am¿tXmam«olmbmWv tIcfØn¬ {InkvXpaXØn\v

Bcw`an´Xv. Cu {KŸw ae¶ck`bpsS Hcp kw£n]vXNcn{X

amWv; Ass{IkvXh¿ `qcn]£ap≈ tIcfØn¬, \ΩpsS
]q¿∆nI¿ ]ehn[ {]Xnk‘nIsfbpw AXnPohn®v AhcpsS
hnizmkw ImØpkq£n®p.
1653˛¬, t]m¿®pKokv anj\dnam¿s°Xncmbn \SØnb
Iq\≥IpcnipkXyw hsc tIcfØn¬ GIk`tb D≠mbn
cp∂p≈q. Iq\≥IpcnipkXyØn\ptijw Cu GIk`, ]gb
Iq‰pIm¿ F∂pw ]pXnb Iq‰pIm¿ F∂pw c≠mbn ]nf¿∂p.
]pØ≥Iq‰pIm¿ Ime{ItaW bmt°m_mb°mcmbnØo¿∂p.
bmt°m_mb k`bn¬ ]ns∂bpw ]nf¿∏p≠mbn. ]p\sscIy
Øn\pth≠n ]ecpw {ian®psh¶nepw, 1930˛¬ Koh¿Kokv am¿
Cuhm\ntbmkns‚ t\XrXzØn¬ \S∂ ]p\sscIyw am{Xta
hnPbn®p≈q.
tbip{InkvXp Hcp k` am{Xta ÿm]n®n´p≈q. ]s£ C∂v
]e ss{IkvXhk`Ifpw D≠v. ]pXnb k`IfpsS t\Xm°ƒ
Ncn{Xw hfs®mSn®v kzbw \ymboIcWw \SØp∂p.
`n∂n®p \nev°p∂ k`Isf√mw sFIys∏´v Hcp CSbs‚
IognemIWsa∂p≈ tbip{InkvXphns‚ B{Klw (tbml.
17:21) \ndth‰s∏Sphm≥ {]m¿∞n°mw.
]pØ≥Iq‰pIm¿
^mZ¿ CSn-°pf ]m≠n-bØv

]pØ≥Iq‰pIm¿

]Ø-\w-Xn´
2014
Idicula Pandiath, Puttankuttukar
D≈-S°w
BapJw 7
Ah-Xm-cnI 9
{KŸ-kq-NnI 10
1.- am¿ tXmam {InkvXym-\n-Ifpw t]¿jy≥k-`bpw 11
2. kpdn-bm-\n-°m¿ eØo≥`c-W-Øn¬ 20
3. Iq\≥Ip-cn-ip-kXyw 26
4. ]pØ-≥Iq-‰p-Im¿ 28
5. ]pØ≥Iq-‰p-Im¿ bmt°m_mb°mcmIp∂p 30
6. N¿®v an-j-\dn skmssk-‰n-bpw bmt°m-_m-bmk-`bpw 44
© Idicula Pandiath, 2014
7.- \-ho-I-c-W-I£n 49
8. ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kns‚ B[n-]Xyw 55
9. Bcm[\{Iaw 60
10. am¿tØm-Ωm-k` 62
11. sk‚ v tXma v Chm≥sPen°¬ N¿®v Hm^v C≥Uy 70
12.- bmt°m_mb k`bnse I£nhg°pIƒ 75
13. am¿ A_vtZZvaninlmbpw ImtXmen°mhmgvNbpw 80
14.- am¿ Cuhm\ntbmkv sa{Xmt∏meoØmbpsS ]p\sscIyw 88
15. Genbmkv ]m{Xnb¿°okv 96
16. H∂mw kapZmbt°kv 100
17. ho≠pw ]nf¿∏v 106
Printing : Bethany Offset Printers, Kottayam - 686010 18. AhtemI\w 117
Ph: 0481-2571355 19. ImtXmenIhpw ss«lnIhpw GIhpw hnip≤hpamb k` 131
e-mail: bethanyktm@ gmail.com
20. kss`IyamWv GI ]cnlmcam¿§w 146
Price : 85/-
]p¯³ IqäpImÀ ]p¯³ IqäpImÀ

BapJw
""]pØ≥Iq‰pIm¿'' F∂ t]cn¬ 1986˛¬ Rm≥ Hcp ]pkvXIw
{]kn≤s∏SpØnbncp∂p. CXv AXns‚ Hcp Npcpßnb cq]amWv. IqSm
sX 1986˛\ptijap≈ Ncn{Xw IqSn Npcp°ambn CXn¬ tN¿Øn´p≠v.
tXmΩm«olmbmWv tIcfØn¬ {InkvXpaXØn\v ASnÿm\
an´Xv. t]¿jy≥ k`bn¬ \n∂pamWv sa{Xm∑m¿ ChnsS h∂psIm≠ncp
∂Xv. t]¿jy≥ k`bn¬ \nehnencp∂ I¬Zmb`mjbpw (]uckvXy
kpdnbm\n) I¬Zmb doØpamWv ChnsSbpw \nehn¬ h∂Xv. 1653˛¬
\S∂ Iq\≥IpcnipkXyw hsc tIcfØnse k` GIambncp∂p. Iq\≥
IpcnipkXyØn\ptijw, ]gbIq‰pImsc∂pw ]pXnbIq‰pImsc∂pw k`
c≠mbn ]nf¿∂p. ]pØ≥Iq‰pIm¿ Ime{ItaW bmt°m_mb k`
°m¿ BbnØo¿∂p. bmt°m_mb k`bn¬ ]ns∂bpw ]nf¿∏p≠mbn.
tbip{InkvXp Hcp k` am{Xta ÿm]n®n´p≈q F∂v F√mhcpw
kΩXn°pw. ""Hcp I¿Ømhpw Hcp hnizmkhpw Hcp ⁄m\kv\m\hpta
bp≈q'' (Ft^. 4:5). ""ImtXmenIhpw ss«lnIhpw GIhpw hnip≤hp
amb k`bnepw R߃ hnizkn°p∂p,'' F∂v ItØmen°cpw bmt°m
_mb˛Hm¿ØtUmIvkpImcpw am¿tØmΩmk`°mcpw, \nJymhnizmk
{]amWØn¬ G‰p]dbp∂p≠v. ]t£ hntcm[m`mksa∂p ]dbs´
]e {InkvXobk`Iƒ C∂v temIØn¬ D≠v. ]pXnb k`IfpsS
t\Xm°ƒ Ncn{Xw hfs®mSn®v kzbw \ymboIcn°m≥ {ian°p∂Xv
Bflh©\bt√?
GXp k`bn¬ \n∂mse¥m ssZhØn¬ hnizkn®v Pohn®m¬
t]mtc F∂p tNmZn°p∂hcp≠v. F∂m¬ ssZhhN\w F¥p]dbp∂p?
""k`sbt∏mepw tIƒ°mØ]£w, Ah≥ \n\°p hnPmXnbs\t∏m
sebpw Np¶°mcs\t∏msebpw Bbncn°s´'' (aØm. 18:17). ""IpXn¿∂
Xpw hc≠Xpw H∂pt]mse F∂ `mhØn¬, Rm≥ Fs‚ CjvSØn\p
\S∂mepw kpc£nX\mbncn°pw F∂p ]d™p Xs∂Øs∂ A\p{K
ln°p∂ht\mSv I¿Ømhp £an°pIbn√'' (\nba. 29:19˛20).
tbip{InkvXp ]dbp∂p: ""\n߃ Fs‚ hN\Øn¬ \ne\nev°p
sa¶n¬ bYm¿∞Øn¬ Fs‚ injycmWv. \n߃ kXyw AdnbpIbpw
kXyw \nßsf kzX{¥cm°pIbpw sNøpw'' (tbml. 8:31˛32).
`n∂n∏v ]m]amWv . ]cnip≤mflmhp≈nSØv `n∂Xbn√. hn.
]utemkv «olm Blzm\w sNøp∂p: ""kam[m\Øns‚ _‘Øn¬
Bflmhns‚ sFIyw \ne\n¿Øphm≥ PmKcqIcmbncn°phn≥''
(Ft^. 4:3). ""Fs¥∂m¬ \Ωsf√mhcpw Htc Bflmhn¬ GIicoc
6 7
 ]p¯³ IqäpImÀ ]p¯³ IqäpImÀ

amIphm≥ ⁄m\kv\m\ta‰p'' (1 tImdn. 12:13). ""\n߃ {InkvXphns‚

icochpw HmtcmcpØcpw AXnse AhbhßfpamWv'' (1 tImdn. 12:27).
Ah-Xm-cnI
""IÆn\p ssItbmSv "F\n°p \ns∂s°m≠v Bhiyan√' Ft∂m, Xebv°v am¿tØmΩm {InkvXym\nIfpsS Ncn{XØns‚ HmtcSv, ""]pØ≥Iq‰pIm¿''
Iment\mSv "F\n°v \ns∂s°m≠v D]tbmKan√' Ft∂m ]dbpI F∂ t]cn¬ _lpam\s∏´ CSn°pf ]m≠nbØ®≥ Xømdm°nbXv Rm≥ hfsc
km≤ya√'' (1 tImdn. 12:21). {i≤tbmsS hmbn®p. DZbwt]cq¿ kp∂ltZmkpw XpS¿∂p≠mb Iq\≥Ipcnip
`n∂n®p \nev°p∂ ss{IkvXhk`Iƒ sFIys∏´v GIk`bmbn kXyhpw k`mKm{XØnse DWßmØ apdnhmbn C∂pw Ahtijn°p∂p.
{InkvXphn\p km£yw \evIWsa∂mWv {InkvXp\mYs‚ B{Klw. GIk`sb∂ tbip{InkvXphns‚ Z¿i\sØ sh√phnfn®v At\I ]ncnhpIfpw
Dƒ∏ncnhpIfpambn k`mXew \nesIm≈p∂p.
""Ahsc√mhcpw H∂mbncn°phm≥th≠n, ]nXmth, \o F∂nepw Rm≥ sI´pIYIfnepw Dulmt]mlßfnepw _es∏SpØnb At\I{KŸßƒ
\n∂nepw Bbncn°p∂Xpt]mse Ahcpw \Ωn¬ Bbncn°p∂Xn\pw.... ]Xn\mdmw \q‰m≠papXep≈ tIcf k`mNcn{XsØ Bkv]Zam°n hncNnXambn
th≠n Rm≥ {]m¿∞n°p∂p'' (tbml. 17:21). ´p≠v. F∂m¬ B[nImcnI tcJItfbpw Ncn{X{KŸßtfbpw ]mcºcyßtfbpw
""Fs¥∂m¬ \ΩpsS BZyhnizmksØ Ahkm\w hsc tIm¿ØnW°n hncNnXamb ""]pØ≥Iq‰pIm¿'' F∂ {KŸw Kuchamb ]T\
apdpsI∏nSn°psa¶n¬ am{Xta \mw {InkvXphn¬ ]¶pImcmIbp≈q'' amWv. km[mcW°m¿°pw Ncn{X]T\IpXpInIƒ°pw Cu {KŸw Hcpt]mse
(sl{_m. 3:14). {]tbmP\{]ZamWv.
am¿tØmΩm {InkvXym\nIfpw t]¿jy≥ k`Ifpw, kpdnbm\n°m¿ eØo≥
c≠mw hØn°m≥ kp\ltZmkv "FIypsa\nkw' F∂ Un{Inbn¬ `cWØn¬, Iq\≥IpcnipkXyw, ]pØ≥Iq‰pIm¿, kn.Fw.Fkpw bmt°m_mb
C{]Imcw {]kvXmhn°p∂p. ""B¥cnI]cnh¿Ø\w IqSmsXbp≈ FIyp k`bpw, \hoIcWI£n, ]m{Xnbm¿°okns‚ B[n]Xyw, Bcm[\{Iaw, am¿
sa\nkw, FIypsa\nkw F∂ t]cn\¿la√. sFIyØn\p th≠nbp≈ tØmΩmk`, sk‚ v tXmakv Chm©en°¬ N¿®v Hm^v C≥Uy, bmt°m_mbm
Zmlw \msºSp°pIbpw s]m´nhncnbpIbpw ]IzX {]m]n°pIbpw sNøp k`bnse I£nhg°pw ImtXmen°mhmgvNbpw, am¿ Cuhm\ntbmkv sa{Xmt∏meo
∂Xv a\ ns‚ \hoIcWØnemWv'' (FIypsa\nkw˛7). ØmbpsS ]p\sscIyw, Genbmkv ]m{Xnbm¿°okv, kapZmbt°kpIƒ
F∂nßs\ \nch[n hnjb߃ Cu {]mamWnI {KŸØn¬ ]T\hnjbam°n
bYm¿∞ ssZhmcm[\ kvt\lØnepw Hcpabnepw A[njvTnX bn´p≠v.
ambncn°Ww. tbip{InkvXphns\ G‰p]dbp∂ F√mhcpw HcpatbmSp k` ImtXmenIamWv, ss«lnIamWv, GIamWv, hnip≤amWv. F√mhcpw
IqSn Htc _enbn¬ ]s¶Sp°phm≥ km[n°p∂ Zn\Øn\mbn {]m¿∞\m CXv IqsS°qsS G‰p]dbp∂p. tbip{InkvXp Hcp k`tb ÿm]n®n´p≈q. \cI
]q¿∆w ImØncn°mw. IhmS߃ AXnt∑¬ {]_es∏SpIbn√ F∂v ]t{XmkmIp∂ ]mdta¬
Cu {KŸØn\v kapNnXamb Hcp AhXmcnI FgpXnØ∂, ]Wnbs∏´ k`sb∏‰n hn.{KŸw Dd∏n®v \sΩ {]t_m[n∏n°p∂p. ]nf¿∂I∂
]Ø\wXn´ cq]Xm≤y£≥, A`nhµy bqlmt\m≥ am¿ {IntkmÃw Iq´mbvaIƒ°v kphntijkm£yw AXns‚ ]q¿ÆXbn¬ \¬Im\mhn√.
""F√mhcpw H∂mtI≠Xn\v'' (tbml. 17/11) F∂ \ΩpsS I¿Ømhns‚ henb
sa{Xmt∏meoØmtbmSp≈ Fs‚ lrZbw \nd™ \µn tcJs∏SpØn B{Klw C∂pw k^eambn´n√.
s°m≈p∂p. Cu {KŸw {]kn≤s∏Sp∂Xn\v F√m t{]m’ml\hpw ap≥hn[nIqSmsX k`mNcn{Xw ]Tn∏n°pI F∂Xv {]mYanImhiyamWv.
\evInb, At\Iw {KŸßfpsS I¿Ømhpw ]Ø\wXn´ cq]XbpsS Adnhns‚ hmXmb\߃ Xpd°s∏Sptºmƒ kXymt\zjWØns‚ ]mX
Nm≥knedpw Bb ^mZ¿ Koh¿Kokv tNSnbØnt\mSpap≈ \µn Xpd°s∏SpIXs∂ sNøpw. ""]pØ≥Iq‰pIm¿'' F∂ Cu B[nImcnI]T\w
Adnbn®psIm≈p∂p. Cu {KŸØns‚ ap{ZWw \n¿hln® tIm´bw AXn\v klmbn°pIXs∂ sNøpw.
]e {KŸßfpw tIcfk`bv°v kΩm\n® _lpam\s∏´ CSn°pf
_Y\n {] nse A[nImcnItfmSpw kl{]h¿ØItcmSpap≈ \µnbpw ]m≠nbØ®s‚ Cu {KŸØn\v {]Npc{]Nmcw t\cpIbpw A®\v F√m
Adnbn®psIm≈p∂p. \∑Ifpw Biwkn°pIbpw sNøp∂p.
ssZhw [mcmfambn A\p{Kln°s´,
^m.- C-Sn-°pf ]m≠n-bØv
kvt\l-`-h≥
]Ø-\w-Xn´ ˛ 689 645

s^{_phcn 14, 2014.

8 9
 ]p¯³ IqäpImÀ ]p¯³ IqäpImÀ

{KŸ-kq-NnI
C©-bv°t- em-Sn,- tXma-kv, B¿®p-_n-j∏v am¿ C
- u-hm-\n-tbm-kv, hmeyw 1,-
Xn-cp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, 1957.
I¿Zn-\mƒ ‰n-s -dm-Mv,- C≥Uy-bnse ]u-c-kvXy- ss{I-kvX-h-cp-sS- I-Y,-
1
tIm-´-bw, s.d., (hn-h¿Ø\w,- G.- Un.- a-‰w-˛-sP. -X-®n¬). amÀt¯m½m-{In-kvXym-\n-Ifpw
IWn-bm-w]-d-ºn¬, sI., kpdn-bm-\n-k-`,- Xn-cp-h-√, 1982.
Im™n-c-ap-I-fn¬,- Fkv. ]p-\-ssc-Iy--tc-J-Iƒ,- tIm-´-bw, 20-12.
t]Àjy³ k-`bpw
IqS-∏pg tkhy¿, `mc-X-k-`m-N-cn-{Xw, tIm´-b-w, 1984.
tIm\m-´v- A-{_-lmw- a¬∏m≥,- lq-Zm-b-Im-t\m≥, -]m-ºm°pS, 1952.
Koh¿Kokv dºm≥, F{Xbpw kmchØmb Hcp FgpØp]pkvXIw, 1933.
am¿ tXm-am-«o-lm-bmWv `mc-XØ
- n¬ {In-kvXp-aX
- Ø
- n\v ASn-ÿm-
\-an-´X
- v. tXmam-«olm t]¿jy≥ km-{am-Py-Øn-se- hn-hn-[ {- ]-tZ-iß
- f
- n¬
tNSn-b-Øv,- Pn., tIc-f-Øn-se- -ss{I-kvX-h-k-`-Iƒ,- tIm-´-bw,1998.
kphn-ti-jw -{]-kw-Kn-®tijw F. Un. 52˛¬ I∏¬am¿Kw sImSp-ß-√q-
tNSn-b-Øv,- Pn., ]uc-kvXy-Im-tXm-en-t°m-kv, tIm´-bw,1985. cnse -am-ey-¶cbn¬ FØn. -«o-lm-bpsS t{]jn-X-{]-h¿Ø-\-^-e-ambn,
tNSn-bØ
- ,v - Pn., taP¿- B¿®p-_n-j∏
- ˛-v I
- m-tXm-en-t°m-k,v Xncp-h\
- ¥
- ]
- p-cw, 2007. Ggv ÿe-ßf - n¬ ]≈nIƒ ÿm]n°pIbpw {InkvXobkaql߃°v
tNSn-b-Øv,- Pn., k`m-N-cn-{X-]-T-\-߃,- tIm-´-bw, 1982. cq]w \evIpIbpw sNbvXp.
Um\n-tb¬,- sI.- F≥.,- H-cp- B-fl-hr-Ø-I-Y-\w,- Nm-Ø-∂q¿, 1956. sImSpß√q¿, ]mebq¿, sIm√w, Nmb¬ AYhm \nebv°¬,
]oent∏mkv- C.-Fw., a
- m¿tØmΩm «olm-bpsS C≥Uy≥k-`,- Nn-ßh
- \
- w,1929. \ncWw, tIm°awKew, tIm´°mhv AYhm ]dhq¿ F∂o ÿeßfn
]mtdΩm°¬ tXmΩm IØ\m¿, h¿Øam\∏pkvXIw, 1936. emWv ]≈nIƒ ÿm]n®Xv. am¿tXmam«olmbn¬ \n∂pw ssIhbv]v
In´nb sshZnI¿ ChcpsS Bflob Imcy߃ \SØnbncp∂p. ]Item
h´t»cn tXma v, Fs‚ sXtßen{]kwKw, 1955.
a‰w (]mea‰w), i¶c]pcn, Iffn, Imfnbm¶mhv F∂o \mep {_m“W
h´-t»-cn¬ Koh¿Kokv aev]m≥, atXm-]-tZ-i-km-c-߃, -tIm-´-bw,1892. IpSpw_ßfn¬ \n∂v am\km¥cs∏´h¿°v «olm sshZnI]´w sImSp
tdmb¬ tIm-S-Xn-hn-[n,- Xn-cp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, 1899. ØXmbn ]mcºcyw ]dbp∂p. hn. tXmam«olmbpsS A\pbmbnIƒ F∂
tXmakv Fkv, ]p\sscIykmlyw, S. H. League 1939 \nebn¬ ChnSpsØ {InkvXym\nIƒ, am¿tØmΩm {InkvXym\nIƒ
k°-dn-bm, Sn.--. Pn.-˛ -am-Ω≥, -sI-. hn.(ed.), Ccp-]Xmw \q‰m-≠nse ae--¶-c- F∂ t]cn¬ Adnbs∏Sp∂p.
k` 1876-˛1976,- tIm-´-bw, 1978. am¿ tXmam«olm ChnsS\n∂pw ssaem∏qcnseØpIbpw, Ahn
h¿Ko-kv,- ‰n.-sF.,- a-e-¶c˛At¥ym-Iy≥ _‘w ]sØm-ºXmw \q‰m- SpsØ kphntij{]NmcWØn¬ lnµpaXt\Xm°fn¬ \n∂v FXn¿
≠ns‚ krjvSn, 1999. ∏p≠mIpIbpw F.Un.68˛¬ c‡km£naIpSw NqSpIbpw sNbvXp.
C. M. Agur-Church History of Travancore, 1903. 232˛¬ «olmbpsS Xncptijn∏pIfn¬ `qcn`mKhpw Hcp ssIbpsS
Hambye S. J. St. Thomas, The Apostle of India, 1984. F√ns‚ Hcp `mKw Hgn®p ssaem∏qcn¬ \n∂pw FtU mbnte°v am‰p
Fr. Herman D'Souza, 'In the steps of St. Thomas, 1952. Dr. Panjikaran, 'The Syrian Ibpw, ap…owßfpsS B{IaWw D≠mbt∏mƒ AhnsS \n∂pw 1258˛¬
Church in Malabar. C‰enbn¬ H¿tØmWm F∂ ÿetØ°v am‰pIbpw sNbvXp.
10 11
 ]p¯³ IqäpImÀ ]p¯³ IqäpImÀ

eØo≥ k`, am¿tXmam«olmbpsS Xncp\mƒ c‡km£nbmbn ]pcmW Imew apX¬ tIc-fhpw a‰p cmPy-ß-fp-ambn kpK-‘-{Z-
acn® Unkw_¿ 21˛mw XobXn BtLmjn°p∂p. Pqsse 3˛mw XobXn hy-߃, XSn apX-embhbn¬ hym]m-c_ - ‘
- ß- ƒ \ne-hn-en-cp-∂p. FtU-
«olmbpsS Xncptijn∏pIƒ FtU nte°v sIm≠pt]mbXns\ Hm¿  m-bn¬ \n∂pw tIc-fØ - n-te°v c≠p IpSn-tb-‰ß
- ƒ, 345-˛epw 825-˛t- \m-
°p∂ Xncp\mfmbn kpdnbm\n°m¿ ZpJvtdms\m Xncp\mƒ BNcn°p∂p. S-Sp-Øp-ambn \S-∂n-´p-≠v. IqSmsX thsd sNdnb IpSn-tb-‰-ßfpw D≠m-
FtU m S¿°nbnse D¿^m (urfa) ]´WamWv. bn-´p-≠v. tIc-f-Øn-te-°p≈ t]¿jy≥ {InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS IpSn-tb-‰-
1893˛¬ ssaem∏q¿ _nj∏mbncp∂ Reed da Silva Ct∏mgp≈ ߃ t]¿jy≥ k`-bp-am-bp≈ _‘-߃ i‡n-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm≥ klm-
at\mlcamb tKmØn°v IØo{U¬ ]Wnbn°pIbpw 1896 sabv 10˛mw bn-®n-´p-≠v.
XobXn CuÃv C≥Uokns‚ ]m{Xnb¿°okmbncp∂ Donw Valente AXv 1130-˛¬ tPm¨ 22-˛m-a≥ am¿∏m∏m (1316-˛34) tPm¿U≥ IØ-em\n
IqZmi sNøpIbpw (Consecrate) sNbvXp. (Father Herman D'Souza M.A.; F∂ sUman-\n-°≥ sshZn-Is\ sIm√w sa{Xm-\mbn A`n-tjIw sNbvXp.
M.Ed. "In the steps of St. Thomas 1952, P-59). sIm√sØ \{kmWn {InkvXym-\n-Iƒ°v At±-lsØ ]cn-Nb - s
- ∏-Sp-Øn-
t]¿jy≥ k`bpambp≈ _‘w s°m-≠p≈ Hcp IØv sImSp-Ø-b-bv°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. (""C-¥y-bnse
]uckvXy ss{IkvXh - c
- psS IY'' ]pdw 22-˛I
- ¿±n-\mƒ ‰ns -dmßv s{^©p-
am¿tXmam«olm c‡km£naIpSw NqSnbXn\ptijap≈ `m-j-bn¬ cNn® {KŸw, Cu. B¿. lmw_n Fkv.-sP.-Cw-•o-jn-te°v
ChnSpsØ {InkvXym\nIfpsS ÿnXn F¥mbncp∂p F∂-dn-bp-∂-Xn- hnh¿Ø\w sNbvXX - p-amb "The Eastern Christianity in India" F∂ {KŸw,
\p≈ Ncn-{X-tc-J-Iƒ hfsc hnc-f-am-Wv.
sP. X®n¬ ]cn-`mjs∏Sp-Øn-bX - v).
t]¿jy-bp-sSbpw alm C≥Uy-bp-sSbpw sa{Xm-\mb t]¿jym-°m-
Hcp ]s£ ap…ow-ß-fpsS B{I-aWw \nan-Øtam at‰m sak-
c≥ tbml-∂m≥ \nJym kp∂-l-tZm-kn¬ kw_-‘n®v H∏p-h-®-h-cpsS
t∏m-t´-an-bm-bn¬ \n∂pw GXm\pw h¿j-°m-e-tØ°v sa{Xm-∑m¿ hcm-
enÃn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-∂p-sh∂ Imcyw a‰p ]e {KŸ-Im-c∑ - m-scbpw t]mse
Xn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬, B hnhcw am¿∏m∏m Adn-™-Xp-sIm-≠v, tPm¿U≥
ao™m-\bpw D≤-cn-°p-∂p. (A. Mingana. The Early Spread of Christianity in
_nj-∏ns\ sIm√-tØ°v Ab-®X - m-bn-cn-°mw. F¥m-bmepw sIm√sØ
India. B. J. R. L. 10 (1926) Page 395-Cardinal Tisseranut-""C≥Uy-bnse
\{kmWn {InkvXym-\n-Iƒ A∂v ItØm-en-°-cm-bn-cp-∂-Xp-sIm-≠m-W-
]uckvXy ss{IkvX-h-cpsS IY''˛ sP. X®n¬ Cw•o-jn¬ \n∂pw
t√m, am¿∏m∏m A{]-Imcw sNbvX-Xv.
X¿÷a sNbvXXv ]pdw 6).
1348-˛¬, s¢sa‚ v 6˛m-a≥ am¿∏m-∏m, {^m≥kn-kvI≥ _nj-∏mb
FtU- m-bn-sebpw _mKvZmZn-sebpw t]¿jy≥ k`-bn¬s∏´
tPm¨ acn-t™m-fnsb At±-lØ - ns‚ {]Xn-\n-[n-bmbn (legate) ChntS°v
]m{Xn-b¿°o-kmWv Chn-tS°v sa{Xm-∑msc Ab-®p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂-Xv.
Ab-®p. _nj∏v acn-t™mfn ]d-bp∂p: ""Chn-sS-bp≈ kmc-kn≥kv
t]¿jy≥ k`-bn-se, ]uckvXy kpdn-bm-\n-bn-ep≈ I¬Zmb Bcm-[\ - -
(Saracens C‰menb≥ tcJ-I-fn¬ ae-_m¿ {]tZ-i-ß-fn-ep-≈-hsc Dt±-
{I-a-amWv `mc-X-k-`-bnepw \ne-hn¬ h∂-Xv. sak-s∏m-t´-an-b≥ AYhm
in®v ]d-™n-cp-∂Xv Aß-s\-bm-Wv) Ipcp-ap-f-Ins‚ DS-am-ÿ¿ am{X-a-
t]¿jy≥ sa{Xm-∑m¿ F∂p apX-emWv ChnsS h∂p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂Xv F∂v
√, Ah¿ sk‚ v tXma-kns‚ {InkvXym-\n-If - p-am-W.v ..-am¿∏m-∏m-bpsS {]Xn-
JWvUn-Xa - mbn ]d-bp-hm-\m-hn-√. t]¿jy≥ k`-bpsS Bÿm\w BZyw
\n[n F∂ \nebv°v Ah¿ F\n°v amkw tXmdpw 100 kz¿Æ-\m-W-b-
skeqjym sÃkn-^-Wnepw ]ns∂ am¿ Xntam-Øn-bpsS Imew apX¬
(8-˛mw \q‰m-≠v) _mKvZmZnepw Bbn-cp-∂p. sak-t∏m-t´-anb F∂p ]d-bp- ßfpw (gold fanams) Rm≥ AhnsS \n∂v Hcp h¿jhpw \mep amkhpw
∂Xv Ct∏m-gsØ Cdm°v BWv. AXns‚ Hcp {][m\ ]´-W-amWv Ign™v Xncn-®p-t]m-cp-tºmƒ Bbncw ]Whpw X∂p (Travancore State
_mKvZmZv. _mKvZmZn-sebpw _mt_-en-sebpw _m_n-tem-Wn-sebpw Manual B Vol. II. P. 145; Dr. J. C. Panjikaran, The Syrian Church in
ImtXmen°m H∂p Xs∂. Malabar. P. 34).
12 13
 ]p¯³ IqäpImÀ ]p¯³ IqäpImÀ

hØn-°m≥ {KŸm-e-b-Øn¬ (Vati. Syr. 204) kq£n-®n-´p≈ Hcp Rmbdm-gvN) Ah-cpsS ]´-°m¿ Ip¿_m\ sNm√n-bt- i-jw, Rß-sfbpw
ssIsø-gpØv tcJ, ]Xn-\©mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ A¥y-L-´-Ønse C¥y- {]th-in-∏n-°p-Ibpw R߃ Znhy-_e - n- A¿∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. AXv
bnse {InkvXy≥ kap-Zm-b-Øns‚ ÿnXn-K-Xn-Isf shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂- Ah¿°v kt¥m-j-I-c-am-bn-cp-∂p.'' (Schurhammer S. J., The Malabar
Xm-Wv. I¬Zmb en]n-bn¬ Fgp-Xn-b-Xpw, Ad-_n, kpdn-bm\n ]mT-t`-Z- Church and Rome P. 7.; S. Giamiel "Genuine Relations inter Sedem
߃ Dƒs°m-≈p-∂-Xp-amb Hcp cN-\-bm-Wn-Xv. Cu tcJ-bpsS Npcp-°- Apostolicamet Assyriorum Orientalium seu chaldaeorum Ecclesiam" P.11-
an-Xm-Wv. Rome. 1904-PP, 596; J. C. Panjikaran, "The Syrian Church in Malabar"-
P.36).
hf-sc-°mew sa{Xm-∑m-cpsS A`mhw aqew, ae-_m¿ {InkvXym-
\n-Iƒ Ah-cn¬ \n∂v aq∂p-t]sc Xnc-s™-SpØv skeq-Nnb-sk-kn- _mt_en¬ \n∂pw h∂ Cu kpdn-bm\n sa{Xm-∑msc t]m¿´p-
^-Wnse ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kns‚ ]°-te-°-b-®p. aq∂p-t]-cn¬ Hcmƒ hgn- Kokv sshZn-I¿ _lp-am-\-]q¿∆w kzoI-cn-°p-Ibpw Ah¿ Ip¿_m\
bn¬ h®p acn-®p. _m°n c≠p-t]¿ kpc-£n-X-cmbn AhnsS FØn. sNm√nb AtX _en-]o-T-ß-fn¬ Xs∂ Cu sa{Xm-∑mcpw Ip¿_m\
]m{Xn-b¿°okv Ah¿°v ]ptcm-ln-X-]´w \¬In. AXn-\p-tijw am¿ sNm√p-hm≥ A\p-hZ- n-°p-Ibpw sNbvsX-¶n¬, Cu sa{Xm-∑mcpw ItØm-
Fhp-fns‚ B{i-aØ - n¬ \n∂v c≠p k\ym-kn-Isf Xnc-s™-SpØv am¿ en-°m-k`- b
- n¬ s]´-hc
- m-bn-cp∂p F∂p≈Xv Xo¿®-bm-Wt- √m. Cu sa{Xm-
tXma-kv, am¿ tbml-∂m≥ F∂o t]cp-I-fn¬ sa{Xm-∑m-cmbn A`n-tj- ∑m¿ _mt_¬ ]m{Xn-b¿°okv hgn am¿∏m-∏m-bpsS sFIy-Øn-em-bn-cp-∂p.
Nn®v 1490-˛¬ {]Xn-\n-[n-It- fm-sSm∏w C¥y-bn-te-°b
- ®
- p. am¿ bmt°m_v
A[nIw Xma-kn-bmsX am¿ tXmakv sak-s∏m-t´-an-bm-bn-te°v 1503-˛¬ am¿ bmt°m_v tIc-f-Øn¬ h∂p F∂v apI-fn¬ ]d-
Xncn-®p-t]m-bn. sska¨ A©m-as‚ \ncym-W-tijw At±-l-Øns‚ ™n-cp-∂t- √m. Bcw-`Ø
- n¬ am¿ tXmam \{km-Wn-Ifpw Ah-cpsS sa{Xm-
]n≥Km-an-bmb am¿ Gen-bmkv (1502-˛3), am¿ bm_m-em-lm, am¿ Z\-lm, \mb am¿ bmt°m_pw t]m¿´p-Kokv anjy-\d - n-am-cp-ambn kulm¿±-Øn¬
am¿ bmt°m_v F∂o sa{Xm-∑msc tIc-fØ - n-te°v Ab-®p. am¿ tbml- Ign-™n-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ 1539-˛¬ tKmhm eØo≥ cq]X ÿm]n-Xa - m-bXp
∂m≥ At∏mgpw ChnsS Pohn-®n-cp-∂p. (Im¿Un-\¬ ‰ns -dmßv ta¬ apX¬, t]m¿´p-Ko-kp-Im¿ ae-¶ck`-bpsS `c-WI - m-cy-ßf - n¬ CS-s]-Sm≥
{KŸw, ]pdw 24-˛25). XpS-ßn-bt- ∏mƒ kulm¿±-Øn¬ Bbn-cp-∂h - ¿ ]c-k] v cw AI-em≥ XpS-
1504-˛¬ Cu sa{Xm-∑m¿ ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kns‚ t]¿°v Zo¿L-amb ßn. 1558-˛¬ sIm®n-cq-]X ÿm]n-X-am-hp-Ibpw tKmhm AXn-cq-]-X-bm-
dnt∏m¿´v Ab-®p. AXn¬ \n∂pw {]k-‡-amb `mK-߃ Xmsg Ip-Ibpw sNbvX-tXm-Sp-IqSn Cu AI¬® h¿≤n®p. t]m¿´p-Ko-kp-Im¿,
tN¿°p∂p: ""ChnsS \ΩpsS hnizm-k-Øn-ep≈ ap∏-Ø-øm-bncw IpSpw- am¿ bmt°m-_n¬ s\kvtXm-dn-b\ - nkw Btcm-]n-°p-Ibpw At±-lØ - n\v
_-߃ D≠v. {InkvXym-\n-Iƒ Xma-kn-°p∂ ae-_m¿ F∂ Cu {]tZ- hfsc _p≤n-ap-´p-Iƒ hcp-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp. F∂m¬ hn. {^m≥knkv
i-Ø,v 20 ]´-Wß - f
- n-embn {InkvXym-\n-Iƒ Xma-kn-°p∂p; F√m-bn-SØpw tkhy-dn\v am¿ bmt°m-_n-s\-∏‰ - n \√ A`n-{]m-ba - m-bn-cp-∂p.
]≈n-Ifpw D≠v....-G-I-tZiw Ccp-]Xp t]m¿´p-Kokp-Im¿ IÆq¿ F∂ ""Iptd Ign™v am¿ bmt°m_v sIm®n-bnse {^m≥knkvI≥
]´-WØ - n¬ Xma-kn-°p-∂p. R߃ IÆq-cn¬ FØn-bt- ∏mƒ R߃ B{i-a-Øn-te°v ]n≥hm-ßn. Cu ]n≥hm-߬ \n¿_-‘-]q¿∆-I-amb
Ah¿°v Rß-sf-Øs∂ ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øn. Ah¿ Rßsf G‰hpw H∂m-bn-cp-∂p. 1549-˛¬ hn. {^m≥knkv tkhy¿ At±-lsØ AhnsS
kt¥m-j-tØm-Sp-IqSn kzoI-cn-°p-Ibpw, R߃°v at\m-l-c-amb DSp- h®p I≠p. ""ssZh-sØbpw cmPm-hn-s\bpw Cu cmPy-Øn¬ 45 h¿jw
∏p-Ifpw Ccp-]Xp kz¿Æ-\m-W-b-ßfpw \evIp-Ibpw sNbvXp. c≠c kvXpXy¿l-ambn tkhn® `‡\pw hnip-≤\ - p-amb Cu hr≤-sa-{Xms‚
amkw R߃ Ah-tcm-Sp-IqSn Xma-kn-®p. Hcp Znhkw Rß-fpw, hn. Imcyw hnip-≤≥ tPm¨ aq∂m-a≥ cmPm-hn\v (t]m¿´p-Ke - n-se) FgpXn''
Ip¿_m\ A¿∏n-°-W-sa∂v Ah¿ Rß-tfmSv ]d-™p...-B-I-bm¬ (I¿±n-\mƒ ‰ns -dm-ßv, C≥Uy-bnse ]uckvXy {InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS
""t\mk¿Z¬'' Rmb-dmgvN (s]-¥n-t°mkvXn Ign™p hcp∂ Ggmw IY. ]pdw. 36). 1541-˛¬ sImSp-ß-√q-cn¬ Hcp kvIqƒ (sk-an-\-cn) XpS-
14 15
 ]p¯³ IqäpImÀ ]p¯³ IqäpImÀ

ßp-∂X - n\v am¿ bmt°m_v {^m≥kn-kI v ≥ sshZn-Isc klm-bn-®p. {io. H∂c h¿j-Øn-\p-tijw sa{Xm-∑m¿ _t ≥ B{i-aØ - n¬ \n∂v
Cu. Fw. ]oen-t∏mkpw Cu Imcyw ]cm-a¿in-°p-∂p. ""iucn-bm¿ t]m¿´p- tamNn-X-cmbn, am¿ Gen-bmkv Xncn®v \m´nte°v t]mbn. am¿ tPmk^v
K-ense cmPm-hn-\b - ® Hcp IØn¬ Cu am¿ bmt°m-_n-s\-∏‰n Cßs\ tIc-f-Øn¬ h∂p. sImSp-ß-√q¿ skan-\m-cn-bnse kpdn-bm-\n-°m-cmb
]d-™n-cn-°p∂p: ""B_q≥ am¿ bmt°m_v F∂ Hcp A¿ao-\n-b≥ siΩm-i∑ - m¿°v ]´w sImSp-°p-hm≥ At±-lt- ØmSv Bh-iy-s∏-´p. Ah¿
sa{Xm≥ Cu \m´n¬ ssZh-sØbpw Xncp-a\ -  
- n-s\bpw tkhn-°p-∂X
- n\v kpdn-bm\n ]Tn-®n-´n-√m-Xn-cp-∂X
- n-\m¬, Ah¿°v ]´w sImSp-°p-hm≥ am¿
Bcw-`n-®n´v 45 kwh-’-c-߃ Bbn-cn-°p∂p'' (am¿ tXmam-«o-lm-bpsS tPmk^v hnk-Ω-Xn-®p. (Travancore State Manual, Vol. II. P-162).
C≥Uy≥ k`. ]pdw. 1929-˛-]p-dw. 92). am¿ bmt°m_v 1550-˛¬ \ncym-X- AXpsIm≠v anj-\dnam¿°v At±-lt- ØmSv \ockw tXm∂n. s\kvtXm-
\m-bn. dn-b≥ ]mj-WvUX Btcm-]n-®v, anjy-\-dn-am¿ At±-lsØ t]m¿´p-K-
am¿ tPmk^v ense C≥Izn-knUn-j≥ tImS-Xn-bn-te°v Ab-®p.

