tUk;.274

fy;ntl;by; tUk; xspad; vd;w nrhy; vLj;Jf; fhl;lj;jf;fJ. jiytid

nthspad; vd;W $WtJ xspad; vd;w nrhy;Yld; clk;gLnka; ngw;W

toq;fpapUf;f Ntz;Lk;.

tlnkhopapy; gapd;W tUk; uh[h vd;w nrhy; Nts; vd;w nrhy; cUthd

r%fg; gpd;dzpapy; cUthapw;W vd;gij mz;ikf;fhy Ma;Tfs;

typAWj;Jfpd;wd. uh[h vd;w nrhy; u[; vd;w Ntu;r;nrhy;ypypUe;J cUthd

nrhy; vd;gu;. u[; vd;gjw;F xsp vd;w nghUs; cz;L.275 NkYk; me;j

Ntu;r;nrhy;ypd; tpupe;j nghUshfj; jiytd; vd;w nghUs; cUthfpapUf;f

Ntz;Lk; vd;gu;.

tlnkhop uh[hitg; NghyNt jkpo;nkhop Nts; vd;w nrhy;Yk;

cUthfpapUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gJk; Nuhkpyhjhgu; fUj;J.276 ,J xU nrhy;

Fwpg;gpl;l r%f mikg;gpy; Njhd;Wk;NghJ mr;nrhy; mr;r%f mikg;gpidf;

fhl;Ltjhf mikAk; vd;gij cWjpg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.

jkpofj;jpy; Nte;juhl;rp (Nru> Nrho> ghz;bau;) cUthfp epiyngWtjw;F

Kd; Nts; Ml;rp cUthfp epiyngw;wJ. njhy;Fbfspd; ,uj;j cwtpdhy; Nts;

(Fbj;jiytd;) vOr;rp ngw;whd;. rq;f fhyj;jpw;F Kd;Ng Ntspu; cUthfptpl;ldu;.

xt;nthU njhy;Fbf;Fk; xU Nts; ,Ue;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. njhy;Fbfspy; ,Ue;j

kf;fSf;Fk; NtSf;Fkpilapyhd cwT ,uj;j cwtpd; mbg;gilapy; cWjpg;gl;L

epd;wJ. MNfhs; g+rypy;jhd; Kjypy; Nts; cUthdhd;. fhyg;Nghf;fpy; g+ry;

274
jp.=.=ju;> K.F.E}. g.22
275
Romila Thapar, From Lineage to State, p.48
276
Ibid. p.135

177
fhyq;fs; kl;Lkpd;wp mikjpf; fhyq;fspYk; NtshfNt epiyngw;whd;. Fbahl;rp

epiyapypUe;J Nts; Ml;rp epiyf;F khwpa tuyhw;wpidf; fhy miltpy;

itj;Jf; $WtJ fbdNk. Mdhy; ,d;Wk; gy;NtW goq;Fbr; r%fq;fspy; Ntspu;

cUthfp tUtijf; fhz;fpNwhk;. Ntspu; mikg;gpd; gbKiw tsu;r;rpf;fhd

rhd;Wfs; mr;r%fq;fspy; capNuhl;lj;Jld; ,d;Wk; epiyngw;Ws;sd. grpgpf;

flypy; gue;J tpupe;J fplf;Fk; jPTf; $l;lq;fspy; thOk; ghypNdrpa

kf;fspilapy; njhy;Fb mikg;G> Nts; Ml;rp ,uz;Lf;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l gb

epiyfs; Mfpait epiy ngw;Ws;sd. mJ NghyNt fpof;F Mg;gpupf;fh> njd;

Mg;gpupf;fh Mfpa gFjpfspYk; ,e;jr; r%f mikg;Gfisf; fhl;Lk; epiyfisf;

fhzyhk;. ,tw;wpy; fpilf;Fk; juTfisf; nfhz;L jkpof Nts; Ml;rp vOr;rp

gw;wp Ma;T nra;ayhk;. grpgpf; khf;flypy; cs;s jPTfspy; thOk; ghypNdrpau;fs;

jq;fs; (jiytu;) muru;fis ‘kd’ vd;W miog;gu;.277 mjw;F xsp> flTs; jd;ik

vd;W nghUs;. F\hd kd;dd; fdp\;f vd;w ngaUf;Fk; xsp> flTs;jd;ik vd;w

,U nghUs;fs; cz;L.278 ,JNghy gy rhd;Wfisf; fhl;br; nrhy;yyhk;. Fbapy;

xspkpf;f xUtd; gpw kf;fshy; jiytdhf Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg; ngw;wijNa Nts;

vd;w nrhy; $Wfpd;wJ. fhyfjpapy; Nts; vd;gJ rpwe;J epw;NghUf;F

mspf;fg;ngWk; tpUjhf epd;Wtpl;lJ. Ntshsupy; kfl;nfhilf;FupNahiuf;

Fwpf;Fk; NghJ Nts; vdTk;> muR vdTk; cupiknaa;jpNdhUk; vd;W

er;rpdhu;f;fpdpau; $Wthu;.279 Mifahy; Fwpg;gpl;l Fbj;jiytiu kl;Lkpd;wpg; gpw

jiytu;fisAk; Nts; vd;W $Wtijf; fhz;fpd;Nwhk;.

rq;ffhyj; jkpofj;jpy; Nts;> Ma;Nts;> mOj;J}u; Nts;> mOk;gpy; Nts;>

ika+u; fpohd; Nts;khd;> ntspad; Nts;khd;> gplt+u; Nts;khd;> neLNts; Mjd;>

,Uq;NfhNts; Nghd;w Ntspu; Fwpf;fg; ngWfpd;wdu;. mfehD}w;wpy; gjpdhd;F

Ntspu; (135) gjpndhU Ntspu; (246) Ik;ngUk; Ntspu;

Ntspu vdg; gd;ikapYk; Ntspu;
277
Pathak, Etymology of Kanishka, Paper preseated in the workshop on Epigraphical terms held at
Mysore, Aug, 1989
278
Ibid.
279
rq;f ,yf;fpa nrhy;yilT

178
$wg;ngWfpd;wdu;. NtspUf;Fs;Sk; Nghu;g;g+ry; eilngw;wd vd;gjw;Fr; rhd;Wfs;

fpilj;Js;sd. Ntspu;fs; g+ry; jiytu;fs;.

cyfk; KOtJk; Fb Ml;rpapypUe;J Nts; Ml;rpf;F khWk;NghJ Nts;

vd;gtidr; rpwe;jtd; vd;W fUj itg;gjw;Fk; Ntshl;rpia epiy

epWj;Jtjw;Fk; njhd;ik (kuGj;Njhw;wf; fijfs;) gilj;Jf; nfhs;sg; ngw;wJ.

jiytd; Ml;rpia epahag;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; gpw Fbfspd; xg;Gjy; ngWtjw;Fk;

kuGj; Njhw;wf; fijfs; (njhd;ik) gilj;Jf; nfhs;sg; ngw;wd. NkYk; Nts;

(jiytd;) flTs; njhlu;G cilatd; vd;gijf; fhl;lTk; ,f;fijfs;

cUthf;fg;ngw;wd.280 njhd;ik njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpy; Xu; ,yf;fpa tifahfg;

Ngrg;gLfpd;wJ.

Gfo;kpf;f Fb kuGj; Njhw;wk; gw;wpa fijfs; Ntjf; (ehuhrk;rpfs;)

fijfs;> jhd];Jjpfs;> Mf;ahzq;fs; Nghd;wtw;wpy; nghjpe;J fplf;fpd;wd.

,tw;wpy; Ntspu; Fbg;gpwg;G> tPuk;> khdtpwy;> nfhil> klk;glhik Mfpad

rpwg;gpj;Jg; Ngrg;gLfpd;wd. ,f;fijfs; Muk;gj;jpy; gpuhfpUj nkhopapYk;

gpd;dhspy; #ju;fsplkpUe;J gpuhkzu; iff;F khwpa NghJ rk];fpUj nkhopapYk;

gapd;W tuj;njhlq;fpd.281

,e;jg; gpd;dzpapy; Ntspu; gw;wpa Njhw;w kuGf; fijfisg; gw;wp Ma;T

nra;a Ntz;Lk;.