am¿ bmt°m-_ns‚ ac-W-ti--jw, am¿ tPmk-^n-s\bpw am¿ ""tdman-te°v t]mIm≥ At±-l-Øn\v A\p-hmZw \ntj-[n-°-s∏-
Genbmkns\-bpw, A∂sØ ImtXm-en°m am¿ A_vZosim C≥Uy- ´p. Hcp h¿j-Øn-e-[nIw (1564-˛5) At±-lsØ enkv_-Wn¬ ]m¿∏n-®p.
At±-lØ - ns‚ kXy-hn-izmkw Ah¿°v t_m[y-am-bn. A∂sØ doP‚m-
bn-te°v Ab-®p. amƒ´m-°m-cmb c≠p sUman-\n-°¬ k\ymkn sshZn-
Icpw Ah-tcm-sSm∏w D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. tdmanse t]m¿´p-Kokv Aw_m-kU- - bn-cp∂ Im¿Un-\¬ sl≥{Sn tIzkn¬ \n∂v X\n-°-\p-Iq-e-amb hn[n
dpsS Hcp km£n-]-{Xhpw Ah-cpsS ssIh-i-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. 1556 Ah- At±lw t\Sn. 1564 Pq¨ 27-˛mw XobXn \memw ]obqkv Hcp Xo´q-chpw
Bio¿hm-Zt- e-J\ - hpw At±-lØ - n\p Ab®p sImSp-Øp.....-C≥Uy-bnse
km-\-tØm-Sp-IqSn Ah¿ tKmhmbn¬ FØn. I¬Zmb sa{Xm∑mcpsS
`cWw Ah-km-\n-∏n-°-W-sa-∂p≈ Dt±-i-tØm-Sp-IqSn am¿ tPmk-^n- sa{Xm-k-\-ß-fp-sSbpw AXn-sa-{Xm-k-\-ß-fp-sSbpw tae-[n-Imcw Ing-
s\bpw am¿ Gen-bm-kn-s\bpw Ah¿ tKmhm-bn¬ _t -\n-ep≈ Hcp °ns‚ ImtXm-en-t°m-kn-\p-s≠∂v A_vZosim ]m{Xn-b¿°okv Ah-
{^m≥kn-kvI≥ B{i-a-Øn¬ ho´p-X-S-¶-en¬ F∂ t]mse Xma-kn-∏n- Im-is- ∏-´X- n¬, s{S‚ v kp∂-lt- Zm-kns‚ Bdmw ktΩ-f\ - Ø
- n¬ t]m¿´p-
®p. tdmanse t]m¿´p-Kokv Aw_m-k-U-dpsS ItØm, hniz-kvX-cmb Kokv Aw_m-kU - ¿ {]Xn-tj[w {]I-Sn-∏n-®p. {]Xn-tj-[hpw am¿ tPmk-
sUman-\n-°≥ k\ym-kn-I-fpsS ip]m¿itbm H∂pw tKmhm-bnse ]cn- ^n\v tdma≥ Iqcnb kµ¿in-°m≥ A\p-hmZw \ntj-[n-°-s∏-´Xpw
tim-[\ kwLw ]cn-K-W-\-bn¬ FSp-Øn-√. Ah¿ AhnsS Xma-kn-°- XΩn¬ _‘-ap-≠v.'' (I¿±n-\mƒ ‰ns -dmw-ßv, ta¬ {KŸw. ]pdw. 44).
bn¬ B{ia kq£n-∏p-Im-c-\mb ^mZ¿ At‚m-Wnsbm Unt]m¿s´m, am¿ A{_lmw
1557 \hw-_¿ 20-˛mw XobXn t]m¿®p K¬ cmPm-hn\v Xs‚ kq£n-∏n-ep≈ am¿ tPmk^v t]m¿´p-Ke - n-te°v Ab-b°v s- ∏-´X
- ns\ XpS¿∂v A_v
sa{Xm-∑m-sc-∏‰- n Hcp FgpØv Ab-®p.
Zosim ]m{Xn-b¿°okv am¿ A{_-lm-ans\ tIc-f-Øn-te°v Ab-®p.
""]m›mXy sshZn-Isc At]-£n®v Cu sshZnI tae-≤y-£- At±-lw 1568-˛¬ tKmhm-bn¬ FØn. t]m¿´p-Ko-kp-Im¿ At±-lsØ
∑m¿°v k∑m¿§-imkv{Xw kw_-‘n® hn⁄m\w Ipd-hm-bn-cp-s∂-¶nepw tKmhm-bn-ep≈ Hcp sUman-\n-°¬ B{i-a-Øn-te°v am‰n. F∂m¬
Ah¿ bYm¿∞-Øn¬ ItØm-en°m hnizm-k-ap-≈-hcpw B`n-Pm-Xy-ap- At±lw AhnsS \n∂v c£-s∏´v tIc-f-Øn-se-Øn. Chn-SpsØ kpdn-
f-fh
- c
- p-am-bn-cp∂p F∂v ^mZ¿ At‚m-Wnsbm kΩ-Xn-°p-∂p. Ah-cpsS bm-\n-°m¿ At±-lsØ kt¥m-j-]q¿∆w kzoI-cn-®p. am¿∏m-∏m-bpsS
`‡n-]-c-amb Pohn-X-sØbpw At±lw {]iw-kn-°p-∂p-≠v...-F-∂m¬ \n¿t±-i{- ]-Imcw At±lw 1584 Pq¨ 5˛mw XobXn tKmhm-bnse s{]mhn≥
I¬Zmb ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kv, tIc-fØ - n-te°v sa{Xm-∑msc Ab-bv°c - p-sX- jy¬ kp∂-l-tZmkn¬ kw_‘n®p. At±-l-Øn\v th≠{X kpc£
∂v, am¿∏m∏m ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kn-t\mSv B⁄m-]n-°p-∂X - n-\p-th-≠n, cmPmhv \¬I-Ws - a∂v am¿∏m∏m tKmhm sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Ømbv°v Fgp-Xn-bn-cp-∂p.
Hcp At]£ am¿∏m-∏mbv°v ka¿∏n-°W - s- a∂v B IØn¬ Fgp-Xn-bn- ""I¿Ωm-\p-jvTm-\h - n-[n-bp-sSbpw s]m¥n-^n-°e - n-s‚bpw {][m\ `mK-ß-
cp-∂p.'' (I¿Zn-\mƒ ‰ns -dm-ßns‚ ta¬ {KŸw, ]pdw. 41). tfmSp IqsS eØo≥ Imt\m\ \a-kvIm-c] - p-kvXI - hpw XIvkmbpw kpdn-
16 17
 ]p¯³ IqäpImÀ ]p¯³ IqäpImÀ

bm-\n-bn-te°v hnh¿Ø\w sNø-W-sa∂v kp∂-l-tZmkv \n›-bn-®p. ChnSpsØ kpdnbm\n°m¿ s\kvtXmdnb¿ Bbncp∂psh¶n¬,

kp∂-l-tZmkv Ign™v {^m≥knkv tdmkv F∂ Cutim k`m sshZn- Iq\≥IpcnipkXyØn\ptijw Ah¿ s\kvtXmdnb≥ ]m{Xnb¿°o
I-t\m-Sp-IqSn aS-ßn-t∏m-bn. kns\ kao]nt°≠Xmbncp∂nt√? F∂m¬ Aßs\ D≠mbn√.
am¿ G{_lmw 1597 s^{_p-h-cn-bn¬ Znhw-K-X-\mbn (I¿±n-\mƒ \memw am¿tØmΩmbpsS `cWImeØv 883˛°v 1708˛¬ K{_n
‰ns -dmw-ßv. ta¬ {KŸw ]pdw, 47-˛52). tb¬ F∂p t]cmb Hcp s\kvtXmdnb≥ sa{Xm≥ ChnsS h∂Xmbpw
F∂m¬ \memw am¿tØmΩmbpw At±lØns‚ Iognep≈ `qcn]£w
ae-¶c kpdn-bm-\n-°m¿ s\kvtXm-dn-b¿ Bbn-cpt∂m?
P\ßfpw K{_ntbens\ kzoIcn®n√ F∂pw tdmb¬ tImSXnhn[n 95˛mw
ae-¶-c-bn¬ h∂ am¿ bmt°m_v, am¿ tPmk-^v, am¿ A{_lmw JWvUnIbn¬ ]dbp∂p.
F∂o t]¿jy≥ sa{Xm-∑m¿ I¬Zmb doØn¬ s]´ ItØm-en-°-cm-bn- Ct∏mƒ Xripcp≈ s\kvtXmdnb≥ k` ]n∂oSp≠mbXmWv.
cp∂p F∂v taep-≤c - n® tcJ-If
- n¬ \n∂v sXfn-bp-∂p-≠t- √m. ""tdmt°mkv ioivasb A\pIqen®ncp∂ B\I√p¶¬ CShI°mc≥
tIcfØnep≈ ]pcmX\ ]≈nIfn¬ ]eXpw ssZhamXmhns‚ sXm≠\m´v At¥m\n IØ\mc®≥.....Ip¿UnÃm\n¬ FØn am¿
\maØnep≈ ]ffnIfmWv. s\kvtXm¿ k`°m¿ ]cn. I\yIadnbm siaHm≥ F∂ s\kvtXmdnb≥ ]m{Xnb¿°okn¬ \n∂v sa{Xm≥ ]´w
ans\ ssZhamXmhmbn _lpam\n°pIbpw hWßpIbpw sNøp∂n√. kzoIcn®v A_vZotim F∂ \mat[btØmSpIqSn 1863˛¬ Ahkm\
s\kvtXmdnb≥ k` Ft^kqkv kp∂ltZmkv AwKoIcn°p∂n√. Øn¬ sIm®nbn¬ h∂ndßn.'' (hµyZnhy{io Nmhd Ipcymt°mkv
Genbmk®s‚ PohNcn{Xw. {KŸI¿Øm ^m¿htednb≥ kn.Un. 1939.
tIcfØnse kpdnbm\n°m¿ s\kvtXmdnb¿ Bbncps∂¶n¬, ]pdw. 182). At±lw Xriqcpw CfwtXm´Ønepambn Xmakn®v ioiva
Ahsc \n¿_‘n®v ItØmen°cm°p∂Xns\, Ah¿ Xo¿®bmbpw ]≈nIsf `cn®p h∂p. At±ltØmSpIqSnbmWv tIcfØn¬
i‡nbmbn FXn¿°pambncp∂p. F∂m¬ Aßs\bpff FXn¿∏pIƒ s\kvtXm¿k` ÿm]n°s∏´Xv.
D≠mbXmbn Ncn{Xw ]dbp∂n√. F∂m¬ kpdnbm\n°mcpsS Bcm[\
{IaØn¬ (]uckvXykpdnbm\nbnep≈ I¬Zmb Bcm[\{Iaw) I¿±n\mƒ ‰ns dmßv C{]Imcw ]dbp∂p: ""ssZhimkv{X]c
t]m¿´pKokv anj\dnam¿ am‰ßƒ hcpØn eØn\oIcn°m≥ {ian°p amb hmZ{]XnhmZßfn¬ hfsc Ipd®p ⁄m\w am{Xap≠mbncp∂
Ibpw kpdnbm\n°msc eØo≥ sa{Xm∑mcpsS `cWØn≥ Iogn¬ {InkvXym\nIƒ km£m¬ ]mjWvUnIƒ (formal heretics) Bbncp
sIm≠phcphm≥ {ian°pIbpw sNbvXXns\ Ah¿ i‡nbmbn FXn¿Øp. ∂n√; AXmbXv Hcp hn[Øn¬ As√¶n¬ as‰mcp hn[Øn¬ tdmamk`
bpsS ]cam[nImcsØ AwKoIcn®ncp∂p F∂ A¿∞Øn¬ AXp
B FXn¿∏v sN∂hkm\n®Xv Iq\≥IpcnipkXyØnemWv.
icnbmWv.
t]m¿´pKokpImcpsS i‡nbpw {]Xm]hpw AXns‚ ]mcayØn¬
{InkvXphns‚ kz`mhsØ°pdn®p≈ henb hmZ{]XnhmZØn
FØnbncp∂ AhkcØnemWv anjy\dnam¿s°Xnsc Iq\≥Ipcnip
sem∂pw C≥Uy≥ {InkvXym\nIƒ Imcyambn ]s¶SpØn√. AhcpsS
kXyw sNbvXsX¶n¬, Ah¿°v A[nIw i‡nbn√mXncp∂ Bcw`
Bcm[\{Ia]pkvXIßfn¬ Nne kwibmkv]Zamb ssienIƒ
ImeØv Ah¿ ChnSpsØ kpdnbm\n°msc \n¿_‘n®v ItØmen
D≠mbncp∂p. F¶nepw {]tbmKØn¬ s\kvtXmdnb\nkw H´pw Xs∂
°cm°m≥ {ian®ncp∂psh¶n¬, kpdnbm\n°m¿ i‡n]q¿∆w, AXns\
D≠mbncp∂n√.'' (I¿±n\mƒ ‰ns dmßv˛ta¬{KŸw. ]pdw. 18˛19).
FXn¿°pambncp∂nt√? Ah¿ s\kvtXmdnb¿ Bbncp∂psh¶n¬ Iptd
t]sc¶nepw s\kvtXmdnb≥ k`bn¬ \n¬°pambncp∂nt√? Aßs\
Hcp CShI t]mepw s\kvtXmdnb≥ k`bn¬ \n∂Xmbn Ncn{Xw
]dbp∂n√.
18 19
 ]p¯³ IqäpImÀ ]p¯³ IqäpImÀ

XpSßn. F∂m¬, eØo≥ImcpsS tae√msX kpdnbm\n°mcpsS ta¬

bmsXmcphn[ A[nImchpw sa{Xmt∏meoØmbv°v am¿∏m∏m \¬In
bn´n√ F∂ \ne]mSv B¿®pUo°≥ kzoIcn®v sa{Xmt∏meoØmbpsS
HutZymKnI I¿ΩsØ FXn¿Øp. tKmhm sa{Xmt∏meoØmbn¬ \n∂v
2 ]´w kzoIcn°p∂hsc A¶amen cq]Xbnse sshZnIkaqlØnse
AwKßfmbn IW°mIpIbmbns√∂v At±lw hy‡am°n. (I¿±n\mƒ
kpdn-bm-\n-°m¿ ‰ns dmßv, ta¬{KŸw, ]pdw˛55˛58).
eØo≥ `c-W-Øn¬ DZ-bw-t]-cq¿ kq\-l-tZmkv
ae¶ck` apgph≥ {]mXn\n[ykz`mhap≈ Hcp kp\ltZmkv
hnfn®pIq´n Imcy߃ Xocpam\n°Wsa∂ \n¿t±iw B¿®pUo°\v
kΩXnt°≠nh∂p. ImcWw, B¿®p_nj∏ns‚ ]≈nkµ¿i\w hgn
am¿ A{_lmans‚ \ncymWtijw B¿®pUo°≥ Koh¿Kokv
Ipsd sshZnIsc F¶nepw B¿®p_nj∏ns‚ kzm[o\Øn¬
(tPm¿Pv) AXncq]XbpsS `cWw Gs‰SpØp.
sIm≠phcm≥ km[n®p. Hmtcm ]≈nbn¬ \n∂pw \mep {]Xn]pcpj∑m¿
1594˛¬ 35 hb p≈ ^mZ¿ AseIvknkv sZ sat\knkns\ tKmhm hoXhpw F√m ]´°mcpw 1599 Pq¨ 20˛mw XobXn DZbwt]cq¿ ]≈nbn¬
B¿®p_nj∏mbn hmgn®p \nban®p. B¿®p_nj∏v, ^mZ¿ {^m≥knkv lmPcmIWsa∂p ImWn®v B¿®p_nj∏v F√m ]≈nIƒ°pw Iev]\
tdmkns\ A¶amen hnImcn A∏kv t Xmen°bmbn \nban®p. Ab®p. B Iev]\bn¬ C{]Imcw ]dbp∂p: "We were also moved
B¿®pUo°s\ AUvan\nkvt{S‰dmbn AwKoIcn®psh¶nepw, ^mZ¿ by the piety of the people, and the mercy of God had shown them in
tdmkns\bpw ssh∏nt°m´ skan\mcnbpsS t{ijvTs\bpw D]tZiI having preserved somany thousand souls in the Faith of Our Lord Jesus
cmbn \nban®p. F∂m¬ X\n°v \n¿_‘]q¿∆w D]tZiI∑msc \evIn Chirst, from the time that the Holy Aposotle Thomas had preached to
bXv B¿®pUo°\v CjvSambn√. them until this day, not withstanding their having lived among somany
heathenws and been scattered in diverse places, their Churches and all
kpdnbm\n°mcpsS A∂sØ ÿnXnsb∏‰n, AKÃo\nb≥ k\ymkn belonging to them, having been always subject to idolatrous kings and
At‚mWntbm Zn KphnbmbpsS hnhcWw, I¿±n\mƒ ‰ns dmßv Xs‚ princes and encompassed with idols and pagodas." (J. C. Panjikaran,
{KŸØn¬ tcJs∏SpØnbn´p≠v. ""A∂v 70,000 kotdm ae_m¿ 'The Syrian Church in Malabar,' Page 55-56).
{InkvXym\nIfp≠mbncp∂p F∂v Kphnbm IW°m°p∂p... {InkvXym
kp\ltZmkn¬ {]Xn\n[nIsf Ab®ns√¶n¬ Ahsc k`bn¬
\nIsf∏‰n B›cyamWv BZyw tXm∂pI. AkwJyw Ass{IkvXh
\n∂pw apS°psa∂pw Iev]\bn¬ ]d™ncp∂p. AXn≥{]Imcw 153
cpsS a[yØn¬ hkn°p∂ Zcn{Zcmbncp∂p Ah¿. ]et∏mgpw \m´pcmPm
]´°mcpw 660 CShI {]Xn\n[nIfpw B kp\ltZmkn¬ ]s¶SpØp.
°∑m¿ Ahsc sRcp°nbncp∂p.... F∂ncp∂mepw {InkvXpaXØns‚
Dd® ASnÿm\XXzamb {XnXzØnep≈ hnizmkw Ah¿ ]cn]q¿Æ BZytbmKØnse 4˛mw Un{Inbn¬ C{]Imcw ]dbp∂p: "We do
ambn kwc£n®Xp hensbmcp t\´amWv....'' (I¿±n\mƒ ‰ns dmßv, admonish and command all christians as well as ecclesieastics as seculars
ta¬{KŸw, ]pdw. 54). gathered together in this place to confess their sins with a true constrition
for them, and all priests to say Mass, and others to receive the Most
1999 s^{_phcn Bcw`Øn¬ sat\knkv sa{Xmt∏meoØm Holy Sacrament of the altar, beseaching our Lord with humble and devout
ae_mdnse ]≈nIƒ kµ¿in°phm\pw BfpIƒ°v ssÿcyte]\w prayers for good success to all that shall be treated of in this Synod, to
sImSp°phm\pw Nne¿s°ms° ]utcmlnXy]´w sImSp°phm\pw which intent there shall be two solemn Mases said int he Church every
20 21
 ]p¯³ IqäpImÀ ]p¯³ IqäpImÀ

day during the session of the synod, one of the Latins to the Holt Spirit, a‰p \mb∑mtcmSpw {_m“WtcmSpw HØp\n∂v {]h¿Øn°p∂Xn\v
and the other of the Syrians to our Lady...(J.C. Panjikaran opus cit. p.57; {InkvXym\nIƒ°v tbmKyX \evInbncp∂ {]tXyImhImißsf
Hough Vol. II p. 517). Dt]£n°pI F∂Xv G‰w henb AhnthIambncp∂p. Fßs\bm
kp\ltZmkn¬ h∂n´p≈ F√mhcpw, kp\ltZmkns‚ hnPb bmepw Iu¨knen¬ k∂nlnXcmbncp∂ kpdnbm\n°m¿ XßfpsS
Øn\pth≠n Ipºkmcn®v hn. Ip¿_m\ kzoIcn°Wsa∂pw sshZnI¿ kmapZmbnI ta∑ Dt]£n°phm≥ hnkΩXn®p.'' (‰ns dmßv ta¬
F√m Znhkhpw AXn\pth≠n hn. Ip¿_m\ A¿∏n°Wsa∂pamW {KŸw, ]pdw, 67).
t√m Bhiys∏´ncn°p∂Xv. kpdnbm\n°m¿ ItØmen°cmbXpsIm H≥]Xmw skj\nse Ccp]Ønb©mw Un{Inbmb Ahkm
≠mWt√m, A{]Imcw Bhiys∏´Xv. Bdp Znhkßfnembn 9 tbmK \sØ Un{Inb\pkcn®v, kpdnbm\n AXncq]Xbnse 75 CShIIfpsS
߃ \S∂p. BsI 267 Un{InIƒ ]mkm°n. enÃv AhbpsS hnImcnamcpsSbpw AkvtX¥namcpsSbpw t]cpItfmSp
""ae_mdns‚ {]iv\߃ ssIImcyw sNøp∂ 22 Un{InIfmWp IqSn {]Jym]n°pIbp≠mbn. CShIIƒ cq]oIcn°m≥ th≠{X
≈Xv. kotdm ae_m¿ k`bnse Im\≥ A]q¿Æambncp∂p. FkvtX¿, hnizmknIfn√mXncp∂ Ipcnip]≈nIfpsS ta¬t\m´w hln°p∂Xn
tXm_nbmkv, hn⁄m\Øns‚ ]pkvXIw, ]t{Xmkns‚ c≠mw teJ\w, \mbn Nne sshZnIcpw \nbanXcmbn.
tbml∂ms‚ c≠pw aq∂pw teJ\߃, hnip≤ bqZmbpsS teJ\w, CShI sshZnI¿ ho´nte°v Xncn°p∂Xn\papºv Xmsg∏dbp∂h
shfn]mSv Chsb√mw hn´pIf™ncp∂p. kpdnbm\nbnep≈ ss__n sa{Xmt∏meoØmbn¬ \n∂pw kzoIcn®p. sa{Xmt∏meoØm Xs∂ sh©
fns‚ aqe{KŸßƒ FhnsSbpw H∂pt]msebmbncp∂p.'' (I¿±n\mƒ cn® Ip¿_m\°√v, hnip≤ssXew kq£n°p∂Xn\p≈ ]m{X߃, eØo\n¬
‰ns dmßv, ta¬{KŸw, ]pdw, 62˛63). \n∂v kpdnbm\nbnte°v hnh¿Ø\w sNbvX hnhn[ IqZmiIfpsS {Ia߃
""saks∏mt´anbmbnse kpdnbm\n {InkvXym\nIƒ°pw ae_m ASßnb {KŸw, aebmfØnep≈ Hcp thZ]pkvXIw, Hcp k¿πokv, Hmtcm
dnse kpdnbm\n°m¿°pw Ft^kqkv apXep≈ FIypsa\n°¬ AƒØmchncn, Xncphkv{X߃ Ch \evIs∏´p.
kp\ltZmkpIfpsS \n›bßsf∏‰n th≠{X ]cn⁄m\ap≠mbncp AXn\ptijw sat\kokv sa{Xmt∏meoØm Xs‚ cq]Xmkµ¿
∂n√. ]{¥≠masØ Un{Inbn¬ ae_m¿ k` Ahsb√mw, {]tXyIn®v i\w Bcw`n®p. Xncp°¿Ωkw_‘amb {KŸßfpw. a‰p≈ F√m kpdnbm\n
Ft^kqkv kp\ltZmkns‚ Xocpam\ßsf√mw kzoIcn°p∂p F∂v {KŸßfpw sIm≠phcs∏´p. \ntcm[n°s∏´hsb√mw DSs\ Xs∂ A·n
{]Jym]n®p. s{S‚ v kp\ltZmkns‚ Xocpam\߃ Ccp]Ønsbm∂mw °ncbm°n. A√mØh Bhiyap≈{X XncpØpIbpw sNbvXp. (I¿±n\mƒ
Un{In hgn kzoIcn°s∏´p....]Xn\memw Un{Inbn¬ A]ISIcß ‰ns dmßv, ta¬{KŸw, ]pdw, 68).
sf∂p ap{ZIpØs∏´ ]pkvXIßsf√mw t]cp]d™p i]n®p'' (I¿±n
\mƒ, ta¬ {KŸw, ]pdw, 64˛65). kq\-l-tZmkv ˛ Hcp hne-bn-cp-ج
""F√m Bcm[\ {Ia{KŸßfpw XncpØs∏Sphm\mbn, kµ¿i\ I¿Zn-\mƒ Xns -dmMv tbmKsØ Cßs\ hne-bn-cp-Øp∂p:
thfbn¬ sa{Xmt∏meoØmbpsS ]°tem ^mZ¿ tdmkns‚ ]°tem, ""in£-Wh- y-hÿ
- I - ƒ kw_-‘n®v kq\-lt- Zmkv kzoI-cn® \S-]S- n-Iƒ
As√¶n¬ sshbv]nt°m´bnse Cutim k`°mcpsS ]°tem FØn ]e-t∏mgpw \n»-nX
- a
- mb hna¿i-\Ø
- n\v ]m{X-am-bn.- k¿h-{X tdman-sebpw
t°≠nbncp∂p. ]mjWvU{KŸßƒ DS\Sn \in∏nt°≠nbncp∂p'' t]m¿´pKensebpw B-Nm-cß - ƒ°-v A\p-kr-Xa- m-°p∂Xn\p≈ sas\-kn-
(‰ns dmßv ta¬{KŸw. ]pdw, 66). kns‚ hy{KX ]e-scbpw C∂v sR´n-∏n-°p-∂≠ - v. Ing-°≥ doØp-Isf
eØo≥ doØm-°p∂ Hcp \b-am-bn-cp-∂n√ tdman-t‚-Xv.''
""kpdnbm\n°m¿ D∂XIpePmXsc∂pw, B`nPmXyap≈hsc∂p
ap≈ \nebn¬ ]cºcmKXambn \ne\n∂ BNmc߃ {InkvXobaX ""DZ-bw-t]-cq¿ kq\l-tZmkv \S-]-Sn-Iƒ Hcn-°epw tdman¬ \n∂v
Øn\v ISIhncp≤amsW∂v sat\kokv a\ nem°nbncp∂p. F∂m¬ AwKo-Ic- n-®n-´n-√. AXns‚ Bh-iy-hp-an-√m-bn-cp-∂p.- Im-cW
- w, A
- Xv tIhew
22 23
 ]p¯³ IqäpImÀ ]p¯³ IqäpImÀ

Hcp cq]-XmtbmKw am{X-am-bn-cp-∂p. {]kn-≤w- sN-bvXn-´n-√m-Ø,- sa-s\- from both religious and domestic ceremonies forty days after the birth of
kn-kns‚ Nne- F-gpØp-If - n¬ \n∂v ^mZ¿ tdm-kn\v a\- n-em-bn- ,- kq-\- a boy and for eighty days after the birth of a girl.
l-tZm-kn¬ H∏n-´-v Aw-Ko-Ic
- n-®h
- t- bmSv At±lw ]eXpw Iq´n-t®¿-Øp F∂v. These few salutary reforms, however, were obtained at a very
CXv s]mXp--k-Ω-X-{]-Imcw Fgp-Xn-bp-≠m-°nb Iu¨kn¬ Xocp-am-\- heavy cost, the cost involved int he loss of a very old Liturgy, and in the
ßsf Akm-[p-hm-°n-bn-cp-∂p.'' substitution of a new rite, the Syro-Malabar rite, different from both the
""sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm Bcm-[-\-{Ia∏pkvX-IØn¬ Nne ]Z-{]-tbm- chaldean and Latin rites, with Syriac as the liturgical language into which
K-߃ I-≠p...-k-`m-`-c-W-Øn-¬ hfsc t]mcm-bva-Iƒ D≠m-bn-cp-∂p.- parts of the Latin Missal have been translated with additions taken from
the old Liturgy, and with certain peculiarties preserved from the ancient
A-hs - bms° C√m-Xm-°m-\mWv sas\-knkv ]cn-{i-an-®X - .v \ne-hn-en-cp-∂
rite." (J.C.Panjikaran, 'The Syrian Church in Malabar'. P. 55).
k
- p-dn-bm-\n-{K-Ÿß - ƒ \in-∏n-°m-sX,- A-h A
- t- ±-lØ - n\v Xncp-Øm-am-bn-cp-∂p.-
C-Øcw {]h¿Ø-\ßfpsS ASn-bn¬ ]u-ck - vXy-do-Øp-If - psS Imcy-Øn- _nj∏v {^m≥knkv tdmkv
ep≈ bYm-¿Y- A-⁄-X-bp-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p...-]u-c-kvXy-{InkvXym\nI-fp- DZbwt]cq¿ kp\ltZmkn\ptijw, sPkzn-´v ssh-Zn-I-\mb
am-bp≈ kº¿°-Øn-\p bq-tdm-∏nse a‰p- cm-Py-ßs - f- A-t]-£n®v A\p- {^m≥knkv tdmkv kpdn-bm-\n-°m-cp-sS -{]-Ya eØo≥sa-{Xm-\mbn 1601
Iq-ea - √- mØ Hcp ÿnXnbmbn-cp∂p t]m¿´p-Ke - n-t‚-Xv.- kvs]-bn- ≥Im-tcm,- P
- \
- p-hc
- n- 25-˛mw XobXn A`n-jn-‡\
- m-bn.- A-t±-l-Øn\v kpdn-bm-\nbpw
C-‰e- n-°mtcm Bbn-cp-s∂-¶n¬ AhcpsS s - ]-cp-am‰w XnI-®pw `n∂-am-Ipam- ae-bm-fhpw A-dn-bm-am-bn-cp-∂p. At±lw B¿®p-Uo-°s‚ ]c-º-cm-K-X-
bn-cp-∂p'' (Xn-s -dm-Mv,- C≥Uy-bnse ]u-ck - vXy- ss{I-kvXh - c
- p-sS- I-Y, amb ]e A[n-Im-c-ßfpw C√m-Xm-°n.- AXv kwL¿j-Øn\v CS-bm-°n-
69-˛71). sb-¶nepw Ah-km\w XΩn¬ cay-am-bn. 1624-˛¬ _n-j∏v tdmkv \ncym-X\ - m-
""{InkvXp-hns‚ kz`mhsØ-∏-‰-nbp≈ hen-b -hm-Z-{]-Xn-hm-Z-Øn- bn.
sem∂pw C≥Uy≥ {In-kvXym-\nIƒ Imcy-ambn ]s¶-Sp-Øn-√. Ah-cpsS _nj∏v Ão-^≥ {_nt´m
Bcm-[\ - {Ia-∏p-kvX-I-ß-fn¬ Nne kwibm-kv]-Z-ssi-en-Iƒ D≠m-bn-
cp-∂p.- F-¶nepw {]tbm-KØ - n¬ s\kvtXm-dn-b\ -- nkw H´pw-Xs- ∂D - ≠
- m-bn- - ]n∂oSv Pkzn-´v Bb Ão^≥ {_nt´m A¶-amen sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-
cp-∂n-√'' (Xn-s -dm-M,v - C≥Uy-bnse ]u-ck
- X
v y- ss{I-kX v h- c
- p-sS- I-Y, 19). B-bn. B¿®p-Uo-°\pw sa{Xm\pw XΩn¬ \oc-k-Øn¬ Ign-™p.-
B¿®p-Uo-°≥ Koh¿Kokv acn-®t- ∏mƒ X¬ÿ-m\
- t- Ø°v B¿®p-Uo-°≥
tKmhm- sa-{Xm-t∏m-eo-Ømbv°v bYm¿Y-Øn¬ kp-dn-bm-\n-°m-cp-sS- tXmam sXc--s™-Sp°-s∏-´p.
ta¬ bmsXm-c[- n-Im-chpw C√m-bn-cp-∂p.- F-∂m¬ ]{Z-hm-tZm-bp-sS- t]-cn¬
A[n-Imcw Ds≠∂p `mhn-®mWv CS-s]-´X - v. _nj∏v {^m≥kn-kv Km¿kym
^mZ¿ sP. kn. ]™n°mc≥ Cu kp\ltZmkns\ hnebncpØn _nj-∏v Ão-^≥ {_nt´m acn-®-t∏mƒ 1641-˛¬ _nj∏v Km¿kym
s°m≠v C{]Imcw ]dbp∂p: "It must however....be admitted that some ]n≥Km-an-bmbn.- X-߃°p-≠m-bn-cp∂ ]pcm-X\- - ]m-cº
- c- y߃ ÿ - m- ]
- n-
of its' Sessions and Decress were very useful and praise worthy. The ®p I
- n-´p-∂X
- n\v B¿®p-Uo-°≥ tdman-te°v IØp-If-b® - p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂p.
Christians were forbidden to sell arrack, to join their Hindu neighbours in 1659 sk]vXw_¿ 21˛mw XobXn _nj∏v Km¿kym \ncymX\mbn.
the sham fights which took place in the month of August during the Hindu
festival of Onam; they were not to resort to witches and fortune tellers,
to conselt them about lucky and unlucky days, or to submit at the command
of their Hindu rulers to such ordeals as handling bars of red-hot iron,
thrusting the hand into boiling oil. They were also prohibited from observing
24 25
 ]p¯³ IqäpImÀ ]p¯³ IqäpImÀ

am¿ Al-Ø≈ - msb IS-en¬ ap°n-s°m∂p F∂ I - nw-hZ- ¥n tI´-

t∏mƒ kpdn-bm-\n-°m¿°p-≠mb k¶-Sh - pw \ncm-ib
- pw t]m¿´pKokpIm
tcmSp≠mb tcmjhpw F{X am{Xsa∂v Duln-°m-hp-∂-tX-bp-≈p. Cu
hnj-am-h-ÿ-bn¬ Ah-sc-√m-hcpw a´m-t©cn ]≈n-bn¬ IqSn, Ahn-sS-
bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂- I¬°p-cn-in¬ Bem-Øp-sI´n AXn¬ ]nSn-®p-sIm-≠v,-
3 ta-em¬ kºm-fq¿Imcmb -]u-fn-kvXy-cp-sS -Io-gn¬ Ccn-°p-∂-X√ F∂v
kXyw sNbvXp.- -CXv \S-∂Xv 1653 aI-c-amkw 3˛mw XobXn Bbncp-∂p.-
Iq\≥Ip-cn-ip-kXyw C-tX-∏‰n C´q-∏p-ssd´¿ C{]-Imcw {]kvXm-hn-°p∂p:
""kpdn-bm-\n-°m¿ Ati-jhpw a´m-t©cn ]≈n-bnepw Itºm-fØ - n-
ep-ambn kzcq-]n-®p-IqSn ip≤ ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kns\ H´pw- kw-ib - hpw ssZh-
`-bhpw IqSm-sX- A-dpsIm-e- sN-bvXp-sh-∂ Cu ]d-¶n-I-tfmSv C\n \mw
eØo≥ sa{Xm-∑m-cpsS `c-WØ - n--¬ \n∂v hnap‡n t\Sp-∂X - n-\mbn tNc-cp-sX-∂pw \ΩpsS A\-¥c - h
- I-- m-eØpw Ch-cp-ambn C\nbpw D]-hnbpw
Hcp kpdn-bm-\n-sa-{Xms‚ BK-a\w A£-at- bm-SpIqSn {- ]-Xo-£n-®p-sIm- th≠m- F∂pw At∏mƒ tdmam-hg- ° - w {- ^m≥knkv sa{Xms\ Hcp-\mfpw
≠n-cn-°th,- A-l-Ø≈m F∂pt]cmb Hcp sa{Xm≥ 1652-˛¬ kq-d-‰v - bP-am-\≥ F∂p hnNm-cn-°p-∂-X-s√∂pw ....-\n-›-bn®v B hnh-c-Øn\v
hgn ssaem-∏q-cn-¬ F-Øn. Aßs\bncns° tIc-f-Øn¬ \n∂v Hcp ]Sn-tbm-es- b-gp-Xn- F-√m-hc
- pw-IqsS GI-a\ - t-  m-Spw- ssZ-hØ
- n-¬ ic-W-
Xo¿∞bm{Xbv°mcmbn, s - Nß-∂q¿ CShI sN¶-bn- ¬ C´n,- Ip-dh- n-eß- m´v s∏-´pw -sIm-≠v ta-se-gp-Xn-b- B≠v (1653)- a-I-c-amkw (P-\p-h-cn) 3˛mw-
CShI Ing-t°-SØv Ipcy≥ F∂o c≠p siΩmi∑m¿ ssaem-∏q-cn¬- XobXn sh≈n-bm-gvN-\mƒ a´m-t©-cn-bn¬ Iq\≥Ip-cn-in-¶¬ hey-Xn¬-
F-Øn-bn-cp-∂p. B siΩmi∑m¿ hiw ae¶c kpdnbm\n°m¿°mbn H-cm-em-Øp-sI´n P\-߃- A-{X-t]-cpw Cu Ib-dpw-ta¬ ]n-Sn-®pw sIm≠v
am¿- A-lØ- ≈ - m sImSp-Øb® FgpØn¬ C{]Imcw ]dbp∂p: ""Fs‚ H∂m-bn´pw GI-kz-cØ - nepw ta¬]-d™ - h
- m-NI - w- ]-d™v kXyw-sN-bX v p-
a°-tf hcp-hn≥, Fs‚ hm°p-Iƒ {ihn-°p-hn≥.- \-Ωp-sS- \m-Y\ - mb am¿]m- ]n-cn-™-p'' (kpdn-bm\n k-`m-N-cn-{Xw, t]Pv, 116).
∏m-bn¬ \n∂v F√m A[n-Im-cß - fpw F\n°v \¬I-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p F∂v tdmb-¬tIm-SX
- n-hn[n 26-˛mw JWvUn-I (24-˛mw- tNm-Zy-Øn--\p-Øc
- w):
\n߃ Adn™psIm≈phn≥....'' (‰ns dmßv ta¬{KŸw, ]pdw, 87+111; ""....-A-t∏mƒ- A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m\pw ]≈n-°mcpw a´m-t©-cn-bn¬ IqSn,-
Eustachio, Istora del Mgr. Guiseppe P.25. tXmakv hSticn, kXy{]Imcw k-¥X - n-Imem¥yw ]d¶n-Isf A\p-kc - n-°b
- n-s√-∂v …o_m ]nSn®v kXyw-
eLpteJ. \w. 13, ]pdw. 8). sNbvXp.''
Al-Ø≈m ssaem-∏q-cn¬ \n∂v tKmh-bn- t- e-°p≈ t]m¿´pKokv kpdn-bm-\n-°m¿ kXyw- sN-bvX-Xv am¿]m-∏mbvt°m ItØm-en-
I∏-en¬ Ib-dn.- b-m-{Xm-at[y I∏¬ sIm-®n-bn¬ FØn-sb∂dn™p- °m-k-`bvt°m FXn-cm-bn-´-√m-bn-cp-∂p,- ]n-s∂-tbm,- ]-d-¶n-I-fmb kºm-
sIm≠v B¿®p-Uo-°s‚ t\Xr-XzØn¬ kap-Zm-bt- \-Xm-°∑ - m¿ sIm®n- fq¿Im¿°v (]u-fn-kvXy¿°v) F-Xn-cm--bn-´m-bn-cp-∂p- F-∂v C-Xn¬ \n∂v
bn¬ H - Ø
- p-Iq-Sn.- A-lØ- ≈m sa{Xm-s\ h - n-´p-Xc
- W
- s
- a-∂v- B-hi- y-s∏-´p.- kv]jvSa
- m-Wt- √m.
F-∂m¬ At±-ls - Ø- sIm-®n-bn¬ C
- d
- °
- m≥ t]m¿´p-Ko-kp-Im¿ hn-kΩ - -
Xn-®p. AXn-\n- Sbn-¬, am¿- A-lØ - ≈
- msb Ah¿ IS-en¬ ap°n-s°m∂p
Fs∂mcp Inwh-Z¥n Btcm ]d-™-p-]-c-Øn. -t]m¿´p-Ko-kp-Im-cm-I-s´-,
A-l-Ø-≈-msb sIm®n-bn¬ -C-d-°msX tKmh-b-n-te°pw Ahn-sS-\n∂v
t]m¿´p-Ke - n-te°pw sIm≠p-t]m-bn- .
26 27
 ]p¯³ IqäpImÀ ]p¯³ IqäpImÀ

tXmΩm A¿°Znbmt°ms‚ sa{Xm≥ ÿm\w km[phmbn´p≈

X√ F∂p a\ nem°nb ]e ]≈n°mcpw am¿ sk_kvXym\nbpsS
]£ØptN¿∂p.
]pØ-≥Iq-‰p-Im¿
4 U®p-Im¿ 1663-˛¬ t]m¿´p-Ko-kp-Im-sc t- Xm¬∏n®v sIm®n ssIh-i-
s∏-Sp-Øn.- sk-_k- X
v y-m\n DS≥ ÿew hn´p-sIm-≈W - s
- a∂v Ah¿ Bh-
]pØ≥Iq-‰p-Im¿ iy-s∏-´p.- A-t±lw \mSp- hn-Sp-∂X
- n-\p-apºv, 1663 s^{_phcn 1˛mw XobXn,
B¿®pPo°s‚ ]nXrktlmZc]p{X≥, Ipdhneßm´p]≈n hnImcn
Nm≠n IØ\msc sa{Xm\mbn hmgn®tijw tdmante°v Xncn®pt]mbn.
am¿ tXm-am-tbm-Sp -IqSn tN¿∂p\n∂-h¿ ]pØ≥Iq-‰p-Im-sc∂pw
H∂mw am¿tXmam am¿ sk_kvXym\nsbbpw Nm≠n-sa-{Xm-s\bpw A\pIqen®p \ - n-∂h
- ¿
]d-¶n-I-tfm-Sp-≈- A-a¿jw- \n-anØw kpdn-bm-\n-°m¿ Iq-\≥Ip-cn- ]-gb
- I-- q-‰p-Im-sc∂pw Adn-bs
- ∏-´p XpSßn.
ip-k-Xyw -sN-bvX-tijw AtX-h¿jw- sa-bvamkw 22-˛mw-Xo-bXn Rm-b- {io. Cu.-Fw.-^n-en∏v C{]-Im-cw ]dbp∂p: ""Akm-[p-hm-b ÿ - m-
dm-gvN, -B-e-ßm-´p-]-≈n-b-n¬h®v ]{¥≠v ]´-°m¿ Iq-Sn- tXmam A¿°- \-tØm-Sp I - q-Sn-b H
- cp sa{Xms‚ I¬∏-\I - f- \
- p-kc - n® \n¿h-ln-°s - ∏-Sp-∂
Zn-bm-t°ms‚ Xe-bn- ¬ ssI-h®v am¿ tXmam F∂ t]cn¬ sa{Xm\mbn´v -Iq-Zm-i-Iƒ- D-±n-jvS-^-e-{]m-]vXn°v A]-cym-]vX-ß-fm-sW∂pw a‰p-ap≈
ÿm\mtcmlWw sNøn®p. C-Xn-\p≈ A[n-Imcw am¿]m-∏m-bn¬ \n∂v Ah-cpsS (ItØmen°cpsS) {]kvXm-h\ - I - f
- p-sS -^-e-ambpw, icn-bmb
am¿ Al-Ø≈ - ≈- m ap-tJ\ e`n-®n-´p-s≠∂v I√n-t»cn B™n-en-aq-´n¬
ssIhbv∏n-√mØ Hcp sa{Xm-s\- A-\p-Kan-°p-∂Xm-bmep≠m-Imhp∂
C´n-sØm-Ω≥ I-Ø\ - m¿ Hcp- hym-Pt- cJ Im´n P\-sØ t- _m-[y-s∏-Sp-Øn.
BfloI `- h - n-jy¬ ^-eß - sf∏‰n-bp≈ Zp»¶ \nan-Øhpw ]e-cpw- ho≠pw
AXnt\∏‰n Cu. Fw. ]oent∏mkv FgpXnb k`mNcn{XØn¬ tdmam-\pIØn¬ Iogn¬ {]thin®p.- C{]Imcw tdm-am-hn-izm-kt- ØmSv
C{]Imcw ]d™ncn°p∂p: ""ImeXmakw IqSmsX kpdnbm\n°mcpsS tbmPn-®p-\n-∂h - ¿A- ∂- p-ap-X¬ ]g-bI - q-‰p-Im¿ F∂p- kzbw- \m-aI - c
- W
- w
Hcp s]mXptbmKw Beßm´p]≈nbn¬ IqSn AlØ≈mbpsS Iev]\ -sN-øp-Ibpw am¿tXm-am-sb- A-\p-Ka - n-®h- sc ]pØ≥Iq-‰p-Im¿ F-∂p- hn-fn-
{]Imcw A¿°Znbmt°ms\ am¿tXmam F∂ ÿm\\mat[btØmSp
°p-Ib - pw s
- N-bvXp''.
IqSn sa{Xm\mbn BtcmlWw sNøn®p'' (]pdw. 144).
^mZ¿ sk_-kvXym\n tdmb¬tIm-SX
- n-hn-[nbn¬ C{]Imcw ]dbp∂p: ""kpdnbm\n°m¿
CXpapX¬ (Iq\≥IpcnipkXyw apX¬) ]pØ≥Iq¿ F∂pw ]gbIq¿
ae-¶-c-bn¬ D≠mb `n∂n-∏n-s\-∏‰n tdman¬ hnhcw e`n-®-X-\p- F∂pw c≠p I£nIfmbn hn`mKn°s∏´p.'' (JWvUnI 83)
k-cn-®,v - ÿn-Xn-KX
- n-Iƒ A
- t- \z-jn®v dnt∏m¿´v k-a¿∏n-°m≥, tdman¬ \n-∂-v
C-‰m-en-b≥ I¿a-eoØm k\ym-kn-bmb ^mZ¿ tPmk^v acnb sk_- IWnbmºdºn¬ tIm¿ F∏nkvtIm∏m FgpXnb (1982) ""kpdn
kvXym-\n-sb- tI-c-f-Øn-te-°-b-®p. 1657˛¬ ^mZ¿ sk-_-kvXym-\n- bm\nk`'' F∂ {KŸw 256˛mw ]pdØv, apf¥pcpØn ]≈n°m¿ FgpXn
tIcfØn¬ F-Øn.- CS∏≈nbn¬ Xmakn®ncp∂ am¿ tXm-am-bp-am-bn- h® 052˛se cPnÿ DSºSn, Bcw`n°p∂Xv C{]ImcamWv. ""IWb
At±lw N¿®Iƒ \S-Ønsb-¶n-epw ^e-{]Zap-≠m-bn-√.- A - t- ±-lØ
- ns‚ ∂q¿ {]hrØnbn¬ apf¥pcpØnapdnbn¬ ]pØ≥Iq¿ kpdnbm\n ]≈n
{]h¿Ø-\-^-e-ambn ]e ]≈n-°mcpw am¿tXm-am-sb -hn´pam-dn. sk_- bnse Xmsg t]cpgpXn H∏nSp∂hcmb......FgpXnsh® DSºSnbmhnXv.
kvXym\n 1658-˛¬ tIc-fØ - n¬ \n∂v Xn-cnsI tdman¬ t]m-bn.- dn-t∏m¿´p-
k-a¿∏n-®p. Ggmw- A-eI - vkm-≠¿ am¿]m∏m At±-lsØ sa{Xm-\m°n ]pØ≥Iq‰pIm¿ F∂ \maw Ah¿ kzbw kzoIcn®XmsW∂v
XncnsI tIc-fØ - n-te-°b - ®
- p. 1661-˛¬ At±lw sIm®n-bnse-Øn. ta¬∏d™ tcJIfn¬ \n∂v sXfnbp∂p≠t√m.
28 29
 ]p¯³ IqäpImÀ ]p¯³ IqäpImÀ

sa{Xm∑msc ÿm\{`jvTcm°pIbpw sNbvXp. tbmKØn¬ h®v tZtlm

]{Zhw G‰ ^vfmhnb≥ ]m{Xnb¿°okv aq∂p ZnhkØn\ptijw acn®p.
{]mNo\k`bn¬, tdmam Ign™m¬ ASpØ ÿm\w AeIvkm
5 ≠vdnbm knwlmk\Øn\mbncp∂p. lqZmb Imt\m\n≥ A≤ymbw 7,
1˛¬ tdmam Ign™m¬ ]ns∂ AeIvkm≠vdnbmbpsS t]cmWv ]d™n
]pØ≥Iq-‰p-Im¿ cn°p∂Xv. F∂m¬ tIm¨Ãss‚≥ N{Ih¿ØnbpsS ImeØv tdmam
km{amPyØns‚ Xeÿm\w tIm¨Ãm‚nt\m∏nfnte°v am‰nbXp
bmt°m_mb°mcmIp∂p sIm≠v tdmam Ign™m¬ ASpØ ÿm\w tIm¨Ãm‚nt\m∏nƒ
]›n-ta-jybn¬ bmt°m-_m-b-k`bpsS D¤hw knwlmk\Øn\v e`n°Wsa∂v AhnSpsØ ]m{Xnb¿°okv
hmZn®ncp∂p.

tIm¨Ãm‚nt\m∏nfnse Hcp k\ymkk`bpsS t{ijvT\mbncp∂ Zobkv tImtdmkns\ Hcp ]cnip≤\mbn IcpXp∂ bmt°m_mb˛
FhpØn°qkv, GIhy‡nbmb {InkvXphn¬ Hcp kz`mhw am{Xta Hm¿ØtUmIvkv k` t]mepw, At±lØns‚ A≤y£Xbn¬ IqSnb
bp≈p F∂p hmZn®p. ssZh]p{Xs‚ a\pjymhXmcØn¬ AhnSpsØ Cu tbmKsØ Hcp s]mXpkp\ltZmkmbn kzoIcn°p∂n√. CXv Hcp
a\pjykz`mhw ssZhkz`mhØn¬ ]q¿Æambn ebn®pt]mbn F∂pw kp\ltZmkmbn´mWv hnfn®p Iq´s∏´Xv.
X∑qew ssZh]p{X\mb {InkvXphn¬ GIkz`mhtabp≈p F∂pw I¬°tZm\nb kp\ltZmkv
Bbncp∂p FhpØn°qkns‚ (Eutichus) hmZw. k`bn¬ kam[m\w ÿm]n°p∂Xn\pth≠n setbm am¿∏m∏m
tbip{InkvXphn¬ a\pjykz`mhw Cs√¶n¬, ssZh]p{X≥ a\p bpsS A\phmZtØmSpIqSn am¿knb≥ N{Ih¿Øn Hcp s]mXpkp\l
jy\mbnØo¿∂p F∂p ]dbp∂Xn¬ A¿∞an√. A_t≤m]tZisØ tZmkv hnfn®pIq´n. 451˛¬ I¬tZm\nbmbn¬ h®v \S∂ Cu kp\ltZm
]n≥hen°m≥ hnkΩXn® FhpØn°qkns\, tIm¨Ãm‚nt\m∏nƒ kn¬ 630 taev]´°m¿ kw_‘n®ncp∂p. Ahcn¬ `qcn]£hpw ]uc
]m{Xnb¿°okmb ^vfmhnbs‚ A≤y£Xbn¬ ktΩfn® {]mtZinI kvXyk`Ifn¬ (doØpIfn¬) s]´hcmbncp∂p. tIm¨Ãm‚nt\m∏n
kp\ltZmkv i]n°pIbp≠mbn. kp\ltZmkns‚ hn[nbn¬ AXr]vX fnse A\t‰mfnbkv, At¥ymJymbnse amIvkntamkv, sbdpiteanse
\mb FhpØn°qkv setbm am¿∏m∏mbpsS ]°¬ A∏o¬ t_m[n bph\m¬ F∂o ]m{Xnb¿°okpam¿ Cu kp\ltZmkn¬ kw_‘n®p.
∏n®p. setbm am¿∏m∏mbpsS A\phmZtØmSpIqSn sXbtUmjykv am¿∏m∏mbpsS {]Xn\n[n kp\ltZmkn¬ A≤y£X hln®p. Zobkv
N{Ih¿Øn Hcp kp\ltZmkv hnfn®pIq´n. Ft^kqkn¬ h®v IqSphm≥ tImtdmkv ktΩf\Øn¬ kw_‘n°phm≥ BZyw Iq´m°nbns√
Xocpam\n®ncp∂ kp\ltZmknte°v am¿∏m∏m, eqbokv F∂ sa{Xms\ ¶nepw ]n∂oSv lmPcmbn. kp\ltZmkv GIkz`mhhmZsØ i]n°p
Xs‚ {]Xn\n[nbmbn Ab®p. kp\ltZmkn¬ hmbn°p∂Xn\v, ^vfm Ibpw ZobkvtImtdmkns\ apS°n ÿm\{`jvS\m°pIbpw sNbvXp.
hnb≥ ]m{Xnb¿°okn\v Ct±lw hgn Hcp teJ\hpw sImSpØb®p. I¬°tZm\nb kp\ltZmkv AwKoIcn°mXncp∂ GIkz`mh
Ft^kqkn¬ h®v 449˛¬ IqSnb kp\ltZmkn¬ FhpØn hmZnIƒ ]e hn`mKßfmbn Nn∂n®nXdn. Cßs\bncns° 543˛¬
°qkns\ A\pIqen®ncp∂ AeIvkm≠vdnbmbnse ZobkvtImtdmkv bmt°m_v _¿ sXtbm^ntemkv F∂ Hcp k\ymkn, IpkvX¥ot\mkv
]m{Xnb¿°okv, kp∂ltZmkn¬ kzbw A≤y£\mbn tkzOm\pk t]meokn¬, ho´pXS¶en¬ Ign™ncp∂ AeIvkm≠vdnbmbnse am¿
cWw Imcy߃ \nb{¥n®p. setbm am¿∏m∏mbpsS teJ\w tbmK sXbtUmjykv ]m{Xnb¿°okn¬ \n∂v clkyambn sa{Xm\mbn
Øn¬ hmbn°m≥ A\phZn®n√. FhpØn°qkns‚ D]tZiw kXy A`ntjIw sNøs∏´p. Ct±lw Np‰nk©cn®v GIkz`mhhmZnIsf
hnizmkamsW∂v At±lw {]Jym]n°pIbpw, AXns\ FXn¿Ø F√mw kwLSn∏n®v, Ah¿°mbn At¥ymJym]m{Xnb¿°okv F∂
30 31
 ]p¯³ IqäpImÀ ]p¯³ IqäpImÀ

t]cn¬ tk¿Pnbqkns\ (k¿Kokv) At¥ymJymbn¬ \n∂p hfsc tIcfØn¬ bmt°m_mb k` ÿm]n°s∏Sp∂p

hnZqcÿamb a¿±o\n¬ h®v hmgn°pIbp≠mbn. bmt°m_v _¿ am¿tØmΩmbv°v bYm¿∞ ssIhbv]v In´p∂Xn\pth≠n
sXtbm^ntemkv thjw amdn H´Itcmaw sIm≠p≈ DSp∏p [cn®v hntZißfnte°v FgpØpIpØpIƒ \SØnbXns‚ ^eambn,
\S∂ncp∂Xn\m¬ bmt°m_v _p¿Zm\ F∂ t]cp≠mbn. At¥ymJym bmt°m_mb ]m{Xnb¿°okns‚ {]Xn\n[nbmbn am¿
Nn∂n®nXdn an°hmdpw \mamhntijambncp∂ GIkz`mhhmZn {KntKmdntbmkv tIcfØn¬ h∂p. At±lw am¿tØmΩmbv°v ]´w
Isf kwLSn∏n®v Ah¿°v Hcp ]m{Xob¿°okns\bpw hmgn®v i‡n sImSpØp F∂p≈Xn\v sXfnshm∂pan√.
s∏SpØnbXv bmt°m_v _p¿Zm\ Bbncp∂XpsIm≠v, bmt°m_mb H∂mw am¿tXmam 1670 taSw 12˛mw XobXn Ncaw {]m]n°pIbpw
°m¿ F∂ t]cn¬ Ah¿ Adnbs∏´p. A¶amen ]≈nbn¬ kwkvIcn°s∏SpIbpw sNbvXp F∂mWv Cu.
At¥ymJymknwlmk\Øn¬ Fhp{^mknbqkv F∂ ]m{Xnb¿ Fw. ]n. ]dbp∂Xv (ta¬{KŸw ]pdw. 160). 845°v 1669 taSw 12˛\v acn®p
°okv hmWncp∂ AhkcØn¬, At¥ymJym ]m{Xnb¿°okmbn F∂mWv tdmb¬ tImSXnhn[n (R.C.J.) 91˛mw JWvUnIbn¬ ]dbp∂Xv.
a¿±o\n¬ h®v bmt°m_v _p¿Zm\mbm¬ hmgn°s∏´ tk¿Pnbqkn\v c≠mw am¿tØmΩm 861 aIcw 3˛\v CSn Gin s]s´∂v acn®p. (tdmb¬
hn. ]t{Xmkns‚ At¥ymJymknwlmk\hpambn bmsXmcp tImSXn hn[n, \º¿ 94). 1686 taSw amkw 3˛\v CltemIhmkw
_‘ans√∂v kv]jvSamWt√m. Cu tk¿Pnbqkns‚ ]n≥KmanIfmWv shSnbpIbpw \ncWØp]≈nbn¬ kwkvIcn°s∏SpIbpw sNbvXp
bmt°m_mb ]m{Xnb¿°okpam¿. F∂mWv Cu.Fw.]n. ]dbp∂Xv.
h´t»cn¬ am¿ Zoh∂mtkymkv Xncpta\n h´n∏Wt°kn¬ 1094 aq∂mw am¿tØmΩm ÿm\w G‰v c≠ph¿jw Ign™v 863 taSw
Nnßw 27˛\v, Xncpta\ntbmSp tNmZn® Hcp tNmZyØn\v C{]Imcw adp]Sn 9˛\v (1688 taSw 9) acn®p. (Cu.Fw.]n. ]pdw. 163; R.C.J. No. 94).
]d™p: ""«ol∑mcpsS ImeØv bmt°m_mb kpdnbm\n k` Fs∂mcp
th¿Xncnhv D≠mbncp∂n√'' (h´n∏Wt°kv, aebmf at\mca {] v, ]p\sscIy{ia߃
tIm´bw. 1917, ]pdw 1050).
\memw am¿tØmΩmbpsS ]p\sscIy{ia߃
bmt°m_mb k` «ol∑mcpsS Imew Ign™n´p≠mb Hcp
k`bmsW∂v kv]jvSat√? ^mZ¿ h´t»cn, Fs‚ sXtßen{]kwKw \memw am¿tØmΩmbpsS ImeØv (1688˛1728) At±lØns‚
]pdw. 29˛30). A[o\Xbn¬ D≠mbncp∂ 29 CShI°mcpsSbpw 12 sshZnI {]Xn\n[n
IfpsSbpw Ht∏mSpIqSn 1704 Unkw_¿ 7˛\v AKÃn≥ F∂ I¿Ω
ImtXmen°m_mhm am¿ _t entbmkv Koh¿Kokv Xncpa\ p eoØm sshZnI≥ aptJ\ Hcp At]£ D¿_≥ F´ma≥ am¿∏m∏mbv°v
sIm≠v kapZmbt°kn¬ samgn sImSp°bn¬, bmt°m_mb k`bpsS Ab®psImSpØp. At]£bpsS aqetcJ hØn°m\nse I¿ΩeoØm
D¤hsØ∏‰n Cßs\ ]d™p: ""I¬°tZm\nbm kp\ltZmknse B¿ss°hvkn¬ kq£n®ncn°p∂p. (cfr. AOCD Rome, Plut. 226 ff.
hnizmk\n›bsØ AwKoIcn®h¿ Hcp Iq´hcmbpw AXn\papºp≈ 122. 10. kn¬shÿ Im™ncapIfn¬, ]p\sscIytcJIƒ, t]Pv 23).
kp\ltZmkpIfpsS \n›bßsf hnizkn®h¿ thsdmcp Iq´cmbpw,
Cßs\ c≠p `mKambn´mWv I¬°tZm\nbm kp\ltZmkn\ptijw am¿tØmΩmbv°v sa{Xm≥ ]Zhnbpw Xs‚ A[o\Xbnep≈
GIk` ]ncn™Xv. BZysØ aq∂p kp\ltZmknse \n›bßsf P\ßsf `cn°p∂Xn\p≈ A[nImchpw thWsa∂p≈Xmbncp∂p
am{Xw kzoIcn®h¿°mWv ]n∂oSv, AXmbXv bmt°m_v _p¿Zm\bpsS apJyambn Bhiys∏´ncp∂Xv. IqSmsX kpdnbm\n{Iaw Bcm[\bv°v
D]tbmKn°p∂Xn\pw, hn. Ip¿_m\bv°v ]pfn® A∏w D]tbmKn°p∂
ImeØv bmt°m_mb°m¿ F∂p t]cp In´nbXv'' (kapZmbt°kv,
Xn\v A\phZn°Wsa∂pw At]£n®ncp∂p.
]uc≤z\n, 118 Xpemw 14; Fs‚ sXtßen {]kwKw, ]pdw.30).
32 33
 ]p¯³ IqäpImÀ ]p¯³ IqäpImÀ

\n¿`mKyhim¬ CXn\\pIqeambn tdman¬ \n∂pw bmsXmcp am¿∏m∏mbv°v Hcp At]£ t_m\n^kv F∂ I¿ΩeoØm anj\dn
\o°hpw D≠mbn√. hgn Ab®p. (A.P.F., S.O.C.P. Vol. 109, f, 114; Nagam Aiya, The Travancore
State Manual, Vol. 2, 1906, P.P. 206-207). CXns‚ aebmf ]cn`mj,
4˛mw am¿tØmΩm 5˛mw am¿tØmΩmsb hmgn®tijw 1728 ao\w
13˛mw XobXn (903 ao\w 13) CltemIhmkw shSnbpIbpw I≠\m´p ^mZ¿ kn¬shÿ Im™ncapfn¬˛]p\sscIytcJIƒ, ]pdw. 24).
]≈nbn¬ kwkvIcn°s∏SpIbpw sNbvXp. (Cu.Fw.]n. t]Pv 166; R.C.J. B At]£bpsS {]k‡`mK߃ Xmsg tN¿°p∂p:
No. 95)
"".....{InkvXph¿jw 52˛mam≠v \ΩpsS I¿Ømhns‚ h’einjy
5-˛mw am¿tØmΩmbpsS ImeØv At¥m\ntbmkv siΩmip F∂p \mb tXmΩm«olm C≥Uybn¬ h∂v kphntij{]kwKw sNbvXp.
t]cmb Hcp hym]mcn I®hSØn\mbn sIm®nbn¬ h∂p. 5˛mw am¿ RßfpsS ]q¿∆nIsc ⁄m\kv\m\s∏SpØn, Ah¿°v sshZnI]´w
tØmΩm Bfb®v Abmsf ]≈n°c ]≈nbn¬ hcpØn, ]ctZiØp sImSpØv k`m`cWw `ctaev]n®p. AXn\ptijw `mKykvacWm¿l
\n∂v Hcp taev]´°mcs\ hcpØn sImSpØm¬ sNehp apgph≥ Xm≥ cmb kndnb≥ sa{Xm∑mcpw sa{Xmt∏meoØmamcpw ChnsS hcpIbpw
sNbvXpsIm≈msa∂pw ]d™p. am¿tØmΩm At¥ymJym ]m{Xnb¿ kphntijw Adnbn°pIbpw \ΩpsS ]nXm°∑mcpsS AtX hnizmk
°okn\p sImSp°m≥ Hcp FgpØpw FgpXn I®hS°mcs\ Gev]n®p. Ønepw BNmcØnepw \n∂v hyXnNen°msX XpScpIbpw sNbvXp.
I®hS°mc≥ ]m{Xnb¿°okns‚ FgpØp sImSpØXn¬, ImtXm 1598˛mam≠v R߃°v kz¥sa{Xm∑m¿ C√msX h∂ AhkcØn¬,
en°m F∂ t]¿ hnfn®phmgn®v At±lsØbpw, am¿ {KotKmdntbmkv R߃ eØo≥ sa{Xm∑msc A\pKan°phm≥ XpSßnbXphsc
sa{Xmt∏meoØmsbbpw am¿ Cuhm\ntbmkv F∏nkvtIm∏mtbbpw {]kvXpX BNmcßfn¬ \n∂p R߃ hn´pamdnbn√. A°mew apX¬
thsd Nnetcbpw Iq´n, am¿tØmΩmsb aebmfØns‚ sa{Xmt∏meo R߃°p hfsc sRcp°ßfpw IjvS∏mSpIfpw at\mthZ\Ifpw
Ømbmbn hmgn∏m≥ ÿmØnt°m\pw aqtdm\pw sskØpw sImSpØp D≠mbncp∂p. Aßs\bncns° {]kn≤amb At¥ymJymbn¬ \n∂v
]d™b®p. Ch¿ 926°v 1751 taSw 14˛\v sIm®nbn¬ h∂ptN¿∂p. am¿ C·mØntbmkv ]m{Xnb¿°okv ChnsS h∂p.....AXp Ign™
Chsc I∏en¬ Ib‰n C¥ybn¬ h∂ I®hS°mc≥ 12,000 cq]m tijw t]m¿´pKokpIm¿ At±lØns‚ IgpØn¬ Hcp I√psI´n
I∏¬Iqen tNmZn®p......]Ww sImSp∏m≥ {]m]vXn C√m™Xn\m¬ ISente°v Fdn™p If™p. C°mcWØm¬ t]m¿´pKokpImcpw
936˛¬ Xm≥ Xs∂ A\¥nchs\ hmgn®p. GXmbmepw A[nIw Rßfpw XΩn¬ sFIaXyhpw tbmPn∏pw taensemcn°epw D≠mIp∂
XmaknbmsX ]≈n°m¿ ]Ww tiJcn®v I∏¬Iqen sImSpØp. ]n∂oSv Xs√∂v R߃ kXyw sNbvXp. AXn\ptijw 1653˛¬ R߃ A¿°
_mhm∑msc I≠p F¶nepw XΩn¬ cays∏´n√'' (tdmb¬ tImSXnhn[n, Znbmt°ms\ sa{Xmt∏meoØmbm°pIbpw, A∂v ]cnip≤ knwlmk\
\º¿ 97˛98). Øn¬ hmWcpfp∂ AeIvkm≠¿ Ggma≥ ]m∏mbv°v RßfpsS
Cu.Fw. ]n.bpw CXnt\∏‰n ]dbp∂p≠v: _t entbmkns‚ IjvS∏mSpIsf°pdn®v FgpXpIbpw sNbvXp......
A¥yImeL´Øn¬ am¿ tXmambpambn cays∏´psh¶nepw At±l «ol∑mcpsS Xehs\∂v ]t{Xmkns‚ Ip¿_m\{IaØn¬
Øn\v ho≠pw ]´w sImSp°p∂Xn\v kuIcys∏´n√. HSphn¬ 1764 Xpemw hnhcn°p∂ hnip≤ ]t{Xmkns‚ \maØn¬ Rm≥ AßtbmSv Hcp
9˛mw XobXn am¿ _t entbmkv \ncymX\mbn. A©mw am¿tXmΩm ASpØ At]£ sNøp∂p. AsXs¥∂m¬ {Ko°pIm¿°v A\phZn®n´p≈Xp
taSw (940 taSw) \ncymX\mbn. (Cu.Fw.]n. ta¬{KŸw, t]Pv 172). t]mse ]pfn® A∏w D]tbmKn°p∂Xn\p≈ kzmX{¥yw R߃°pw
X∂m¬, Rßsf√mhcpw DS≥ Xs∂ AhnSpsØ knwlmk\Øn\v
A©mw am¿tØmΩmbpsS ]p\sscIy{ia߃ A\pkcWap≈hcmbnØocp∂XmWv. I¿ΩeoØ¿ Rßsf klmbn
A©mw am¿tXmΩmbpw ItØmen°mk`bpambn ]p\sscIy °p∂Xn\m⁄m]n°pIbpw Cu CShIbn¬ \n∂v t]m¿´pKokp
s∏Sphm≥ B{Klw ]pds∏Sphn®psIm≠p 1748˛¬ 14˛mw _\UnIvSvIv sa{Xms\ am‰pIbpw sNøpI.
34 35
 ]p¯³ IqäpImÀ ]p¯³ IqäpImÀ

1748˛mw sIm√w ]cnip≤ adnbØns‚ ]≈nbn¬ \n∂pw C≥Uy \n∂p sImSpØb®ncp∂ hSnbpw …o_mbpw At±lØn\p e`n°p
bpsS Xeh\mb tXmΩm.'' Ibpw sNbvXp.
F∂m¬ A∂v tIcfk`sb `cn®psIm≠ncp∂ eØo≥ sa{Xm {]mbm[nIytØmSpIqSn am¿ {KotKmdntbmkv A‘\mbn `hn°
∑mcpw hntZianj\dnamcpw am¿tØmΩmbpsS Bflm¿∞Xbn¬ bm¬ Im´paßm´v Koh¿Kokv dºm≥ At±lØns‚ ip{iqjI\mbn
kwibw {]ISn∏n®psIm≠v tdmante°v FgpXnbXns‚ ^eambn tdmw tN¿∂p. dºms‚ t{]cWbn¬ s]´v am¿ {KotKmdntbmkv At±lsØ
AXn\p A\pIqen®n√. am¿ Iqdotemkv F∂ ÿm\\mahm\mbn 1772 hr›nIw 17˛mw XobXn
sa{Xm\mbn A`ntjIw sNbvXp. am¿ {KotKmdntbmkv ASpØ anYp\w
IWnbmw]dºn¬ Ipcy≥ tIm¿ F∏nkvt°m∏m FgpXnb
27˛mw XobXn \ncymWw {]m]n°bpw apf¥pcpØn ]≈nbn¬ kwkvIcn
"kpdnbm\nk`' F∂ {KŸØn¬ C{]Imcw ]dbp∂p: ""am¿tØmΩm
°s∏SpIbpw sNbvXp. (Cu.Fw.]n. ta¬{KŸw, ]pdw, 59).
A©ma≥, ]pfn∏p≈ A∏w hn. Ip¿_m\bv°v A\phZn°msa¶n¬
tdmamk`bn¬ tN¿∂psIm≈msa∂v kΩXn®v FgpXnsb¶nepw Bdmw am¿tØmΩmbpsS ]p\sscIymtemN\
A°mcyw \S∏mbn√ (]pdw, 169). Bdmw am¿tØmΩmbpw ItØmen°mk`bpambn ]p\sscIys∏
BZysØ A©p am¿tØmΩmam¿°pw km[phmb ssIshbv]v Sphm≥ hfscb[nIw ]cn{ian®p. ae¶cbpsS hnImcn A∏kvtXmen°m
In´nbncp∂p F∂p≈Xn\v bmsXmcp sXfnhpan√. bmbncp∂ ^vtfmd≥kv sa{Xms\ kao]n®v Xs‚ CwKnXw Adnbn®p.
^vtfmd≥kv sa{Xm≥ Cu hnhc߃ ImWn®psIm≠p≈ Hcp FgpØv
t]¿jy≥ k`bn¬ \nehnencp∂ ]uckvXy kpdnbm\nbpw
tdmante°v Ab®p. (A.P.F., Socp. Vol. 60-a, 1770/1771-f. 33v: sIm√m
(I¬Zmb kpdnbm\nbpw) BWv ChnsSbpw \nehn¬ h∂Xv. ]m›mXy ]dºn¬).
kpdnbm\nbnep≈ At¥ymJy≥ (bmt°m_mb) BNmc{Iaßfpw
Bcm[\bpw Adnhn√mXncp∂ ChnsSbp≈h¿°v ]´w sImSp°phm≥ XmaknbmsX 177 P\phcnbn¬ Bdmw am¿tØmΩm Zoh∂m
hntZiØp\n∂pw h∂ bmt°m_mb sa{Xm∑m¿ hnkΩXn®ncn°Ww. tkymkv F∂ t]cn¬ am¿ {KotKmdntbmkn\m¬ sa{Xm\mbn hmgn°
s∏´p. am¿tØmΩmsb sa{Xm\mbn hmgn°msX t{]mt´m t\m´dn A∏
bmt°m_mb sa{Xm∑m¿ ChnsS hcp∂Xn\papºpw ChnsS kvtXmenIv F∂ ]Zhn am{Xw \evIm\mWv tdmw Dt±in®ncp∂Xv.
h∂ncp∂ I¬Zmb (t]¿jy≥) sa{Xm∑m¿, ChnsSbp≈h¿°v ]utcm
lnXy]´w sImSpØncp∂p F∂√msX sa{Xm∑mcmbn Bscbpw A`n am¿ Zoh∂mtkymkv `·mib\mImsX Xs‚ B{Klw Icnbm
tjIw sNbvXncp∂n√. ‰n¬ aev]ms\ Adnbn®p. am¿ Zoh∂mtkymkns‚ ]p\sscIyw km[n
°p∂Xn\pth≠n Icnbm´n¬ aev]m≥ tdmante°p t]mIp∂Xn\p
Bdmw am¿tØmΩm AYhm henb am¿ Zoh∂mtkymkv Xocpam\n®p. At±lw tdmanse t{]m∏Km¥m tImtfPn¬ ]Tn®v sshZnI
Bdmw am¿tØmΩmsb∏‰n Cu.Fw.]oent∏mkv C{]Imcw \mbn AhnsS\n∂v ssZhimkv{XØn¬ tUmIvS¿ _ncpZw t\Snbtijw
]dbp∂p: ""Hcp RmbdmgvNZnhkw am¿ {KotKmdntbmkv \ncWØp]ffn \m´n¬ Xncns®Ønb Bfmbncp∂p. Icnbm´n¬ aev]ms‚ \n¿t±i{]Imcw
bn¬ hn. Ip¿_m\ A\pjv T n®psIm≠ncp∂ AhkcØn¬, am¿ Zoh∂mtkymkv am¿∏m∏mbv°p≈ Hcp At]£bpw hnizmk{]Jym
am¿tØmΩm A{]Xo£nXambn tZhmebØn¬ {]thin®v _mhmbpsS ]\hpw FgpXn H∏n´v aev]ms\ Gev]n°pIbpw sNbvXp.
Im¬°¬ hoWv £ambmN\ sNbvXp. Imehnfw_sas\y 1770 CShw am¿ Zoh∂mtkymkns‚ (6˛mw am¿tØmΩm) hnizmk
29˛mw XobXn am¿ {KotKmdntbmkpw am¿ Cuhm\ntbmkpw IqSn At±l {]Jym]\hpw At]£bpw
Øn\v ho≠pw ]´w sImSpØp. (A©mw am¿tØmΩm Bdmw am¿tØm
Ωmsb hmgn®ncp∂p). ]p\c`ntjItØmSpIqSn At±lw Zoh∂mtkymkv ""RßfpsS A[n\mY\mb Bdmw ]obqkv am¿]m∏mbv°v;
\mahm\mbnØocpIbpw Xs‚ ap≥Kman°v th≠n At¥ymJymbn¬ .....t]m¿ØpKokpIm¿ RßfpsS P\ßfpsS t\¿°v Agn®phn´
36 37
 ]p¯³ IqäpImÀ ]p¯³ IqäpImÀ

_ehØcamb a¿±\hpw Cutimk`mwKamb tam¨ {^m≥knkv te°v tN¿°m≥......F∂m¬ Ah¿ AXn\p a\ mImsX AI∂p
Km¿knbm RßfpsS ]q¿∆]nXm°∑mtcmSp {]Z¿in∏n® \nµbpw \nan \n∂p...Fs‚ lrZbw Rm≥ ^mZ¿ tPmk^v Icnbm‰nbpsS apºn¬
Øw F√mhcpw i‡naØmb FXn¿t∏mSpIqsS 1653˛¬ sIm®n cmPy Rm≥ Xpd∂p h®p.....^mZ¿ tPmk^v Icnbm‰n Fs‚ hnizmkhpw
Øp≈ a´mt©cn∏≈nbn¬ ktΩfn®v t]m¿ØpKokp h¿§tØmSp≈ Iogvhg°hpw {]Imin∏n®v tdmam am¿]m∏mbv°v HscgpØv Abbv°m≥
hnt[bXzØn¬ \n∂v ]n≥amdpIbmsW∂v GItbmKambn [ocXtbmsS Ft∂mSmhiys∏´p.....Fs‚ hnizmkhpw Iogvhg°hpw {]Z¿in∏n®v Cu
kXywsNbvXp......CXpam{Xa√, C¥ym°mcpsS CSbn¬ hfsc {]kn≤ At]£ Rm≥ FgpXn....""GI ssZhØnepw aq∂mfpIfnepw Rm≥
\mb C´nsØmΩ≥ IØ\m¿ Ggmw AeIvkm≠¿ am¿]m∏mbpsS hnizkn°p∂p. c≠masØ Bƒ°v a\pjykz`mhhpw ssZhkz`mhhpw
]n≥KmanbpsS \maØn¬ hymPamb Hcp IsØgpXn. tXmam A¿°Zn F∂nßs\ c≠p kz`mhßfpap≠v....ip≤oIcWÿeØnepw Rm≥
bmt°ms\ sa{Xm≥ ÿm\tØ°v Db¿Øm≥ ]{¥≠p ]ptcmlnXsc hnizkn°p∂p.....Xncp ` Fs¥√mw ]Tn∏n°p∂pt≠m, clky߃
am¿]m∏m A\phZn°p∂psh∂Xmbncp∂p FgpØns‚ D≈S°w. clkyßfmbpw hniZkXy߃ hniZambpw Rm≥ hnizkn°p∂p.
{]kn≤\mb Koh¿Kokv A¿°Znbmt°ms‚ ]n≥Kmanbmbn ae¶c Xncp `bpsS ]cnip≤ kXy߃°p hncp≤ambsX√mw kwibw hn\m
apgphs‚bpw A¿°Znbmt°m\mbn 1654˛¬ ]dºn¬ am¿tØmΩmsb Rm≥ X≈n∏dbp∂p...hn. ]t{Xmkv `qanbn¬ I¿Ømhns‚ hnImcnbpw
]{¥≠p ]ptcmlnX∑m¿ ssIh®p sa{Xm≥ ÿm\tØ°v Db¿Øn. km¿∆{XnIk`bpsS Xeh\pw `cWm[nImcnbpamsW∂pw At±lØn
taev]d™ FgpØns‚ t]cnemWv Ah¿ Aßs\ sNbvXXv. ]{¥≠p \ptijw tdmamss«lnI knwlmk\Øn¬ Ccp∂n´p≈h¿s°√mw
]ptcmlnX∑m¿ ssI h®p \nban® sa{Xm\mWv th¿]ncn™p t]mb AtX A[nImcw bmsXmcp Ipdhpw IqSmsXbps≠∂v Rm≥ hnizkn
P\ßsf C°mesa√mw `cn®ncp∂Xv. Fs‚ ]nXmal\mb am¿tØm °p∂p.....am¿]m∏mtbmSpIqsS kIe]mjWvUXIsfbpw ]mjWvUn
ΩmbpsS ktlmZc]p{X\mb ]dºn¬ Nm≠n IØ\msc lotdmt∏meo Isfbpw kIe ioivaIsfbpw ioiva°mscbpw ZobkvtImtdmkn
kns‚ sa{Xmt∏meoØm ]cnip≤ adnbØns‚ am¿ butk∏v, ss«lnI s\bpw FhpØnt°mkns\bpw CXc ]mjWvUnIsfbpw Rm≥
knwlmk\Øns‚ A\phmZtØmsS sa{Xm\mbn hmgn®p. Aßs\ i]n°p∂p. ]cnip≤amb s{S‚ v kp\ltZmkv Iev]n°p∂sX√mw Rm≥
C¥y≥ P\Xsb `cn®ncp∂Xv c≠pt]cmWv . .....acWw kao]n kzoIcn°pIbpw apdpsI ]nSn°pIbpw sNøp∂p. Xncp `bn¬ Fs∂
°mdmbt∏mƒ Hcp ktlmZco]p{Xs\ ]dºn¬ am¿tØmΩm c≠ma tN¿°Wtasb∂p Rm≥ ]cnip≤ ]nXmhnt\mSv bmNn°pIbpw
\mbn Xncs™SpØp. Aßs\ sa{Xm≥ `cWm[nImcw ssIamdn Fs‚ At]£n°pIbpw sNøp∂p....
ASp°seØn. Fs‚ ]nXmal\mb ]dºn¬ am¿tØmΩm aq∂ma≥
sImSpß√qcp sa{Xmt∏meoØm tam¨. B‚Wn ]nsa‚ment\mSpw 1778 am¿®p amkw 12˛mw XobXn \ncWØp\n∂p FgpXnbXv.
C¥ybpsS hnImcn A∏kvtXmen°mbmb tam¨. tPm¨ tacntbmSpw C¥ybpsS sa{Xmt∏meoØm am¿ Zoh∂mtkymkv (h¿Øam\
Xs∂ k`bnte°v kzoIcn°phm≥ At]£n®psh¶nepw Ah¿ ∏pkvXIw, ]pdw. 172˛177).
At±lsØ kzoIcn®n√. bmt°m_mb sa{Xmt∏meoØbmb {KotKmdn
tbmkn¬ \n∂v BkvX∏mSp ]´w apX¬ sa{Xm≥ ]´w hscbp≈ F√m ae¶cbnse 72 CShI°m¿ IqSnbmWv ^mZ¿ Icnbm‰nsbbpw
]´ßfpw 1772 P\phcnbn¬ Hcp RmbdmgvN Znhkw Rm≥ ho≠pw ^mZ¿ ]mdbmΩm°¬ tXmΩm IØ\mscbpw, tdmante°v Abbv°p∂
kzoIcn®p.....kXyhnizmkØnse ]ptcmlnX¿ hgn sImSpß√qcp Xn\p≈ bm{XsNehv kzcq]n®v sImSpØXv. A∂v C∂tØt∏mse
sa{Xmt∏meoØm, km¬htZm¿tZmkv sdbn ot\mSpw Ascbmt∏meo bp≈ bm{XmkuIcy߃ H∂pw C√. ]et∏mgpw hfscb[nIw \St°
knse sa{Xm\pw ae¶cbpsSbpw sIm®nbpsSbpw hnImcn A∏kvtXmen ≠nbncp∂p. I∏¬ (]mbv°∏¬) bm{X A]IS]q¿Æambncp∂p. \ΩpsS
°bpamb CutimbpsS ^vtfmd≥knt\mSpw ]e {]mhiyw Rm≥ At] ]q¿∆nI¿°v kss`IyØn\pth≠nbpw AhcpsS hnizmkw ImØp
£n®p, Fs‚ P\ßtfmSpIqsS Fs∂ ItØmen°m k`micocØn kq£n°p∂Xn\pth≠nbpw hfscb[nIw t¢i߃ klnt°≠nh∂p.
38 39
 ]p¯³ IqäpImÀ ]p¯³ IqäpImÀ