......................... ePNa
‘.........................

tlghd; Kdptd; jltpDl; Nlhd;wpr;

nrk;GGide; jpaw;wpa NrnzLk; Gupir

ctuh tPifj; Jtiu ahz;

ahz;L
ehw;gj; njhd;gJ topKiw te;j

280
Romila Thapar, Cultural pasts, pp.754-81
281
Romila Thapar, From Lineage to State, p.281

179
 NtNs.’ 282
NtspUs; NtNs.

,e;jg; ghly; Ntspu; vOr;rpapd; NghNj Nts;Fbj; Njhw;wk; gw;wpa Guhzf;

fijfSk; Njhd;wp tpl;ld vd;gij typAWj;Jfpd;wJ. ,e;j ,ay;gpid Kjy;

Kjypy; fz;L fhl;batu; b.vd;.Rg;gpukzpak; Mthu;.283

nghd;whg;GfOk; ePz;l tuyhw;Wg; gpd;dzpAk; Ntspu; Msj; jFjp

cilatu;fs; vd;gij typAWj;jNt MFk;. ,e;j tifapy; gilf;fg; ngw;w NtW

njhd;ikfisAk; vLj;Jf; fhl;lyhk;. mjpakhd;fs; NjtNyhfj;jpypUe;J

fUk;gpidf; nfhz;L te;j fijAk;284 njhz;ilkhd; khNahd; topj;Njhd;wy; vd;W

$Wk; fijAk; ey;ypaf;Nfhld; KUfdplkpUe;J Ntiyg; ngw;W khw;whiuj;

Njhw;fbj;jhd; vd;w fijAk; FykuGj; Njhw;wk; gw;wpa fijfSf;Fr; rq;fg;

ghly;fspy; gapd;W tUk; rhd;Wfs; vdyhk;. ,d;Dk; gy rhd;Wfs; cz;L.

,e;jj; njhd;ikia khdpltpay; fz;Nzhl;lj;jpy; mZfpdhy; gy tuyhw;W

cz;ikfs; ntspg;gLk;.

Ntspu; vOr;rp ngw;wikf;F MNfhl; g+rYk; fhuzkhFk;. rq;f fhyj;jpw;F

Kd;Gk; rq;f fhyj;jpYk; MNfhs; g+ry; njhlu;e;J eilngw;wJ. MNfhs; g+rypy;

<Lgl;L tPuq;fhl;ba kwtu; (kotu;?) fspd; jiytd; Nts; vd;W fUjg;ngw;whd;.

MNfhs; g+rypy; jiyik jhq;fp elj;jpa jiytd; Nts; vd;W

miof;fg;gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;. MNfhs; g+rypd;NghJ g+ry; jiytu;fisj;

Nju;e;njLf;Fk; tof;fk; Mg;gpupf;ff; fhy;eil tsu;g;gu;fspilapYk; Ntjfhy

Nka;g;gu;fspilapYk; fhzg;gl;l ,ay;ghFk;. gpd;du; mikjpf; fhyq;fspYk;

mtu;fs; kf;fs; jiytu;fshf Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;lhu;fs;. cyfk; KOtjpYKs;s

fhy;eil tsu;g;Gr; r%fj;jpy; fhzg;gl;l jiytu; Kiw Ntspu; tuyhw;wpYk;

epiyngw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.

282
Gwk;. 209
283
gy;ytu; nrg;NgLfs; Kg;gJ> g.11
284
Gwk;. 99

180
 ,uhfitaq;fhu; $w;Wg;gb Ntshz;ikf;Fk; Ntspu;f;Fkpilapy; cs;s

njhlu;G gy gb epiyfisj; nfhz;lJ. Mdhy; mtupd; Ma;tpd; KbTg;gb

Ntspu;fs; cz;ikapy; Ntshz;ikapy; <Lgl;lJ kpfTk; gpw;gl;l tuyhW. rq;f

,yf;fpaj;jpy; NtspUila Cu;fspy; ney;tpisr;ry; kpFe;jpUe;jJ vd;W $WtJ

nfhz;L Ntspu;fis Ntshsupd; Kd;Ndhu; vd;W fUJtJ nghUj;jKilajhf

,y;iy.

Ntspu;f;Fk; fhy;eil tsu;g;Gr; r%fj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapyhd njhlu;G

Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. Ntspu; njhWg;g+ry; fhuzkhf vOr;rp ngw;w kotu; jiytu;fs;.

xt;nthU FbapYk; xU Nts; cUthdhd;. Nts; kotu;fs; jiytdhfj;

njhWg+rypy; <Lgl;lhd;. njhWg;g+ry; tPukpf;f Ntspu;fs; cUthtjw;Ff;

fhuzkhapw;W. ,e;j Ntspu;fNs gpd;dhspy; gy;NtW njhopy; nra;Ak; kf;fs;

$l;lj;jpw;Fj; jiytdhf (Nts;) cUthdNghJ gy;NtW njhopypy; fpilj;j

tUtha; Ntspu;f;Ff; fpilj;jd. mtw;wpy; xd;W Ntshz; tUtha; (ney;

Nghd;wit) Mifahy; Ntspu;f;Fk; Ntshsu;f;Fkpilapyhd njhlu;G NtW

fz;Nzhl;lj;jpy; Ma;T nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;.

fhy;eil tsu;g;Gr; r%fj;jpy; cUthd Ntspu;f;Fk; Ntshz;

kf;fSf;Fkpilapy; cs;s njhlu;G el;G mbg;gilapyhdJ. FbngaUk;

jd;ikaw;w Ntshz; kf;fSf;Fk; Nghu;typikAk;> FbngaUk; jd;ikAk; kpf;f

fhy;eil tsu;g;G Ntspu;f;Fkpilapy; el;G mbg;gilapy; cwT ,Ue;jpUf;f

Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j tifapy; nuhkpyhjhg;gu; Ky;iyg; Nghu; kwtu;fSf;Fk; (Ntspu;)

Ntshz;ik nra;gtu;fSf;Fkpilapy; cs;s el;G tho;f;ifiag; gw;wpf; $Wtij

vLj;Jf; $wyhk;.285 Ntjfhy Mupau;fSf;Fk; Ntshz; mRuu;fSf;Fkpilapy;

cs;s ,izjpw tho;T Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. Ntshz;ikf;Ffe;j gFjpapy; thOk;

Ntshz; kf;fSf;Fk; ehNlhb fhy;eil Nka;g;gtu;fSf;Fk; ,ilapy; cs;s

285
Romila Thapar, From Lineage to State, pp. 40-42

181
cwT ,izjpw (Symbiotic) tho;T mbg;gilapy; vOe;jJ.286 fhy;eil

Nka;g;gu;fs; Ntshz;ik nra;NthUf;Fg; ghJfhg;G mspj;jdu;. mjw;Ff;

ifk;khwhff; fhy;eil Nka;g;gu;fs; mWtil nra;j taypy; fpilf;Fk;

itf;Nfhiy khl;Lj; jPtdkhfg; ngWtu;. ifk;khwhf Ntshz;ik kf;fSf;Ff;

fhy;eil Nka;g;gu;fs; (Ntspu;fs;) ghJfhg;G mspj;jdu;. ,e;j ,izjpw tho;Nt

,U gpuptpdiuAk; xj;j gz;Gilatuhff; (xNu FO) fhl;rpaspf;fr; nra;jJ.

Ntspu; gw;wpa njhy;ypay; rhd;Wfs;

mz;;ikf;fhyj;jpy; eilngw;w mfoha;Tfspy; ‘Nts;’ vd;W vOj;Jg;

nghwpj;j XLfs;> fizahopfs; kpFjpAk; fpilj;J tUfpd;wd. nfhLkzypy;

Ntshj(d;)> je;ij Nts;> g+jd; Ntz; zPu;hop <j;j g+j;jlh> Nts; vOjg;ngw;w
XLfs; fz;Lgpbf;fg; ngw;Ws;sd. jpj;jd; Ntspd; efukhd tPiu mupf;fNkl;Lld;

njhlu;Gg;gLj;jg; ngWfpd;wJ. mz;ikapy; eilngw;w nghUe;jpy; mfoha;T

nghjpdp Ntspu; Mtpau;fspd; Ml;rpf;Fl;gl;lJ. kiyakhd; efuj;jpw;fUfpy;

eilngw;w mfoha;tpy; fhRfSk;> kzpfSk; fz;nlLf;fg;ngw;wd. ,d;iwa

nts;sY}u; (Nfhit) gz;ilehspy; NtspY}u;’

‘NtspY}u; vd;wiof;fg;ngw;wJ. Nfhit

khtl;lj;J Midkiy gz;ilehspy; ed;dD}u;’

‘ed; vd;wiof;fg;ngw;wJ.

ngz;nfhiy Gupe;j ed;ddpd; Ml;rp ,q;F eilngw;Ws;sJ. ,q;F

Nuhkhdpaf;fhRfs; kpFjpAk; fpilj;Js;sd. mtpdhrpf;F ‘xspa+u;’ vd;w ngaUk;

cz;L. Nruu; Ml;rp fUt+upy; Vw;gLtjw;F Kd; mq;F Ntspu; Ml;rpNa

eilngw;wJ. fUt+upy; Ntz;khlk;

hlk ,Ue;jik gw;wp Fwpg;Gfs; fpilf;fpd;wd.

fUt+upy; ,UgJf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l fizahopfs; fpilj;Js;sd. Mapuj;jpw;Fk;

Nkw;gl;l cNuhkhdpaf; fhRfs; fpilj;Js;sd. Ma; Ntspd; Ml;rpapy;

ney;fpz;l’ vd;w thzpfj;jyk; ,Ue;jik gw;wp lhykp Fwpg;gpLthu;.