Icnbm‰n¬ aev]m\pw ]mdbΩm°¬ tXmΩm IØ\mcpw t{]m∏ him¬ 1876 sk]vXw_¿ 9˛mw XobXn am¿ Icnbm‰n tKmhmbn¬ h®v
Km¥m tImfPn¬ ]Tn°m\p≈ c≠p siΩmi∑mcpsamcpan®v 1778 BIkvanIambn acWaS™p. AXn\m¬ am¿ Zoh∂mtkymkns‚
Xpemw 14˛mw XobXn ssaem∏qcn¬ \n∂v I∏¬Ibdn bqtdm∏nte°v k`mkzoIcWw \S°msX t]mbn.
bm{Xbmbn. hfsc t¢i߃ kln®v 1779 Pqsse amkØn¬ Ah¿
1796˛¬ am¿ Zoh∂mtkymkv Xs‚ A\¥chs\ Xs‚ ]n≥Kman
t]m¿´pKens‚ Xeÿm\amb enkv_Wn¬ FØn.
bmbn hmgn®p \nban®p. CXn\nSbn¬ ae_mdn¬ \n∂v Hcp ^mZ¿ t]mƒ
aev]m\pw tXmΩm IØ\mcpw IqsS AhnSpsØ cm⁄nsb kµ¿ ]≠mcn tamkpen¬ sN∂v tPm¨ slm¿Ωokv F∂ sa{Xmt∏meoØm
in®v AhcpsS At]£ ka¿∏n®p. AXn¬ am¿ Zoh∂mtkymkns\bpw bn¬ \n∂v am¿∏m∏mbpsS Adnthm kΩXtam IqSmsX sa{Xm\mbn
At±lØns‚ Iognep≈ F¨]Xn\mbncw hnizmknIsfbpw ItØm A`ntjIw sNøs∏´v ae_mdn¬ Xncns®Øn. 1799 Pq¨ 11˛mw XobXn
en°mk`bn¬ tN¿°p∂Xn\pth≠ klmb߃ sNbvX XcWsa∂v Xغ≈n ]≈nbn¬ h®v am¿ Zoh∂mtkymkv, _nj∏v ]≠mcnbpsS
At]£n®ncp∂p. apºmsI kXy{]Xn⁄ sNbvXv ItØmen°mk`bn¬ tN¿∂p.
AXn\ptijw 1779 Xpemw 4˛mw XobXn Ah¿ I∏¬ Ibdn, 1870 F∂m¬ Cßs\ sNøp∂Xn\v tdman¬ \n∂v A\phmZw e`n®n´n√mXncp
P\phcn 3˛mw XobXn tdman¬ FØn. Ah¿ Bdmw ]obqkv am¿∏m∏msb ∂Xn\m¬, AXn\v AwKoImcw In´m≥ Xmakw t\cn´p. Bdp amkØn
kµ¿in®v am¿ Zoh∂mtkymkns‚ At]£bpw hnizmk{]Jym]\hpw \ptijw am¿ Zoh∂mtkymkv bmt°m_mb k`bnte°v Xncn®pt]mbn.
am¿∏m∏mbv°v ka¿∏n®p. At]£ I¬Zmb kpdnbm\nbn¬ FgpXn X®n¬ amØpXcIs‚ kΩ¿±w \nanØw am¿ Zoh∂mtkymkv
eØo\nep≈ AXns‚ ]cn`mjbpw IqSnbmWv am¿∏m∏mbv°v ka¿ CShw 30˛mw XobXn Xغ≈n tdmam]≈nbn¬ h®v ItØmen°m
∏n®Xv. AXp Ct∏mgpw t{]m∏Km¥m B¿ss°hvkn¬ D≠v. (SC IOC k`mwKambXmbpw ]n∂oSv Xncn®pt]mbXmbpw Cu.Fw.]oent∏mkns‚
Vol. 39, ff. 14-20,; Fr. Kollaparampil P. 160, footnote) IqSmsX ae¶sc k`mNcn{XØn¬ (]pdw. 180) ]dbp∂p.
bp≈ kpdnbm\n ItØmen°cpsS 72 CShI°m¿ IqSn aev]ms\bpw
^mZ¿ ]mdbmwam°ens\bpw NpaXes∏SpØn tdmante°v Abbv°p∂p 1808 ao\w 25˛mw XobXn F¨]XmasØ hb n¬ \ncymX\mbn.
F∂p ImWn®psIm≠p≈ Hcp At]£bpw ka¿∏n®p. ]pØ≥Imhp ]≈nbn¬ kwkvIcn°s∏´p.

tdman¬ \n∂p≈ Xocpam\Øn\v hfsc Xmakap≠mIpsa∂v Ggpw F´pw H≥]Xpw am¿tØmΩmam¿

a\ nem°nb Icnbm´n aev]m\pw ^mZ¿ ]mdbmam°epw Xncn®v t]m¿´p am¿ Zoh∂mtkymkv H∂ma≥ (1808˛¬) \ncymX\mbXns\ XpS¿∂v
Ken¬ h∂v cm⁄nsb kµ¿in®p. cm⁄n Icnbm‰n¬ aev]ms\ 7˛mw am¿tØmΩm ÿm\ta‰p. At±lw 1809 anYp\w 20˛mw XobXn
]{ZphmtZmbpsS Iognep≈ sImSpß√qcns‚ sa{Xm\mbn \ma\n¿t±iw \ncymX\mbn. At±lw Bk∂acW\mbn InS∂ AhkcØn¬,
sNøpIbpw tdmw AXv AwKoIcn°pIbpw sNbvXp. 1783 s^{_phcn AhnsS kao]Øp≠mbncp∂ kapZmb{]Xn\n[nIƒ, At±lØns‚
17˛mw XobXn At±lw B¿®p_nj∏mbn A`ntjIw sNøs∏´p. ssIIƒ Xebn¬ h®v 8˛mw am¿tØmΩmsb hmgn°pIbp≠mbn.
(Kollaparampil P. 165) 1782 Ip`w 17˛mw XobXn A`ntjIw sNøs∏´p (Cu.Fw.]n. ta¬{KŸw ]pdw 187; R.C.J. No. 115).
F∂mWv h¿Øam\]pkvXIØn¬ (]pdw 446) ]d™ncn°p∂Xv.
F´mw am¿tØmΩmbpsS ImeØv sdknsU‚ v a¨tdmbpsS
tKmhm sa{Xmt∏meoØmbpsS km∂n≤yØn¬ am¿ Zoh∂mtkym ip]m¿i ta¬, XncphnXmwIq¿ dmWnbn¬ \n∂v 8000 cq]mbpw 20,000
kns‚ hnizmk{]Xn⁄ \SØn At±lsØ ItØmen°mk`bn¬ cq]mbpw Icsamgnhmbn I√Sbv°p kao]w a¨sdm XpcpØpw kn≤n®v
kzoIcn°p∂Xn\p≈ A[nImcw am¿ Icnbm‰n°v e`n®p. 1785 G{]n¬ F∂v tdmb¬ tImSXn hn[n 130˛mw JWvUnIbn¬ ]dbp∂p. 1809˛¬
20˛mw XobXn Ah¿ enkv_Wn¬ \n∂v tKmhmbn¬ FØn. \n¿`mKy am¿tØmΩm h´n∏WØns‚ ]eni hmßn (R.C.J. No. 118).
40 41
 ]p¯³ IqäpImÀ ]p¯³ IqäpImÀ

am¿ Zoh∂mtkymkv c≠ma≥ (]pent°m´n¬) dºm≥ At±-lØ - ns‚ ip{iq-jI- \

- m-bn- tN¿∂p. dºms‚ t{]c-Wb - n¬
AI-s∏´v dºms\ am¿ Iq-dn-temkv F∂ -t]-cn¬ am¿ {KntKm-dn-tbmkv
""am¿tØmΩm F´mas‚ FXn¿I£n t\Xmhpw Ip∂wIpfw
1772 hr›nIw 17-˛mw Xob-Xn- sa-{Xm-\m-°n.- Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-sebpw sIm®n-
kztZinbpw B¿Øm‰p]≈n CShImwKhpamb tPmk^v dºm≥ siΩm
bn-sebpw cmPm-°-∑m¿ am¿ Iq-dn-tem-kn-s\-Xn-cmbn hn[n {]kvXm-hn-°-
i∑mcpsS sshZnI hnZym`ymkm¿∞w Hcp ÿm]\w \n¿Ωnt°≠Xns‚
bm¬, At±lw {_n´ojv ae-_m-dn¬ A™q¿ F∂ -t]-cn¬ Adn-b-s∏-
BhiyIXsb∏‰n {]kwKn®psIm≠v hS°p≈ CShIIfn¬ Np‰n
Sp∂ sXmgn-bq¿ F∂ ÿ - e - s
- ØØn Hcp ]≈n- ÿm-]n-®-v A-hnsS injvSm-
k©cn®p......{]mcw`L´Øn¬ F´mw am¿tØmΩm CXn\v A\pIqenbm
bpkv Ign-®p-Iq-´n. Cu Iqdn-tem-kns‚ aq∂m-asØ ]n≥Km-an-bmb am¿
bncps∂¶nepw {_n´ojv Kh¿sa‚ns‚ JP\mhn¬ \n∂v htc≠nbncp∂
]oe-Ik v o-t\mkv c≠m-a\ - mWv ta¬]-d™ am¿ Znh-∂m-tkym-kn-s\ s - a-{Xm-
h´n∏W∏eni {]kvXpX ÿm]\\n¿ΩmWØn\p hn\ntbmKn°Wsa
\m-bn- hm-gn-®X - v. XpS¿∂v bmt°m-_m-bm-k` - sb \bn® Znh-∂m-tkymkv
∂p≈ A`n{]mbsØ am¿tØmΩm A\pIqen®n√.....dºm≥ At±l
aq∂m-a\pw \mem-a\pw sXmgn-bq¿ sa-{Xm∑m-cn¬ \n∂m-Wv sa{Xm≥]-´w-
Øns‚ πm≥ tIW¬ a¨sdm kΩXn∏ns\ Adnbn°pIbpw kmbn∏v
kzo-Ic - n-®X
- v.
AXn\p kΩXn°pIbpw sNbvXp. h´n∏WØns‚ ]enibn¬ IpSninJ
D≠mbncp∂ XpI kmbn∏v dºms\ Gev]n®p. {]kvXpX ÿm]\Øn\v H≥]Xmw am¿tØmΩm
Bhiyap≠mbncp∂ ÿew tIm´bØv Icw Hgnhmbn XncphnXmwIq¿ F´mw am¿tØmΩm Xs‚ ]n≥Kmanbmbn HºXmw am¿tØmΩm
Kh¿sa‚ v Zm\w sNbvXp. At±lw 1813 s^{_phcn amkØn¬ Ct∏m sb hmgn®tijw 1816 ao\w 12˛mw XobXn acn®p. H≥]Xmw am¿tØmΩm
gsØ tIm´bw ]gb skan\mcnbpsS ASnÿm\apd∏n°pIbpw 1815 ÿm\w G‰tijw XmaknbmsX ÿm\XymKw sNøp∂Xn\v
am¿®pamkØn¬ AhnsS hnZym`ymkw Bcw`n°pIbpw sNbvXp. \n¿_‘nX\mhpIbm¬, _m°n PohnXw Hcp k\ymknbpsS \nebn¬
CXn\nSbn¬ sa{Xm\√mØ Hcmsf dknU‚ v ]W∏eni Gev]n®Xn¬ ISa‰w ]≈nbn¬ \bn®p. (Cu.Fw.]n. k`mNcn{Xw, ]pdw, 191).
a{Zmkv Kh¿sa‚ v AlnXw {]Z¿in∏n®p....Cu sshjayØn¬ \n∂v
H≥]Xmw am¿tØmΩmtbmSpIqSn ]Itema‰w Xdhm´nse sa{Xm
hnap‡\mIp∂Xn\v dºm≥ 1815 ao\amkw 9˛mw XobXn am¿ ]oeIvkn
∑m¿ Ahkm\n®p. F´mw am¿tØmΩmbpw H≥]Xpw am¿tØmΩmbpw
t\mkn¬ \n∂v (sXmgnbq¿) Zoh∂mtkymkv c≠ma≥ F∂ \mat[b
bYm¿∞Øn¬ ]Itema‰w IpSpw_Ønse ZØp]p{X∑mcmbncp∂p.
tØmSpIoSn sa{Xm≥ ÿm\w kzoIcn®p.
XncpshgpØp hnfw_cw
F√m kpdnbm\n {InkvXym\nIfpw am¿ Zoh∂mtkymkv c≠m
as\ AhcpsS sa{Xmt∏meoØm F∂ \nebv°v A\pkcn®v \S∂psIm
≈Wsa∂p≈ Hcp cmPIob hnfw_cw {_n´ojv Kh¿sa‚ns‚ t{]cW
bm¬, XncphnXmwIq¿ Kh¿sa‚ v 991 aIcw 21˛mw XobXn (1816 s^{_p.)
{]kn≤s∏SpØn. AXns\ XpS¿∂v, XZ\pkcWw Hcp hnfw_cw sIm®n
Kh¿sa‚ v {]kn≤w sNbvXp. (Cu.Fw.]n. ]pdw. 192˛193). CXmWv
XncpshgpØp hnfw_cØns‚ Bcw`w.
sXmgn-bq¿k`
Bdmw- am¿tXm-am-sb -sa-{Xm-\m-bn- hm-gn® am¿ {KntKm-dn-tbmkv
{]mbm-[n-Iy-tØm-Sp-IqSn A‘-\mbn `hn-°b - m¬, Im´p-aß
- m´v Koh¿Kokv
42 43
 ]p¯³ IqäpImÀ ]p¯³ IqäpImÀ

]m¿esa‚n¬ Hcp \nbaahXcn∏n®v ]mkm°n. I¿±n\mƒ hpƒknsb

]ncn®phn´Xn\ptijw X¬ÿm\Øv, Xs∂ A\pIqen®ncp∂ tXmakv
{Im≥sadns\ sl‚n Im‚¿_dn B¿®p_nj∏mbn \nban®p.
sl≥dnbpw ImsXssd\pambp≈ hnhmlw Akm[phmsW∂v 1533
6 sabv 23˛mw XobXn {Im≥sa¿ hn[n {]kvXmhn°pIbpw A\¥cw
sl≥dnbpw B\ns_mfn\pw \nbam\pkrXw hnhmlnXcmsW∂v {]Jym
N¿®v anj-\dn skmssk-‰nbpw ]n°pIbpw sNbvXp. sl≥dn°v B\ns_mfo\n¬ \n∂v Hcp s]¨Ip´n
bmt°m-_m-bm-k-`bpw P\n®p. Cu s]¨Ip´nbmWv ]n¬°meØv Ip{]kn≤bmbnØo¿∂
Cw•≠nse Fenkt_Øv cm⁄n.
sl≥dn°v B\ns_mfnt\mSv kvt\lan√mXmbn. hy`nNmcw, cmP
Bw•n°¬ k` t{Zmlw F∂o Ip‰ßƒ Btcm]n°s∏´v 1536 sabv 19˛mw XobXn B\n
s_mfo≥ KftOZw sNøs∏´p. ]ns∂ thsd c≠p kv{XoIsf°qSn
F.Un. 596˛¬ BWv {Inkv X paXw Cw•≠n¬ _oPmhm]w amdnamdn sl≥dn hnhmlw sNbvXp.
sNøs∏´Xv. A∂sØ am¿∏m∏m alm\mb {KnKdn {]Ya≥ Bwt•b
P\XtbmSp kphntijw {]kwKn°p∂Xn\v Ipsd k\ymknamsc sl≥dnsb A\pIqen°mXncp∂ Cw•≠nse tem¿Uv Nm≥knedm
Atßm´p Ab®p. AhcpsS t{]jnX{]h¿Ø\w hgnbmbn Cw•≠n¬ bncp∂ tXmakv aqdpw tdm®Ãdnse sa{Xm\mbncp∂ tPm¨ ^njdpw
h[n°s∏´p. Ah¿ c≠p t]cpw hnip≤nbnepw hn⁄m\Ønepw
{InkvXpaXw {]NmcØn¬ h∂p.
hnfßnbncp∂hcmWv. ItØmen°mÿm]\ßsf√mw sIm≈ sNø
F.Un. 1509˛¬ sl≥dn F´ma≥ 18˛masØ hb n¬ Cw•≠nse s∏´p. Im‚¿_dn B¿®p_nj∏mbncp∂ h[n°s∏´ tXmakv _°
cmPmhmbn ÿm\mtcmlWw sNbvXp. sl≥dnbpsS tPjvTktlmZc≥ ‰ns\ Hcp c‡km£nbmbn´mWv ss{IkvXhtemIw ]cnKWn°p∂Xv.
B¿X¿, ImsXssd≥ F∂ cmPIpamcnsb hnhmlw sNbvXp. 1502˛¬
1540 Pq¨ amkØn¬ sl≥dn t{Imwshens\ cmPt{ZmlIp‰w
B¿X¿ NcaaS™p. k`m[nImcnIfpsS A\phmZtØmSpIqSn, sl‚n
NpaØn AdÃv sNbvXp. e≠≥ s‰u∆dn¬ Hcp XShpImc\mbn ]m¿∏n
ImsXssds\ 1509˛¬ hnhmlw sNbvXp. ImsXssd\v sl≥dnsb°mƒ
®p. 48 ZnhksØ ImcmKrlhmkØn\ptijw t{Imwsh¬ h[n°s∏´p.
F´p hb p {]mbw IqSpXep≠mbncp∂p. ]Xnt\gv h¿j°mew Ch¿ H∂n®p
Pohn®p. Ch¿°v aq∂v B¨Ip´nIfpw c≠v s]¨Ip´nIfpw P\n®p. 1547˛¬ Xs‚ `cWØns‚ 38˛mw sIm√w 56˛masØ hb n¬ sl‚n
Cßs\bncns°, ImsXssds‚ tXmgnbmb B\ns_mfos\ hnhmlw sl≥dn acWaS™p.
Ign°Wsa∂v sl≥dn°v tamlap≠mbn. AXpsIm≠v ImsXssd\pam sl≥dnbpsS ]n≥KmanIfmbn h∂ FtUz¿Uv Bdmsas‚bpw
bp≈ hnhml_‘Øn¬ \n∂v Xs∂ Hgnhm°Wsa∂v 1526˛¬ sl≥dn Fenkt_Øv cm⁄nbptSbpw `cWImeØv, eqX¿, Im¬hn¬ XpSßn
Ggmw s¢sa‚ v am¿∏m∏mtbmSv At]£n®p. am¿∏m∏m AXn\p≈ A\p bhcpsS A_t≤m]tZi߃ kzoIcn®v t{]m´Ã‚pImcmbnØo¿∂p.
hmZw \ntj[n®p. AXn¬ {Iq≤\mb sl≥dn, Cw•≠n¬ am¿∏m∏m°p≈
A[nImcsØ \ntj[n°pIbpw, Cw•≠nse k`bpsS Xeh≥ Xm≥
kn.Fw.Fkv.
Øs∂bmsW∂v {]Jym]n°pIbpw sNbvXp. Cw•≠nse k`bpsS 1799-˛¬ Cw•≠n¬ N¿®v anj\dn skmssk‰n (C.M.S.) cq]wsIm≠p.
taep≈ B[n]Xyw Cw•≠nse cmPmhn\mWp≈sX∂pw, B 1810˛¬ tIW¬ tPm¨ a¨tdm c≠masØ (tIW¬ a°mfn°ptijw)
hnjbØn¬ am¿∏m∏mbv°v bmsXmc[nImchpans√∂pw 1534˛¬ sl≥dn sdknU‚mbn NpaXetb‰p.
44 45
 ]p¯³ IqäpImÀ ]p¯³ IqäpImÀ

1816 sabn¬ dh. tXmakv t\m¿´¨ Be∏pgbn¬ Xmakam°n. ssIh-iw- h-®p-sIm-≠n-cp∂ a‰p c≠p ]≈n-If - n¬ \n∂v Ahsc Cd-°pI
1816 \hw_dn¬ dh. s_©an≥ s_bvenbpw 1817˛¬ dh. tPmk^v £n{]-km-[y-am-bn-cp-∂n-√....-`o-jW- n-If
- pw- in-£I - fpw sIm≠v, kv{XoIfpw
s^∂pw 1818˛¬ dh. sl≥dn t_°dpw tIm´bw tI{µam°n {]h¿Øn Ip´n-Ifpw Dƒs∏-´n-cp-∂ t- d-mam-]£
- °- msc ]≈n-bn¬ \n∂v shfn-bnem°pI
®pXpSßn. 1815˛¬ tIm´bØv kn.Fw.Fkv. kvIqƒ Bcw`n®p. 1817 apX¬ km[y-a-√m-Xm-bn....-H-Sp-hn¬ anÿ s^≥ ]cm-Pn-X-\mbn Ahn-sS- \n-∂v
{]n≥kn∏¬am¿ bqtdm]y≥kv Bbncp∂p. tPmk^v s^≥ skan\mcn Xn-cnsI t]mtI≠n-h-∂p.'' (Cu.-Fw.-^n-en-∏v, t].202-˛204).
{]n≥kn∏embn {]h¿Øn®p. 1821˛¬ Ah¿ tIm´bØv kn.Fw.Fkv. ""]p∂{X am¿ Zoh∂mtkymkv sIm√w 1000˛\v 1827 CShw 8˛\v ]n≥
s{] v ÿm]n®p. Kmansb hmgn°msX acn®p'' (tdmb¬ tImSXn hn[n \w. 142). F∂m¬
Bw•n°¬ k`bnse "tem N¿®v', hn`mKØnse kn.Fw.Fkv. 1825 CShw 5˛mw XobXn A{]Xo£nXambp≠mb hnjqNnItcmKw aqew
anj\dnamcmbncp∂p Chsc√mhcpw. At±lw ]ctemI{]m]vX\mIbpw kz¥w CShIbmb tIm´bw
am¿ Znh-∂m-tkymkv aq-∂m-a≥ (]p∂{X) sNdnb]≈nbn¬ kwkvIcn°s∏SpIbpw sNbvXp F∂mWv Cu.Fw.]n.
]dbp∂Xv (\º¿ 205).
am¿ Znh-∂m-tkymkv c≠ma≥ (]pen-t°m-´n¬) 1818 hr›nIw 12-˛mw
XobXn \ncymX\mbns\ XpS¿∂v, sXmgnbqsc am¿ ]oem-Ivko-t\m-kv
am¿ Znh-∂m-tkym-kv \mem-a≥ (tN∏m´v)
X¬°metØ°v, ae¶c sa{Xmt∏meoØm ÿm\w Gs‰Sp°pIbpw, tN∏m´v ^n-en-t∏mkv aev]m≥ 1825 Nnßw 15-˛mw XobXn sXm-gn-bqsc
ASpØ Xpemw 26˛mw XobXn hnIm-cn- P-\d- ¬ tPm¿Pns\ Znh-∂m-tkymkv ]oem-Ik
v o-t\m-kn\m¬, am¿ Znh-∂m-tkymkv \mema≥ F∂- t]-cn¬ sa{Xm-
aq∂ma\mbn A`n-tj-Iw sNøpIbpw s - N-bvXp.- F-√m k
- p-dn-bm-\n {- In- \m-bn A`ntjIw sNø- s ∏´p.- Cu hnhcWØn\p≈ cmPIob
kvXym-\n-Ifpw am¿ Zoh∂mtkymkns\ A\p-k-cn®v \S-∂p-sIm-≈-W- hnfw_chpw {]kn≤w sNøs∏´p. (Cu.Fw.]n. ]pdw, 207).
sa∂v B⁄m]n °p∂ cmP-Io-b-hn-fw-_chpw ]pds∏´p. (Cu.Fw.]n. ""skan-\m-cn-If - nepw CS-hI
- ∏- ≈
- n-If- nepw anj\dnam¿ \-SØ
- nb {]kw-
]pdw. 201). K-ßf- n¬ Ah¿ ]c-ky-am-bn- kp-dn-bm-\n-k`- b - psS hnizm-k- k-Xy-ßs
- fbpw
Cßs\sb√mw kw`hn®Xv tIW¬ a¨tdmbpsS klmbw sIm≠m BNm-ca - c
- ym-ZI
- s
- fbpw A]-e] - n-®p- Xp-Sß
- n. kpdnbm\n°m¿°v amwkw
bXn\m¬, kpdnbm\n ]≈nIfn¬ {]kwKn°phm≥ am¿ Zoh∂mtkymkv hntcm[n°s∏´ncp∂ t\mºpZnhkßfn¬ hnZym¿∞nIƒ°v amwkw
anj\dnam¿°v A\phmZw \evIn. am{Xw e`n°Ø°hn[Øn¬ skan\mcnbnse `£WcoXnbpw
{Ias∏SpØn. 1835˛¬ I¬°´ _nj∏v h∂v tIm´-b-Øpw I≠-\m-´p-
sdknsU‚ v a¨tdmbpsS \n¿t±i{]Imcw Nne ]≈nIfn¬ \n∂v ap≈ ]≈n-I-fn¬, hnizmknIfmb acn®pt]mbh¿°pth≠nbp≈
]gbIq‰pImsc _eambn Cd°nhn´tijw Ah ]pØ≥Iq‰pIm¿°v {]m¿∞\Ifpw ]qPm∏¿Wßfpw \ndpØpI, XIvkm ]cnjvIcn°pI
ssIhis∏SpØns°mSpØp. Cu.Fw. ]n. ]dbp∂p. ""tIm´bw hen-b- apXemb Imcyßsf∏‰n {]kvXmhn®ncp∂p. (C.-Fw.-^n-en-∏v,- t]. 213).
]-≈nbpw ]ndhw ]≈nbpw AXp-hsc tdmam-k` - b
- p-sSbpw bmt°m-_m-b-
k-`-bp-sSbpw Iq´p-ssI-h-i-Øn¬- C-cn-°-bm-bn-cp-∂p.- B-e-∏p-g-bnepw amth-en-°c ]Sn-tbme
N
- ß
- \mt»-cn-bn-ep-ap≈ ]≈n-Iƒ Hcp-Im-eØv \nc-Ww ] - ≈
- n-bpsS Ipcn-ip- ]- ""sdknU≠ns‚ A`nemjm\pkrXw 1836 aIcw 5˛mw XobXn
≈n-If- m-bn-cp-∂p. Cu Im-cW
- ß- f
- m¬ Cu \mep ]≈-nIfpw ssIh-is - ∏-Sp- amthen°sc h®v Hcp tbmKw \S-Øs - ∏-´p.- am¿ Zn-h∂
- m-tkymkv \mema\pw
Øp-∂-Xn\v s^∂ns\ A[n-Im-c-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xmb Hcp cmP-Io-b-hn-fw- sXmgn-bq-sc am¿ Iqdn-temkv aq∂m-a\pw an° ]≈n-If - p-sSbpw {]Xn-\n-[n-
_-cw ]pd-s∏-´p. A - t±lØn\v tIm-´b - s
- Ø-bpw- ]n-d-h-sØbpw ]≈n-I- Ifpw Cu kp∂ltZmkn¬ kw_‘n®. Xs‚ km∂n≤yw aqew kapZm
fn¬ \n∂v I-tØm-en- ° - sc Cd-°p-∂X - n\v \njv{]-bmkw km[n-®p. F∂m¬ bmwKßsf t{]cn∏n°p∂Xn\mbn Hcp anj\dnbpw AhnsS k∂nlnX
At\Iw Xe- a p- d - I - f mbn tdma≥ ItØm- e n- ° ¿ ]cn- ] q¿W- a mbn \mbncps∂¶nepw, tbmKØns‚ sFIIWvtTy\bp≈ \n›bw ]m{Xn
46 47
 ]p¯³ IqäpImÀ ]p¯³ IqäpImÀ

b¿°okns‚ A\paXn IqSmsX bmsXmcp t`ZKXnbpw hcpØn°qsS

∂mbncp∂p'' (Cu. Fw. ]n. ta¬{KŸw, ]pdw, 214).
Cu kp\ltZmknse \n›b߃ "amthen° ]Sntbme' F∂
t]cn¬ Adnbs∏Sp∂p.
sIm®n≥- A-hm¿Uv 7
""kn.Fw.F pw bmt°m_mb k`bpw IqSn ssIhiw h®ncp∂
kzØp°sf kw_‘n® X¿°w 1936 apX¬ Bcw`n®p; 1938˛¬ AXv \ho-I-c-W-I£n
cq£ambn. A∂phsc s]mXphmbn h®ncp∂ [¿Ω apXepIfpsS
AhImiw kw_‘n®p≠mb X¿°w Xo¿t°≠Xn\v ]©mb°msc
\n›bn∏m≥ CXp ImcWambn. ]©mbhn[n 3 A°{]amWamIp∂p....
Cu hn[nbn¬ N¿®v anjy≥ kaql°m¿°pw kpdnbm\nk`bv°pw amXyqkv am¿ AØm\mtkymkv
apXepIsfbpw hkvXp°sfbpw `mKn®psImSpØp. Cu {]amWØns‚ ""kpdnbm\n XIvkm ]cnjvIcn°p∂Xn\v anj\dnam¿ iºfw
XobXn 1840 G{]n¬ 4 BIp∂p'' (tdmb¬ tImSXn hn[n. \º¿ 150). sImSpØp \nban® \mep ]´°mcn¬ Hcmfpw, Cu \mept]cn¬ ]cnjvI
sIm®n ]©mbt°mSXn F∂ t]cn¬ Cu IΩn‰n Adnbs∏Sp∂p. cn® XIvkm h®v (Ac Ip¿_m\) Ip¿_m\ sNm√m≥ ss[cys∏´
CXns‚ hn[n ""sIm®n≥ Ahm¿Uv'' F∂ t]cnepw Adnbs∏Sp∂p. GI\pambncp∂ A{_lmw IØ\mcpsS A\¥ch\mbncp∂p
Cu hn[nb\pkcn®v ]gbskan\mcnbpw h´n∏Whpw kpdnbm\n°m¿°p amXyqkv siΩmi≥. At±lw 1818˛¬ amcmaÆv (CShIbn¬) P\n°bpw
e`n®p; a¨sdm XpcpØpw tIm´bw kn.Fw.Fkv. tImfPpw a‰pw am¿ Zoh∂mtkymkv \memat\mSv siΩmip]´w Gev°pIbpw sNbvXp.
kn.Fw.F pIm¿°pw e`n®p. ...anj\dnamcpw sa{Xm\pw XΩn¬ `n∂n®t∏mƒ At±lw Xs‚
taev]´°mcs\Xncmbn \nev°bm¬, kl]mTnbmbncp∂ tPm¿Pv
{SÃv. sa{Xmt∏meoØmbpw, kpdnbm\n°mcpsS tbmKw \n›bn°p∂
amØs\bpw ]nXrhy≥ A{_lmw IØ\mscbpw apS°nb Iq´Øn¬,
Hcp ]´°mc\pw Hcp Abvta\nbpw IqSn ]gbskan\mcnbpsSbpw h´n
At±lsØbpw sa{Xm≥ apS°pIbp≠mbn. amXyqkv siΩmi\pw
∏WØns‚bpw a‰pw AhImiw \SØns°m≠pt]mtI≠XmsW ∂pw
tPm¿Pv siΩmi\pw a{Zmkn¬ FØn Bw•nbm k`bnse ]´Øn\p
hn[nbn¬ \n›bn®ncp∂p. CXmWv {SÃns\°pdn®p≈ BZy Xocpam\w.
]Tn®p. tPm¿Pv amØ≥ ]n∂oSv XncphnXmwtIms´ H∂masØ
kn.Fw.FkpIm¿ Ct∏mƒ kn.Fw.Fkv. tImfPv Ccn°p∂ kn.Fw.Fkv. \mSp]m{ZnbmbnØo¿∂p. amXyqkv siΩmis\∏‰n
ÿeØv Hcp ]pXnb skan\mcn XpSßn. AXv ]pØ≥ skan\mcnbmbn. (kn.Fw.Fkv. anj\dnbmbncp∂ dh. hn. lmIvkhØns‚ `mcy Fw.
Aßs\ BZytØXv ]gb skan\mcnbmbn Adnbs∏Sm≥ XpSßn. l®v C{]Imcw FgpXnbncn°p∂p..... ""Abmƒ ]nimNns‚ sIWnbn¬
kn.Fw.F pImcpsS t{]cW sIm≠mWv bmt°m_mb k`bn¬ hogpIbm¬ Xm≥ ]Tn®psIm≠ncp∂ hnZymebØn¬\n∂v
X≈s∏SpIbp≠mbn'' (Cu. Fw. ]n. ]pdw, 219).
hnhmlw Ign® ]´°m¿ D≠mIphm≥ CSbmbXv. Cu.Fw.]n. ]dbp∂p:
""]´°mcpsS hnhmlØn\v Ah¿ DS≥ kΩXn®p. F¥psIms≠∂m¬ amXyqkv siΩm≥ kn.Fw.FkvImcpsS skan\mcnbn¬ \n∂v
AXv At¥ymJymk`bv°v hnkΩXap≈X√mbncp∂p'' (ta¬{KŸw. _lnjvIrX\mb tijw, A{_lmw aev]ms‚ klmbtØmSpIqSn
]pdw. 259). kn.Fw.FkpIm¿ ChnsS hcp∂Xn\pap≥]v ]pØ≥Iq‰pIm ]m{Xnb¿°okns‚ ASp°te°v t]mbn. At±lw AhnsS
cpsS CSbn¬ hnhmlw Ign® sshZnI¿ C√mbncp∂p F∂mWt√m sN√p∂Xn\papºmbn am¿ Zoh∂mtkymkns\Xncmbn ]e FgpØpIfpw
A\pam\nt°≠Xv. ChnsS \n∂pw ]m{Xnb¿°okn\p e`n®ncp∂p (R.C.J. 151).
48 49
 ]p¯³ IqäpImÀ ]p¯³ IqäpImÀ

Cu AhkcØnemWv amXypkv siΩmi≥ a¿±o\n¬ sN∂v BhiyamIp∂p. ÿm\w Gev°p∂Xn\pap≥]v Rm\pw C{]Imcw
Genbmkv ZznXob≥ ]m{Xnb¿°okns\ kµ¿in®Xv. sNbvXp'' (R.C.J. 162).
tdmb¬ tImSXn hn[nbn¬ C{]Imcw ]dbp∂p: """Fw' ASbmf am¿ Iq-dn-t√mkv
{]amWw am¿ AØm\mtkymkns‚ ÿmØnt°ms‚ ]I¿∏v BIp∂p am¿- A-Øm-\m-tkym-kns‚ t]cn-ep≈ Ip‰m-tcm-]W - ß- s - f-∏‰- n- A-t\z-
....CXn¬ ]d™ncn°p∂Xv.....\n߃ Ab® FgpØn¬ R߃°v jn-®v th-≠X - p- sN-øm-\p≈ A[n-Im-c߃ sImSpØpsIm≠v ]m{Xnb¿
CSb\pw ]´hpw ⁄m\kv\m\hpw `cW°mc\pw Cs√∂pw....\n߃ °okv am¿ Iqdntemkv sbmhm°nw F∂- sa-{Xms\ 1846˛¬ tIc-fØ - n-
Bhem[nbmbn ]d™n´p≠v. Bsc Abbvt°≠p F∂p≈ hnNmc te-°b - ®- p. am¿ A - Ø
- m-\m-tkymkv Ip‰-°m-c\ - mbn ImW-s∏-´m¬, At±-
ßfn¬ \mw Ießnbncn°ptºmƒ \ΩpsS {]nb]p{X\mb I»oima lsØ apS-°m\pw B ÿm-\Øv thsdm-cmsf \nb-an-t°-≠n -h-∂m¬
Ømbn \nßfpsS ASp°¬ \n∂ph∂p tN¿∂p....H∂maXv Ahs\ Abmƒ°v ÿm-Øn-t°m≥ sIm-Sp-°m\pw a‰pambn,- H∏pw ap{Zbpw h®v
siΩmi\mbn´pw ]ns∂ IØ\mcmbn´pw ]n∂oSv dºm\mbn´pw HSphn¬ Fgp-Xm-Ø -I-S-em-kp-Iƒ ]m{Xnb¿°okv Iqdn-tem-kn-s\- G¬∏n-
sa{Xmt∏meoØmbmbn´pw \mw ]´w sI´n...1842 Ipw`w 1˛\v Cu {]amWw ®n´p≠mbncp∂p. Iq-dn-t√mkv ChnsS h∂v hnh-cß - ƒA - t- \z-jn-®t- ijw,
FgpXs∏´p. 1843˛am≠ns‚ a≤yØn¬ Ct±lw tIcfØn¬ h∂p'' am¿ A
- Ø - \ - m-tkym-kn\p ]I-ca - mbn, ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kn-\m¬ Xm≥ sa{Xm-
(R.C.J. 154). t∏m-eoØm Bbn hmgn-°s - ∏´v \nb-an-°s - ∏-´n-cn°p∂p F∂p- {]kvXmhn
am¿ Zoh∂mtkymkn\v A\pIqeambp≈ XncpshgpØp hnfw_cw °pIbpw At±lØns‚ ssIhiw D≠mbncp∂ ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kns‚ H∏pw
Aÿncs∏SpØn X\n°v A\pIqeamb XncpshgpØphnfw_cw ap{Zbpw h®- F-gp-XmØ IS-em-kp-If - n¬ ÿmØn-t°m\pw {]am-Whpw
e`n°p∂Xn\mbn am¿ AØm\mtkymkpw sdknU‚pw XΩn¬ Fgp-Xn-bp-≠m-°pIbpw sNbvXp. am¿ Zoh∂mtkymkv A∂sØ
At\Iw FgpØpIpØpIƒ \StØ≠n h∂p. am¿ Zoh∂mtkymkpw kmlNcyØn¬ sa{Xmt∏meoØm F∂ Xs‚ ÿm\w am¿ Iqdntem
a‰p kapZmb{]amWnIfpw am¿ AØm\mtkymkns\ kzoIcn°phm≥ kn\pth≠n Hgn™p s - Im-Sp-Øp. B hnhcw 1846 -Nnßw 30-˛-se- F-gp-
hnkΩXn°pIbpw At±lØns‚ ap≥ImeNcn{Xhpw \hoIcW Øm¬ {_n´o-jv d-kn-U‚ns\ Adn-bn-®p.- AXn\m¬ kpdnbm\n∏≈nIƒ
{]Xn]Ønbpw hnhcn®v ]m{Xnb¿°okns‚ t]¿°v FgpXpIbpap≠mbn. Dƒs∏´pw skan\mcn Dƒs∏´pw Abt°≠nhcp∂ DØcphpIƒ
ChnSpsØ kpdnbm\n kapZmbw Xncs™SpØv Ab®XmsW∂v Hs°bpw _lpam\s∏´ am¿ Iqdntemkv tbmhm°ow sa{Xmt∏meoØm
sX‰n≤cn®mWv ]m{Xnb¿°okv At±lsØ sa{Xm\mbn hmgn®Xv. bv°v sImSpØb°Wsa∂pw Adnbn®ncp∂p. (R.C.J. 165; Cu.Fw.]n.
ta¬{KŸw, ]pdw, 96˛98).
am¿ AØm\mtkymkv {_n´ojv sdknU‚mbncp∂ taP¿ P\d¬
I√≥ Ah¿Iƒ°v 1843 sk]vXw_¿ 21˛mw XobXn C{]Imcw FgpXn am¿ A
- Ø
- \
- m-tkymkv CXn-t∑¬ sdkn-U‚ns‚ ]°¬ 1847 Pq¨
(Iyp. Iyp. ASbmfw)....1842 s^{_phcn 1˛\v ]m{Xnb¿°okv Xncpa\ p 10-˛mw XobXn ]cmXn t_m[n-∏n-®p.
sIm≠v Fs∂ aebmf kpdnbm\n°mcpsS sa{Xmt∏meoØmbmbn´v c≠p -Iq-´-cp-sSbpw hmZ߃ tI´v Xo¿∏p -I¬∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v sdkn-
ÿm\s∏SpØpIbpw ÿm\]´bhpw a‰p tcJm{]amWßfpw ktaXw U‚ns‚ ip]m¿i-{]-Imcw Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ Kh¿sa‚ v, c-≠p b- q-tdm-]y-
Fs∂ ChntS°v Ab°bpw sNbvXncn°p∂p....''((R.C.J. 158) Cu Fw. ∑mcpw c≠p \m´p-Im-cp-ambn \mev Kh¿sa‚ v DtZymKÿ∑m¿ Dƒs∏´
]n. ]pdw, 94). Hcp I
- Ω
- ‰
- n-sb 1848 P\p-hcn amkØn¬ \nb-an-®p.
sdknsU‚ns‚ Hcp tNmZyØn\v am¿ AØm\mtkymkv C{]Imcw sIm√w ]©m-b-hn[n
adp]Sn sImSpØp: ""Hcp sa{Xmt∏meoØmsb hmgn°ptºmƒ hnizmk
kXyhpw ]m{Xnb¿°mknwlmk\Øn\p Iogvhg°hpw kΩXn®v IΩddn°m¿ hnkvXmcw Bcw`n®t∏mƒ am¿ AØm\mtkymkpw
ssIH∏p ktaXw ]m{Xnb¿°okn\v Hcp FgpØp sImSpt°≠Xv am¿ Iqdntemkpw Ah\hs‚ {]amWßsf lmPcm°n. AhbpsS
50 51
 ]p¯³ IqäpImÀ ]p¯³ IqäpImÀ

Iq´Øn¬ am¿ AØm\mtkymkns\ sa{Xm\mbn In´Wsa∂v sIm√w am¿ Znh-∂m-tkymkv A©m-a≥ (]pen-t°m-´v)
apXemb Ccp]Ø©p ]≈nIfnse ]´°mcpw tbmKhpw IqSn FgpXnb Ct±lw am¿ Zoh∂mtkymkv c≠mas‚ (]pent°m´n¬) ]nXr
Hcp l¿Pnbpw, am¿ Iqdntemkns\ sa{Xm\mbn In´Wsa∂v tIm´bØv
ktlmZc]p{X\mWv. Ct±lw 1852 HmKÃv 18˛\v bpbm°ow am¿ Iqdntem
henb]≈n apXembn ap∏sØmºXp ]≈nIfnse ]´°mcpw tbmKhpw
kn¬ \n∂v Iioim ]´w kzoIcn®p.
IqSn FgpXnb Hcp l¿Pnbpw lmPcm°s∏´p. (tdmb¬ \º¿ 171).
amXyqkv am¿ AØm\mtkymkn\v FXncp \n∂h¿, Ip∂wIpfØv
IΩ-‰n-- °m¿ Xmsg hcp∂ {]Imcw hn[n \n›bn®p: "".....-am¿ AØ-
\m-tkym-kns‚ ÿmØn-t°m≥ X-s∂bpw X¿°- a‰ - X
- m-bn-cn-°p-∂Xpw, ]pent°m´n¬ butk∏v IØ\msc, ae¶c sa{Xm\mbn hmgn®pXcW
am{X-a√- , Cu \m´p-Im-c\ - m-bn-cn-°p-∂ ÿ - n-Xn°v, Abmsf sXc-s™-Sp- sa∂p≈ At]£tbmSpIqSn ]m{Xnb¿°okns‚ ]°te°v Ab®p.
°p-∂Xv Iogv\-S-∏n\v A\p-kr-X-am-bn-cn-°psa∂pw, ae-bm-f- kp-dn-bm-\n- am¿ bmt°m_v ZznXob≥ ]m{Xnb¿°okv Ub¿_°dn¬ h®v,
k-`b- p-sS s
- a-{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm B - b - n´v am¿- A-Ø\m-tkym-kns\ k¿°m¿ At±lsØ am¿ Zoh∂mtkymkv A©ma≥ F∂ ÿm\t∏tcmSpIqSn
kzo-Ic- n®v hnfw-_cw sNtø-≠X - p- \ym-bhpw \oXnbpw BsW∂pw IΩ- 30˛4˛1865˛¬ ae¶c sa{Xm\mbn hmgn®p. At±lw \m´n¬ Xncns®Ønb
‰n°m¿°v t_m[y-am-bn-cn-°p∂p'' (tdm-b¬tIm-SX - nhn[n, \- º
- ¿, 171 ). tijw 1866 Pq¨ 25˛mw XobXn XncphnXmwIq¿ Znhm≥ Pn°v Ab®
FgpØn¬, ae¶c sa{Xmt∏meoØmbmbn Xm≥ \nban°s∏´ncn°p∂
sIm√w ]©m-b-hn[n AYhm sIm√w IΩ-‰n-hn[n F∂- t]-cn¬
CXv- A-dn-bs
- ∏-Sp-∂p. Imcyhpw am¿ AØm\mtkymkns\ sa{Xmt∏meoØm ÿm\Øp \n∂p
\o°nb hnhchpw Adnbn°pIbpw k¿°m¿ AwKoImcw D≠mIphm≥
1027 I¿°SIamkØn¬ (1852˛¬) D{XmSw Xncp\mƒ am¿ØmWvU At]£n°pIbpw sNbv X p. aX]camb Imcyßfn¬ k¿°m¿
h¿Ω almcmPmhv, amXyqkv am¿ AØm\mtkymkns\ AwKoIcn®p CSs]SpIbn√ F∂v Znhm≥ adp]Sn sImSpØp.
sIm≠p≈ XncpshgpØphnfw_cw {]kn≤s∏SpØn.
am¿ Zoh∂mtkymkv CXnt∑¬ a{Zmkv Kh¿Wdmbncp∂ tem¿Uv
1947 taSamkw 1˛mw XobXn Genbmkv ]m{Xnb¿°okv acWaS
t\∏nbdns‚ ]°¬ A∏o¬ t_m[n∏n®p. Cu l¿Pnbn¬ Nne
bpIbpw, B h¿jw CShw 8˛mw XobXn bmt°m_v c≠ma≥ ]m{Xnb¿
Imcy߃ FSpØp]d™ncp∂p.
°okv ÿm\ta¬°pIbpw sNbvXp.
am¿ AØm\mtkymkv kvtX∏mt\mkv ""-]≈
- n-Iƒ Ct∏m-gs
- Øk
- p-dn-bm- \
- n-°mtcm Ah-cp-sS I
- m-cW
- h
- ∑
- mtcm
tiJ-cn® apX-¬ sIm≠p≠m°s∏-´h - b- mIp∂p.
]m{Xnb¿°okv am¿ AØm\mtkymkv kvtX∏mt\mkv F∏nkvtIm
∏msb tIcfØnte°b®p. At±lw ]≈nIfn¬ {]thin®v {]kwKn kapZmbØns‚ CjvSsØ \n›bs∏SpØphm≥ Hmtcm Unkv{Sn
°m≥ XpSßnbt∏mƒ, ]≈nIfn¬ {]thin®v {]kwKn°p∂Xn¬ \n∂v °nse kpdnbm\n {InkvXym\nIƒ apgph\ptam Gdnb `mKtam l¿Pn
sdknsU‚p am¿ kvtX∏mt\mkns\ \ntcm[n®p. (tdmb¬ \w. 183) CXn °mcs\ AhcpsS \ymbamb _ntjm∏pw sa{Xmt∏meoØmbpambn
t∑¬ am¿ kvtX∏mt\mkv tlmw Kh¿sa‚n¬ A∏o¬ t_m[n∏n®p. AwKoIcn∏m≥ kΩXn°p∂pt≠m F∂v At\zjn®v dnt∏m¿´v sNøm≥
AXn\v 1857 sabv 13˛mw XobXn Xmsg hcp∂ {]Imcw adp]Sn sImSpØp. IΩoj∑msc \n›bn°mhp∂XmWv.
(tdmb¬ \w. 184). a-{Zmkv ssltIm¿-´n¬ cmb]pcw -]-≈n-t°kv F∂ -{]kn≤s∏´
aXImcyßfn¬ {]thin°bns√∂p≈ {_n´ojv Kh¿sa‚ns‚ hy-h-lm-c-Øn-¬, kap-Zm-b-Øn¬ Hcp `mKw hnIm-cn -A-∏-kvtXm-en-°m-
km[mcW \nbaa\pkcn®v ""At¥ymJym ]m{Xnb¿°okn\m¬ taen¬ sb-bpw t- h-sdm-cp-`mKw tKmhm- `-cW
- s- Øbpw tN¿∂p- \n-∂Xn-\m¬,- A`n-
B cmPytØ°v Ab°s∏Sp∂ sshZnIcpsS hmZßsf AwKoIcn° {]mbw tNmZn-®v k-ap-Zm-bC - j
- vSw A- d- n-bW-sa∂v tlmt°m-SXn B⁄m-
tbm \ntj[n°tbm sNtø≠Xp Ah¿ BIp∂p.'' ]n-®p. A`n{]mbw hyhÿs∏SpØnbXv k¿ BZw_n´ƒÃ≥ Bbn
52 53
 ]p¯³ IqäpImÀ ]p¯³ IqäpImÀ

cp∂p. G-dn-b`- m-K°

- m-cpsS kΩXw A\p-kc
- n®v ]≈n apX-ep-Iƒ hnImcn
A∏-kvtXm-en-°m-bpsS I£n°v G¬-]n-°s - ∏-´p.
1860-˛¬ sIm®n- k¿°m-cn¬ tN¿∂- c-≠p ] - ≈
- n- I
- fn¬ CXp-t]mse
A`n-{]m-b-t`Zw P\n-®-t∏mƒ- A-∂-sØ -Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ sdkn-U‚m-bn-
cp-∂ -sa-kvsX¿ F^v.-F≥. tamƒ‰p-_nbpw Znhm≥ i-¶p-Æn-ta-t\m\pw
IqSn, ta¬ hn-h-cn-°-s∏-´ -am¿KsØ G¿s∏-SpØn X¿°w Xo¿Øp. 8
k- p-dn-bm-\n {- In-kvXym-\n-If - n¬- G-h\pw Ah-\h - s‚ a\- m-£n-sb- ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kns‚ B[n-]-Xyw-
\n¿_-‘n-°msX Hmtcm-cp-Øs‚ CjvS{- ]-Im-ca - p≈ _ntjm-∏ns‚ A[n-
Im-cØ- n¬ Ccn-∏m≥ kzmX{¥yw Ds≠∂pw C{]-Imcw sXc-s™-Sp-°p-
∂-Xn¬ A - `- n-{]m-bt- `Zap≠mbm¬ Hmtcm ]≈n-bn¬ tN¿∂ kpdn-bm-\n-
{In-kvXym-\n-If - n¬ G
- d
- nb `mK-Øns‚ B{K-lsØ \n›-bn-°s - ∏-Sp-Øp- ]-t{Xmkv XrXob≥ ]m{Xn-b¿°okv 1874-˛¬ Cw•≠n¬ t]mbn
hm≥ IΩo-j∑ - msc \n›-bn-®v ]-≈n-bpw- ap-XepIfpww GdnbI£n-bp-sS- hnIvtSmdnbm almdmWntbbpw {_n´ojv Kh¿sa‚ v DtZymKÿ∑mscbpw
C-jSv {- ]-Im-ca- p≈ sa{Xms‚ A[n-Im-cØ - pw Io-g-v G¬∏n-°s
- ∏-SW
- sa∂pw kµ¿in®p. At±lØn\v A\pIqeambn a{Zmkv Kh¿sa‚ns‚ t]¿°v
th-sdm-cp h - n-fw-_cw {]kn-≤s - ∏-Sp-Øm-\pw- l¿Pn-°m-c≥- A-t]-£n-°p∂p'' ip]m¿i°ØpIƒ hmßn 1875˛¬ C¥ybn¬ h∂p. \oeKncnbn¬
(tdm-b¬ tIm-S-Xn- hn-[n,- \-º¿, 197). FØn Kh¿Wtdbpw AXn\ptijw Xncph\¥]pcsØØn almcmPm
F∂m¬ a{Zmkv Kh¿sa‚ v Znhms‚ Xo¿∏v- i-cn-hbv°pIbmWp hns\bpw kµ¿in®p. am¿ AØm\mtkymkn\p A\pIqeambn t\csØ
≠mbXv. {]kn≤s∏SpØnbncp∂ hnfw_cw almcmPmhv Aÿncs∏SpØn Hcp
hnfw_cw {]kn≤s∏SpØn. Cu hnfw_cw D≠mbXv 1876 °v 1051 Ipw`w
23˛mw XobXn Bbncp∂p.
apf-¥p-cpØn kq\-l-tZmkv
1876 am¿®p-am-kØ
- n¬ ]m{Xn-b¿°okv apf-¥p-cp-Øn-∏≈ - n-bn¬ ae¶c
k`bpsS Hcp kp\ltZmkv hnfn-®p-Iq-´n. Ahn-sS- h®v am¿ Znh-∂m-tkym-kv
A©mas\ (]pent°m´v) ae¶c sa{Xmt∏meoØmbmbn \nban®p.
kp\ltZmkv sNbvX Imcyßfn¬ Xmsg ]dbp∂h {]tXyIw {]kvXym
hyamWv.
1.- A-t¥ymIym knwlm-k\ - t- Øm-Sv- A-\p-kc
- W- hpw bmt°m-_m-bm-
k
- p-dn-bm\n hnizmkw hyXymkw IqSmsX ]men-®p-sIm-≈m-sa-∂X - n\v Dd∏pw
tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ kΩ-X] - {Xw Hmtcm ]≈nCS-hI - b
- p-ap-≠m°n, AXXp
]≈n-If - n¬ kq-£n-°p-Ibpw tIm∏n ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kn\v sImSp-°p-Ibpw
thWw.
2.- ]m-{Xn-bm¿°m knwlmk-\-Øn-te°v, {]mb-]q¿Øn--bmb Hmtcm-
cp-Øcpw doiokm AYhm Xe-hcn sImSp-°-Ww.
54 55
 ]p¯³ IqäpImÀ ]p¯³ IqäpImÀ

3.- ]m-{Xn-b¿°okv t]{SWmbpw sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm {]knU‚mbpw Hcp PÃnkpw koXmcmaøcpw A\ymbw X≈n 1064 B\namkw (anYp\w)
kpdn-bm-\n- {In-kvXym\n Atkm-kn-tb-j≥ cq]o-Ic
- n-°W
- w. 30˛mw XobXn hn[n®p. PÃokv Hwkv_n CXnt\mSv hntbmPn®v
Iogvt°mSXnhn[nIƒ ]q¿Æambn Aÿncs∏SpØn A\ymbw X≈m≥
4.- A-tkm-kn-tb-j≥ AwK-ß-fn¬ \n∂v sXc-s™-Sp-°-s∏-´- F´v
almcmPmhns\ D]tZin®p.
]´-°m-cpw 16 A¬am-bcpw tN¿∂p≈ Hcp IΩ‰nbp≠m-bn-cn-°W
- w.
A\ymbw GItZiw Xmsg]dbpw {]ImcIamWv. CtXmsSm∂n®v
IqSm-sX k- `- s
- bG
- gp `{Zm-k\
- ß
- f
- m-°n- Xn-cn-°p-Ib
- pw- Bdp sa{Xm-
lmPcm°p∂ F. _n. ]´nIIfn¬ hnhcn® ÿmhcPwKakzØp°ƒ
∑msc IqSn hmgn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXv Ah-bn¬- Hm-tcm-∂pw- Hm-tcm-cp-Ø¿°m-bn- aebmfØp≈ bmt°m_mbkpdnbm\n {InkvXym\n kaqlØnte°v
\¬Ip-Ibpw sNbvXp. tN¿∂ tIm´bØv skan\mcnhIbpw, kn. ]´nIbn¬ ]dbp∂ hkvXp
Ggp `{Zmk\߃ °ƒ Sn kaqlØn¬ AXmXpkabw D≠mbncp∂ Imew sNbvX sa{Xm
t∏meoØ∑mcm¬ ÿm\kw_‘ambn [cn°s∏´pw D]tbmKn°s∏´pw
1. sIm√w 2. Xpºa¨ 3. \ncWw.
h∂XpamIp∂p.''
4. tIm´bw 5. A¶amen 6. I≠\mSv 7. sIm®n
""Ncn{XØn¬ ImWms∏Smhp∂nStØmfw aebmfk`ta¬
Cu kp\ltZmkn¬ 102 ]≈nIfnse {]Xn\n[nIƒ kw_‘n® ]m{Xnb¿°okv A[nImcw \SØnbn´p≈Xv BfloIhnjbßfn¬
Xmbn tdmb¬ tImSXn hn[n 264˛mw JWvUnIbn¬ ]dbp∂p. am{XamsW∂p PUvPnam¿ hn[n®p'' (tdmb¬ \w. 212).
1877˛¬ ]t{Xmkv XrXob≥ ]m{Xnb¿°okv Xncn®pt]mbn. 1052 tXmakv am¿ AØm\mtkymkns‚ Hcp samgn Xmsg tN¿°p∂p:
(1877) I¿°Sw 3˛mw XobXn amXyqkv am¿ AØm\ntbmkv \ncymX\mbn. ""ae¶c kpdnbm\n°m¿ bmt°m_mb kpdnbm\n°m¿ F∂p hnfn°
acn°p∂Xn\papºv At±lw Xs‚ ]n≥Kmanbmbn Xs‚ ]nXrktlmZc s∏Sp∂Xv, bmt°m_p A∏kvtXmes‚ Ip¿_m\ XIvkm s]cpamdp∂
]p{Xs\ tXmakv am¿ AØm\mtkymkv F∂ t]cn¬ hmgn®v \nban®n Xn\m¬ BIp∂p. At¥ymIym ]m{Xnb¿°okn\p Iogp≈ kpdnbm\n
cp∂p. °m¿ F∂p hnfn°s∏Sp∂Xv, s\kvtXmdns‚ thZhn]coXtØmSv
skan\mcnt°kv FXn¿Øp \n∂ bmt°m_v _p¿Zm\msb ]n¥pS¿∂XpsIm≠mIp∂p''
(tdmb¬ tImSXnhn[n, \º¿. 188).
]≈nIfpsS ssIhimhImiw amXyqkv am¿ AØm\mtkymkv hgn
]n≥Kmanbmb tXmakv am¿ AØm\mtkymkn\p e`n®ncp∂p. tdmb¬ tImSXn hn[n 347˛mw JWvUnIbn¬ C{]Imcw ]dbp∂p:
""....XncphnXmwIqdnse kpdnbm\nk`ta¬ At¥ymJym knwlmk\
am¿ Zoh∂mtkymkv A©ma≥ hmZnbmbn am¿ tXmakv am¿ AØm Øn\p Bflob tae≤y£X Ds≠∂v bmt°m_mb kpdnbm\n kap
\mtkymkns\bpw Iq´v {SÃnIsfbpw {]XnIfm°n 1879˛¬ Be∏pg Zmbhpw AhcpsS sa{Xmt∏meoØmamcpw F√m°meØpw AwKoIcn°p
Pn√mtImSXnbn¬ Hcp tIkv ^b¬ sNbvXp. hmZnbpsS AhImiw Ibpw kΩXn°pIbpw sNbvXncn°p∂p....]m{Xnb¿°okns‚ A[n
]q¿Æambn AwKoIcn®v tImSXn DØchmbn. {]XnIƒ CXns\Xncmbn Imcw euInI k`m`cWØn¬ Hcn°epw {]thin®n´n√. Cu Imcy
1884˛¬ XncphnXmwIq¿ sslt°mSXnbn¬ A∏o¬ t_m[n∏n®p. Øn¬ k` Hcp kzX{¥ k`bmIp∂p.
Unhnj≥ _©v 1061 Xpemw 29˛mw XobXn A∏o¬ X≈n Pn√mtImSXn tdmb¬ tImSXn hn[n ]t{Xmkv XrXob≥ ]m{Xnb¿°okns\
hn[n kmcmwiØn¬ icnh®p. Cu hn[nbnt∑¬ almcmPmhv ka£w tcmjmIpe\m°n. ]m{Xnb¿°okn\p ae¶ck`ta¬ Bflob Imcy
1886˛¬ A∏o¬ sImSpØp. ßfn¬ am{Xta B[n]Xyw D≈q F∂p hn[n®Xv am¿ Zoh∂mtkymkv
B A∏o¬ No^v Pkv‰nkv sI. IrjvWkzmancmb¿, W.E. \ymbm[n]∑mcpsS ta¬ kzm[o\w sNepØnbXns‚ ^eambn´msW∂v
Bdwkv_n (Hmwkv_n), Fw. koXmcmaø¿ F∂nh¿ hmZw tI´p. No^v F√mhcpw hnNmcn®p.
56 57
 ]p¯³ IqäpImÀ ]p¯³ IqäpImÀ

]cp-a-e- sk-an-\-cn As√¶n¬ tXmakv am¿ AØm\mtkymkv Xs∂, AXv tIkn¬

]me-°p-∂Øv amXyqkv am¿ AØ-\m-tkymkv cmP-Io-b-hn-fw-_-c- tImSXnbn¬ lmPcm°phm≥ th≠n FgpXnbp≠m°n F∂v \ymbambn
Øns‚ _e-Øm¬ 1876˛¬ ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bmbn `c-Wt- a-‰t- ∏mƒ,- A\pam\n°mw.
\-ho-I-c-W-tØmSv A\p-Iq-en-I-fm-bn-cp-∂- ssI-X-bn¬ a¬∏m≥, De-t»- ae¶c°mt\m-\n¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p∂ Imcy-߃ Xm-sg- tN¿°p-∂p:
cn¬ a¬∏m≥,- sN-dp-Ic ]oen-t∏mkv a¬∏m≥ F - ∂
- n-hsc ]g-b- sk-an-\c
- n-
bn¬ ]Tn-∏n-°m≥ \n-ba - n-®p. AXn-\p-]I - cw ]pen-t°m-´n¬ am¿ Znh-∂m- 1. -{]-Xn-jvTn-°-s∏-Sp∂ ]≈n-Iƒ hn-ip-≤-cpsS \ma-Øn¬ Bbn-cn-
tkymkv ]cp-ae- s
- k-an-\cn Bcw-`n-®p. NmØp-cpØn Koh¿Kokv IØ- °Ww (H-∂mw- sI-∏m-et- bm≥, H∂mw-`m-Kw,4)
\msc dºm-\m°n skan-\c - n-bp-sS N
- p-aX
- e- - G¬∏n-®p. 2.- hn-ip-≤sc {]m¿Y-\-I-fn¬ Hm¿t°-≠-XmWv (A©mw sI-∏m-e-
ae-¶-c-Im-\≥ tbm≥, 9). F∂m¬ .""...-ac
- n-®p-t]mb ]cn-ip-≤∑
- m-tcmSv \a-kv°c
- n-°p-∂Xv
thZ-hn-[n°v tNcp-∂X - √'' (A©mw- sI-∏m-et- bm≥, 10)
am¿ Zoh∂mtkymkv A©ma≥ \hoIcW I£nbnse tXmakv
am¿ AØm\mtkymkns\Xncmbn sImSpØtIkn¬ c≠p I£nIfpw 3. BN-cn-t°≠ t\mºp-Is
- f-∏‰n F´mw sI∏m-et-- bm-\n¬ ]d-bp-∂p.
Imt\m≥ \nbakwlnXbpsS Hmtcm ssIsøgpØp {]Xn tImSXnbn¬
4. k`-bn¬ BN-cn-t°≠ amdm-\mb Xncp\m-fp-Is - f-∏‰- nbpw hnip-≤-
lmPcm°n. am¿ Znh∂mtkymkv lmPcm°nbXv, lqZmbImt\ms‚ Hcp
cpsS s]cp-∂m-fp-Is - f-∏‰- nbpw H≥]Xmw sI∏m-et- bm\n¬ ]-db - p-∂p. \n-›n-X
ssIsøgpØp {]XnbmWv. ]m{Xnb¿°okn\p IqSpX¬ A[nImcßfp
s≠∂v ImWn°phm≥ CXn¬ Nne am‰ßƒ hcpØnbmWv Hcp ssI X
- o-bX
- n-If - n¬ am¿tXmam «olm-bpsS s]cp-∂mƒ, a - m¿ ]-t{Xm-kns‚bpw
søgpØp {]Xnbp≠m°n tImSXnbn¬ lmP cm°nbXv. am¿ ]u-tem-kn-s‚bpw s]cp-∂mƒ,- «o-l∑ - m¿ 12 t- ]-cp-sSbpw s]cp-∂mƒ,
I
- \
- ym-k{v Xn-ad- n-bØ
- ns‚ hmßn-∏p-s]-cp-∂mƒ, t- bm-l∂ - m≥ amwZm-\m-bp-sS
am¿ AØ\mtkymkv lmPcm°nb Imt\ms‚ io¿jIambn
inc-tO-Z\ - s∏cp-∂mƒ F∂nh BN-cn-°W - sa∂v \º¿ 3˛¬ ]d-bp-∂p.
C{]Imcw FgpXnbncp∂p: ""am¿tØmΩm «olmbpsS CShIbmIp∂
ae¶c kpdnbm\n k`bpsS Imt\m≥, ae¶c CShIbpsS am¿ 5. ""aqtdm≥ F∂ A
- `
- n-tj-Is
- sXew ...ta¬∏-´°
- mc\m¬ ip-≤o-Ic
- n-
AØ\mtkymkv sa{Xmt∏meoØm X¿÷na sNbvXXv 1857.'' °-s∏-tS-≠XmWv.''F∂v \memw -sI-∏m-e-tbm≥ \º¿ 1˛¬ ]d-bp-∂p.
Cu Imt\m\n¬ bmt°m_mb k`bpsS hnizmkØns\Xncmbn 6. ""...GI-_-en-bm-Ip∂ I¿Øm-hns‚ ac-W-sØ Hm¿°p-∂-Xn-\p-
Nne ]cma¿i\߃ D≠v. am{Xa√, Cu Imt\m\n¬ ]m{Xnb¿°okn\p th≠n I¿Øm-hv «ol-∑m¿°pw...-`c - t- a¬∏n-® {- ]-Im-cw...-ip-≤a\ Ip¿_m-\-
bmsXmcp ÿm\hpw sImSpØn´n√.
A-Wb- °v s - ∏-tS-≠X
- m-Ip-∂p'' F∂v Bdmw- sI-∏m-et- bm≥ H∂mw `- m-KØv
amXyqkv am¿ AØ\mtkymkn\v At¥ymJym ]m{Xnb¿°okv ImWp-∂p.
sImSpØ ÿmØnt°m\ns‚ ASnÿm\ØnemWv, At±lsØ ae¶c
sa{Xmt∏meoØbmbn AwKoIcn®psIm≠p≈ cmPIob hnfw_cw 7. I»oimtbmSv ]m]-߃ G‰p-]d - ™v Ipº-km-cn-°p-∂X - ns‚ Bh-
{]kn≤s∏SpØnbXv. AXn\m¬ At±lw ]m{Xnb¿°okns‚ tae[n iy-IX- s- b-∏‰n 12-˛mw sI∏m-et- bm-≥ 2˛¬ ]d-bp-∂p: ""ip≤-am\ Ip¿_m-\-
ImcsØ ]ckyambn \ntj[n°pItbm Bcm[\{IaØn¬ Fs¥ bn¬ kw_-‘n-∏m≥ Hcp-ßs - ∏-´p- h-cp-∂h - ¿ I»o-im-tbmSv Ipº-km-cn-°m≥
¶nepw am‰ßƒ hcpØpItbm sNbvXn√. \ymb-am-Ip-∂p. cl-ky-ambpw ]c-ky-ambpw Ipº-kmcw \SØn-°p-∂Xv
acym-Zb- m-Ip-∂p.''
AXpsIm≠v, 1857˛¬ X¿÷na sNbvXncn°p∂Xv F∂v FgpXnbn
cn°p∂Xv, AXn\v ]g°w tXm∂n°phm≥ Ir{Xnaambn FgpXnbp≠m tXmakv am¿ AØm\mtkymkv Cu Imt\m≥ 1897˛¬ kn.Fw.Fkv.
°nbXmWv F∂mWv A\pam\nt°≠Xv. H∂pIn¬, ]m{Xnb¿°okv {]kn¬ A®Sn∏n®v {]kn≤s∏SpØn. F∂m¬ am¿tØmΩm k`
amXyqkv am¿ AØm\mtkymkns\ apS°nbtijw FgpXnbp≠m°n, Ct∏mƒ Cu Imt\m≥ kzoIcn°p∂n√.
58 59
 ]p¯³ IqäpImÀ ]p¯³ IqäpImÀ

coXnIƒ \S∏nencp∂Xv. 1846˛¬ ae¶cbn¬ h∂ At¥ymIymsa{Xm≥

bphm°ow am¿ IqdntemkmWv CXv kaqew am‰nbXv? "ae¶c At¥ym
Iy≥ _‘w ]sØmºXmw \q‰m≠ns‚ krjvSn, 1977, ]pdw. 13)
5. tUm. amXyqkv am¿ tkthdntbmkv: ""t]¿jy≥ k` ae¶cbv°v
Bhiym\pkcWw sshZnIsc hmgn®pX∂p. AXn\mbn ImemIme
9 ßfn¬ AhnsS \n∂pw sa{Xm∑msc Ab®pX∂p....\{kmWnIfmIs´
t]¿jy≥ k`bpsS Xeh\mb _mKvZmZnse ]uckvXy ImtXmen
Bcm[\{Iaw °msb Bflob A≤y£\mbn AwKoIcn®p....1809˛¬ I≠\m´p
]Sntbme hgn ]m›mXy kpdnbm\n Bcm[\m{Ia߃ AwKoIcn®p.''
(""ae¶ck`'', 2012 Unkw_¿, ]pdw, 11).
6. Hcp ssIsøgpØp{KŸØn¬ \n∂pw Xmsgbp≈Xv ]I¿Ønbncn
t]¿jy≥ k`bn¬ \n∂pamWv ChnsS sa{Xm∑m¿ h∂psIm≠ncp °p∂p. AXns‚ 140˛masØ t]Pv apXep≈ GXm\pw XmfpIƒ am{Xta
∂Xv. t]¿jy≥ k`bn¬ \S∏nencp∂, ]uckvXykpdnbm\nbnep≈ In´nbp≈q.
(I¬Zmb kpdnbm\n) I¬Zmb Bcm[\{IaamWv tIcfØnepw \S∏n¬ Imkm ]Sn™mtdm´v Db¿Øptºmƒ sNmt√≠Xv:
h∂Xv.
RßS I¿Ømhp Cutimaninlm Xw]pcms\ ip≤amIs∏´ \ns‚
Nne sXfnhpIƒ amemImamtcmSpIqsS BImiØn∂SpØ Btam£Øn¬ hn[n∏m≥
1. Bdmw am¿tØmΩm ]p\sscIyØn\pth≠n tdmante°v Ab® \o Fgps∂≈n hcp∂psb∂pw t]mƒ tZmjØfcmb Rßsf IqsS
At]£ I¬Zmb kpdnbm\nbn¬ Bbncp∂p. AXns‚ ]cn`mjbpw \o Hm¿°s∏SWsa.
IqsS h®ncp∂p. B At]£ Ct∏mgpw tdma≥ B¿ss°hvkn¬ D≠v.
]´°mc≥ DuØmΩ sNm√n \ndpØpws]mƒ sNmt√≠Xv:
2. ""DZbwt]cq¿ kp\ltZmkv \n›nX Znhkw Xs∂ Bcw`n®p....
\ns∂s∏‰psh∂ AΩbpsS \akvImcØmsebpw \ns‚...ip≤am
]≈n ip{iqjbn¬ I¬Zmb kpdnbm\n `mj D]tbmKn°p∂Xn\v A\p
Is∏´hscms°bpsS.....RßS I¿Ømth Rßsf \o ]pÆyam°Wsa.....
hZn®p'' (Cu. Fw. ]oent∏mkv, ta¬{KŸw, ]pdw, 104).
3. tP°_v tXmakv ]dbp∂p: ""1597˛¬ am¿ A{_lmans‚ Imew CXns‚ sijw HSp°esØ dpiam sNøpws]mƒ sNmt√≠Xv:
Ahkm\n°p∂Xphsc ae¶cbn¬ I¬Zmb sa{Xm∑mcpsS ]cºcv _lpam\s∏´ ]´°mcm \ns‚ Ipdphm\ Xw]pcm≥ Xm≥ ssI
\ne\n∂p.....tdmamkpdnbm\n°m¿ (]gbIq‰pIm¿) bmX\Iƒ kln®v s°m≠p \ns‚ \akv I mcßfmse Xw]pcm≥ RßsfØm≥
I¬Zmb kpdnbm\n \ne\n¿Øn. \mw At¥ymIy≥ _‘Øn¬ I¬Zmb sXmsWbv°pw. BΩo≥
kpdnbm\n Dt]£nt°≠nh∂p...\ap°v A∂phsc At¥ymIytbmSv
CXns‚sijw aq∂p sIuΩm \akvIcn® X\n°pth≠nbpw acn®
_‘an√mbncp∂p F∂Xns‚ sXfnhmWv, AhcpsS `mjtbm t]tcm
h¿°pth≠nbpw Xw]pcms\mSt]£n®psIm≈Ww. Bao≥ Cusim:
DZbwt]cq¿ kp\ltZmkn¬ \ntcm[n°s∏SmXncp∂Xv... Ct∏mƒ \mw
D]tbmKn®phcp∂ amdm\mb kpdnbm\nbmWv At¥ym Iy≥ k`bpsS N.B.: DuØmΩ, Ipdhm\, hmsdIvam¿, CXymZn ]Z߃ (D®mcW
Bcm[\`mj (tP°_v tXmakv, \{kmWnIfpw PmXnØeh∑mcpw ߃) I¬Zmb kpdnbm\nbn¬ D®cn°p∂XmWv. ]m›mXy kpdnbm\n
""ae¶ck`'', \hw_¿ 1893). bn¬ lqtØmΩm, Ip¿t_ms\m (Ip¿_m\), _msdIvtam¿ F∂nßs\
4. ^m. tUm. ‰n. sF. h¿Kokv: ""]sØmºXmw \q‰m≠ns‚ ]IpXn bmWv ]dbp∂Xv. -
hscbpw ]uckvXy kpdnbm\nbnemWv ae¶ck`bpsS Bcm[\m
60 61
 ]p¯³ IqäpImÀ ]p¯³ IqäpImÀ

tXmakv am¿ AØm\mtkymkns‚ ]n≥KmanIƒ

tXmakv am¿ AØ-\m-tkymkv ]n≥Km-an-sb- hmgn°msX 1893˛¬
\ncymX\mbn. X¬ÿm\tØ°v A{_lmw aev]ms‚ I\njvT]p{X
\mb ZtØmhv IØ\msc, tIm´bw sNdnb]≈nbn¬ h®v sXmgnbqsc
butk∏v am¿ AØm\mtkymkv, Koh¿Kokv am¿ Iqdntemkv F∂nh¿
10 IqSn 1894 P\phcnbn¬ XoØqkv F∂ t]cn¬ sa{Xm\mbn hmgn®p.
AXnt\∏‰n aebmf at\mcabn¬ h∂ hm¿Ø, 90 h¿j߃°p
am¿tØmΩmk` tijw 1984˛¬ P\phcn 20˛mw XobXn ho≠pw {]kn≤s∏SpØnbXv Xmsg
tN¿°p∂p: ""ae¶c \hoIcW kpdnbm\n P\kapZmbØn¬ c≠p
aq∂p amkw apºv \ncWØpIqSnb tbmKØn¬ h®v, XßfpsS sa{Xm
t∏meoØbmbn hmgn°s∏Sphm≥ sFIIWvtTy\ sXcs™Sp°s∏´
amXyqkv am¿ AØm\mtkymkv acn°p∂Xn\papºmbn, Xs‚ ZtØmkv IØ\mch¿Isf C°gn™ hymgmgvN tIm´bØv sNdnb
ASpØ _‘phmb tXmakv Iio»msb, tXmakv am¿ AØm\mtkymkv ]≈nbn¬ h®v sXmgnbq¿ ]≈nbpsS c≠p sa{Xmt∏meoØam¿ IqSn
F∂ t]cn¬ Xs‚ ]n≥Kmanbmbn hmgn®v \nban®v, kIe kzØp°fpw
ae¶c CShIbpsS am¿tØmΩm sa{Xmt∏meoØm F∂ ÿm\t∏tcm
AhImis∏SpØns°mSpØp. (tdmb¬ hn[n \w. 318).
SpIqSn hmgn® hnhcw kt¥mj]q¿∆w hmb\°msc Adnbn®psIm
tIkn¬ tXm‰ tXmakv am¿ AØm\mtkymkv, Xs‚ ssIhiap≈ ≈p∂p.''
bmt°m_mb kpdnbm\n k`bpsS hI F√m hkvXp°fpw ]Whpw
hn´psImSpt°≠nh∂p. ""ae¶c \hoIcW P\kaqlw'' F∂mWv ]d™ncn°p∂Xv.