‘ney;

286
Romila Thapar, From Lineage to State, pp. 40-42

182
 jl;rrPy mfoha;tpy; nfhq;Fehl;L kzpfs; fpilj;Js;sd. mit fp.K.

ehd;fhk; E}w;whz;ilr; Nru;e;jit. ,J nfhq;Fehl;L Ntspu; kzpfis

gpwgFjpfSf;F Vw;Wkjp nra;jijf; Fwpf;fpwJ. Ntspu; kid kzp thzpfj;jhy;

nghd;tsk; nfhopf;Fk; kidfshapd. Kj;jpiuf;fhRfSk;> fpNuf;ff; fhRfSk;>

Nghdprpad; fhRfSk; kpFe;J fhzg;ngw;wd. fp.K. ehd;fhk; E}w;whz;Lf;F

Kd;gpUe;Nj kzpfs; nra;aj; jiyg; ngw;wdu; vd;gJ mz;ikf;fhy mfoha;Tfs;

cWjpg;gLj;Jfpd;wdu;. nghUe;jpy; mfo;tpy; fpilj;j ‘tapu

tapu’
tapu vd;W vOjg;ngw;w

jhq;fp xd;W fpilj;Js;sJ. ,J fp.K. Ie;jhk; E}w;whz;ilr; Nru;e;jJ vd;gJ

cWjpnra;ag;ngw;Ws;sJ. ghzpdp jk; ,yf;fz E}ypy; it^upak; vd;w nrhy;Ny

‘Nts;’ vd;w Ntu;r;nrhy;ypypUe;J te;jnjd;ghu;. ghzpdp ciuapy; ‘NtSupah

NtSupah’
NtSupah

vd;w nrhy; gad;gLj;jg; ngw;Ws;sJ. ,e;j NtSupah vd;w kzp nfhq;f ths

vd;w gFjpapypUe;J te;jjhfTk; me;E}ypy; Fwpf;fg;ngWfpd;wJ. jl;rpzg;gjk;

vd;w gz;ilag;ngUtopapy; it^u;a Ruq;fq;fs; ,Ug;gjhff; nfsby;au; $Wthu;.

,J nfhq;Fehl;L gba+upypUe;j ngupy; ntl;bnaLf;fg; ngw;w Ruq;fq;fs; vd;gJ

Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.

Ntspupd; ghLrhy;
ghLrhy; ed;fyd;fs;

rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; ‘ghLrhy; ed;fyd;’ vd;Wk;> ‘<if mupa ,io’ vd;Wk;

$wg;ngWtJ vLj;Jf;fhl;lj;jf;fJ. ,r;nrhw;nwhlu;fs; khdpltpaypy; $wg;ngWk;

kjpg;GW gz;lq;fisf; (Prestigious Goods) Fwpf;Fk;. ghLrhy; ed;fyd;fs; kdpjd;

grpiag; Nghf;Fgit my;y. Mdhy; mtw;iw itj;jpUg;gtd;

ngUikf;Fupatdhff; fUjg;ngw;whd;. mjdhy; me;ehisa Nte;ju;fs; jq;fs;

gpzk; Gijf;fg;ngWk; NghJ ,j;jifag; nghUl;fis cld; Gijf;f Vw;ghL

nra;jdu;. xU kd;dd; ,we;jNghJ ,j;jifa ghLrhy; ed;fyd;fs; ifapUg;gpy;

,y;iy. mjdhy; ,we;jtdpd; kf;fs; gilnaLj;Jr; nrd;W mtw;iw NtW

kd;ddplkpUe;J ftu;e;J te;J jq;fs; je;ijapd; <kr;rpd;dj;jpy; itj;Jg;

183
Gijj;jdu;. ,JNghy nfhLkzy; ngUq;fw;rpd;dq;fspy; Mapuf;fzf;fpy;

fhu;dPypad; kzpfis itj;Jg;Gijj;jdu;. xU ngUq;fw; rpd;dj;jpy; 2500 kzpfs;

xU rl;bapy; itf;fg;ngw;wpUe;jd. ,uz;lhtJ ngUq;fw;rpd;dj;jpy; 1000

kzpfSk;> kw;nwhd;wpy; 800 kzpfSk; itf;fg;ngw;wpUe;jd. 1996-y; eilngw;w

mfo;tpy; xU ngUq;fw;rpd;dj;jpy; 750 kzpfs; ,Ug;gJ fz;lwpag;ngw;wJ.

,t;thW fhu;dPypad; kzpfs; kl;LNk <kr;rpd;dq;fspy; itf;fg;ngw;wpUe;jd.

Njhz;lg;ngw;w vy;yh <kr;rpd;dq;fspYk; ,it itf;fg;ngwtpy;iy. xU rpy

<kr;rpd;dq;fspy; kl;LNk itf;fg;ngw;wpUe;jd. ,k;kzpf;fw;fs; F[uhj;

gFjpapypUe;J nfhz;Ltug; ngw;wit. ntFJ}uj;jpypUe;J nfhz;Ltug; ngw;w

nghUl;fNs kjpg;GW nghUl;fshff; (Prestigious Goods) fUjg;ngw;wd.

,Utif Ntspu;

Ntspu;fspy; ,uz;L tifapdu; ,Ue;jdu; vd;W Rju;rd; nrdptpuj;Nd

$wpAs;shu;. xUtif Ntspu; jkpofj;jpd; vy;iyg;Gwj;jpy; vOr;rp ngw;wtu;fs;.

mtu;fs; tljkpo; ehl;bd; vy;iyapy; epiy ngw;wtu;fs;. mtu;fNs fhyj;jhy;

Kw;gl;l Ntspu;fs; Mfyhk;. mtu;fisj; njhd;Kjpu; Ntspu; vd;W rq;f

,yf;fpak; Rl;bAs;sJ. Ntspu; Ml;rpg; gFjpapy; tho;ej
; kf;fs; Ntl;ilahLjy;>

fhy;eiltsu;g;G> Gd;nra; Ntshz;ik Mfpa njhopy;fisr; nra;J

nghUshjhuj;ij cau;j;jpdu;. NkYk; fp.K.4-Mk; E}w;whz;bypUe;J me;je;jg;

gFjpapy; fpilj;j fdpk tsq;fisf; fz;lwpe;J Njhz;bnaLf;f Kw;gl;ldu;.

mtw;iw kzpfshfTk;> fUtpfshfTk; nra;J tpw;wdu;. fdpk tsj;jpdhy;

Ntspu;fs; Fbj;jiytu; epiyapypUe;J gy Fbfis ,izj;J epw;Fk; Nts;

ehl;bd; jiytu;fshf cUthdhu;fs;. fhyg;Nghf;fpy; ngUNtspu; vd;w epiyAk;

cUthapw;W. vy;iyg;Gwj;jpy; tho;e;j Ntspu;fs; cUthf;fpa ngUq;fw;rpd;dq;fs;

kUjk;> nea;jy; epyq;fspy; tho;e;j ,uz;lhk; tifapdu; cUthf;fpa ngUq;fw;

rpd;dq;fspypUe;J ,ay;gpy; NtWgl;litahf ,Ue;jd. kUjk;> nea;jy;

epyq;fspy; Ntspu; KJkf;fs; jhopfis <kr;rpd;dj;jpy; itj;Jg; Gijj;jdu;.

184
Kjy; tifapdu; fy;tl;lq;fis epidTr; rpd;dkhf itj;jdu;. mt;tpUtifg;

ngUq;fw; rpd;dq;fisf; nfhz;L ,Utif Ntspu; ,Ue;jd vd;W nrdptpuj;Nd

$wpAs;shu;.287

$ly; Nts;
Nts

kJiuf;Fupa gioa ngauhfpa $ly; vd;w ngau; fhye;NjhWk; toq;fp

te;Js;sJ. mf;$lypd; Nts; mFij vd;gtd; ghz;baUf;F Kd; Ml;rp

nra;jtd;. $ly; Kjypy; ,td; Kd;Ndhu;fs; Mjpf;fj;jpYk; ,td; Mjpf;fj;jpYk;

epiy ngw;wpUe;jJ. ghz;bau;fs; $ly; kPJ gilnaLj;jhu;fs; Mifahy; $ly;

Kjypy; NtW ahUf;Nfh cupajhf ,Ue;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. $liy Mz;ltu;fs;

gw;wpAk; rq;fg; ghly;fs; Rl;Lfpd;wd. ghz;baUf;F Kd; mt;t+iu Ml;rp

nra;jtd; mFij vd;w Nts;. ,e;j cz;ikiag; Gwg;ghly; (347)

typAWj;Jfpd;wJ.

............................ kwg;Nghu; mFij

‘............................

Fz;LePu; tiug;gpd; $ly; md;d

Fit,Uq; $e;jy; tUKd; Nrg;g’

,g;ghlypy; $ly; mFij Ml;rpapypUe;j Cu; vd;gij typAWj;Jfpd;wJ.

,tDk; ,td; je;ijAk; guprpyu;f;F tiuahJ toq;fpr; rpwg;Gg; ngw;wdu; vd;gJ

rq;fg; ghly;fshy; tpsq;Ffpd;wJ.

ghz;bau; $ly; ntw;wp

ghz;bau;fs; $ly; kPJ gilnaLj;J ntd;w nra;jp rq;fg;ghlyhy; cWjp

ngWfpd;wJ. $ly; ntw;wpia mfg;ghly; (mfk;. 296) xd;W tpupthfg; NgRfpd;wJ.

,g;ghlypy; Ngupirf; nfhw;ifg; nghUed;> neLe;Nju;r; nropad; vd;W $WtJ

287
u.g+q;Fd;wd;> K.F.E}. g.10

185
vLj;Jf;fhl;lj;jf;fJ. nfhw;ifj; jiytdhf tpsq;Fk; neLe;Nju;r; nropad; $ly;

Kw;Wifapy; ePz;l ehl;fs; jq;fpapUe;jhd; vd;W $WtJ ghz;bau;fs; Kjypy;

nfhw;ifapy; Ml;rp nra;jtu;fs; vd;gJk; ehL ghTk; my;yJ ehL fz;zfw;Wk;

nfhs;ifapdhy; mtu;fs; $ly; kPJ gilnaLj;Jj; jq;fSilajhf;fpf;

nfhz;ldu; vd;gJk; cWjp ngWfpd;wJ.

cwe;ij Nts;
Nts

rq;fg; ghly;fs; rpytw;wpy; jpj;jd; cwe;ij vd;W $wg;ngWfpd;wJ.

typkpF Kd;gpd; ghzndhL kypjhu;f;

‘typkpF

jpj;jd; ntspad; cwe;ij ehsitg;

ghbd; njz;fpizg; ghLNfl;L mQ;rp

NghuL jhidf; fl;

fl;b

nghuhmJ Xba Mu;g;gpDk; ngupNj’

ngupNj (226:23-27)

,g;ghlybfs; cwe;ij jpj;jd; ntspaDila jiyefuhf tpsq;fpa

jd;ikia typAWj;Jk;. Nf.vd;.rptuh[g;gps;is jpj;jd; ntspad; cwe;ij vd;W

$Wtijf; nfhz;L Nrhou;fspd; Kjy; murdhff; nfhs;thu;. Mdhy; rq;f

,yf;fpaj;jpy; ahz;Lk; jpj;jd; Nrhou; kugpidr; Nru;e;jtd; vd;W

$wg;ngwtpy;iy. mtd; Ntspu; kugpidr; Nru;e;jtd;. guzUf;Fg; gpd; te;j ef;fPuu;

ghlypy;jhd; cwe;ij ‘Nrhou; cwe;ij’ vd;W $wg;ngWfpd;wJ. Nrhou;fs; jpj;jd;

kugpduplkpUe;J cwe;ijiaf; ifg;gw;wpa nra;jp rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; ahz;Lk;

$wg;ngwtpy;iy.

fUt+u; nfhq;FNtspu; jiyefu;

jiyefu

fUt+u; Ntspu; jiyefu; vd;gjw;F Neubr; rhd;W VJkpy;iy. Gwg;ghly;

xd;wpd; mbf;Fwpg;gpy; fUt+u; Vwpa xs;ths; ngUQ;Nruy; ,Uk;nghiw vd;W

186
$WtjpypUe;J fUt+u; njhlf;fj;jpy; Nruu; jiyefuhf ,Uf;ftpy;iy vd;gJ

Gyg;gLk;. fUt+upy; rhj;jd; rhj;JNts; (]hjd;> ]hjpNts;) vd;W ngau; nghwpj;j

fizahop xd;W fpilj;Js;sJ. NkYk; Ntspa;rk;gd; (ntspa; rk;gd;) vd;W

nghwpf;fg; ngw;w kw;nwhU fizahop fpilj;Js;sJ.288 ,itapuz;Lk; fp.K. Kjy;

E}w;whz;ilr; Nru;e;jit. Mjyhy; mt;t+upy; nfhq;FNtspu; mf;fhyf; fl;lj;jpy;

Mz;ldu; vdyhk;. fUt+upy; Ntz;khlk; ,Ue;jikgw;wp Gwg;ghly; mbf;Fwpg;G

xd;W $Wfpd;wJ. Nrukd;du;fs; gw;wpf; $Wk; Mu;ehl;lhu; kiyf; fy;ntl;L

fp.gp.2Mk; E}w;whz;bidr; rhu;e;jJ. Ntspu; vOr;rpf;F gpd; 200 Mz;Lfs; fope;j

gpd;Ng fUt+u; Nruu; fPo; te;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.

ghz;badpd; $ly; ntw;wpf;Fg; gpd;Dk; Nrudpd; fUt+u; ntw;wpf;Fg; gpd;Dk;

,t;tpU efuq;fSk; KiwNa ghz;bau; jiyefu; vd;Wk; Nruu; jiyefu; vd;Wk;

epiyngw;Wtpl;ld. mt;thNw cwe;ijAk; mike;Js;sJ. %Nte;ju;fSk; ,e;j

efuq;fspd; kPJ gilnaLj;Jf; iff;nfhz;likf;Ff; fhuzk; ngUtop thzpfKk;

mjdhy; Ftpe;j nghUs;tsKk; MFk;.289 fUt+upy; Mapuj;jpw;Fk; Nkw;gl;l

Nuhkhdpaf; fhRfs; fpilj;Js;sd. nfhq;FehL KOtJk; Vohapuj;Jf;Fk;

Nkw;gl;l Nuhkhdpaf; fhRfs; fpilj;Js;sd. ,J ,e;jpah KOtJk; fpilj;j

Nuhkhdpaf; fhRfspy; 80 tpOf;fhL MFk;.290 ,Jgw;wpNa %Nte;ju;fSk; nfhq;fpd;

kPJ gilnaLj;jdu;. me;j Kaw;rpapy; Nruu;fs; ntw;wp ngw;wdu;. Nruu;fs; jf^u;

kPJ gilnaLj;jjw;Fk; fhuzk; jf^u; topahfr; nrd;w njw;F topiaj; jq;fs;

Mjpf;fj;jpy; itj;jpUf;fNt MFk;.