At±lw Xs‚ A\pbmbnIsf tN¿Øp AhcpsS sa{Xmt∏meo 1899˛¬ A{_lmw aev]ms‚ ktlmZc]p{X\mb ZtØmk®s\,
Ømbmbn `cWw \SØn. Bcw`ImeØv \hoIcW I£n (Reformed sXmgnbq¿ k`bpsS am¿ Iqdntemkpw XoØqkv {]Ya≥ am¿tØm
Party) F∂ t]cn¬ Adnbs∏´ncp∂ Cu hn`mKw ]n¬°meØv am¿ Ωmbpw IqSn Xo¿Øqkv ZznXob≥ F∂ t]cn¬ sa{Xm\mbn hmgn®p.
tØmΩmk` F∂ t]cv kzoIcn®p. bmt°m_mb k`bnse Bcm[\ 1909˛¬ XoØqkv {]Ya≥ \ncymX\mbn.
{Iaßfpw IqZmim{Iaßfpw sh´nØncpØn D]tbmKn®psIm≠ncn°p XoØqkv ZznXobs‚ `cWImeØmWv \hoIcWI£n, am¿tØm
∂Xn\m¬, Cu k`bv°v _mlyamb coXnbn¬ AYhm BIrXnbn¬ Ωmk` F∂ t]cv kzoIcn®Xv. 1917˛¬ XoØqkv ZznXob≥, sXmgnbq¿
bmt°m_mb k`tbmSv kmayw AYhm kmZriyw Ds≠¶nepw, hnizmk
am¿ Iqdntemkns‚bpw am¿ AØm\mtkymkns‚bpw klmbtØmSp
hnjbßfn¬ t{]m´Ã‚pImtcmSmWv IqSpX¬ kmayap≈Xv.
IqSn, Cchnt]cq¿ amtc´v G{_lmw IØ\msc G{_lmw am¿tØmΩm
A{_lmw a¬∏ms‚ \ho-I-c-W-߃ F∂ t]cn¬ hmgn®p. 1939˛¬ Abncq¿ kztZinIfmb bqlmt\m≥
1.- ]-cn-ip-≤∑
- m-tcm-Sp≈ a[y-ÿ{- ]m¿Y\ \n¿Øn-°f
- ™
- p. am¿ XntamØntbmkpw amXyqkv am¿ AØm\mtkymkpw sa{Xm∑mcmbn
hmgn°s∏´p.
2. a-cn-®h
- ¿°p-th≠n {]m¿Yn°p-∂ ]
- X
- nhv \n¿Ø-em-°n.
XoØqkv ZznXob≥ 1944˛¬ \ncymX\mbn. A\¥cw G{_lmw
3.- hn.- Ip¿_m\ _en-bm-sW∂v A¿Y-am-°p∂ Ip¿_m-\- X-Ivkm-
am¿tØmΩm, sa{Xmt∏meoØmbmbn `cWta‰p. At±lw 1947˛¬ \ncym
bnse hm°pIƒ \o°n°f™p. hn.Ip¿_m\, I¿Ømhns‚ Hm¿Ω
X\mbn. AtXXpS¿∂v bqlmt\m≥ am¿ XntamØntbmkv am¿tØmΩm
bv°mbn´v am{Xw \SØs∏Sp∂ Hcp I¿Ωw am{XamWv.
k`bpsS sa{Xmt∏meoØmbmbpw amXyqkv am¿ AØm\mtkymkv
4.- c-l-ky-°p-º-kmcw \n¿Ø-em-°n. At±lØns‚ k{^K\mbpw am¿tØmΩmk`sb `cn®psIm≠ncp∂p.
62 63
 ]p¯³ IqäpImÀ ]p¯³ IqäpImÀ

1953˛¬ sshZnIcmbncp∂ ]n. tXmakv, Fw. Pn. Nm≠n, ^nen∏v DΩ≥ c≠mw `mKw
F∂nh¿ bYm{Iaw tXmakv am¿ AØm\mtkymkv, AeIvkm≠¿ A≤ym-bw-˛3
am¿ sXtbm^ntemkv, ]oent∏mkv am¿ {IntkmÃw F∂o t]cpIfn¬
15. ...-F-∏n-kvtIm-∏¬ t\man-t\-j≥ t_m¿Un¬ sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-
sa{Xm∑mcmbn A`ntjIw sNøs∏´p.
Ømbv°p ]pdta 9 Iio-»m-∑mcpw 14 Aflm-b-°mcpw D≠m-bn-cn-t°-≠-
am¿tØmΩmk`bpsS `cWLS\ Xm-Wv.
ae¶c am¿tØmΩm kpdnbm\nk` 18˛7˛1981˛¬ {]kn≤oIcn® 33. ...sshZn-I-cp-sSbpw Aflm-b-°m-cpsSbpw {]tXyIw {]tXyIw
`cWLS\bnse Nne hIp∏pIƒ Xmsg tN¿°p∂p. 75 iX-am-\Ø - n¬ Ipd-bmsX thm´p-Iƒ e`n-°p∂ Bfp-Iƒ am{Xw F∏n-
kvtIm∏m ÿm\-tØ°v sXc-s™-Sp-°s - ∏-Sp-∂X - pw, Aßs\ sXc-s™-
H∂mw hn`mKw Sp-°s
- ∏-´X - mbn A≤y-£≥ {]Jym-]n-t°-≠X - p-am-Wv.
A≤ymbw˛1 36. (ÿm-\m-`n-tj-I-Øn\v Xnc-s™-Sp-°-s∏´ Bƒ hnizm-k-{]-
1. ""ae¶c am¿tØmΩm kpdnbm\nk`, ImtXmenIhpw ss«lnIhpw Xn⁄ sNtø-≠X - m-W.v AXnse Hcp hmNIw Xmsg hcpw {]Im-ca
- m-W)v .
Bb GI hnip≤ k`bpsS Hcp `mKamIp∂p.'' ""...-Rm≥ Cu \mgnI apX¬ Ft∂°pw Cu k`-tbmSpw AXns‚
\ymb-ambn \nb-an-°s
- ∏´ sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm Xncp-ta-\n-tbm-Spw, A[n-Im-
(N.B. B hnip≤ k` GXmsWt∂m AXns‚ Xeh≥ Bsct∂m
c-tØmSpw hniz-kvX-X-tbmSpw `‡nbpw A\p-k-c-Whpw D≈-h-\m-bn-cn-
]dbp∂n√.)
°pw.''
3. am¿tØmΩm kpdnbm\n {InkvXym\n k` AwKoIcn®ncn°p∂h A≤ym-bw-˛7
bmbn kIe sshZnI hnjb߃°pw B[mcamb Adp]Ønbmdp
]pkvXI߃ ASßnbncn°p∂, ]gb ]pXnb \nba߃ F∂ thZ
k`m-{]-Xn-\n-[n-a-WvUew
]pkvXIhpw, thZm\pkcWw ÿm]n°ps∏´ncn°p∂ \nJymhnizmk 73. ae¶c kpdn-bm\n k`-bpsS euIn-Ihpw Bflo-bh - p-amb kIe
{]amWhpw bmsXmcp {]ImcØnepw bmsXmcpØcmepw t`Zs∏SpØp Imcy-ßfpw Btem-Nn®v Xocp-am-\n-°p-∂X - n-\,v sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øb - pw, F∏n-
hm≥ ]mSn√mØXpw, siΩmipÿm\w, Iio»mÿm\w, sa{Xm≥ ÿm\w kvtIm-∏∑ - m-cpw, hnImcn P\-dm-f∑- m-cpw, ]´-°m-cpsS {]Xn-\n-[n-Ifpw CS-
F∂o sshZnIÿm\ßsfbpw, ]≈n{]XnjvT, ]≈n°qZmi, hnip≤ hI {]Xn-\n-[n-Ifpw k`-bpsS anj-\dn the-bpsS ^e-ambn k`mw-Kß - -
amtamZokm, hnip≤ Ip¿_m\, hnip≤ hnhmlw, tcmKnIsf kw_‘n fm-bn-Øo¿∂n-´p-≈h - c
- psS {]Xn-\n-[n-If
- pw, sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bm¬ \nb-
®p≈ {]m¿∞\mip{iqj, ihkwkvImcip{iqj F∂o I¿ΩmNmc an-°s
- ∏-Sp-∂h - cpw Dƒs∏´ k`m-{]-Xn-\n-[n-aW - U v ew F∂ t]cn-\m¬ Adn-
b-s∏-Sp-∂X - p-amb Hcp {]Xn-\n[n k` D≠m-bn-cn-°p-∂X - m-Wv.
ßsfbpw Hcp ImeØpw \n¿Ωqe\w sNøm≥ ]mSn√mØXmIp∂p.
(N.B. GsX√mw t\mºp-If - m-Wp-≈X
- v, Ah Fß-s\-bmWv t\mt°-
\ho-I-cWw \nb-am-\p-kr-Xtam?
≠Xv F∂p ]d-bp-∂n-√. amdm-\mb s]cp-\m-fp-Iƒ Gh-bm-sW∂pw Ah Hmtcmtcm ImeØv k`-bn¬ thZ-hn-]c - o-Xß
- ƒ D≠m-bn-´p-≈t- ∏mƒ,
Fßs\ BN-cn-°W - s- a∂pw ]d-bp-∂n-√.) BI-am\ kp\-l-tZmkv IqSn thZ-hn-]-co-X-ßsf i]n-®p-X-≈p-I-bpw,
kXy-hn-izmkw C∂-sX∂p {]Jym-]n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-´p-≠v. \nJym-kp-
5A. k` {InkvXp-hns‚ ico-chpw AXnse AwK-߃ B ico-c- \-lt- Zmkv (325-˛¬) tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏nƒ kp\-lt- Zmkv (381-˛¬), Ft^-
Øns‚ A-hb
- h
- ß
- f
- p-am-Ip-∂p. kqkv kp\-lt- Zmkv (431-˛¬), Ch Aßs\ \S-∂n-´p≈ kp\-lt- Zm-kp-
64 65
 ]p¯³ IqäpImÀ ]p¯³ IqäpImÀ

I-fm-Wv. bmt°m-_mb k`-t]mse am¿tØm-Ωm-k`- bpw Cu aq∂p kp\- Cu \ho-Ic - W- {- ]m-_eyw F¥v? \ho-Ic - W
- {- ]-tW-Xm-°sf DtZym-Kn-∏n®
l-tZm-kp-Is- fbpw kzoI-cn-°p-∂p-≠t- √m. Bflob {]am-Wß - fpw XØz-ßfpw Fs¥√mw F∂n-hsb kw_-‘n®v
bmt°m-_mb k`-bnse AwK-am-bn-cp∂ G{_lmw aev]m≥, icn-bmbn tbmPn® A`n-{]mbw am¿tØmΩm k`mw-K-ß-fpsS CS-bn¬
bmt°m-_mb k`-bnse Nne hnizm-kß - fpw BNm-cß - fpw sX‰m-sW∂v Ds≠∂p ]d™pIqSm....-]-´-°m-cp-sSbpw Aflm-b-°m-cp-sSbpw bp‡n-
]d™v \o°m≥ XpS-ßn-b-t∏mƒ At±-l-sØ-bpw, At±-lsØ A\p- °-\p-k-c-W-amb hyXym-k-߃ XIvkm-bn¬ hcp-Øn CS-hI tXmdpw
Iq-en-®n-cp∂ A\-¥c - h
- ≥ amXyqkv siΩm-is- \-bpw, Ah-cpsS sa{Xm≥ {]tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ kzmX-{¥y-amtWm? ]q¿∆-∑m¿ \ap°p Zm\w
tN∏m´v am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv apS-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. Chn-SpsØ sa{Xm- sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂X - .v ...-]u-ck
- X
v y-k`- I
- f
- psS hnizm-km-Nm-cß - f
- n¬ am¿tØm-
s‚tbm P\-ßf - p-sStbm Adnthm kΩ-Xtam IqSmsX amXyqkv siΩm- Ωm-°m¿°v Ah-ti-jn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv t{XmtWmkpw Ip¿_m-\h - k- v{Xhpw
i≥ At¥ymJym bmt°m-_mb ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kns\ kao-]n®v sa{Xm- am{X-ta-bp≈q F∂p Nne-sc-s°m≠p ]d-bn-°Ø - °
- h- Æw k`bpw ]cn-
\mbn hmgn-°-s∏´v amXyqkv am¿ AØm-\m-tkymkv Bbn Xncn-®p-h-∂- jvIc- n-°W
- s - a-∂p-≈Xv A{_lmw aev]m-\® - s- ‚tbm \ho-Ic - W- I- ¿Øm-
tijw, icn-bmb hnh-c-߃ Adn™v At±-l-Øn\p sa{Xm≥ ]´w °-fp-sStbm kz]-\-Øn¬ F¶nepw D≠m-bn-´p≈ Hcp BZ¿i-am-bn-cn-
sImSpØ ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kns‚ ]n≥Km-an-bmb ]t{Xmkv XrXo-b≥ ]m{Xn- °ptam?...'' (]p-\-ssc-Iy-km-lyw, 1939, ]pdw, 75-˛77).
b¿°okv h∂v amXyqkv am¿ AØm-\m-tkym-kns\ apS-°p-Ib - p-≠mbn.
am¿tØmΩm kap-Zm-b-Øn¬ \n∂v BZy-ambn c≠p F∏n-kvtIm-
Cu apS-°p-Isf Ah¿ c≠p-t]cpw hI-hb - °
v m-Xn-cp-∂Xv Fßs\ \ymbo-
am¿ ÿm-\m-tcm-lWw sNbvXXp {]am-Wn®v 1113 [\p amk-Øn¬ ""at\m-
I-cn-°m-\mIpw?
ca'' ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn® hnti-jm¬ {]Xn-bn¬ an. hn.-kn.-]n. amXyp, ""am¿tØm-
Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k`-bpsS `c-W-L-S-\, 94-˛mw, 108-˛mw hIp-∏p-Iƒ Ωm-k-`-bpsS {]tXy-IX''sb Ipdn®v Hcp teJ\w {]kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-
A\p-k-cn-®v, k`-bn¬ thZ-hn-]-coXw D≠m-bm¬, k`-bpsS tae-≤y- Xn¬ \n∂v Nne `mK-߃ Xmsg tN¿°p∂p:
£t\m As√-¶n¬ kp\-lt- Zmtkm At√ AXn-t\-∏‰n Xocp-am\w FSp-
t°-≠Xv; A√msX GsX-¶nepw Hcp hy‡nt°m GXm\pw hy‡n- ""am¿tØm-Ωm-k` ImtXm-en-°m-k-`-bpsS `mK-amb Hcp kzX-{¥-
Iƒt°m AXn-\p-ff A[n-Imcw Dt≠m? k-`-bm-Wv....-Im-tXm-en-Ihpw ss«ln-I-hp-amb GI-hn-ip-≤-k-`-bpsS
bmsXmcp `mK-Øn\pw tijn® `mK-ßf - n¬ \n∂v Ati-ja - mbn th¿s]-
""Bfl-hr-Ø-I-Y\w'' F∂ {KŸ-Øn¬ an. sI. F≥. Zm\n-tb¬ ´n-cp-∂p-sIm≠v ]q¿Æ-kzm-X{¥yw A\p-`h - n-°m≥ \ymb-an-√m-ØX - m-Wv.
C{]-Imcw ]d-bp∂p: ""A{_lmw aev]m-\®
- ≥ XIvkm ]cn-jI v c
- n-®t- ∏mƒ AXp bYm¿∞-amb kzmX-{¥y-a√ Xm\pw. Hcp ]ucm-Wn-Ik - ` AXns‚
]m{Xn-b¿°o-kn-\p-th-≠n-bp≈ {]m¿∞\ \o°n-°f - ™
- n-√. Aº-Xn¬
]q¿∆m-Nm-c-ß-sfbpw ]mc-º-cy-sØbpw hne-a-Xn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. AtXm-
Nnezm\w sIm√w apºp tImhq-c-®≥ AXv `mjm-¥-co-I-cn®v A®-Sn-®-
Sp-tN¿Øv \mw ChnsS kvacn-t°-≠Xv Hcp k` AXns‚ {]tXyI ]q¿∆o-
t∏mgpw B {]m¿∞\ \o°n-°-f-™n-√.'' (ta¬{K-Ÿw, ]pdw, 233).
Im-Nm-cß - sf am{X-a√- , temI-sa-ßp-ap≈ ImtXm-en-Ik - `- b- psS BNm-c-
k`m-\n-baw A\p-kc
- nt®m s]mXp-kΩ
- X
- {- ]-Im-ctam A√ A{_lmw ß-sfbpw ]mc-º-cy-sØbpw F√mw Xs∂ AXns‚ ]q¿∆-kz-Ømbn
aev]m≥ k`-bn¬ \ho-I-cWw \S-Øn-b-Xv. ]cn-KW - n®v hnth-I]
- q¿∆w AXns\ D]-tbm-Kn-t°-≠X - m-sW-∂p-≈X - s
- {X.
1936 HIvtSm-_¿ 23-˛mw Xob-Xn-bnse ae-bmf at\m-c-a-bn¬ {InkvXobkXy-Øns‚ ]cn-]q¿Æ-amb shfn-]m-Sn-\p≈ Ah-Imiw
""A{_lmw aev]m-\-®s‚ \ho-I-c-Whpw AXns‚ iX-h-’-cm-tLm- ImtXm-en-Ia - mb AYhm km¿∆-{Xn-Ia - mb k`-bv°m-\p-≈X - v. AXn-\m¬
jhpw'' F∂ hnjbw Bkv]Z- a - m°n dh. kn. Fw. tPm¨ _n.-F.; _n.- Xß-fpsS k` Hcp kzX-{¥-k-`-bm-W-∂p-ff \ymtb\ km¿∆-{Xn-I-k-`-
Un. (]n-∂oSv sa{Xm≥) {]kn-≤s- ∏-Sp-Ønb teJ-\Ø - n¬ \ho-Ic - W- \
- S- - bpsS \S-]S- n-It- fbpw BNm-cß - t- fbpw D]-tZ-iß- t- fbpw Ah-KW - n-∏m≥
]-Sn-Isf ]‰n C{]-Imcw ]d-bp∂p: ""....-s]m-Xpth AwKo-Ir-Xa
- m-bn-cn-°p∂ B¿°pw \ymb-an-√m-Ø-Xm-Wv. (]p-\-ssc-Iy-km-lyw, ]pdw, 10).
66 67
 ]p¯³ IqäpImÀ ]p¯³ IqäpImÀ

sIm√-Øp-\n∂v h°o¬ an. sI. ‰n. tXma-kv apX¬ t]cpsS ]{-Xm- GI-cs - {X. ]g-b\
- n-ba
- Ø
- n¬ ]utcm-ln-Xy-Øns‚ tI{µo-Ir-Xk - z-`m-hhpw
[n-]X
- y-Øn¬ {]kn-≤o-Ic
- n-®p-h∂
- , ""{]t_m-[n\n''bn¬ (11-˛mw e°w) an. (te-hy-]u-tcm-ln-Xyw) ]pXn-b-\n-b-a-Øn¬ AXns‚ hntI-{µo-Ir-X-kz-
sI. Fw. amWn _n. F. Fgp-Xnb D]-\ym-k-Øn¬ \n∂v Nne hcn-Iƒ `m-hhpw (hn-izm-k] - u-tcm-ln-Xyw) ImWp-∂p....-Zm-k≥. ^nen. 2:7; aØm.
Xmsg tN¿°p-∂p. 12:18; tkh-I≥ (Uo-°≥), tdmam. 15:8; eqt°m. 22:2; A∏-kvtXm-e≥.
""Bwt•b k`-bnse N¿®p anj-\-dn-am-c-√msX sslN¿®p-Im¿ F{_m. 3:1; a¿t°m. 9:3; D]-tZ-jvSm-°ƒ aØm. 23:8; _nj∏v (]-t{Xm.
ChnsS h∂n-cp-s∂-¶n¬ \ho-I-c-Whpw am¿tØmΩm k`bpw D≠m-Ip- 2:25; CS-b≥ 1 ]t{Xm. 7:26, Cßs\ hnhn[ ip{iq-jI - ƒ. ""ssZhw H∂m-
am-bn-cpt∂m F∂v kwi-bn-t°-≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. AXp-sIm≠v \ho-Ic - Ww aXv A∏-kvtXm-e-∑m-scbpw c≠m-aXv {]hm-N-I-∑m-scbpw aq∂m-aXv D]-
ChnsS Bh-iy-an-√m-bn-cp-∂p.'' (B-fl-hr-Ø-I-Y-\w, ]pdw, 229). tZ-jvSm-°s - fbpw \nb-an-®p. (1 tImcn. 12:27).

tdmb¬ tImSXn hn[n-bn¬ C{]-Imcw ]d-bp∂p: ""Ign-™p-t]mb 1936 HIvtSm-_¿ 23-˛mw Xob-Xn-bn-se, "ae-bmf at\m-c-a-bn¬
am¿ AØm-\m-tkym-kn-s‚bpw A∏o¬ hmZn-bp-sSbpw Iev]-\-bm¬ A{_lmw aev]ms‚ \ho-I-c-Whpw AXns‚ iX-h-’-cm-tLm-j-
{]tXyIw {]tXyIw A®-Sn-∏n-°-s∏-´-Xpw, F^v. Pn. AS-bm-f-{]-am-W- hpw'Bkv]-Z-am°n dh. kn. Fw. tPm¨ _n. F. _n.-Un., Fgp-Xnb
ß-fn¬, ""B_q≥ am¿ C·mØn-tbmkv ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kn-\p-th≠n'' teJ\w Cu {KŸ-Øn¬ tN¿Øn-cn-°p-∂X - v, taep-≤c - n® sshZn-Ic
- psS
{]m¿∞-\-Iƒ AS-ßo-´p-≠v....-A-∏o¬ hmZn Ahsb h®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p- teJ- \ - ß - t fm- s Sm∏w hmbn- ° p- ∂ Xp \∂m- b n- c n- ° p- s a∂p am{Xw
∂Xv F¥p-sIm-≠m-sW∂v kam-[m\w ]d-™n-´n√ (tdm-b¬ \w. 190). X¬°mew ]d-™p-sIm-≈p-∂p.

am¿tØmΩm k∂≤ kphn-ti-j-kw-L-Øns‚ hI-bmb "k∂-≤-

k-tµiw'' F∂ {]kn-≤o-I-c-W-Øn¬ dh. tUm. tPm¿Pv amXyp hS-hm-
Xq¿ C{]-Imcw ]d-bp∂p:
""IqZm-i-I-fpsS FÆw kw_-‘n®v A`n-{]m-b-k-a-\zbw C√.
F¶nepw s]mXpsh IqZm-iI
- ƒ Ggmbn AwKo-Ic
- n-°s
- ∏-´n-cn-°p∂p. (Ah
GsXm-s°-bm-sW∂v \n›-bn-®n-´n-√.)
Ipº-km-cw. Hcp hy‡n ]m]-`m-cØ
- m¬ hnj-an-°p-tºmƒ k`-bpsS
{]Xn-\n-[n-bmb ]´-°m-cs‚ apºmsI ssZh-tØmSv ]m]w G‰p-]-d-bp-
Ibpw ]´-°m-c≥, I¿Ømhp ]m]w £an-®n-cn-°p∂p F∂ Dd∏v {]Jym-
]n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.''
]´-Xzw. ""hnizm-kn-If
- psS ip{iqj Gs‰-Sp-°p-Ib - √
- , Ahs\ ip{iq-
j-bn¬ k÷-am-°p-Ibpw klm-bn-°p-Ib - p-amWv ]´-Xz-ip-{iq-jb
- n-eqsS
\n¿∆-ln-°s
- ∏-Sp-∂Xv? (k-∂≤ - k
- t- µ-iw, 2006, Pqsse-˛s- k-]vXw-_¿).
dh. tUm. h¿Kokv aØmbn HmXd ]d-bp∂p: ""....-k-`-bpsS ZuXy-
\n¿∆-lW - Ø- n¬ sshZn-I\pw Assh-Zn-I\pw Xpey-]¶ - m-fn-Øa
- mWv D≈-
Xv...-tem-IØ
- n¬ {InkvXp-Zu-Xy-Ønepw Ahs‚ ]utcm-ln-Xy-Ønepw ka-
]-¶m-fn-I-fmWv apgp-h≥ hnizm-k-k-aq-l-hpw.....-Ir-]-Ifpw ip{iq-j-Ifpw
hnhn-[-sa-¶nepw (1 tImdn. 12-˛) ssZh-P\w ]utcm-ln-Xy-ip-{iq-j-bn¬
68 69
 ]p¯³ IqäpImÀ ]p¯³ IqäpImÀ

hn. Ip¿_m\bnse Bio¿hZn® A∏ho™pIƒ shdpw Nn”߃

am{XamtWm AtXm Ah {InkvXphns‚ icocc‡ßfmtWm F∂p
≈Xv, am¿tØmΩmk`bpsS ASnÿm\hnizmkßfn¬ s]´Xs√∂pw,
AXpsIm≠v CjvSwt]mse GXp coXnbn¬ thWsa¶nepw k`bnse
11 AwK߃°v hnizkn°msa∂pw sa{Xmt∏meoØm tImSXnbn¬ samgn
sk‚ v tXma v Chm≥sP-en-°¬ sImSpØp. an. sI. F≥. Zm\ntbens‚ A\ymbw X≈n, sa{Xmt∏meo
Ømbv°v A\pIqeambn hn[nbp≠mbn.
N¿®v Hm^v C≥Uy ]pXnb k`
tIkn¬ tXm‰ ]tYym]tZikanXn°m¿ ""sk‚ v tXmakv Chm≥
sPen°¬ N¿®v Hm^v C≥Uym'', F∂ t]cn¬ Hcp ]pXnb k` cq]oIcn
1947-˛¬ G{_lmw am¿tØm-Ωm-bpsS \ncym-W-sØ-Øp-S¿∂v am¿ °pIbpw, Ahcn¬ ]Xns\´v sshZnI¿ IqSn, sI. F≥. DΩ≥ Iioim
bqlm-t\m≥ Xntam-Øn-tbmkv am¿ tØmΩm-k`- b- psS sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm- sbbpw, sa{Xmt∏meoØmbm¬ t\csØ apS°s∏´hcn¬ Hcmfmb ]n.
bm-bpw, amXyqkv am¿ AØm-\m-tkymkv At±-lØ - ns‚ k{^-K\ - mbpw tPm¨ h¿Kokv Iioimsbbpw, AhcpsS ta¬ ssIIƒ h®v, 1961
P\phcn 26˛mw XobXn sa{Xm∑mcmbn hmgn°pIbpw sNbvXp. k`bpsS
am¿tØm-Ωm-k` - sb `cn-®p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂p.
ÿm]I {]nsskUnwKv _nj∏v sI. F≥. DΩ≥, XoØqkv ZznXob≥,
bqlm-t\m≥ am¿ Xntam-Øn-tbmkv am¿tØmΩm sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm, am¿tØmΩm, G{_lmw am¿tØmΩm, tUm. bqlmt\m≥ am¿tØmΩm
G{_lmw aev]m≥ hcp-Ønb ]cn-jvIm-c-߃ F√mw \S-∏n-em-°msX F∂o aq∂p sa{Xmt∏meoØmamcpsSbpw ImeØv k`msk{I´dnbmbncp
bmt°m-_mb hnizm-kØ - n-te°v Xncn-®p-t]m-Ip∂p F∂v D¬]-Xn-jvWp- ∂n´p≠v.
°-fmb Nne¿ Btcm-]Ww D∂-bn-®p. an. sI. F≥. Zm\n-tb¬ Bbn-
]pXnb k` cq]oIcn®Xns\ XpS¿∂v am¿tØmΩm sa{Xmt∏m
cp∂p Ah¿°v t\XrXzw sImSp-Øn-cp-∂X - .v Ah¿ ""]tYym-]t- Z-ik
- a - nXn-
eoØm Hcp Iev]\ ]pds∏Sphn®Xv. 1961 s^{_phcn 17˛mw XobXnbnse
'', F∂ t]cn¬ Hcp kanXn AYhm kwLw cq]o-Ic - n-®p. AtX XpS¿∂v aebmf at\mca ]{XØn¬ {]kn≤s∏SpØn:
sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Ømsb A\p-Iq-en®p \n∂-h¿ ""ktXym-]t- cm-tZ-ik - a- nXn''
cq]o-I-cn-®p. Cu c≠p hn`m-K-߃ XΩn¬ hnizm-km-Nm-c-ßsf kw_- ""\mw C∂v k`bmbn k¶SIcamb Hcp L´Øn¬ FØnbncn°pI
‘n®v hmZ-{]-Xn-hm-Zß
- ƒ \S-∂p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂p. c≠p Iq´cpw teJ-\ß - fpw bmWt√m. \ΩpsS k`bn¬ \n∂p apS°s∏´ \mep sshZnIsc XpS¿∂v
eLp-te-JI - fpw A®-Sn-∏n®v {]kn-≤s
- ∏-Sp-Øn-s°m-≠n-cp-∂p. Znhy{ioam∑mcmb ‰n. kn. tPm¿Pv, Fw. F. tP°_v, ]n. F. tP°_v,
Fw. hn. Ipcy≥, sI. aØmbn, G. Un. amXyp, sI. Fw. ss\\m≥,
Aßs\bncns°, an. sI. F≥. Zm\ntb¬ sa{Xmt∏meoØmsb sI. F≥. DΩ≥, sI. kn. ss]en, sI. Fw. tXmakv, ]n. ‰n. tXmakv,
{]Xnbm°n tImSXnbn¬ tIkp sImSpØp. hn. Ip¿_m\bn¬ Bio¿ ]n. Fkv. h¿Kokv, ]n. kn. kJdnbm F∂nh¿ \ΩpsS k`mtkh\
hZn® A∏ho™pIfn¬ tbip{InkvXphns‚ bYm¿∞ km∂n≤yw Øn¬ \n∂v kza\ m hncan®v cmPn ka¿∏n°bpw \mw AhcpsS
Ds≠∂p ]Tn∏n°p∂psh∂pw, acn®h¿°pth≠n {]m¿∞n°p∂psh∂pw, cmPn kzoIcn°pIbpw Ahsc ]´XzNpaXeIfn¬ \n∂pw AhImi
AXpsIm≠v At±lw thZhn]coXw ]Tn∏n°p∂psh∂pw Hs°bm ]ZhnIfn¬ \n∂pw hnS¿ØpIbpw sNbvX hnhcw \nßsf CXn\m¬
bncp∂p Btcm]W߃. AXpsIm≠v sa{Xmt∏meoØmsb k`bn¬ Adnbn°p∂p. ta¬]d™ ]´°mcpw AhcpsS A\p`mhnIfmb Ipsd
\n∂v _lnjvIcn°Wsa∂p hmZn®p. ]tYym]tZikanXnbn¬ s]´ P\ßfpw tN¿∂v 1961 P\phcn 26˛mw XobXn, ""sk‚ v tXma v Chm≥sP
\mep sshZnIsc sa{Xmt∏meoØm apS°n. en°¬ N¿®v Hm^v C≥Uy'' F∂ \mat[bØn¬ Hcp ]pXnb kwLS\
70 71
 ]p¯³ IqäpImÀ ]p¯³ IqäpImÀ

cq]h¬°cn®Xmbn ]{XZzmcm \n߃ {Kln®ncn°pat√m. k`bn¬ Cu kwLS\bpsS B`napJyØn¬ \SØs∏Sp∂ Bcm[\

\n∂v apS°s∏´ thsdmcp ]´°mc\pw \ΩpsS k`mtkh\Øn¬ \n∂p Ifntem I¿ΩmZnIfntem \ΩpsS k`mwK߃ kw_‘n°pItbm
cmPnh®pt]mb Hcp ]´°mc\pw ap´pIpØn _nj∏∑mcpsS NpaXeIfpw klIcn°pItbm sNbvXpIqSmØXmWv.
A[nImcßfpw kw_‘n®v Nne {]Xn⁄Iƒ sNbvXXv, B kwLS\ Cu hI \S]SnIƒ kzoIcnt°≠n hcp∂Xv AXy¥w tJZIc
bpsS AwKßfmbn tN¿∂n´p≈ Ipsd ]´°mcpsS ssIhbvt]mSpIqSn amsW¶nepw....]mXmfhmXnepIƒ Pbn°mØXpamb Xncpk`bpsS
_nj∏∑mcmbnØo¿∂Xmbn {]Jym]n°s∏´ncn°p∂p. Cu ÿnXn°v sI´p]Wn°pw hnizmknIfpsS ÿncXbv°pw...AXy¥mt]£nX
Ah¿°v \ΩpsS k`bn¬ D≠mbncp∂ kIe ]ZhnIfpw AhImi amIbm¬ CXn\v \n¿_‘n°s∏Sp∂XmWv'' (at\mca 17˛2˛1961).
ßfpw \jvSs∏´ncn°p∂p. AXn\m¬ Ah¿ Abbv°p∂ hnfn®psNm√p
Ipdn kzoIcn°pItbm, AhcpsS ]≈nIƒ°p Ipdn sImSp°pItbm ""]mXmf hmXnepIƒ Pbn°mØ Xncpk`'' F∂v k`sb∏‰n am¿
B hIp∏n¬ s]´h¿ Dƒs∏´ hnhml߃°v \ΩpsS ]≈nIfn¬ tØmΩm sa{Xmt∏meoØm ]d™ncn°p∂Xv thZm\pkrXamWv. AXv
hnfn®psNm√v \SØpItbm, \ΩpsS k`mwKßfmb kv{XoIsf ]pXnb ]s£, I¿Ømhp ÿm]n® ImtXmenIhpw ss«lnIhpamb GIk`
hIp∏nte°v hnhmlw sNbvXpsImSp°pItbm ]mSn√mØXmWv. sb∏‰n am{Xta bmYm¿∞yamIpIbp≈q. G{_lmw aev]ms‚bpw
amXyqkv am¿ AØm\mtkymkns‚bpw k`m\hoIcWsØ Fßs\
_lpam\s∏´ A{_lmw aev]m\®≥ \hoIcWw Bcw`n® kabØv \ymboIcn°pw? tXmakv am¿ AØm\mtkymkv bmt°m_mb k`bn¬
\hoIcWtØmSv A\p`mhap≈ Hcp F∏nkvtIm∏msb e`n°Wsa∂v \n∂pw amdn am¿tØmΩm k` ÿm]n®Xv Fßs\ \ymboIcn°pw?
B{Kln®p. B B{Klw \nhrØn°mbn Xs‚ ktlmZc]p{Xs\
A°mesØ Zp¿LS ]q¿Æamb k©mcsshjayßsf AhKWn®v sk‚ v tXmakv Chm≥sPen°¬ k`bn¬ Ipsd h¿j߃°p
At¥ymJym ]m{Xnb¿°okns‚ ASp°te°v Abbv°pIbmWv apºv `n∂Xbp≠mbXns‚ ^eambn Ah¿ c≠p hn`mKambn ]ncn™p.
sNbvXXv. A√msX GXm\pw A®∑mcpsS ssIhbvt∏mSpIqSn taev]´ Hcp hn`mKØns‚ A≤y£∑m¿ _nj∏v Fw. sI. tIminbpw, _nj∏v
ÿm\tØ°v At±lsØ Db¿Øphm≥ D±in®n√ F∂p≈ hkvXpX ]n. Fkv. h¿Kokpw, at‰ hn`mKØns‚ A≤y£≥ _nj∏v ‰n. kn.
hnkvacn°mhp∂X√. ae¶ck` ]Xnt\gmw \q‰m≠n¬ tdmamk`bn¬ sNdnbm\pamWv. sk‚ v tXmakv Chm≥sPen°¬ k`bpsS Bÿm\w
\n∂p amdn kzX{¥k`bmbn \n¬t°≠n h∂t∏mƒ ]{¥≠p Xncph√mbnepw ]pXnb k`bmb sk‚ v tXmakv Chm≥sPen°¬
A®∑m¿ tN¿∂v am¿tØmΩm H∂mas\ ÿm\Øm°n. F∂m¬ s^temjn∏v Hm^v C≥Uym, F∂ k`bpsS Bÿm\w Ipº\mSv
At±lw At¥ymJymbn¬ \n∂p h∂ sa{Xm®\n¬ \n∂pw sa{Xm≥ IS{]mbnepamWv.
ÿm\w ho≠pw G¬°pIbmWv sNbvXXv. tXmakv am¿ AØm\m {_“hm¿ anj≥
tkymkv Xncpta\nbpsS BIkvanIambp≠mb tZlhntbmKw aqew
Z£nW Im\dmbnse DSp∏nbn¬ \n∂v GXm\pw Intemao‰¿ hS°p
k`bv°p t\cn´ ssh[hyØn\v ]cnlmcambn sXmgnbq¿ CShIbpsS
amdnbp≈ Hcp sNdnb ]´WamWv {_“hm¿. t]m¿®pKokpImcpsS
sa{Xmt∏meoØm Xncpta\nsb £Wn®phcpØn XoØqkv {]Ya≥
`cWImeØv ]s{ZmhmtZmbpsS Iognembncp∂p ItØmen°m tZhme
Xncpta\nsb hmgn°pIbmWp≠mbXv. Ing°pw ]Sn™mdpap≈ F√m
b߃. ]n∂oSv Ah t{]m∏Km¥m XncpkwLØns‚ Iognembn. AXv
]pcmX\ F∏nkvtIm∏¬ k`Ifpw G‰hpw ]mh\ambn IcpXn, At\I
kw_‘n®v ItØmen°mcpsS CSbn¬ Hcp `n∂Xbp≠mbn. AhnsS
Ijv S \jv S ßfn¬ IqSn \ne\n¿Ønt∏mcp∂ Hcp AXn]mh\
tkh\w A\pjvTn®ncp∂, tKmh≥ kztZinbmb ^mZ¿ At‚mWnsbm
ÿm]\as{X ta¬∏´ÿm\w. Cßs\bncns° ta¬hnhcn® coXnbn¬
A¬hmcokv Bbncp∂p hnLSnXhn`mKØn\v t\XrXzw \evInbXv.
cq]h¬°cn°s∏´ncn°p∂ sk‚ v tXmakv Chm≥sPen°¬ N¿®v
Hm^v C≥Uym F∂ kwLS\sb Hcp k`bmbn kzoIcn∏m≥ \ap°v 1889 Pqssebn¬, tIm´bw ]gb skan\mcnbn¬ h®v, am¿ bqentbmkv
\nhrØnbn√mØXmWv. F∂ t]cn¬, kntem¨, tKmhm F∂o CShIIƒ°pth≠n At±lw
72 73
 ]p¯³ IqäpImÀ ]p¯³ IqäpImÀ

sa{Xm\mbn A`ntjIw sNøs∏´p. Xs‚ A\pbmbnIƒ°pth≠n Hcp

]≈n ]Wnbn®v, ^mZ¿ s\mtdmWmsb AXns‚ NpaXe Gev]n®tijw,
At±lw kntemWntebv°v t]mbn. 1892˛¬ sImftºmbn¬ h®v At±lw,
Atacn°bnse t]mfnjv hwiP\mb tds\ hnemØnsb am¿ XntamØn
tbmkv F∂ t]cn¬ sa{Xm\mbn hmgn®p. 1923˛¬ am¿ bqentbmkv 12
tKmhmbn¬ h®v \ncymX\mbn.
bmt°m_mb
{_“hm¿ anjy\nep≈h¿ bmt°m_mb°mcmsb¶nepw, Ipsd
h¿j°meØv IqZmiIƒ F√mw Ah¿°v ]cnNbap≈ eØo≥
k`bnse I£nhg°pIƒ
doØnemWv A\pjvTn®ncp∂Xv. bmt°m_mb k`bn¬ ]Xnhn√mØ
hn. Ip¿_m\bpsS hmgvhpw \SØnbncp∂p. AhnsS A©ph¿jw tkh\w
A\pjvTn®tijw, 1939--˛¬ ae¶c ItØmen°mk`bn¬ tN¿∂
Xpºa¨ CShIbn¬, \cnbm]pcw ]pØ≥]pcbn¬, _. ]n. sI. Zm\n ]t{Xmkv XrXob≥ ]m{Xnb¿°okv 1895˛¬ \ncymX\mbn. At±l
tb¬ A®\n¬ \n∂pamWv Cu hnhc߃ Rm≥ Adnbp∂Xv. eØo≥ Øns‚ ]n≥Kmanbmbn am¿ A_vZ≈m Xncs™Sp°s∏´p. F∂m¬
hmbn°phm≥ am{Xta ]Tn®ncp∂p≈q. A¿∞w a\ nem°msXbmWv At±lØn\v F√m sa{Xm∑mcpsSbpw thm´v In´m™XpsIm≠msW∂p
hmbn®ncp∂Xv. ]dbs∏Sp∂p, Xp¿°n kp¬Øms‚ AwKoImcw e`n®n√. BbXn\m¬
sa{Xm∑m¿ A_vZp≈mbv°p ]Icw am¿ A_vtZZv aninlmsb sXcs™
Sp°pIbpw kp¬Øms‚ ^n¿am≥ (AwKoImc]{Xw) e`n°pIbpw
sNbvXp. am¿ A_vZ≈m ItØmen°mk`bn¬ tN¿∂v tlmwkv cq]X
bpsS A[y£\mbn. F∂m¬ ]Øph¿j߃°ptijw A_vtZZv
aninlmbv°v \¬Inbncp∂ AwKoImc]{Xw Xp¿°n kp¬Øm≥ ]n≥
hen®p. ]Icw sa{Xm∑m¿ IqSn am¿ A_vZ≈msb Xncs™Sp°pIbpw
kp¬Øms‚ AwKoImcw e`n°pIbpw sNbvXp. am¿ A_vZ≈m ItØm
en°m sa{Xm≥ ÿm\w cmPnh®v 1906 HmKÃv 15˛\v bmt°m_mb
]m{Xnb¿°okmbn ÿm\ta‰p. A_vtZZv aninlm anZnbmØn¬ t]mbn
Xmakn®p.
am¿ Zoh∂mtkymkpw am¿ Iqdnt√mkpw
]pent°m´v am¿ Zoh∂mtkymkv hm¿≤IyZisb {]m]n®t∏mƒ,
c≠p aev]m∑msc sa{Xm∑mcm°m\mbn ]›ntajybn¬ ]m{Xnb¿°o
kns‚ ASp°te°v Ab®p. hS°p \n∂v apf¥pcpØn sIm®p]dºn¬
]utemkv aev]ms\, ]utemkv am¿ Iqdnt√mkv F∂ t]cnepw sX°p
\n∂v a√∏≈n¬ h´t»cn¬ Koh¿Kokv aev]ms\, Koh¿Kokv am¿
Zoh∂mtkymkv F∂ t]cnepw 1908 sabv 31˛\v am¿ AlØ≈m ]m{Xn
b¿°okv sa{Xm∑mcmbn hmgn®p.
74 75
 ]p¯³ IqäpImÀ ]p¯³ IqäpImÀ