Nte;ju;

mjpfhuj; jiyikapd; cr;rj;jpy; Nte;ju; ,lk; ngWfpd;wdu;. Nru> Nrho>

ghz;ba Fyq;fspd; Ml;rpahsu;fs; kl;LNk Nte;ju; vd;Dk; jFjpia va;jpdu;

288
Iravatham Mahadevan op.cit.
289
jp.=.=ju;> Nfhak;Gj;J}u; khtl;lj; njhy;ypay; ifNaL> K.F.E}. g. 43
290
NkyJ.

187
vd;gijAk;> mtu;fNs Kb mzpAk; jFjpiaAk; ngw;wpUe;jdu; vd;gijAk;

‘KbAil %Nte;ju;’ vd;Dk; njhlu; Gyg;gLj;Jk;. Ntk; (tpUg;gj;jpw;Fupatu;)

vd;Dk; Ntu;r;nrhy;ypypUe;J Nte;J (Ntk;-J) vd;Dk; nrhy; ngwg;gLk; vd;Wk;>

Nta;e;jhd;> mjhtJ Kb mzpe;jtd; vd;Dk; nrhy;Ny Nte;J vd khw;wk;

ngw;wJ vd;Wk; fUJtu;. Nte;ju;fs; giftiu tPo;j;Jk; jpwd; ngw;wtu;fs; vd;Dk;

nghUspy; nfhw;wtd; (nfhw;witapd; Mz;ghy;) vdTk; mwpag;gl;ldu;.291

ehdpyg; gug;GfSk; Nte;ju; r%fj;jpy; ,lk; ngw;wjhff; $wg;gbDk;

kUjepyg; gug;G Nte;ju; Ml;rpg; gFjpapd; ikakhf mike;jJ. ,q;Ff; fpl;ba

cgup cw;gj;jp muRUthf;f khw;wq;fSf;Fj; J}z;lyhfr; nray;gl;lJ.

,t;thwhfr; Nru> Nrho> ghz;ba %tuRfSk; KiwNa ngupahW> fhtpup> itif

kw;Wk; jhkpuguzp MWfspd; rkntspg;gFjpiaj; jd; mjpfhu ikakhff;

nfhz;bUe;jd. ,g;gFjpapNyNa mtu;fspd; jiyefu;fSk; ,lk;ngw;wd.292

gpuhkpf; fy;ntl;Lfspy; Nte;ju;

jkpofnkq;Fk; fhzg;gLk; jkpo;g;gpuhkpf; fy;ntl;Lfspy; Nte;ju; gw;wpa

Fwpg;Gfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. (glk;.25) kJiuf;F mUfpYs;s khq;Fsj;jpy;

fhzg;gLk; MW gpuhkpf; fy;ntl;Lfspy; ,U fy;ntl;Lfspy; neLQ;nropad; vd;w

ghz;ba kd;ddpd; ngau; gapd;W tUfpwJ. ,f;fy;ntl;Lfspd; fhyk; fp.K.3Mk;

E}w;whz;lhFk;. Kjy; fy;ntl;by; fzpa; ee;jrpup vd;Dk; rkzj;Jwtpf;F

ghz;bad; neLQ;nropadpd; gztd; mjhtJ Copadhfpa flyd; tOjp vd;gtd;

nfhLj;j Fifj;jhdk; gw;wpf; $WfpwJ. kw;nwhU fy;;ntl;by; mNj

rkzj;Jwtpf;Fg; gs;sp mikj;Jf; nfhLj;jtdhf neLQ;nropadpd; rfydhfpa

,sQ;rbfdpd; je;ij rbfd; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwhd;. NkYk; ,q;Fs;s kw;nwhU

fy;ntl;by; nts;
‘nts; miw epfkNjhu; nfhbnahu;’ vd;W gapd;W tUfpwJ.

291
tP.khzpf;fk;> K.F.E}. g.366
292
NkyJ. g.367

188
nts;siw vd;Dk; Ciur; Nru;e;j tzpff;FOtpdu; ,f;Fifj;jsj;ij

nfhLj;jdu; vd;W nghUs;. ,jpy; gapd;W tUk; ‘nts;’ vDk; nrhy; ‘Nts;’

vd;gijf; Fwpg;gjhFk;. rq;ffhyj;jpy; Nts; vd;gtd; FWepy kd;dd; vd;gJk;>

rpw;W}u;fis Ml;rp nra;J te;jtd; vd;gJk; ehk; mwpe;jNj. vdNt khq;Fsk;

fy;;ntl;Lfspy; Nte;jUk; NtSk; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wdu; vdyhk;.

khq;Fsk; fy;ntl;Lfspy; ghz;bakd;dd; neLQ;nropad; Fwpg;gplg;gl;lJ

Nghd;Nw Mu;ehl;lhu; kiyiar; rhu;e;j GfSu; fy;ntl;Lfs; ,uz;by;

Nrukd;du;fshfpa nry;ypUk;nghiw> ngUq;fLq;Nfh> ,sq;fLq;Nfh MfpNahu;

jfg;gd;> kfd;> Ngud; vd;w tupirapy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sdu;. ,tu;fs; KiwNa

nry;tf;fLq;Nfh thopahjd;> ngUQ;NruypUk;nghiw> ,sQ;NruypUk;nghiw Mf

,Uf;fyhnkdf; fUjg;gLfpwJ. ,q;F ngUq;fLq;Nfh vd;gtd; fypj;njhifapy;

ghiy ghba ngUq;fLq;Nfh Mthd; vd;W fy;ntl;lha;thsu; Nf.[p.fpU\;zd;

jkJ Ma;tpy; Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;.

%jh mkz;zd; ahw;W}u; nrq;fhagd; ciwa;

‘%jh

Nfh Mjd; nry;ypUk;nghiw kfd;

ngUq;fLq;Nfhd; kfd; (,)sq;

fLq; Nfh (,) sq;Nfh Mf mWj;jfy;.’293

murd; Mjd; nry;ypUk; nghiwapd; kfd; ngUq;fLq;Nfhtpd; kfdhd

,sq;fLq;Nfh ,sq;fLq;Nfh ,sturdhf MFk; fhyj;jpy; rkzj;Jwtpahfpa

(mkz;zd;) ahw;W}u; nrq;fhagDf;F mikj;Jf; nfhLj;j gs;sp gw;wp Nkw;fz;l

fy;ntl;Lf; $WfpwJ.

tpOg;Guk; khtl;lj;jpYs;s [k;igapy; fpilj;Js;s fy;ntl;L khq;Fsk;>

GfSu; fy;ntl;Lfisg; Nghd;Nw tuyhw;W Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jjhFk;. [k;igf;

293
jp.=.=ju; (gjpg;.)> jkpo;-gpuhkp fy;ntl;Lfs;> jkpo;ehL muR njhy;ypay; Jiw> nrd;id> 2006.
g.69

189
fy;ntl;L fp.K. ,uz;lhk; E}w;whz;ilr; Nru;e;jjhFk;.294 ]jpaGNjh
‘]jpaGNjh mjpae;

neLkhe; mQ;rp <j;j ghsp’

ghsp vd;W fy;ntl;L Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. ,f;fy;ntl;bd; rpwg;G

rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fs; Fwpf;Fk; kd;du;fSs;> KbAil %Nte;ju; jtpu mLj;j

epiyapy; ,Ue;j FWepy kd;du;fSs; xUtdhd mjpakhd; kugpdd; ngaiuf;

Fwpg;gjhFk;. mjpakhd; neLkhd; mQ;rp rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; xsitahuhy;

ghlg;ngw;wtd;. Nghupy; khz;L eLfy;yha; epd;wtd;. nksupag; Nguurd; mNrhfdpd;

,uz;lhk; ghiwf; fy;;ntl;Lfspy; rgh];fhu;fp> fhy;rp> n[sfjh> fpu;ehu; Mfpa

ehd;F ,lq;fspy; ‘]jpaGNjh’ vd;w nrhy; ,lk;ngWfpwJ. ,J njd;dfj;ij

Mz;l rj;jpaGj;jpuu;fisf; Fwpf;Fk; gpuhfpUjr; nrhy;yhFk;. Mdhy; ,e;j

rj;jpaGj;jpuu;fs; ahtu; vd;gjw;F tpilahf Nkw;fz;l [k;igf; fy;ntl;L

mikfpwJ. mjpakhd;fNs rj;jpaGj;jpuu;fs; vd;gJ njspthfpwJ. mjpad;

neLkhd; mQ;rp vd;w %d;W nrhw;fspy; mjpad; vd;gJ Fyg;ngauhFk;. neLkhd;

vd;gJ mQ;rp vd;w ,aw;ngaUf;Fupa milnkhopahf mikfpwJ.

Nte;ju;fs; fhyj;jpa fhRfs;

rq;ffhyj;jpy; Nru>Nrho> ghz;ba kd;du;fshy; ehzaq;fs;

ntspaplg;gl;Ls;sd. mit njhy;ypay; rhd;Wfshf ekf;Ff; fpilj;J tUfpd;wd.

,tw;wpy; ghz;baupd; fhRfshd nrg;Gf;fhRfspy; ngUtOjp’

ngUtOjp
‘ngUtOjp vd;w ngau;

nghwpf;fg;gl;l ehzaq;fs; rpwg;ghdit.295 mofd;Fsk; mfo;tpd; NghJ fpilj;j

,U ghz;ba ehzaq;fisf; Fwpg;gplyhk;. ,jpy; cs;s ngupa ehzaj;jpd;

Kd;gf;fj;jpy; ahidAk; kw;Wk; vz;kq;fyr; rpd;dq;fSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

gpd;gf;fj;jpy; kPd; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. kw;nwhU fhrpy; ehzaj;jpd; Kd;gf;fj;jpy;

fhis cUtKk;> gpd;gf;fj;jpy; cUtfg;gLj;jg;gl;l kPDk; cs;sJ.296

294
jp.=.=ju; (gjpg;.)> Nk.F.E}. g.66
295
,uh.fpU\;z%u;j;jp>’ghz;bau; ngUtOjp ehzaq;fs;’> nrd;id> 1997> g.20
296
eld.fhrpehjd;> ‘jkpou; fhR ,ay;’> nrd;id> 1995> g.21

190
 Nru kd;ddpd; cUtk; nghwpj;J> jkpo;g;gpuhkp tuptbtj;jpy; Fl;Ltd;
‘Fl;

Nfhij vd;w thrfj;Jldhd ehzak; xd;Wk; f&upy; fpilj;Js;sJ.297 NkYk;

Nfhij’

nfhy;ypg;Giw’
‘nfhy; iw vd;w jkpo; gpuhkp thrfk; nghwpj;j nrg;G ehzak;

Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. ,e;ehzak; nfhy;yp kiyapy; Ml;rp nra;j ‘Nfhg;ngUQ;Nruy;

,Uk;nghiw’f;F cupaJ vdf; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.298 kw;nwhU Nru ehzak; ‘nfhy;

nfhy;

,Uk;Giwa;’ vd;w jkpo; gpuhkp tup tbtj;jpy; fpilj;Js;sJ. ,yf;fpaq;fspy;

fhzg;gLk; ‘Nruy; ,Uk;nghiw’ Nghd;w ngau;fs; ‘Giw’ vdf; fy;ntl;LfspYk;

ehzaq;fspYk; vOjg;gl;Ls;sd. GfSupy; cs;s rq;ffhyr; Nruupd;

fy;ntl;Lfspy; ‘Giw’> ‘nghiw’ Mfpa ,uz;L tifr; nrhw;fSk;

fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,tw;iw Nehf;Fq;fhy; gjpw;Wg;gj;jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s

Nrukd;du;fspd; tupirg; gl;baiy GfSu;f;fy;ntl;by; fhz;fpNwhk;. mjpy;

gapd;WtUk; nfhy;ypUk;nghiw vDk; ngaNuhL fhR fpilj;jpUg;gJ

Nehf;fj;jf;fjhFk;. NkYk; ghz;bakd;dupd; ehzaq;fspy; ‘ngUtOjp’ vd;w

thrfk; kl;LNk fhzg;gl> Nrukd;dupd; ehzaq;fspy; ‘khf;Nfhij’> ‘Fl;Ltd;

Nfhij’> ‘nfhy;ypg;Giw’> ‘nfhy; ,Uk;Giwa;’ Nghd;w thrfq;fs; jkpo; gpuhkp

tuptbtj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. vdNt ghz;ba kd;du;fisf; fhl;bYk;

Nrukd;du;fs; mjpfmstpy; fhRfs; ntspapl;bUg;gJ ,q;F Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.

,jw;F Kf;fpaf; fhuzk; mg;gFjpfspy; eilngw;w thzpfNkahFk;. Nkw;Ff;

flw;fiuNahug;gFjpfspNyNa Kjypy; thzpgk; nropj;Njhq;fj; njhlq;fpaJ.

mjw;F fhuzk; JiwKfq;fis mg;gFjp mjpfk; ngw;wpUj;jNy fhuzk;. NkYk;

fpNuf;f> Nuhkhdpa> mNugpa tzpfu;fSf;F kpf Kf;fpa te;jpwq;Fk; ,lkhf

mg;gFjp jpfo;e;jJjhd; tzpfj;jpy; Nruehl;Lg;gFjp rpwg;Gw;wpUe;jjw;Ff; fhuzk;

vdf;$wyhk;.

297
R. Krishnamoorthy, ‘Sangam Age Tamil Coins’, Madras, 1997. P.105
298
Ibid. p.106

191
 ghz;ba> Nru tkpr kd;du;fspd; ehzaq;fNshL xg;gpLifapy; Nrho

kd;du;fspd; ehzaq;fs; vz;zpf;ifapy; FiwthfNt fpilf;fpd;wd.

fhtpupg;g+k;gl;bdk;> mupf;fNkL Mfpatplq;fspy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l mfo;Tfspy;

jyh xt;nthU ehzak; fpilj;Js;sd. vdpDk; Nrhoupd; jiyefuhd ciwa+u;

mfoha;tpy; vt;tpj ehzaKk; fpilf;ftpy;iy. ngUk;ghyhd ehzaq;fs;

mkuhtjp Mw;Wg;gLf;ifapYs;s f&u;> jpUf;NfhapY}Uf;F mUfpYs;s njd;

ngz;iz Mw;wpYk; ntspte;jit. ,it rJuk;> ePs; rJuk;> tl;lk;> Kl;il

tbtk; Mfpa Njhw;wKilait.299 Nrhoupd; ehzaq;fspy; thiy cau;j;jpf;

fu;r;rpf;Fk; Gyp gpd;gf;fj;jpy; jdpahfTk;>=tj;]k;> fhisj;jiy Mfpatw;WlDk;>

#upaDlDk;> Ntypapl;l kuj;JlDk;> nfhbj;jk;gj;JlDk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. xNu

xU ehzaj;jpy; kl;Lk; ehzaj;jpd; gpd;gf;fj;jpy; thapy; ghk;Gld; $ba fOF

cs;sJ. ,jNdhL nfhbj;jk;gk;> af;QFz;lk; MfpadTk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.300

g+k;Gfhu; mfo;tpd; NghJ Nrho ehzak; xd;W fz;nlLf;fg;gl;lJ. ,jd;

Kd;gf;fj;jpy; ahid cUtKk;> gpd;gf;fj;jpy; Gyp jdJ thiyj; J}f;fpathWk;

rpj;jupf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.301

,it ahTk; mf;fhy rka ek;gpf;ifia gpujpgypg;gjhf cs;sJ. NkYk;

NtjNts;tpfspy; %Nte;ju;fSk; jq;fis <LgLj;jpf; nfhz;lik mtu;fs;

ntspapl;l ehzaq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; FwpaPLfspy; ,Ue;J njupatUfpd;wJ.

nghJthf %Nte;ju;fSk; jq;fs; Fyj;jpd; ,yr;rpidiaAk;> kq;fyr;

rpd;dq;fisAk; nghwpj;Js;sdu;. ,tw;wpy; ahid nghJthf ,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ.

rq;f fhy %Nte;ju;fs; ntspapl;l ehzaq;fs; vz;zpf;ifapy; mjpfmstpy;

fpilf;ftpy;iy. mjhtJ Nuhk ehzaq;fisg; Nghd;W vz;zpf;ifapy;

ngUkstpy; fpilf;ftpy;iy. vdNt mit tzpfj;jpw;F gad;gLj;j

ntspaplg;gl;bUf;Fkh vd;gJ Ma;tpw;FupaJ. me;j ehzaq;fis Nehf;Fq;fhy;

299
R. Krishnamoorthy, op-cit. p.112
300
Ibid. p.121
301
eld.fhrpehjd;> K.F.E}. g.21

192
mit murdpd; Kb#l;L tpohtpd; NghNjh my;yJ ahf af;Qq;fspd; NghNjh

muru;fshy; ntspaplg;gl;l xU muR Kj;jpiuahfNt (Token) fUjNtz;bAs;sJ.