1909 Pqsse 11˛\v ]pent°m´n¬ am¿ Zoh∂mtkymkv \ncymX\mbn. kw_‘ambn AWphnSbv°v IqSpX¬ I¿Øhytam AhImitam
1909 I¿°SIw (HmKÃv) 28˛\v h´t»cn¬ Koh¿Kokv am¿ Zoh∂mtkymkv A[nImctam C√...ae¶c sa{Xmt∏meoØm CXp IqSmsX ae¶c
ae¶c sa{Xmt∏meoØmbmbn ÿm\ta‰p. amt\PnwKv IΩn‰nbpsSbpw {]knU‚mWv. Cu Atkmkntbj\pw
IΩn‰nbpw apf¥pcpØn kp\ltZmkn\m¬ ÿm]n®n´p≈XmWv''
I£nhg°ns‚ Bcw`w
(kpdnbm\n k`, Vol. 4 No. 4, ]pdw 74).
h´t»cn¬ am¿ Zoh∂mtkymkpw sIm®p]dºn¬ am¿ Iqdnt√mkpw
XΩn¬ ]n¬°meØv, c≠p hn`mKßfpsS t\Xm°∑mcmbn \n∂v,
A_vZ≈m ]m{Xnb¿°okns‚ hchv
tImSXnbn¬ tIkv \StØ≠nh∂p. h´n∏Wt°kv F∂ t]cn¬ AXv am¿ A_vZ≈m ]m{Xnb¿°okv 1909 Xpemw 3˛\v tIm´bØv FØn
Adnbs∏Sp∂p. Cu tIkv Bcw`n°p∂Xn\papºv h´t»cn¬ Xncpta t®¿∂p. ChnSpsØ k` taep≈ euInIm[nImcw imizXambn Dd∏n
\nbpw Iq´p{SÃnIfpw XΩn¬ \ockap≠mIpIbpw AIepIbpw sNbvXp. °Wsa∂p≈ Dt±itØmSpIqSnbmbncp∂p h∂Xv. ae¶ck`ta¬
AXn\v H∂p c≠p ImcW߃ D≠mbn. ]m{Xnb¿°okn\v Bflobm[nImcw am{Xta D≈q F∂pw, euInIm[n
Imcw Cs√∂pw tdmb¬ tImSXnhn[nbn¬ ]d™ncp∂p. apf¥pcpØn
1. ""Be∏psg Pn√mt°mSXnbpsS ASp°¬ bmt°m_mb k`
kp\ltZmkv \n›b߃°v A\pkrXambn k`bn¬ Xs‚ euInIm
hIbmbn Hcp ]pcbnSap≠mbncp∂p. AXv kn. sP. Ipcys‚ IpSpw_
[nImcw kΩXn®psIm≠p≈ DSºSn cPnÿ sNbvXp sImSp°Wsa∂v
°m¿ sImSpØXmbncp∂p. AXv Iq´p{SÃnIfmb kn. sP. Ipcys‚bpw
sa{Xm∑mtcmSv Bhiys∏´p.
tIm\m´v amØ≥ aev]ms‚bpw Adnhpw kΩXhpw IqSmsX h´t»cn¬
Xncpta\n ae¶c sa{Xmt∏meoØm F∂ \nebn¬, lcn∏m´v IrjvW kΩX]{Xw FgpXn hmßnbtijw, ]m{Xnb¿°okv, AI∏dºv
ø¿°v XosdgpXns°mSpØp. AXpaqew kn. sP. Ipcy\pw aev]m\pw CShIbn¬ ]ueqkv dºms\ am¿ AØm\mtkymkv F∂ t]cn¬
sa{Xmt\mSv \ockw tXm∂n'' (tN∏m´v. ]oent∏mkv dºm≥, ]q¿∆Ime 1910 CShw 27\pw, CShgn°¬ Koh¿Kokv I»oimsb Iv\m\mb°mcpsS
kvacWIƒ, ]pdw, 23) h´t»cn¬ aev]m\pw tIm\m´p aev]m\pw skan H∂masØ sa{Xmt∏meoØmbmbn am¿ tkthdntbmkv F∂ t]cn¬
\mcnbn¬ aev]m∑mcmbn ka\nebn¬ Ign™p IqSnbhcmWv. 1910 HmKÃv 28˛mw XobXnbpw sa{Xmt∏meoØmamcmbn hmgn®p. sIm®p
]dºn¬ ]utemkv am¿ Iqdntemkv 1910 Nnßw 29˛\v A{]Imcw Hcp
2. ""\nt£]apdnbpsS aq∂p Xmt°mepIfn¬ Hmtcm∂v Iq´p{SÃnIƒ
DSºSn FgpXns°mSpØp.
aq∂p t]cn¬ HmtcmcpØcpsSbpw ssIbn¬ Ccn°Wsa∂Xmbncp∂p
Iogvhg°w. F∂m¬ aev]m\®≥ Zqsc ]mºm°pS Xmakn°p∂Xn F∂m¬ h´t»cn¬ Xncpta\n A{]Imcw DSºSn FgpXns°mSp
\mepw sa{Xmt∏meoØm Ft∏mgpw ÿeØn√mXncp∂XpsIm≠pw B °m≥ hnkΩXn®p. AXns\Xnsc ]m{Xnb¿°okv i‡nbmbn {]Xn
Xmt°mepw kn. sP. Ipcys‚ ]°¬ Ccp∂psh∂pw...{]kvXmhn®n´p≠v. Icn®p. ""temIØnep≈ F√m PUvPnamcpw IqSn hn[n®mepw ]cnip≤m
85˛se IΩn‰ntbmKw Sn Xmt°mepIƒ am¿ Zoh∂mtkymkv ssIhiw flmhp apJm¥ncw euInIhpw Bflobhpamb Imcyßfn¬ ]m{Xnb¿
am{Xw Ccn°Wsa∂p \n›bw sNbvXp. {SÃnIƒ XΩn¬ ]nWßp °okn\p e`n®ncn°p∂ A[nImcw Hcn°epw \jvSs∏SpIbn√. Ah
hm≥ CSbmbn'' ("kpdnbm\nk`' amknI, Vol. 4 No. 4,]pdw 74). AXpt]mse ]ckv]c_‘nXhpw ]ckv]cw B{ibn®ncn°p∂XpamWv.
H∂n√msX a‰Xn\v \ne\n¬°m≥ km[ya√'' (]m{Xnb¿°okns‚
3. ""ae¶c sa{Xmt∏meoØmbn¬ c≠p {][m\ DtZymK߃ ÿnXn Iev]\bn¬ \n∂v ae¶ck` 1876˛1976).
sNøp∂p≠v. At±lw ]©mbØphn[n{]Imcw Hcp IioimtbmSpw Hcp
hnizmkntbmSpw H∏w Hcp Iq´p{SÃnbmWv. Iq´p{SÃn F∂m¬ {SÃv am¿ Zoh∂mtkymkns‚ apS°v
kw_‘amb Imcyßfn¬ kaamb NpaXebpw I¿XrXzhpw D≈ {SÃn tIm´bw ]gb skan\mcnbpw a‰p kapZmb kzØp°fpw ssIhi
Ifn¬ Hcmƒ F∂mWv. sa{Xm≥ {SÃn°v a‰p≈ {SÃnItf°mƒ {SÃp s∏SpØp∂Xn\mbn ]m{Xnb¿°okpw a‰p sa{Xm∑mcpw ]gb skan\m
76 77
 ]p¯³ IqäpImÀ ]p¯³ IqäpImÀ

cnbn¬ Hmtcmtcm apdnIfn¬ Xmakam°n. am¿ Zoh∂mtkymkpw AhnsS apS°n\ptijw am¿ Zoh∂mtkymkv Ipsd \mftØ°v hn. Ip¿_m\
Hcp apdnbn¬ Xmakn®ncp∂p. am¿ Zoh∂mtkymkv hgßp∂Xns√∂p A¿∏n®ncp∂n√. A_vtZZv aninlmbpsS Iºn In´nbtijamWv At±lw
I≠v, ]m{Xnb¿°okv At±lsØ apS°ns°m≠p≈ Iev]\ FgpXn hn. Ip¿_m\ A¿∏n°phm≥ XpSßnbXv.
cPnÿ sNbvXp A©¬am¿§w (t]mÃv hgn) ASpØ apdnbnep≈ am¿ am¿ Zoh∂mtkymkv IØ\m¿ Bbncn°ptºmƒ 1892˛¬ {]kn≤
Zoh∂mtkymkn\v 1911 CShØn¬ Ab®psImSpØp. Iq´p{SkvddnIfm s∏SpØnb ""atXm]tZikmc߃'' F∂ IrXnbn¬ Xmsg hcpw {]Imcw
bncp∂ kn. sP. Ipcy\pw tIm\m´p aev]m\pw ]m{Xnb¿°okn\v F√m FgpXnbncp∂p: ""k`bpsS ]´XzØn\SpØ tae[nImcw At¥ymIym
HØmiIfpw sImSpØpsIm≠ncp∂p. am¿ Zoh∂mtkymkns‚ ssI knwlmk\Ønt∑¬ hmgp∂ tamdm≥ tam¿ C·mØntbmkv ]m{Xnb¿
Iƒ°v hndb¬ Ds≠∂ ImcWw ]d™mWv At±lsØ apS°nbXv. °okv _mhmXncpa\ nte°v Ccn°p∂XmIp∂p. (aØm. 23:2˛3)...
tZmjnIfmbn Is≠Øs∏Sp∂hsc apSt°≠Xpw apS°nbXns‚
apS°n\ptijw ]e Ahkcßfnembn ]e A\njvSkw`hßfpw tijw Ah¿ bmsXmcp IqZmiIfpw Ign®pIqSmØXpw i¶ Xo¿∂p
D≠mbn. Ahsbm∂pw ChnsS hnhcn°p∂n√. Ign°p∂htcmSpIqsS hnizmknIƒ kw_‘n®p IqSmØXpamIp∂p''
1911 Nnßw 14˛\v Bephmbn¬ h®v ]m{Xnb¿°okns‚ A[y£X (atXm]tZikmc߃˛10˛mw kwKXn).
bn¬ IqSnb ]≈n {]Xn]pcpj tbmKØn¬, am¿ Zoh∂mtkymkn\p
]Icw sIm®p]dºn¬ ]ueqkv am¿ Iqdntemkns\ ae¶c sa{Xmt∏m
eoØmbmbpw sa{Xmt∏meoØ≥ {SÃnbmbpw Xncs™SpØp \nban®p.
F´p Znhk߃°ptijw 1087 Nnßw 22˛mw XobXn am¿ Zoh∂m
tkymkv tIm´bØv Atkmkntbj≥ hnfn®pIq´n sa{Xmt∏meoØm
bpsS apS°v Akm[phmsW∂v {]Jym]n®p. tIm\m´p amØ≥
aev]ms\bpw kn. sP. Ipcys\bpw Iq´p{SÃn ÿm\Øp \n∂v am‰n
]Icw amWn ]ueqkv IØ\mscbpw tImcpf G{_lmans\bpw
Iq´p{SÃnIfmbn Xncs™SpØp.
ChnsS k`bn¬ Hcp ]nf¿∏p D≠m°nbtijw ]m{Xnb¿°okv
1911 HIvtSm_dn¬ XncnsIt∏mbn. AXpaqew D≠mb tIkpIfpw
a’chpw Ahkm\n°msX C∂pw XpScp∂p.
am¿ Zoh∂mtkymkns\ am¿ A_vZ≈m apS°nb hnhcw ^mZ¿
]n. ‰n. Koh¿Kokv (]n∂oSv _Y\nbpsS am¿ Cuhm\ntbmkv) bYm
kabw am¿ A_vtZZv aninlmsb Adnbn®p. XmaknbmsX AXn\v
adp]Sn e`n®p. IºnhmNIw C{]Imcambncp∂p: ""Zoh∂mtkymkpw
Iq´cpw A\p{KloXcmIp∂p; A_vZ≈mbpsS apS°v Akm[phmIp∂p''
(KncnZo]w, ]pdw, 30) am¿ A_vtZZv aninlm Ab® Cu Iºn 1911 HmKÃv
17˛\v ChnsS In´nbXmbn ""kpdnbm\nk`'' ]pdw, 263˛¬ ]dbp∂p.
78 79
 ]p¯³ IqäpImÀ ]p¯³ IqäpImÀ

AXn-\p-tijw 1088 aIcw 26-˛\v sNß-∂q¿ ]≈n-bn¬ h®v I≠-

\mSv ImtcmSv bphm°nw am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbm-kn-s\bpw Imcp-Nnd Koh¿Kokv
am¿ ^o-sem-Ivko-t\m-kn-s\bpw sa{Xm-∑m-cm-bn- hm-gn-®p.
ae-¶-c-bn¬ \n∂v Xncn-®p-t]m-Ip-∂Xn\v -ap-ºm-bn 1913 (1088)- Ipw`w
13 8˛-\v Im-tXm-en-°m-knw-lm-k\w ae-¶-c-bn¬ imiz-X-ambn \ne-\n¿Øp-
∂-Xn-\p≈ I¬∏-\bpw FgpXn ]m{Xn-b¿°okv H∏n-´p-sIm-Sp-Øp. (C©-
am¿ A_vtZZvan-in-lmbpw °-tem-Sn, B¿®p-_n-j∏v am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbm-kv, ]pdw, 121-).
ImtXm-en-°m-hm-gvNbpw ImtXm-en-t°m-kns\ hmgn-®p- I-gn™v A©p-am-kØ - n-\p-tijw, Xncn-
®p-t]m-Ip-∂X - n\v A©pZnh-kw- apºp am{X-amWv ImtXm-en-°m-ÿm-]\ - -
kw-_‘ - amb Cu I¬∏\ ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-®X - .v 1088 Ipw`w 13-˛\v am¿- A-_tv ZZv
^m.-]n.-‰n. Koh¿Kokv (Fw.-F.-A®
- ≥) hfsc kpZo¿L-amb Hcp- IØv an-i-n-lm -Xn-cn-sI -t]m-bn.
am¿ A_vtZZvan-in-lm-bp-sS t- ]¿°v ]n∂oSv Ab-®p. AXn\v am¿ A_vtZZv ImtXmen°mhmgvNsb∏‰nbp≈ Iev]\
an-in-lm-bn¬ \n∂v adp-]S- n h
- ∂p: ImtXmen°msb hmgn®tijw A_vtZZv aninlm ]m{Xnb¿°okv
""ae-¶-c-bn-te°v hcp-∂-Xn\pw ImtXm-en-°m-knw-lm-k\w ÿm]n- c≠p Iev ] \Iƒ ]pds∏Sphn®p. BZytØXv ImtXmen°msb
°p-∂X - n\pw Xm≥ k∂-≤\ - m-sW∂pw, ]t£ bm{X-s®-eh - n-\p≈ ]Ww hmgn®Xns\∏‰nbp≈ H∂masØ Iev]\bpw, ImtXmen°mÿm]\w
ap≥Iq´n Ab-®p- sIm-Sp- °- W -- s
- a∂pw Bbn-cp-∂p {- ]-kX v pX IØn¬ Fgp- ÿncambn ae¶cbn¬ ÿm]n®psIm≠p≈ c≠masØ Iev]\bpw.
Xn-bn-cp-∂X - .v IØnse Xm¬∏-cy-a\ - p-kc
- n-®,v - am¿ Znh-∂m-tkym-kns‚ A\p- H∂masØ Iev]\
a-Xn-tbm-Sp-IqSn bm{X-s®-eh
- n-te°v \qdp ]h≥ ap≥Iq´n Ab-®p-sIm-Sp-°p- ""....]t{Xmkn\SpØ ]mdta¬ kpÿnccpw....Bbn hmgvØs∏´
I-bpw -sN-bvXp'' (C©-°-tem-Sn, B¿®p-_n-j∏v am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbm-kv, {][m\mNmcy∑mcpw....Bb h¬ke∑mcpsS inckpIfn¬ h∂v
1. -t]Pv, 115). Bhkn°pamdmIs´....
am¿ A_vtZZvan-inlm 1087 I¿°n-SIw 12-˛\v ]cp-a-e-bn¬ FØn. ....aninlm Imew 1912 I∂namkw 12˛mw XobXn....\nßfpsS At]
1088 Nnßw 26-˛\v I√m-t»-cn¬ ]p∂qkv dºms\ am¿ {KtKm-dn-tbmkv £m\pkcWw \ΩpsS Bflobhm’eyhm\mb Cuhm\ntbmkns\
F∂ t- ]-cn¬ sa{Xm-\mbn hmgn-®p. _tkentbmkv F∂ \maØn¬ a{]nbm\mbn Ing°ns‚bpw, AXmbXv
C¥ybnepw a‰pap≈ am¿tØmΩm«olmbpsS knwlmk\Øns‚
apdn-a‰
- Øv am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbm-kns\ ImtXm-en°m Bbn hmgn-°m≥
ImtXmen°m Bbn \mw ]´w sImSpØncn°p∂p....Zoh∂mtkymkv
F√m-h-cpw-IqSn \n›-bn-®p. ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kns‚ IqsS h∂- c≠p dºm- A≤y£\mbncn°p∂ ae¶c Atkmkntbj≥ AwKßfpsS BtemN
∑m¿ ImtXm-en-°m-hm-gvNbv°v FXn-cm-bn- c- p-∂p.- F-∂m¬ Fw.-F.-A®≥ \tbmSpIqSn ]cnip≤ k`bpsS {Ia]me\Øn\mhiyamb F√m
At±-l-sØ- ss[-cy-s∏-Sp-Øn. 1912 sk]v‰w-_¿ 15-˛\v Rm-b-dm-gvN- \n-c- BfloImhiyßfpw s]mXphmbn ip{iqjn∏m≥ At±lØn\p ]cnip≤
Ww-]≈ - n-bn¬ h®v apdn-a‰
- Øv ]utemkv am¿ C - u-hm-\n-tbm-kns\ _t - dqlmbm¬ A[nImcw \¬Is∏´p. AXmbXv sa{Xmt∏meoØ∑mscbpw
en-tbmkv ]utemkv F-∂- t]cn¬ ae-¶c - bnse H∂m-as - Ø- Im-tXm-en-°m- F∏nkvtIm∏∑mscbpw ]´w sImSp°phm\pw ]cnip≤ aqtdm≥ IqZmi
Bbn hmgn-®p. sNøphm\pw.....'' (ae¶ck`mZo]w, 2012 \hw_¿ 1˛15).
80 81
 ]p¯³ IqäpImÀ ]p¯³ IqäpImÀ

c≠masØ Iev]\ I√m- t »- c n¬ ]p∂qkv dºm≥ (- ] n- ∂ oSv aq∂mw - I m- t Xm--e n- ° m)

1912-˛¬ sIm®p-]d - º
- n¬ Koh¿Kokv dºm-\b- ® IØn¬ C - {- ]-Imcw tNmZn-
"".....\nßfpsS At]£ t]mse _tkentbmkv F∂ \maØn¬
°p∂p:
a{]nbms\bpw AXmbXv ImtXmen°msbbpw....hmgn®p.... At¥ymJym
knwlmk\tØmSp≈ kvt\l_‘Øns‚ kw_‘Øn¬ apºne 1912 anYp\w 7
tØ°mƒ A[nIambn AXp ÿncs∏Spsa∂pw \mw Adnbp∂p.... ]cpae knΩ\mcn
ImtXmen°m \ncymWw {]m]n°ptºmƒ At±lØns‚ ÿm\Øn¬ em_q≥ Zbtdmsbm Koh¿Kokv avb°vtdmZ≥Xo¿ _vtamdm≥ t«mw.
Hcp ImtXmen°msb hmgn°m≥ \nßfpsS sa{Xm∑m¿°v A[nImchpw
......Znb-kvt°m-tdm-kn-s\bpw _¿ ku-am-sbbpw temI-Øn-ep≈
AhImihpap≠v....At¥ymJymbpsS «olmbv°SpØ knwlmk\hp
kIe F∏n-kvt°m-∏∑ - m-cpw-IqSn apS-°n. B apS-°ns\- A-hn-Sp-∂v kzo-I-
ambp≈ kvt\l_‘Øn¬ \n∂v....\n߃ th¿]ncnbcpsX∂v \nß
cn- °p-∂pt≠m? kzoI-cn-°p-∂n-s√-¶n¬ Imc-Ws - a¥v?''.....
fpsS kXykvt\ltØmSv \mw Iev]n°p∂p. apºnesØ \nßfpsS
Zbtdmsbm ]p∂qkv
]pWyhm∑mcmb ]nXm°∑msct∏mse \n߃ A\pkcWap≈hcpw
avlosem DlmtØmsbm
Xncn®dnhp≈hcpw BsW∂v \mw Adnbp∂p. \nßfpsS ⁄m\Øn\p
H∏v
CXp aXn. Aev]Øn¬ \n∂v hfsc \n߃ a\ nem°pw'' (ae¶c
(F{Xbpw kmchØmb F-gp-Øp -]p-kvX-Iw, 1933).
k`mZo]w 2012 \hw_¿ 1˛15).
h´n-∏-W-t°kv
am¿ Zn-h-∂m-tkym-kns‚ Hma-√q¿]-≈n--bnse {]kwKw
am¿ A
- _ - Zv ≈m _mh-bpsS ]£-Øp-≈h - cpw am¿ Zn-h∂- m-tkym-kns‚
914-˛¬ h´t»cn¬ Xncpta\n Hma-√q¿ ]≈-nb - n¬ h∂n-cp-∂p-sIm≠v, ]-£-Øp-≈-hcpw h´n-∏-W-Øns‚ ]en-i-bv°p-th≠n hmZw- D-∂-bn-®p.
]gb skan\mcnbn¬ At±lØns‚ kplrØmbncp∂, Hma√q¿ a™n- 1908 apX-ep≈ ]eni Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw Pn√m-tIm-S-Xnbn¬ sI´n-h®v
\n-°sc, Ce-hn-\m-a-Æn¬ kvIdnbm a¬∏m-\®s\ Bf-b-®p- hn-fn-∏n-®p bYm¿Y A - h - I
- m-in-Iƒ°v AXv sImSp-°W - s - a∂v ImWn®v Hcp C‚¿πo-
""apS-°s - ∏´ sa{Xms‚ ssIap-Øm≥ Rm≥ Xbm-d√ - .- A-Xp-sIm≠v Rm≥ U¿ tIkv 1088-˛¬ ^b¬ sN-bvXp. am¿ Zn-h∂ - m-tkymkv ^b-¬ sNbvX
hcp-∂n√'' F∂v a¬∏m-\® - ≥ h∂- B-fn-t\mSv ]d-™b - ®
- p. Abmƒ- B - F A-°w I - m-\≥ BWv k`-bpsS icn-bmb Im\≥ F∂pw am¿ Zn-h∂ - m-
hn-hcw Xncp-ta-\n-sb- A-dn-bn-®p.Aßs\ Hcp adp]Sn Xncpta\n Hcn°epw tkymkns‚ apS°v Akm-[p-hm-sW∂pw adp-`m-Kw- lm-Pc - m-°nb 18 A°w
{]Xo£n®p ImWpIbn√. Im\≥ hymP-\n-¿-an-X-am-sW∂pw h´n-∏-W-Øns‚ ]eni hmßm-\p≈
]nt‰-Zn-hkw Rmb-dmgvN hn.-Ip¿_m-\- at[y Xncp-ta\n hfsc Ah-Imiw am¿ Zn-h∂ - m-tkym-kn\pw Iq´p-{S-Ãn-Iƒ°pw BsW∂pw 1095
{it≤bamb Hcp {]kwKw sNbvXp: ""Adp-\q-‰n-Nn-ezm\w sa{Xm-∑m¿ IqSn Nnßw 3˛-\v Pn-√m-PUvPn hn[n-®p.
apS--°n-b- ap-S°v apS-°√
- .- \-ΩpsS apS°v apS-°m-Wp- t]mepw.'' Cu hmNIw CXn-t∑¬ FXn¿]-£-Øp-≈ -am¿ AØ-\m-tkym-kpw- Iq-´p-{S-Ãn-
Xs‚ {]kwKØn¬ At±lw ]e {]mhiyw Bh¿Øn®p. 451˛¬ I¬°- Ifpw Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ sslt°m-SX - n-bn¬ A∏o¬ t_m-[n-∏n-®p. 1098 ao\w
tZm-\n-bm (Im¬knU≥)- kq-\-l-tZm-kn¬ h®v GIkz`mhhmZnbmb 10-˛\v P
- n-√m-tIm-SX - n-hn[n Aÿn-c-s∏-Sp-Øn-s°m≠v No^v PÃokv B¿.
AeIvkm≠vdnbm ]m{Xnb¿°okv ZobkvtImtdmkns\ 630 sa{Xm-∑m¿ hoc-cm-Lh - ø
- ¿, P
- Ã- okv Nm‰v^o¬Uv,- P-Ãokv ]∏p-]n≈ F∂n-hc - pƒs∏´
IqSn- apS-°n-. B apS°s∏´ ZobkvtImtdmkns‚ ]n≥KmanbmWv ^pƒ_©v hn[n {]kvXm-hn-®p. am¿ Znh-∂m-tkym-kns‚ apS°v km[p-
At¥ymJym bmt°m_mb ]m{Xnb¿°okv. Aßs\bp≈ Hcp hm-sW∂v Ah¿ hn-[n-®p.-
bmt°m_mb ]m{Xnb¿°okmWv Fs∂ apS°nbncn°p∂Xv. B apS°v C-Xn-t∑¬ sa{Xm≥I-£n-°m¿ (Im-tXm-en-t°mkv I£n) dnhyq
apS°mtWm F∂mWv h´t»cn¬ Xncpta\n tNmZn®Xns‚ kmcw. s]‰o-j≥ ka¿∏n-®p.
82 83
 ]p¯³ IqäpImÀ ]p¯³ IqäpImÀ

am¿ Zn-h-∂m-tkym-kns‚ a¿Zo≥bm{X F∂m¬ 1925 apX¬ am¿ Znh-∂m-tkym-kns\ A\p-Iq-en®p \n∂-h¿
dnhyq s]‰o-j≥ sImSp-Øp- I-gn™v am¿ Zn-h-∂m-tkym-kv ]m{Xn- Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k` F∂- t]cv kzoI-cn-®p. A - ß - s - \- F-gp-Øp-Ip-Øp-Iƒ
b¿°o-kns\ I≠v k-‘n-bm-tem-N-\-bv°mbn a¿Zo-\n-te°v t]mbn. \-S-Øn-Øp-S-ßn. am¿ _t -en-tbmkv Koh¿Kokv c≠m-a≥ ImtXm-en-
°m-_mhm, ]p\-sscIyw kw_-‘n®v 1926-˛¬ _Y-\n-bpsS am¿ C - u-hm-\n-
bm{Xm-at[y _mKvZm-Zn¬ h®v kpdn-bm-\n- I-tØm-en°m k`-bn¬s]-´-
tbmkv sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Ømbv°v Ab-®- I-Øn¬ ""Zn Hm¿tØm-tUmIvkv
Hcp sa{Xms\ ImWm≥- C-Sb - m-Ip-Ib- pw A- t- ±-lt- ØmSv kss`-Iy-kw-_-
kndn-b-≥ N¿®v- Hm^v ae-_m¿''F∂mWv Fgp-Xn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv (C©-°-
‘-am-bn- kw-`m-jW - w\ - S- ØpI-bpw- sN-bvXp (C©-°t- em-Sn, B¿®p-_n-
tem-Sn, B¿®p-_n-j∏- v am-¿ Cu-hm-\n-tbm-kv, 1 ]
- pdw.268).
j∏v am¿ C - u-hm-\n-tbm-kv,- t],262).- A-Xn-\p-tijw am¿ Zn-h∂ - m-tkymkv
Pq¨ 21-˛\v a¿Zo-\n-seØn Gen-bmkv aq∂m-a≥ ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kns\ I≠v IS-º\
- mSv tlmtd_v Zb-dm-sb-∏‰n am¿ {KotKm-dn-tbmkv sa{Xm-t∏m-
N¿®-Iƒ \S-Øn.- A-h¿ Nne [mc-WI - f
- n¬- FØn.- a-e¶- cbn-te°v Xncn- eo-Øm-bpsS thtdmcp Iev]\ Xmsg tN¿°p∂p:
®p-hc- p-tºmƒ am¿ Zn-h∂ - m-tkym-kn-t\m-sSm∏w am¿ bq-en-tbm-kv F∂ s- a-{Xms\ The ORTHDOX SYRIAN CHURCH OF MALANKARA
]m{Xn-b¿°okv Ab-®p. -ap-S-°p-Xo¿Ø -I¬∏\ ]m{Xn-b¿°okv am¿
ae-¶c kvXpXn sNm∆m-°s
- ∏´ kpdn-bm-\n-k`
b-qe
- n-tbmkv hiw sImSp-Øb - ®- pF- ∂pw F∂m¬ t\csØ kΩ-Xn-®n-cp-∂
h
- y-hÿ - I
- ƒ, ae-¶c - b
- n¬ Xn-cs - I- F-Øn-bt- ijw am¿ Zn-h∂ - m-tkymkv ap{Z
]men-°m≥ hn-kΩ - X- n-®X - n-\m¬ apS-°p I - ¬∏\ {]m_-ey-Øn¬ hcp-Øn- \ncWw apX-emb CS-h-I-I-fpsS am¿ {KotKm-dn-tbmkv sa{Xm-t∏m-
bn-√- F-∂p-amWv ]d-bs - ∏-Sp-∂X - v. eo-Øm-bn¬ \n∂v \ΩpsS Bflob a°-fmb F√m-hcpw IqSn Is≠-
]ueqkv am¿ Iqdn-temkv sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm 1917 (1093) [\p amkw ∂m¬ \n߃°v hmgvhv.
1˛mw XobXn \ncym-X-\m-bn. 1093 aIcw 18-˛\v ]ueqkv am¿ AØm-\m- {]nb-sc, Ign™ i\n-bmgvN \mw ChnsS FØn. tlmtd_v Zb-
tkym-kn-s\, am¿ Iqdn-tem-kn\p ]Icw ]m{Xn-b¿°okv `mKw ae-¶c dmbpw ]≈nbpw I√n´p IqZmi sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂p....
sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øb
- mbn Xnc-s™-Sp-Øp.
ssZhw \nßsf A\p-{K-ln-°s
- ´. F∂v
1924 (1099) Ipw`w 19-˛\v Aevamb {SÃn kn. sP. Ipcy≥ \ncym-X\
- m-bn.
1928-˛\v sIm√w 1103-˛m-am≠v CSh amkw 16-˛mw XobXn IS-º-\m´p
Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k` tlmtd_p Zb-dm-bn¬ \n∂pw
A_vZ≈m ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kv am¿ Znh-∂m-tkym-kns\ apS-°n-b t- i-jhpw (H-∏v)
1925 hsc c≠p-Iq-´cpw bmt°m-_m-b-°m¿ F-∂- t]-cn-emWv Adn-bs∏- c≠mw- Im-tXm-en-°m-hmgvN
´ncp-∂Xv. 1917-˛¬- A-®S- n® Hcp \a-k°
v m-c- ]pkvXI
- Ø
- ns‚ BZy-t]-Pn¬
Xmsghcpw {- ]-Im-cw- A®-Sn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. A_vtZZvan-inlm ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kn-\m¬ hmgn-°s - ∏´ H∂mw- Im-tXm-
en°m 1913 taSw 20-˛\v (sabv 2\v) acn-®t- ijw 12 h¿j-tØmfw thsdmcp
""bmt°m-_mb kpdn-bm-\n {- In-kX v ym-\n-If
- psS hen-b- t\m-ºn-se -\-a- ImtXm-en-°msb hmgn-°m≥ sa{Xm≥ I-£n-°m¿ ss[cy-s∏-´n-√. ]m{Xn-
kv°m-c{- I-aw.- A-t¥ym-Jy-bp-sS h - n-ip≤ knwlm-k\ - Ø
- n-t∑¬ I¿Ø-hy- b¿°o-kp-ambn \S-Ønb k‘n-bm-tem-N-\-Iƒ ]cm-P-b-s∏-´-Xns\
s∏-´n-cn-°p∂ hnip≤ tamdm≥ tam¿ C·m-tXymkv ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kp-_m-hm- XpS¿∂v ImtXm-en-°m-sb hmgn-°m≥ Ah¿ Xocp-am-\n-®p. tIm´bw CS-
Xn-cpa-\- nse \mfp-I-fn¬, ae-¶-c -C-S-h-I-bpsS am¿ Zn-h-∂m-tkymkv h-I-bpsS am¿ ]oem-Ivko-t\m-kns\ 1925 G{]n¬ 30-˛\v am¿ _ - t-  -en-
sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm Xncp-a\ -  - nse I¬∏-\{- ]-Im-cw. t- Im-´bw am¿ tXm-ak - -v tbmkv Koh¿Kokv F∂ t- ]-cn¬ \nc-Ww- ] - ≈
- n-bn¬h®v (Zzn-Xo-b) ImtXm-
A-®p-Iq-SØ- n¬- A-®S- n-®X- v. 16-˛mw ]Xn-∏v.1917''. en-°m- Bbn hmgn-®p.- ]n-t‰-Zn-hkw _Y-\n-bpsS Koh¿Kokv dºms\, am¿
84 85
 ]p¯³ IqäpImÀ ]p¯³ IqäpImÀ

C
- u-hm-\n-tbmkv F∂ t]-cn¬, ImtXm-en°m _mhmbpw bphm°ow am¿- Gen-bmkv ]m{Xn-b¿°okv Pdp-kt- e-an¬ h®v 1102 (1926) X
- p-emw 11-˛\
- v
Cu-hm-\n-tbmkpw am¿ {KntKm-dn-tbm-kpw- IqSn sa-{Xm-\mbn hmgn®p. h´n-∏- an-Jm-tb¬ am¿ Zn-h-∂m-tkymkns\bpw (Im-bw-Ip-fw) tXmakv am¿
Wt°-kn¬ tXm‰p-t]mtb-°p-tam- F∂v- `b∂v am¿ Znh-∂m-tkymkv Ch- Zn-b-kvt°m-tdm-kn-s\bpw (Iv\m-\mb) 1927-˛¬ I-≠-\mSv HutK≥ am¿
bn-sem-∂nepw t\cn´v kw_-‘n-®n-√. hnh-cw- A-dn™ Gen-bm-kv XrXo- Xn-tam-Øn-tbm-kn-s\bpw sa{Xm-t∏meo-Øm-am-cmbn hmgn-®p.
b≥ ]m-{Xn-b¿°okv, ImtXm-en-°m-_m-hm-sbbpw am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbm-kn- 1103 Xpemw 22-˛\v (1927 \hw-_¿), sshZnI {SÃn tIm\m´v amØ≥
s\bpw i - ]- n-®p-sIm≠p≈ Hcp Iev]\ CS-hI - I
- f- n¬ hmbn-°p-hm-\mbn aev]m≥ \ncym-X\- m-bn.
Ab-®p-sIm-Sp-Øp. (C-©t- °m-Sn, B¿®p-_n-j∏v am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbmkv 1
]pdw, 184-˛186). aq∂mw- Im-tXm-en-°m-hmgvN
dnhyq s]‰o-j≥ 1928 [\p 4˛\v ZznXob ImtXm-en°m I≠-\m´p am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbmkv
\ncym-X\ - m-bn. 1104 (1929) Ipw`w 2˛\v am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-
dnhyq-s]-‰o-j≥ hnNm-c-Wbv°v h∂-t∏mƒ, tIkv t\c-sØ- tI´
Ømbpw _Y-\n-bpsS am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbmkv sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Ømbpw IqSn,
No^v PÃokv hoc-cm-L-h-øcpw PÃokv ]∏p-]n-≈bpw dn´-b¿ sN-bvXn
tIm´bw am¿ Genbm Nm∏-en¬h®v am¿ {KotKm-dn-tbmkv sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-
cp-∂p.- Nm-‰^
v o¬Uv No-^v P-Ão--kmbn. No^v PÃokpw PÃ-ok
- p-am-cmb tPmk^v
Ømsb (I-√n-t»-cn¬) am¿ _t -en-tbmkv Koh¿Kokv F∂ t]cn¬
Xfn-bØpw Nß-\m-t»cn ]c-ta-iz-c≥]n-≈bpw Dƒs∏´ ^pƒ_©v A∏o- aq∂m-asØ ImtXm-en-°b - mbn hmgn-®p. Ct±lw 1912-˛¬ am¿ A_vtZZv
ens‚ ]p\¿hm-Zw- tI-´p. anin-lm-bn¬ \n∂p-amWv sa{Xm-`n-tjIw {]m]n-®X - v.
am¿ Zn-h∂- m-tkym-kns\ apS-°n-bXv X°-Xmb ImcWw IqSm-sXbpw ImtXm-en-°m-bmbn hmgn-°-s∏-´-tijw At±lw Iev]-\-I-fn¬,
hni-Zo-Ic- Ww tNmZn-°m-sX--bp-am-bn-cp-∂X - n-\m¬, apS°v Akm-[p-hm-sW- ""hnip≤ tXmΩm-«o-lm-bpsS ]uc-kvXy-knw-lm-k-\-Øn-t∑¬ Bcq-V-
∂m-bn-cp-∂p sa{Xm≥I-£n-bpsS hmZw. kzm`m-hnI \ - o-Xn°v hncp-≤s
- a-∂ \mbn _e-lo-\-\mb c≠m-asØ Koh-dp-Kokv F∂v A`n-[m-\-ap≈
I
- m-cW
- Ø- m¬ am¿ Znh-∂m-tkym-kns‚ apS-°-v A-km-[p-hm-sW∂pw Bb- _t -en-tbmkv ImtXm-en°m'' F∂v Fgp-Xn-Øp-Sß- n. BZysØ c≠p
Xn-\m¬ At±-lhpw Iq´p{SÃn-Ifpw h´n-∏-W-Øn\v A¿l-cm-sW∂pw ImtXm-en-°m-amcpw am¿tØmΩm «olm-bpsS knwlm-k-\-Øn¬ Ccn-
Pn√m-t°m-SX - n-bp-sS h
- n[n icn-h®
- p-sIm≠v, ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kp-`mKw t_m[n- °p∂p F∂v Ah-Im-is - ∏-´n-cp-∂n-√.
∏n-®- A-∏o¬ 1928 Pqembv 4˛-\v ssl-t°m-SXn sNe-hp-k-lnXw X≈n.
Cu tIkn¬ PÃo-kv X-fn-bØv C{]-Imcw ]d™p:""H∂mw-{]-Xn-
bpsS apS°v Akm-[p-hm-sW∂v h∂m¬ Xs∂bpw {`jvS-\m-°-s∏´
A_vtZZvan-in-lm-sb- A-t±lw ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kmbn kzoI-cn-®X - p-sIm≠v
ioivah- gn k`-bn¬\n∂v CX-c\ - m-bn- t]m-bX
- n-\m¬, {SÃn-bm-bn XpS-cm≥
]mSn-√m-sb-∂ h
- mZw Hcp sshZn-It- Im-SXn N¿®-sNbvXp Xocp-am-\nt°≠-
Xm-Wv.''
PÃokv ]c-ta-iz-c≥ ]n≈bpw AtX A`n-{]mbw tcJ-s∏-SpØn:
""A_vtZZvan-in-lmsb ]m{Xn-b¿°o-km-bn- kzo-Ic
- n-®Xv sX‰m-bn-cp-s∂-¶n¬,
AXv- B-flo-bm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ icn-bm-b-hn[w hnNm-cW \S-Øn sX‰p-
sN-bX
v p F∂v sXfn-™m¬ in£n-°m-hp-∂X - m-W.v Cu tImS-Xn°v At±-
l-Øns‚ Bfln-b-amb sX‰ns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ bmsXmcp Imcy-hp-an√''
86 87
 ]p¯³ IqäpImÀ ]p¯³ IqäpImÀ

{]m¿Yn-°-Ww. ssZhw- B¿°v Gsd sImSp-Øp-thm, -A-h-t\mSv Gsd-

tNm-Zn-°pw. \ap°v X∂n-cn-°p-∂Xv ]Øv Xme-¥-v B-Ip-∂p.- A-Xp-sIm≠v
hym]mcw sNbvXv ]Øp- Iq-sS- em-`a - p-≠m-°ntb aXn-bm-Iq. C - Xv Fßs\
km[n-°p-sa∂v \ap°v bmsXm-cd- n-hp-an-√.- F-tßm-´v t]mI-Ws - a∂pw F¥v
14 B{K-ln-°W - s- a∂pw F¥p {]h¿Øn-°W - s - a∂pw Adn-bmsX \mw Ipg-
ßp-∂p.- H-cp- Imcyw \ap°v \√ \ - n-›b - a
- p-≠.v ...-I¿Øm-th-ip-an-in-lm- \sΩ
am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbm-kv ]nSn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. I¿Øm-hns‚ {]Im-iØ - n¬ \sΩ- \-SØn I¿Øm-hns‚
Af-h‰ al-Xz-Øn\v \sΩbpw \Ωp-sS- G-‰hpw hm’-ey-a° - f - mb \nß-
sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bpsS ]p\-sscIyw sf-√m-hs - cbpw ]pWy-]q¿W-Xbnepw ssZh-Øn-\p- h-fsc hfsc alXzw
hcp-Øp∂ al-Xz-Ønepw FØn-®p-sIm-≈p-∂X - n\v a°-tf, \n߃ {]m¿Yn-
°-tW.- \mw- Ip-cp-S\- m-bn-cp-∂p.- tb-ip-an-in-lm-bp-sS I - Æp am-{Xta \ap-°v
Fw.-F.-A-®≥ (^m. ]n. ‰n. Koh¿Ko-kv) I¬°´mbn¬ skdm-ºq¿ I-Æmbn Bh-iy-ap-≈p.- B I--Æv \ap-°v- F-t∏m-gpw- Im-gN v b- p-≈X- m-bn-
tImf-Pn¬ ]Tn-∏n-®p-sIm-≠n-cp∂ Ah-k-c-Øn¬, tIc-f-Øn¬ \n-∂v cn-∏m≥ \n-߃ {]m¿Yn-°t- W...-\a- p°v bmsXm-∂pw A - d- n-™p-Iq-Sm.- F-tßm´p
Ip-td- bp-h-Xn-Isf D∂-X-hn-Zym-`ymkm¿Yw sIm≠p-t]mbn _mcn-tkm- t]mI-Ww,- F-ßs\ ssZh-a-l-Xz-Øn-\mbn ]cn-{i-an-°-Ww, -F¥p
fn¬ HmIvkvt^m¿Uv anj-≥ F - ∏ - n-^\n kntÃ-gvkn-s‚ N
- p-aX
- e
- b - n-em°n {]h¿Øn-°Ww ˛C-sXm∂pw \mw A-dn-bp-∂n-√.
]cn-io-en-∏n-®p. 1919-˛¬ At±lw skdm-ºq-cn-se- D-tZymKw cmPn-h®v s]cp-
C-Xp- -Iq-SmsX thsdm-cp -kw-KXn IqsS \nß-tfm-Sp- ]-d-bm-\p-≠v.-
\m-´n¬ ap-≠≥a-eb - n¬ h∂v _Y-\n-B{- iaw ÿm]n-®p. 1920-˛¬ ta¬∏-
d-™- bp-h-Xn-Iƒ Xn-cp-h-√bn¬ -Xn-cp-aq-e-]p-c-Øp h∂v, Xncp-aq-se-bp- Iq-sS X- m-ak - n-°p∂ ktlm-Zc - n-am-cn¬ tbip-hns\ ImWp-Ibpw kvt\ln-
≠m-bn-cp∂ kntÃ-gvkns‚ ]cn-io-e-\-Øn¬ Pohn-®p. Fw.-F.- -A-®≥ °p-Ib - pw s- N-øp-∂X
- n-\v ]q¿hm-[nIw \n߃ {i-an-°W - w..- \n-߃ \∂mbn
sa{Xm-\m-bn h - m-gn-°s- ∏-´t- ijw (1925 sabv 1˛\v) sabv 13-˛\v Cu bph-k- {ian-°p-∂p- F∂p \ap-°-dn-b-W-sat∂ \ap-°m-{K-l-ap-≈-p.- km-[n-®p-X-
∂ym-km¿Yn-Iƒ°v Hcp- I-Ø-b-®p. -A-t±-lw- sk]vXw-_¿ 21˛\v A-h-cp- cp-∂h- ≥ ssZh-am-Ip-∂p...
sS -k-\ym-k-{]-XnjvT \S-Øn. A°m-esØ At±-lØ - n-s‚ a - t- \m-`m-hw- k¿h-i-‡-\mb ssZh-Øn‚ Ir]bpw A\p-{K-l-ßfpw \nß-sf-
A-dn-bm≥- Cu- IØv klm-bI - a
- m-Wv. √m-hc
- nepw D≠m-bn-cn-°s
- ´.-
(N.B. ss{I-kvXhIml-f-Øn¬ hµy tN∏m´v ]oen-t∏mkv dºm- H∏v
®≥ {]kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Ønb Cu IØn-t\m-sSm∏w dºm-®s‚ Hcp Ipdn∏pw
D≠v. k\ym-kn-\n-If- psSbpw B{i-a°
- m-cp-sSbpw Npa-Xe Gs‰-Sp-°m≥ 13- sabv 1925. am¿- Cu-hm-\n-tbmkv
sa{Xm-∑m¿ Bcpw Xøm-dm-Im-™-Xp-sIm≠v Fw. F. A®≥ sa{Xm-\m- (ss{IkvXhImlfw 1977 Pqsse).
Im≥ \n¿_-‘n-X\ - mbn F∂mWv dºm-®≥ ]d-™n-cn-°p-∂X - v.) ]p\-sscIyw kw_-‘n® IØn-S-]m-Sp-Iƒ
aTm-w-K-߃°v 1920 sk]v‰w-_¿ 21-˛\v A-b® IØv h´-t»-cn¬ Xn-cp-ta\n a¿Zo-\n¬ \n∂v Xn-cn-sI -h-∂v- A-[n-I-\mƒ
ssZh-Im-cp-Wy-Øm¬ _Y-\n-bpsS am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbm-kv sa-{Xm≥. I-gnbp-∂Xn-\p-apºv, At¥ym-Iym- I-tØm-en-°m- ]m-{Xn-b¿°okv dl-am\n
Xncp-ta-\n-bp-sS H
- c-- p- IØv ]cp-ae
- - h-®-v A-t±-lØ
- n-\v In-´n.- A-t±-lw, ImtXm-
\Ωp-sS A
- \
- p-{K-ln-°s
- ∏-´ a
- °
- ƒs°-√m-h¿°pw hmgvhv.
en°m _mhm-sbbpw am¿ {KotKm-dn-tbmkv sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-sbbpw am¿
a°-tf,- Cuhm-\n-tbmkv sa{Xmt∏meo-Øm-sbbpw ]cp-a-e skan-\mcn-bnte°v
\-Ωp-sS I
- Æ
- n-ep-Æn-If
- m-b- \n-߃- Hcp {]tXyI Imcy-Øn-\p- th≠n hnfn®p hcp-Øn, dlvam\n ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kns‚ IØp ImWn-°p-I-bpw,
88 89
 ]p¯³ IqäpImÀ ]p¯³ IqäpImÀ

`mhn \S-]S- n-Iƒ Btem-Nn®v Xocp-am-\n-°m≥ Ahsc Npa-Xe

- s
- ∏-Sp-Øp- 1. Ct∏m-gsØ ImtXm-en°m ]p\-ssc-Iy-s∏-Sp-hm≥ k∂-≤\- √
- m-Ø-
Ibpw sNbvXp. Ah-cpsS Xocp-am\w F¥p Xs∂ Bbmepw B Xocp- Xp-sIm≠v ImtXm-en°m knwlm-k-\sØtbm, ImtXm-en-°m-ÿm-]-\-
am\w At±lw kzoI-cn-°p-\-∂-Xm-bn-cn-°p-sa∂pw ]d-™p. h´-t»-cn¬ sØtbm ]‰n X¬°mew ]cn-KW - n-°p-∂n-√, At±lw ]p\-ssc-Iy-s∏-Sp-
Xncp-ta\n N¿®-If - n¬ H∂pw ]s¶-Sp-Øn-√. ∂-]£w F¥mWv sNtø-≠s - X∂v At∏mƒ Xocp-am-\n-°pw.