NkYk; filnaO ts;sy;fspy; xUtuhd kiyakhd;fspd; ehzaq;fshf

fpilj;Js;stw;wpy; fhzg;gLk; vOj;Jg; nghwpg;Gfshff; fUjg;gLk; ‘kiyad;

kiyad;’>

kiyakhd;’>302
‘kiyakhd; MfpadTk; Nky; Ma;Tf;FupaNj. mit ,yr;rpidfshfNt

Njhd;Wfpd;wd.

goe;jkpo;f; fy;ntl;Lfspy; murpay;

,yq;if aho;g;ghzj; jPgfw;gj;jpy; Midf;Fl;il vd;w ,lj;jpy; ngUq;fy;

rpd;dk; xd;iw mfoha;T nra;jNghJ fz;nlLf;fg;gl;l Kj;jpiuapy; %d;Wf;

FwpaPLfisf; nfhz;l njhlu; Nky;tupirapYk; mjd; fPo;g;gFjpapy; ‘NfhNtj

NfhNtj’
NfhNtj

vd;w jkpo;g;gpuhkp vOj;Jg; nghwpg;GfSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.303 ‘Nfh’ vd;gJ

murid my;yJ jiytidf; Fwpf;fpd;wJ. ‘NfhNtj’ vd;gjidaLj;J

Kj;jiyj; jz;L Nghd;w xU FwpaPLf; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,JTk; muRf;Fupa

my;yJ jiyikf;Fupa ,yr;rpidahff; nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ.

Iuhtjk; kfhNjtd; mtu;fshy; Nfushtpy; cs;s vlf;fy; vd;w ,lj;jpy;

fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l ‘fLk; Nru’304 vd;w jkpo;g; gpuhkp fy;ntl;bd; ,Wjpapy;

fLk;kp Gj Nru

xU FwpaPL fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,f;FwpaPLk; Midf;Fl;il FwpaPl;ilg; Nghy

Kj;jiyj; jz;L tbtpy; cs;sJ. ‘Nru’ vd;W muridf; Fwpg;gjhYk;> NkYk;

Kj;jiyj; jz;ilf; nfhz;bUg;gjhYk; ,f;fy;ntl;Lk; xU murd; my;yJ

jiytidf; Fwpg;gjhf ,Uf;fyhk;. ‘fLk;kpGj’ vd;w thrfj;jpy; jkpOk;

302
R. Krishnamoorthy, op-cit. pp.252-253
303
jp.Rg;gpukzpad;> jkpofj;jpy; ngUq;fw;fhyg; gz;ghL> epa+ nrQ;Rup Gf; `T]; (gp) ypl;.>
nrd;id> 2011. g.177
304
jp.=.=ju; (gjpg;.)> jkpo;-gpuhkp fy;ntl;Lfs;> jkpo;ehL muR njhy;ypay; Jiw> nrd;id> 2006.
g.83

193
gpuhfpUjKk; fye;Js;sJ. fLk;kp vd;gijf; fLk; my;yJ fLkp vd;w jkpo;r;

nrhy;yhff; nfhz;lhy; Gj vd;w gpuhfpUjr; nrhy;iy tlnkhopr; nrhy;yhfpa Gj;u

(kfd;) vd;gjpypUe;J kUtpanjdf; nfhs;syhk;. kfDk;> khDk; xNu nghUisj;

jUtjhy; ,jidf; fLkhd; vd ,dq;fz;Ls;sdu;. Mjyhy; ,f;fy;ntl;by;

‘fLkhd; Nrud;’ vd;w Nrukd;dNd ,t;thW Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;shd; vdf;fUj

,lKz;L. ,f;fy;ntl;bd; ,Wjpapy; tUk; Kj;jiyj; jz;L FwpaPL Nruupd;

gidr; rpd;dkhfTk; fUjyhk;. ,f;fUj;jpid NkYk; cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhfr; rq;f

,yf;fpaq;fspypUe;J Nruu; gw;wpa Fwpg;GfSk; vLj;Jf; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd.

GwehD}w;wpy; khe;juQ; NruypUk; nghiw fLkhd;

‘fLkhd; nghiwa’
nghiwa vd

miof;fg;gl;Ls;shd;.305 ,t;thNw Nrukhd; Fl;Ltd; Nfhij fLkhd;’

‘fLkhd; vdTk;

GwehD}w;wpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;shd;. ,f;Fl;Ltd; Nfhij ntspapl;l nts;sp

ehzaq;fSk; fpilj;Js;sd. ,jdhy; fLkhd; Nrud; Nkw;$wpa kd;du;fspy;

xUtdhf ,Uf;fyhnkdf; nfhs;sg;gLfpd;whd;.306

Nkw;fz;ltplj;jpy; fz;lwpag;gl;l kw;nwhU goe;jkpo;f; fy;ntl;L Nfh

‘Nfh

g+jptpu 307 vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. ,jd; fhyk; fp.gp.3-Mk; E}w;whz;lhFk;. G+jptPud;

g+jptpu’

rpw;wurd; vd;W ,J nghUs;gLk;. g+4jp vd;w gpuhfpUjr;nrhy;ypd; jkpo; tbtkk;

g+jp. ,ilf;fhyj;jpy; Nrhog;Nguurpd; nfhLk;ghSu; Ntspu;fs; g+jp vd;w

Kd;ndhl;Lr; nrhy;Yld; ngau;fs; nfhz;bUe;jdu;. g+jp tpf;fpuk Nfrup vd;w

nfhLk;ghSu; Ntspu; jiytid vLj;Jf;fhl;lhfr; nrhy;yyhk;.

fp.gp.3-Mk; E}w;whz;ilr; Nru;e;j ,q;Fs;s kw;nwhU fy;ntl;L> ‘Nfh(t)hjhd;

Nfh(t)hjhd;’

vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. ,q;F Mjd; vd;gtd; murd; - jiytd; vd;W nghUs;gLk;.308

305
Gwk;. 53
306
rp.f.rpw;wk;gyk;> gz;ila jkpofk;> Fkud; gg;sp\u;];> nrd;id> 1991. g.304
307
NkyJ. gf;.83-84
308
jp.=.=ju; (gjpg;.)> Nk.F.E}. gf;.83-84

194
 Nkw;fz;l %d;W jkp;o;g;gpuhkpf; fy;ntl;LfSk; Nru Nte;ju;fspd; fPopUe;j

rpw;wuru;fisf; Fwpg;gjhf cs;sJ.

mofu;kiyf; fy;ntl;L xd;wpy; ‘fOkhwejd;

fOkhwejd;’ vd;w ngau; ,lk;ngWfpwJ.

,jpy; fOkhwd; vd;gJ ‘fLkhd;’ vd;gjd; khw;Wr; nrhy;yhff; fUjyhk;. khwd;

vd;gJ ghz;ba kugpd; ngauhFk;. vdNt ‘fLkhwd;’ vd;Dk; ghz;badhf

,tidf; fUjyhk;.309

fp.K.3-Mk; E}w;whz;ilr; Nru;e;j ,uz;L goe;jkpo; fy;ntl;Lfs;

mupl;lhgl;bapy; fz;lwpag;gl;ld. xd;wpy;> ney;ntsp,a;

‘ney; rpoptd; mjpdd;

ntspad;’ vd;Dk; ngaUk;> kw;nwhd;wpy; ‘,yQ;

,yQ;rp ,sk; Nguhjd;’ vd;Dk; ngaUk;

tuf;fhzyhk;.310 rpoptd; vd;gijr; nropad; vd;Dk; nrhy;ypd; khw;Wtbtkhff;

nfhz;L ,jidg; ghz;ba kuGg; ngauhff; nfhs;syhk;. ,yQ;rp ,sk; Nguhjd;

vd;gjpy; ,yQ;rp vd;w Ciur; Nru;e;j ,isa jiytd; vd;W nfhs;syhk;.

,yQ;rp vd;w kJiuf;F mUfpy; cs;sJ ,q;F Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.

f&upy; fpilj;Js;s %d;W jkpo;g;gpuhkpf; fy;ntl;Lfspy; gpl;ld;> gpl;le;ij>

nfhw;we;ij Mfpa ngau;fs; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sd. ‘eyp(a;

eyp(a;) Cu; M gpld; FWk;kfs;

gsp’311 vd;W xU fy;ntl;bYk;> ‘ey;

fPud; nfhwp nrapgpj gsp ey;yp(a;)Cu; M gple;ij

kfs; fPud; nfhw;wp mjplhdk;’312 vd;W kw;nwhU fy;ntl;bYk; ‘gpl;ld;’ vd;w

ngau; ,lk; ngWfpwJ. ,t;tpU fy;ntl;LfSk; fp.gp.2-Mk; E}w;whz;ilr;

Nru;e;jit. rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspy; gpl;ld; vd;Dk; jiytd; Fjpiukiyapd;

jiytdhfTk;> Nruu; gilj;jiytdhfTk; Ngrg;gLfpwhd;. vdNt gpl;ld;>

309
NkyJ. g.109
310
NkyJ. gf;.22-23
311
jp.=.=ju; (gjpg;.)> K.F.E}. g.71
312
NkyJ. g.72

195
gpl;le;ij Mfpa ngau;fisAila FWepy kd;du;fs; Nrukd;du;fNshL ,ize;J

rkzKdptu;fSf;F gLf;iffis ntl;bAs;sdu; vdf; fUjyhk;.

NkYk; fp.gp.3-Mk; E}w;whz;ilr;; Nru;e;j kw;nwhU GfSu; fy;ntl;L

nfhw;we;;ij std; Kd;W’313 vd;W gapd;W tUfpwJ. ,jpy; tUk; ‘nfhw;we;ij’

‘nfhw;

vDk; ngau; FLkpahd;kiyf; fy;ntl;bYk; ,lk;ngWtJ nfhz;L ,g;ngau;fs;

gutyhfr; rq;ffhyj; jiytu;fSf;F toq;fg;gl;lik ngwg;gLk;.

fhQ;rpGuk; khkz;^upy; gy;ytu; Filtiuf; Nfhapy;fSf;F tlgFjpapy;

cs;s xU Fd;wpy; fp.gp.3-Mk; E}w;whz;ilr; Nru;e;j jkpo;g;gpuhkpf; fy;ntl;nlhd;W>

rpW td;’314 vd;W

fzpkhd; NjD}u; je;j Nfhd; Fd;W Mrp nrapjhd; jrd; rpW…td;
‘fzpkhd;

Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. ,jpy; gapd;W tUk; NjD}u; je;j Nfhd; vd;gjpy; NjD}iu ntw;wp
nfhz;l jiytd; my;yJ murd; vd;W nghUs; gLk;.

‘fhgpCu; Mjd; rhj;jd;’ vd;Dk; thrfKs;s fy;ntl;L Fd;df;Fbapy;

mike;Js;sJ. ,J fp.gp.3-Mk; E}w;whz;ilr; Nru;e;jjhFk;. fhg;gpak; vd;gJ xU

Fbg;ngauhf ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;. njhy;fhg;gpau;> fhg;gpahw;Wf; fhg;gpadhu;> fhg;gpad;

Nre;jdhu; Kjypa Gytu;fs; ,Ue;Js;sdu;. fhg;gpaf;Fb vd;nwhU Cu; ,d;W

rPu;fhop mUfpy; cs;sJ. fhg;gpaf;Fbf;F xj;j ngaNu ‘fhg;gpCu;’vdyhk;. fhg;gp

Ciur; Nru;e;j jiytd; rhj;jd; vd;gJ ,jd; nghUshFk;.

Mjd; vd;w ngaUk; jiyikf;Fupatiuf; Fwpg;gjhFk;. rq;ffhyg;

ngau;fspy; fUq;Foyhjdhu;> fUt+u; ngUQ;rJf;fj;Jg; g+jehjdhu;> Flthapy;

ey;yhjdhu;> Fd;Wfl; ghypahjd;> Mjd; moprp> MjDq;fd;> Xa;khd; tpy;ypahjd;>

tl;lhw;W vopdpahjd; Nghd;w ngau;fs; ‘Mjd;’ vd;w ngaiu xl;b mike;jit.

Nrukd;du;fSs; gyuJ ngau; Mjd; vdg; gapd;W tUtJz;L. Nfh Mjd;

‘Nfh

313
jp.=.=ju; (gjpg;.)> K.F.E}. g.73
314
NkyJ. g.77

196
nry;ypUk;nghiw’
ghiw vd GfSu;f; fy;ntl;by; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. nfhq;fw;Gspaq;Fsk;

fy;ntl;bYs;s nrw;Mjd;> tpf;fpukq;fyk; fy;ntl;Lfspy; fhzg;gLk; rpoptd;

mjd; jpad;> me;ija;gpfd; kfd; nte;mjd;> Ftpuhjd;> Nkl;Lg;gl;bf;

fy;ntl;bYs;s me;ij Nre;j mjd;> Ftpu me;ij Nra; mjd;> Ftpu me;;ij

Nts; mjd;> jpb,y; mjd;> mofu;kiyf; fy;ntl;by; fhzg;gLk; mjd; mjd;>

Mjd; kfd; Mjd;

Mjd;> Fd;df;Fb fy;ntl;bYs;s Mjd; rhj;jd; Nghd;wit ‘Mjd;’

vd;w ngaiu mbg;gilahff; nfhz;like;jit.

mk;ghrKj;jpuj;jpypUe;J 6 fp.kP. njhiytpYs;s ma;adhu; Fsk; gFjpapy;

,uh[hf;fs; ghiw> epyhg;ghiw vd;wiof;fg;gLk; Fd;Wg;gFjpapy; cs;s

goe;jkpo;f; fy;ntl;by; gs;sp nra;tpj;j nfhilahsupd; ngauhff; ‘Fzhtpd;

sq;Nfh’ vd;W gapd;W te;Js;sJ. ,e;jg; ngaUf;F ‘,sturdhf ,Ue;j

Fzhtd;’ vd;Wk;> ‘Fzh vd;w jiytdpd; ,sty;’ vd;Wk;> ‘Fzh vd;w Ciur;

Nru;e;j ,sq;Nfh’ vd;Wk; gy;NtW tpjkhf nghUs; nfhs;s tha;g;Gs;sJ.315

Nkw;fz;ltw;Ws; KbTiuahf fpohupypUe;J Nts; epiy khwp gpd; Nte;ju;

epiy vd;w gz;ilf;fhy jkpof murpay; thzpfj;jpdhy; nropg;Gw;wpUe;jJ.

nfhLkzy;> mofd;Fsk;> nghUe;jpy; Nghd;w tzpf efuq;fs; Nts; Ml;rpapd;

fPopUe;jJ. %Nte;ju; Ml;rpapy; jkpofk; fpNuf;f> NuhkhdpaUld; tzpfj; njhlu;G

nfhz;bUe;jikahy; mt;tif ehzaq;fs; ,q;F fpilf;fg; ngw;Ws;sd. vdpDk;

jkpofj;jpy; Nte;juhl;rp xU fhyfl;lj;jpy; KbTw;wJ. Vnddpy; tzpfj;jpy;

Vw;gl;l Rzf;fNk mjw;F fhuzkhFk;. fp.gp.3-Mk; E}w;whz;lstpy; fpNuf;f>

Nuhkhdpag; NguuRfs; tPo;r;rpAw;wNghJ me;ehLfs; jkpofj;Jld; nfhz;bUe;j

thzpfKk; KbTf;F te;jJ. ngUkstpy; tzpfk; eilngWk; NghJ jhd; xU

ehl;bd; nghUshjhu epiy cr;rj;jpypUf;Fk;. tupfSk; fhzpf;iffSk; me;ehl;bd;

jiytu;fSf;F nrd;W NrUk;. jkpofj;jpy; tzpfk; tPo;r;rpAw;wjhy; %Nte;jupd;

315
jp.=.=ju; (gjpg;.)> K.F.E}. g.143

197
murpay; nry;thf;F tYtpoe;jJ. ‘cwe;
cwe;ijAk; twpNj tQ;rpAk; twpNj kJiuAk;

twpNj’
twpNj vd;W %Nte;ju;fspd; jiyefuq;fSk; tsik ,oe;jij Nkw;fz;l

rpWghzhw;W tupfs; Nfhbl;Lf; fhl;Lfpd;wd.

NkYk; gy Ntspu;fisAk;> ,df;FOj; jiytu;fisAk; ntd;wlf;fp Nte;ju;

Nkdpiyf;F te;jdu;. %Nte;ju; nry;thf;F ,oe;j fhyj;jpy; ,df;FOj;

jiytu;fs; vOr;rp ngwj; njhlq;fpdu;. ,e;j ,df;FOj; jiytu;fspd; vOr;rp

cs;ehl;L murpaypy; xU ,Uz;l fhyj;ijj; njhlq;fpaJ. ,JNt fsg;gpuu;

fhykhFk;. ,f;fsg;gpuu;fs; NtW vq;fpUe;Njh jkpofj;jpw;F te;jtu;fs; vd;W

nfhs;tijtpl ,q;fpUe;j goq;FbfNs Nte;juhl;rp tPPo;rr
; pailAk; epiyapy;

vOr;rpAw;W cs;ehl;L fyfj;jpy; <Lgl;ldu; vdf; nfhs;sy; Ntz;Lk;. ,e;epiy

tl,e;jpahtpYk; F\hdg; NguuR tPo;r;rpf;Fg; gpd; Vw;gl;lJ. vdNt Rkhu; 200

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198