ImtXm-en-°m-_m-hm-bpsS A≤y-£X - b
- n¬ _m°n c≠p sa{Xm-t∏m- 2. At¥ym-Iy≥ kpdn-bm\n doØv I¬Zmb doØn¬ \n∂v th¿Xn-
eo-Øm-am¿ kp\-l-tZmkv IqSn, ItØm-en-°m-k-`-bp-ambn ]p\-ssc-Iy- cn®v ]cn-c£
- n-°s
- ∏-Sp-∂X
- m-Wv.
s∏-Sp-∂-Xn-\p-ff Fgp-Øp-Ip-Øp-Iƒ \S-Øm≥ am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbmkv 3. _Y\n sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Ømbpw Xncp-h√m sa{Xm\pw At¥ymIym
sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Ømsb Npa-Xe - s
- ∏-Sp-Øn. ItØm-en°m kpdn-bm\n ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kn\p hnt[-ba- m-Im-sX, ]cn-ip≤
knwlm-k\
- Ø
- ns‚ t\cn-´p≈ `c-WØ- n≥ Iogn-em-bn-cn-°pw.
dlvam\n ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kns‚ IØn-\v, ItØm-en-°m-k-`-bp-ambn
]p\-ssc-Iy-s∏-Sp-∂X
- n\v B{K-la
- p-≈X
- mbn am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbmkv sa{Xm- 4. sUse-tK‰v A∏-tÃm-en°m t\cn-t´m, sIm√w _nj∏v s_≥kn-
t∏m-eoØm adp-]Sn Ab-®p. ]n∂o-Sv, Ce-™n-°¬ an. Cu. sP. tPm¨ K¿ sa{Xm≥ hgntbm At±lw \n¿t±-in-°p∂ a‰m-sc-¶nepw aptJ-\tbm
h°o-ens‚ \n¿t±iw A\p-k-cn-®v, t\cn´v tdmap-ambn IØn-S-]m-Sp-Iƒ ]p\-ssc-Iy-s∏-Sp∂ sa{Xm-∑m-cpsS hnizm-k{- ]-Xn⁄ kzoI-cn-®t- i-jw,
\S-Øm≥ XpS-ßn. Ahsc k`m-in-£b - n¬ \n∂pw hntam-Nn-°W- w.

1926 \hw-_-dn¬, ItØm-en-°m-k-`-bp-ambn ]p\-ssc-Iy-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn- 5. Hcp sshZnI skan-\m-cn-bpsS ÿm]-\-Øns‚ Bh-iy-I-X-sb-

\p≈ B{Klw {]I-Sn-∏n-®p-sIm≠v tdman-te°v Hcp satΩm-dm≠w ∏‰n ]n∂oSv ]cym-tem-Nn-°p-∂X
- m-Wv.
Ab-®p. AXn¬ H∂p-c≠p Imcy-߃ Bh-iy-s∏-´n-cp-∂p. Hcp \n¿t±iw F∂ \ne-bn¬ Xmsg ]d-bp∂ Imcyhpw sa{Xm-∑msc
Adn-bn-®p. Ah¿ Ccp-hcpw Ipsd-°mew tbmPnNv {]h¿Øn-°W - s- a∂pw
1. Ct∏mƒ A\p-jvTn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ ]ucm-Wn-I-amb At¥ym-
A\-¥cw Cu {]ÿm\w Fßs\ ]ptcm-Ka - n-°p∂p F∂v {Kln-®t- ijw
Iy≥ doØpw BNm-cm-\p-jvTm-\ß
- fpw A\p-hZ- n®p In´-Ww.
kuIcyw t]mse cq]-Xm-hn-`-P\w \S-Ømw. (^m. tXmakv C©-°-
2. ]p\-sscIys∏Sp∂ sa{Xm-∑m¿°v, ]p\-ssc-Iy-s∏-Sp∂ P\-ßf
- psS tem-Sn, ta¬{K-Ÿw, ]pdw 433-˛38).
taep≈ A[n-Imcw \ne-\n¿Ø-Ww.
tdman¬ \n∂p-ap≈ A\p-hmZw In´n°-gn-™-t∏m-tg°pw h´n-∏-W-
Cu At]£ tdman¬ In´n-b-ti-jw, ae-¶-c-k-`-bnse ÿnXn-K-Xn- t°-kn¬ Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv I£n°v A\p-Iq-ea - mb hn[n-bp-≠m-bX
- n-\m¬,
I-sf-∏‰n Bcm-™p-sIm≠v Nne tNmZy-߃ tNmZn-®p-sIm-≠,v am¿ Cuhm- h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\nbpw am¿ {KotKm-dn-tbmkv F∂ aq∂mw ImtXm-en-
\n-tbm-kns‚ t]¿°v IØv Ab-®p. AXn-\p≈ adp-]Sn AS-ßnb c≠m- °mbpw ]p\-ssc-Iy-Øn¬ \n∂pw ]n∑m-dn. Ah-km\w am¿ Cuhm-\n-
asØ IØv am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbmkv Xncp-ta\n bYm-k-abw Ab-®p. tbmkv Xncp-ta-\nbpw am¿ sXtbm-^n-temkv Xncp-ta-\nbpw am{Xta sa{Xm-
∑m-cn¬ \n∂v sFIy-Øn-te°v IS-∂p-h-∂p-≈q. B{i-a-ÿ-cn¬ c≠p
1930 Pqsse amk-Øn¬ tdman¬ ktΩ-fn® ]uc-kvXy-k-`m-Xn-cp- sshZn-I¿ HgnsI F√m-hcpw F√m kntÿkpw sFIy-Øn\pw kΩ-
kwLw Cu sa{Xm-∑m-cp-sSbpw IqsS-bp-≈h - c- p-sSbpw ]p\-sscIyw kw_- Xn-®p.
‘n®v A\p-Iq-ea- mb Xocp-am\w FSp-°p-Ibpw, C≥Uy-bnse A∏-tÃm-
enIv sUse-tK-‰m-bn-cp∂ FUvth¿Uv aqWn hgn am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbm-kn\v
]p\-sscIyw
Ab-®p-sIm-Sp-°pIbpw sNbvXp. B Iev]\ - b- n¬ Xmsg ]d-bp∂ Imcy- 1930 HmKÃv 20˛\v, 2 Xncpta\nam¿, 5 sshZnI¿, 2 siΩmi∑m¿, 3
߃ {]tXyIw FSpØp ]d-™n-cp-∂p. km[p°ƒ, 4 A¿∞nIƒ, 3 BbmX¿ Cßs\ BsI 19 t]¿ F√mw
90 91
 ]p¯³ IqäpImÀ ]p¯³ IqäpImÀ

Dt]£n®v s]cp\mSv ap≠≥ae _Y\n B{iatØmSv bm{X ]d™n c≠p {]mhiyw am¿∏m∏msb (11˛mw ]obqkv) kµ¿in°m\p≈ Ahkcw
dßn shÆn°pfØv h∂v, kvt\lnX\mb Hcp \mbcpsS kvIqfn¬ e`n®p. Welcome, a Big Welcome F∂p ]d™psIm≠v AXoh kt¥m
Hcp Znhkw Xmakn®p. ]n∂oSv Hcp sI´nSw hmSIbvs°SpØv AhnsS jtØmsSbmWv am¿∏m∏m Xncpta\nsb kzoIcn®Xv. c≠masØ {]mhiyw
Xmakam°n. Xncpta\nam¿ c≠p t]cpw Xncpaqe _Y\n aµncØnepw kµ¿in®t∏mƒ k`m]camb Nne Bhiy߃ am¿∏m∏msb tcJm
Xmakam°n. ]pent°m´n¬ tbmk^v dºm®\pw tN∏m´v ]oent∏mkv aqew Adnbn°pIbpw, am¿∏m∏m At∏mƒ Xs∂ AsX√mw, I¿±n\mf
dºm®\pw ]p\sscIyØn\v Xømdmbncp∂p. ∑mtcmSv BtemNn°msX A\phZn°pIbpw sNbvXp. AXn¬ Hcp
Bhiyw ]pXnb ae¶c ItØmen°mk`bpsS Bÿm\w Xncph\¥
shÆn°pfw _Y\n∏≈nbn¬ h®v 10˛9˛1930˛¬, am¿ Cuhm\n
]pcw Bbncn°Ww F∂p≈Xmbncp∂p.
tbmkv Xncpta\n, No°\m¬ (Hma√q¿) Ipgn\m∏pdØv, tPm¨
siΩmi≥ H.sF.kn.°v sshZnI]´w sImSpØp. Xncpta\n tdman¬ \n∂pw s‰se{Kmw hgn Bhiys∏´X\pkcn®v,
Ip∂pIpgnbn¬ tUm. am\phens‚ hoSv hmSIbv°v FSpØp B{ia
1930 sk]v‰w_¿ amkw 18˛mw XobXn, am¿ Cuhm\ntbmkv
Ønse c≠p sshZnIcpw Hcp {_Zdpw AhnsS Xmakam°n. Xncph\¥
Xncpta\n, am¿ sXtbm^ntemkv Xncpta\n, dh. ^m. tPm¨ H.sF.kn.
]pcØv ]p\sscIys∏´ P\߃ Bcpw C√mØXpsIm≠v, Xncph\¥
(Ipgn\m∏pdØv), sh¨aWn B‰p]pdØv AeIvkm≠¿ siΩmi≥
]pcw, AXncq]XbpsS Bÿm\w B°p∂Xn\v Nnescms° FXncmbn
H.sF.kn., {io. InfoteØv Nmt°m F∂nh¿ sIm√w X¶t»cn Aca\
cp∂p F∂v Xncpta\n tdman¬ h®v Adn™p. tdmw, Ab¿e≠v, Cw•≠v
bn¬ FØpIbpw Xncpta\nam¿ AhnsS c≠p Znhkw [ym\Øn¬ apXemb cmPy߃ kµ¿in®tijw 1932 HIvtSm_¿ 30˛mw XobXn
Ign®pIq´pIbpw sNbvXtijw 1930 sk]v‰w_¿ 20˛mw XobXn cmhnse Xncpta\n Xncns®Øn. 6 amkw sh≈bºeØv tUm. cma≥ XºnbpsS
Aca\®m∏en¬ h®v A`nhµy s_≥knK¿ Xncpta\nbpsS apºmsI sI´nSØnepw XpS¿∂v ]´Øv ichW°p∂nep≈ (Ct∏mƒ taP¿
kXy{]Xn⁄ sNbvXv ItØmen°mk`bpambn ]p\sscIys∏´p. B¿®p_nj∏v lukv \n¬°p∂ ÿew) ]gbsI´nSØnepw H∂c
A∂p Xs∂ s_≥knK¿ Xncpta\nbpsS A\phmZtØmSpIqSn, _. h¿j°mew hmSIbv°v Xmakn®p.
tPmW®≥, AeIvkm≠¿ siΩmi≥, {io. Nmt°m InfoteØv
F∂nh¿ am¿ Cuhm\ntbmkv Xncpta\nbpsS apºmsI AhnsS h®v 26˛3˛1108˛¬ (10˛11˛1932) ]´Øv Ct∏mƒ skantØcnbmbn
kXy{]Xn⁄ sNbvXv ItØmen°m k`bpambn ]p\sscIys∏´p. D]tbmKn°p∂ hkvXp hmßn. 23˛4˛1108˛¬ (8˛12˛1932) ]mfbØv ]Øp
sk‚ v ÿehpw AXnep≠mbncp∂ kn\namimebpw hnebv°phmßn.
sk]v‰w_¿ 21˛mw XobXn Aa\®m∏en¬ hn. Ip¿_m\ A¿∏n® IqSmsX 15˛1˛1945˛¬ 15 sk‚ v ÿewIqSn hmßn.
tijw, Xncph√mbv°v t]mIp∂ hgn, amthen°c h®v am¿ Cuhm\n
tbmkv Xncpta\nbpsS amXm]nXm°sf ItØmen°mk`bnte°v lbcm¿°n ÿm]\w
kzoIcn®p. ]nt‰Znhkw (22˛\v) A`nhµycmb ]pent°m´n¬ tPmk^v Xncph\¥]pcw AXncq]Xbpw Xncph√mcq]Xbpw Dƒs∏´ ae¶c
dºm≥, tN∏m´v ]oent∏mkv dºm≥, _Y\n B{iaÿ¿, _. knt‰gvkv ItØmen°m lbcm¿°n ÿm]n®psIm≠p≈ ""{InkvtXm]mkvtXmcpw
F∂nhscbpw ItØmen°mk`bnse°v kzoIcn®p. B sNdnb kaqlw {]n≥No∏n'' F∂ 1932 Pq¨ 11˛mw XobXnbnse, 11˛mw ]obqkv am¿∏m∏m
ssZh]cn]me\bn¬ hf¿∂v C∂v Hcp taP¿ B¿°nF∏nkvtIm∏¬ bpsS Iev]\, _mw•qcn¬ D≠mbncp∂ A∏kvtXmenIv sUsetK‰v
k`bmbn Db¿Øs∏´v hnizmkØn\v km£yw hln®psIm≠v hfcp∂p. hgn am¿ Cuhm\ntbmkv Xncpta\n°v Ab®psImSpØp. B Iev]\
In´nbtijw ]mfbØv ]≈n°p≈ A\phmZØn\pth≠n Kh¿sa‚n¬
am¿∏m∏msb kµ¿in°p∂p
At]£ sImSpØp. aq∂pamkw Ign™v 1933 am¿®v 10˛\v Kh¿sa‚ns‚
1932 G{]n¬ 4˛mw XobXn am¿ Cuhm\ntbmkv Xncpta\n t_mws_ A\phmZw e`n®p. A\phmZw In´nb DS≥ Xs∂, ]mfbØv hmßnbncp∂
bn¬ \n∂pw I∏¬ am¿Kw tdmante°v Xncn®p. tdman¬ FØnbtijw ]gb kn\namimebn¬ AXymhiys∏´ t`ZKXnIƒ hcpØn th≠
92 93
 ]p¯³ IqäpImÀ ]p¯³ IqäpImÀ

{IaoIcW߃ sNbvXp ]nt‰Znhkw (11˛mw XobXn) tZhembIqZmi hnPbn®Xv 1930˛¬ BWv. lqZmb Imt\m≥ A\pkcn®mbmepw bmt°m
\SØn. 1933 am¿®v 12˛\v am¿ Cuhm\ntbmkv Xncpta\n AhnsS hn. _mb˛Hm¿ØtUmIvkv k`bnse ivlotam \akvImcØnepw (sshZnI¿
Ip¿_m\ A¿∏n®p. AXn\ptijw \S∂ s]mXpktΩf\Øn¬ h®v, Znhtk\ sNm√p∂ {]m¿∞\) sa{Xm`ntjI {]m¿∞\bnepw a‰pw
A∏kvtXmenI Iev]\ (_qfm) HutZymKnIambn \S∏n¬ hcpØp∂ ]t{Xmkns\ «ol∑mcpSw Xeh\m°n I¿Ømhp \nban®p F∂
Xn\v, ZeKmZv A∏kvtXmen°m A[nImcs∏SpØnbX\pkcn®v, hnizmkw Bh¿Øn®p ]dbp∂p≠v. B ]t{Xmkns‚ ]n≥Kmanbmb
A`nhµy s_≥knK¿ Xncpta\n, Iev]\ hmbn®v AXv \S∏n¬ tdmam am¿∏m∏m Xeh\mbncn°p∂ ItØmen°mk` am{XamWv,
hcpØnbncn°p∂Xmbn {]Jym]n°pIbpw sNbvXp. I¿Ømhp ÿm]n® GI k` F∂v am¿ Cuhm\ntbmkv Xncpta\n°v
kss`IyNcn{XØn¬ Hcp ]pXnb A≤ymbw t_m[yap≠mbncp∂p. AXpsIm≠mWv, _m°nbp≈ sa{Xm∑m¿
F√mhcpw ]p\sscIyØn¬ \n∂v ]n≥amdnsb¶nepw ssZhØn¬
1653 P\phcnbn¬ t]m¿´pKokv anj\dnam¿s°Xncmbn \S∂ icWw h®p sIm≠v, At±lw ItØmen°mk`bpambn ]p\sscIy
Iq\≥IpcnipkXyØn\ptijw, AtXh¿jw sabv 22˛\v, 12 ]´°m¿ s∏Sphm≥ Xocpam\n®Xv.
IqSn, A¿°Znbmt°ms\ am¿tØmΩm F∂ t]cn¬ sa{Xm\mbn
hmgn®tijw, ]pØ≥Iq¿ k`m≤y£∑m¿ ]ecpw ItØmen°mk`bp AXns‚ ^eambn ItØmen°mk`bn¬ Hcp hy‡nKXk` cq]
ambn ]p\sscIys∏Sp∂Xn\v ]cn{ian°pIbp≠mbn. saSpØp. ssZh]cn]me\bn¬ B k` hf¿∂v, 2005 s^{_phcn 10˛mw
XobXn AXv Hcp taP¿ B¿°n F∏nkvtIm∏¬ k` F∂ ]Zhnbn
Iq\≥IpcnipkXyØn\ptijw tdman¬ \n∂pw ChntS°v Ab® te°v, ]cn. tPm¨ t]mƒ c≠ma≥ am¿∏m∏mbm¬ Db¿Øs∏´p. taP¿
am¿ sk_kvXym\n 1˛mw am¿tØmΩmsb kµ¿in®v kwkmcn®t∏mƒ B¿®p_nj∏n\v, ]m{Xnb¿°okv Ign™m¬ ASpØ ÿm\w am{Xta
am¿tØmΩm Bhiys∏´Xv, At±lsØ ChnSpsØ kpdnbm\n D≈psh¶nepw ]m{Xnb¿°okns‚ F√m A[nImcßfpap≠v. B
{InkvXym\nIfpsS sa{Xm\mbn A`ntjIw sNøWsa∂mWv. tdmans‚ \nebn¬ Hm¿ØtUmIvkv k`bnse ImtXmen°mtb°mƒ (a{^nbm\m
AwKoImcw IqSmsX kzbw sa{Xm\mb Hcmfns\ sa{Xm\mbn tb°mƒ IqSpX¬ A[nImcap≠v.)
hmgn°m≥ A\phZn°bn√. AXpsIm≠v At±lhpambn cays∏Sphm≥
km[n®n√. ]n∂oSv 4˛mw am¿tØmΩmbpw 5˛mw am¿tØmΩmbpw 6˛mw am¿ Cuhm\ntbmkv Xncpta\n ]p\sscIys∏Sp∂Xn\papºpw
am¿tØmΩmbpw ]p\sscIys∏Sp∂Xn\v {ian®p F¶nepw, ]m›mXy bmt°m_mb k`bn¬ \n∂pw, Nne sshZnIcpw Aevambcpw ItØmen
anj\dnamcpsS FXn¿∏p aqew km[n®n√. am¿ Zoh∂mtkymkv A©m °mk`bnte°v ]p\sscIys∏´n´p≠v. Ahscms° ]ºbmdn\v
a\pw (]pent°m´n¬) 1865˛1909) ]p\sscIyØn\pth≠n Bflm¿∞ hS°p≈h¿ kotdm˛ae_m¿ doØntet°m As√¶n¬ ]ºbmdn\p
ambn ]cn{ian®ncp∂p. c≠pt]cpw IqsS \n[ocn°¬ amWn°Ø\mcpw sX°p≈hcmsW¶n¬ eØo≥ doØn¬ sIm√w cq]Xbntet°m BWv
am¿ Zoh∂mtkymkpw IqSn \{kmWn PmssXyI kwLw F∂ t]cn¬ ]p\sscIys∏´Xv. Aßs\, ]pØ≥]oSnI, NmcpwaqSv, sIm´mc°c
Hcp kwLw cq]oIcn®v H∂n®v {]h¿Øn°m≥ Xocpam\n®p. amWn°Ø apXemb ÿeßfn¬, bmt°m_mbk`bn¬ \n∂pw ]p\sscIys∏´
\mcpsamØv Du´nbn¬ t]mbn A∏tÃmenIv sUsetK‰v AbqØnsb h¿°pth≠n sIm√w eØo≥ sa{Xms‚ `cWØn≥ Iogn¬ CShIIƒ
ImWpIbpw k`mImcy߃ kwkmcn°pIbpw sNbvXp. (Cyril Mar D≠mbncp∂p.
Baselios, The Syro-Malankara Church, 1997, (2nd, ed,) 189.) ]s£ F∂m¬ am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbmkv Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS ]p\-ssc-Iy-tØm-Sp-
sUsetK‰n\v am¿ Zoh∂mtkymkn¬ henb hnizmkw tXm∂nbn√. Iq-Sn-bm-Wv, ]pØ≥Iq¿ hn`m-KØp \n∂pw ]p\-ssc-Iy-s∏-Sp-∂-h¿°p-
AXpsIm≠v ]p\sscIyw \S∂n√. th≠n Hcp ]pXnb doØpw kotdm ˛ ae-¶c ItØm-en°m doØv˛lb-
1653˛se Iq\≥IpcnipkXyw apX¬ ]pØ≥Iq¿ k`bnse ]e cm¿°nbpw ItØm-en-°m-k` - bn¬ A\p-hZ- n®p In´n-bX
- v.
tae≤y£∑mcpw ]p\sscIyØn\pth≠n ]cn{ian®psh¶nepw AXv
94 95
 ]p¯³ IqäpImÀ ]p¯³ IqäpImÀ

kwLhpw tlmwkn-te°v bm{X ]pd-s∏-´p. am¿ bqen-tbmkv sa{Xm-t∏m-

eo-Ømbpw IqsS t]mbn-cp-∂p. Zo¿L-amb kw`m-j-W-߃ \S-∂p-sh-
¶nepw tbmPn-∏n¬ FØm≥ km[n-°msX sk]vXw-_¿ 20˛mw XobXn
aS-ßn-t∏m-∂p.
`c-W-L-S\
15 1106 ˛m am≠v BZyw IqSnb ae-¶c kpdn-bm\n Atkm-kn-tb-j≥,
Genbmkv ]m{Xnb¿°okv ae-¶c k`bv°v Hcp `c-W-L-S\ D≠m-°p-hm≥ Hcp IΩn-‰nsb \nb-
an-®p. IΩn-‰n-bpsS I¨ho-\¿ dmhp-km-ln_v H. Fw. sNdn-bm-\m-bn-
cp-∂p.
Gen-bmkv XrXob≥ ]m{Xo-b¿°okv 1931 am¿®v 8˛mw XobXn ""kpdn-bm\n k`'' F∂ amkn-I-bn¬ (vol 4/3 - 1106 taSw) `c-W-
U¬ln-bn¬ FØn ssht{km-bnsb kµ¿in-®-tijw 21˛mw (ao\w 8) L-S\- s- b-°p-dn®v, am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØmbpsS A`n-{]m-
XobXn Bephm skan-\m-cn-bn¬ FØn. ao\w 10˛mw XobXn am¿ Zoh∂m b-߃ - tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bp≈Xn¬ \n∂v GXm\pw hcn-Iƒ XmsgtN¿°p-
tkymkv ]m{Xob¿ °okv _mhmsb kµ¿in-®p. am¿ Zoh∂mtkymkns‚ ∂p: ''`c-W-L-S\ ]m m-°n-bm¬ AXp \S-∏n¬ hcp-Ø-Ww. `n∂n®p
apS°v, ]m{Xob¿°okv AhnsS h®v Xo¿Øp F∂p ]d-bs - ∏-Sp-∂p. AXv \n¬°p∂ I£n-Iƒ XΩn¬ tbmPn®v ]m m-°mØ ]£w \S-∏n¬
Ign™v _mh ]≈n-Iƒ kµ¿in-®p sIm≠n-cp-∂p. 1107 Ipw`w 1˛mw hcp-Øp-hm\pw hcp-hm\pw {]bm-k-am-Wv. I£n-Iƒ XΩn¬ tbmPn®v
XobXn, Hma√p¿ a™-\n-°c _. Cehn-\m-a-Æn¬ A®s‚ ]≈n-bn¬ LS\ D≠m-°p-Ib - m-sW-¶n¬, thsd Bsc√mw tN¿∂mepw tN¿∂n-s√-
h®v lrt{ZmKw \nanØw \ncym-X-\m-hp-Ibpw AhnsSØs∂ I_-d-°- ¶nepw ae-¶c - b- psS AXm-Xp-`m-KsØ taev∏´- °- mcpw ]m{Xob¿°okns\
s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. kw_-‘n-®p-≈Xv ]m{Xob¿°okpw IqSn tN¿∂p-≠m°n ]m m-°W - w.
1934 s^{_p-hcn 23˛mw XobXn am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv sa{Xm Npcp°n ]d-™m¬ Ccp I£n-If - n-sebpw taev∏´- °
- m-sc-sb-¶nepw CXv
t∏meoØm \ncym-X\ - m-bn. acn-°p∂Xn\p apºmbn 1109 Ipw`w 11˛mw XobXn _‘n-°p-∂X - m-bn-cn-°W
- w.
At±lw ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn® ''A¥y-kt- µiw'' F∂ Iev]\ - b- n¬ \n∂pw Nne
\ΩpsS k`bv°v Nne Imc-W-ß-fn¬ bmt°m_mb k`-sb∂p
hcn-Iƒ Xmsg tN¿°p∂p.'' sNdnb B´n≥ Iq´-am-Ip∂ \ΩpsS Cu ]mh
IqsS t]cp-]-d™p hcp-∂p-s≠-¶nepw AXn-\p≈ ]q¿∆n-I-amb
-s∏´ k` On∂-`n-∂-am-bn-Øo-cm-Xn-cn-°m-\mbn kIe hmin-Ifpw hg-
km£m¬ t]cv ''kndn-b≥ Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k`'' F∂m-W.v (ta¬ {KŸw
°p-Ifpw Dt]-£n®pw k`-bpsS tbmPn-∏n-\mbn bYm¿∞-amb kzm¿∞-
]-cn-Xym-Kt- Øm-Sp-Iq-Snbpw k¿∆m-fl\m {]b-Xv\n-°W - s - a-∂p≈Xv ssZh- ]pdw 69˛71)
k-∂n-[nbn¬ \nß-fpsS k¿∆-{]-[m-\a - mb Npa-Xe
- b- mbn \Ω-psS {]nb- am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bpsS ac-Wt- ijw 1934 Unkw-
a-°-fn¬ Hmtcmcp-Øcpw kzoI-cn-°-W-sa∂v \ΩpsS Ah-km\ izmk- _¿ 26˛mw XobXn (1110 [\p 13) Fw. Un. skan-\m-cn-bn¬ tN¿∂ ImtXm-
tØmSp-IqSn \mw {]t_m-[n-∏n-®p-sIm-≈p-∂p. ItØm-en°m ÿm]-\sØ en°m `mKsØ ae-¶c Atkm-kn-tb-j≥, Koh¿Kokv ZznXo-b≥ ImtXm-
]pe¿Øn-s°m≠p t]mIm-\p≈ Npa-X-ebpw \mw \nß-fn¬ Hmtcmcp- en°m _mhmsb (3˛mw ImtXm-ent°mkv) ae-¶c sat{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-
Ø-cnepw ka¿∏n-®p-sIm-≈p-∂p''. bmbn sXc-s™-Sp-Øp. k`bv°v Hcp `c-WL - S- \
- bpw AwKo-Ic
- n-®p. B
1933 aIcw 30˛mw XobXn At{]w ]m{Xob¿°okv ÿm\m-tcm- `c-W-L-S-\-bnse Nne hIp-∏p-Iƒ Xmsg tN¿°p-∂p. (as amended in
lWw sNbvXp. 1109 CShw 20˛mw XobXn ImtXm-en-°m-_m-hmbpw 1967).
96 97
 ]p¯³ IqäpImÀ ]p¯³ IqäpImÀ

1. ae-¶c k`....Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv kpdn-bm\n k`bpsS Hcp hn`m- AXn-t\mSv sFIyap≈ k`-I-fmWv djy≥ Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k`-bpw,
Khpw, Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv kpdn-bm\n k`-bpsS {][m\ tae-≤y-£≥ dpta-\n-b≥ Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k`bpw.
At¥ymJym ]m{Xob¿°okpamIp-∂p. I¬°-tZm-\nb kp∂-l-tZm-tkmSp IqSn DS-seSpØ kndn-b≥,
2. ae-¶c k`....]uckvXy Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv kpdn-bm\n k`-bn¬ tIm]v‰n-Iv, FtXym-]y≥, A¿ta-\n-b≥ F∂o bmt°m-_mb k`-Iƒ
Dƒs∏-´Xpw ]uckvXy Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv kpdn-bm-\n-k-`-bpsS {][m\ GI kz`m-h-hm-Zn-Iƒ F∂¿∞-ap≈ Monophysites F∂mWv km[m-
tae-≤y-£≥ ImtXm-en-°mbpw BIp-∂p. cW {KŸ-Im-c-∑m-cpsS CS-bn¬ Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. Cu k`-Iƒ The
lesser eastern churches F∂ t]cnepw Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p≠v.
94. ae-¶-c-bpsS euIn-Ihpw sshZn-Ihpw Bflo-b-hp-amb `c-W-
Øns‚ {][m\ `mc-hm-lnXzw Cu LS-\bv°v hnt[-ba - mbn ae-¶c ta{Xm-
t∏m-eo-Øm-bn¬ \n£n-]vXa- m-bn-´p-≈X
- m-Ip-∂p.
98. ImtXm-en°m, ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm ÿm\w IqSn hln-°m-
hp∂XmIp-∂p. ae-¶c sa{X-t∏m-eo-Øm F∂ \ne-bn¬ At±lw Atkm-
kn-tb-js - ‚bpw amt\-PnwKv IΩn-‰n-bp-sSbpw {]kn-U‚pw kap-Zmb kzØp-
°-fpsS sa{Xm≥ {SÃnbpw Bbn-cn-°p-∂-Xm-Ip-∂p. ae-¶-c-bpsS F√m
]≈n-Ifpw HutZymKn-Ia - mbn ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Ømbv°v kµ¿in-°m-
hp-∂Xpw, Bh-iy-sa∂p tXm∂n-bm¬ CS-hI sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Ømsb
hnhcw Adn-bn®v ]≈n CS-hI tbmKhpw sa{Xm-k\ CS-hI tbmKhpw
hnfn-®p-Iq-´m-hp-∂X
- m-Ip-∂p.
100. taev∏-´-°msc hmgn-°p-I, F∏n-kvtIm-∏¬ kp∂-l-tZm-kn¬
A≤y£w hln-°p-I, kp∂-l-tZm-kns‚ \n›-b-ßsf {]Jym-]n-°p-
Ibpw \S-∏n¬ hcp-Øp-Ibpw sNøpI F∂nh ImtXm-en-°m-bpsS A[n-
Im-cØ
- n¬ s]´-Xm-Ip-∂p.
108. hnizmkw C∂-XmsW∂p≈Xns\ kw_-‘n®v X¿°-ap-≠m-
bm¬ ta¬ {]kvXm-hn® F∏nkvtIm∏¬ kn\-Un\p Xocp-am\w sNøm-
hp∂Xpw CXns‚ Ah-km-\X - o-cp-am\w BI-am-\k
- p-∂l
- t- Zm-kn\p Ccn-
°p-∂X- p-am-Ip-∂p.
NB. 1934 ˛¬ `c-WL- S- \ ]mkm-°n-bXv ]m{Xob¿°okns‚ AwKo-
Imcw IqSm-sX-bm-Wv.
Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k`Iƒ
Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv F∂p-≈Xv Hcp {Ko°p ]Z-am-Wv. tIm¨Ãm‚n-
t\m-∏nƒ ]m{Xob¿°okns\ Xe-h\- mbn kzoI-cn-°p∂ ss_k-ss‚≥
Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k`-sb-bmWv {][m-\-ambpw AXv A¿∞-am-°p-∂-Xv.
98 99
 ]p¯³ IqäpImÀ ]p¯³ IqäpImÀ

^pƒ _©mWv tI´-Xv. PÃnkvamcmb t\mIvkpw , kXy-t\-i\pw

A∏o¬ A\p-hZ- n®v, ]m{Xo-b¿°okv I£n°v A\p-qe
- a
- mbn 8˛8-˛1946˛¬
hn[n-®p. No^v PÃnkv hntbm-Pn-®p.
]m{Xo-b¿°okns‚ Bflob ta[m-hnXzw k`-bpsS auenI XXz-
ß-fn¬ H∂m-sW∂pw _n. ]n A°-amWv (18 A°w h´n-∏-W-t°kv)
16 ae-¶c k` AwKo-I-cn® Imt\m-s\∂pw `qcn-]£ PUvPn-am¿ hn[n-®p.
]m{Xo-b¿°okns‚ A\p-hmZw IqSmsX `c-WL- S- \ AwKo-Ic
- n®v ]pXnb
H∂mw kapZmbt°kv k` ÿm]n®p F∂p-amWv Ah¿ I≠-Xv. {]Xn-Iƒ Cu hn[n dnhyq
sNøp-∂X- n\v At]-£n-®p.
dnhyq s]‰o-j≥
1935 HmKÃv 22˛mw (1111 Nnßw 6) Icn-ßm{i ]f-fn-bn¬ IqSnb tIkv tI´ aq∂p PUvPn-amcpw dnhyq l¿Pn hmZ-Øn-\p- h∂
]m{Xo-b¿°okv `mKsØ ]≈n {]Xn-]p-cp-jt- bm-Kw ]ueqkv am¿ AØm- t∏mtg°pw dn´-b¿ sNbvXn-cp-∂p. AXp sIm≠v dnhyq l¿Pn hnNm-cW
\m-tkym-kns\ ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bmbn Xnc-™-Sp-Øp. ]m{Xo- sNøp-∂-Xn\v tImS-Xn-°v A[n-Im-c-apt≠m F∂ {]iv\w h∂p. dnhyq
b¿°okv ]£sØ {SÃn-Iƒ a‰p ]£sØ {SÃn-Isf {]Xn-tN¿Øv tIƒ°m-≥ tImS-Xn°v A[n-Im-ca - p-s≠∂v `qcn-]£ PUvPn-am¿ hn[n-®p.
1113 ˛¬ (1938 ˛¬) tIm´bw Pn√mt°mS-Xn-bn¬ A\ymbw ^b¬ sNbvXp. At∏m-tg°pw 8˛6-˛1949 ˛¬ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿, sIm®n-kw-ÿm-\-߃
]m{Xo-b¿°okn\p am{Xw Ah-Im-i-s∏´ ÿm\hpw Npa-X-e-Ifpw kwtbm-Pn-∏n®v Xncp-s°m®n kwÿm\w \ne-hn¬ h∂p. No^v PÃnkv
ImtXm-en-t°m-kn\p \¬In Hcp `c-W-L-S\ D≠m-°n, {]Xn-Iƒ Hcp Ip™p-cm-a\pw PÃn-kp-am-cmb tPmk^v hnX-b-Ønepw ]n.sI kp{_-
]pXnb k` cq]-hXv°-cn®p F∂m-bn-cp∂p A\ym-b-Ønse {][m\ “-Wy-øcpw Dƒs∏´ ^pƒ _©mWv hmZw tI´-Xv. 21˛12-˛1951˛¬
Btcm-]W - w. sslt°m-SXn dnhyq l¿Pn X≈n.

tIm´bw Pn√ PUvPn an. IrjvW-ø¿ hmZw tI´-tijw, 1118 tXm‰I£n kp{]ow tImS-Xn-bn¬ A∏o¬ \¬In. kp{]ow-tIm-SXn
aIcw 5 ˛\v ( 18˛1-˛1943) A\ymbw sNehp klnXw X≈n. Cu tIkn¬ dnhyq A\p-hZ- n®v F√m t]mbn‚p-Ifpw ho≠pw tIƒ°m≥ \n¿t±-in-®p.
Hu-tK≥ am¿ Xntam-Øn-tbmkv sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Ømsb {]Xn-`mKw km£n- Xncp-s°m®n sslt°m-S-Xn-bn¬ PÃn-kp-am-cmb i¶c≥, Pn. Ipam-
bmbn hnkvXc - n-®p. ]m{Xo-b¿°okp `mK-Øm-bn-cp∂ Ct±lw 1118- ( 1942) c-]n≈, Fw. Fkv. tat\m≥ F∂n-h-cpƒs∏´ ^pƒ _©n¬ A∏o¬
I∂n-am-k-Øn¬ sa{Xm≥ I£n-bn¬ tN¿∂n-cp-∂p. ImtXm-en-°msb ho≠pw tI´p. 1956 HIvtSm-_¿ BZy-B-gvN-bn¬ hmZw Ah-km-\n-®p.
kzoI-cn-°p-∂X - n¬ thZ-hn-]c - o-Xtam ioivatbm Cs√∂v h´n-∏W tIkv 1956 \hw-_¿ 1 ˛\v tIc-f-kw-ÿm-\hpw tIc-f-ssl-t°m-S-Xnbpw \ne-
dnhyq-hn¬ Xocp-am-\n-®X - v Np≠n-°m-Wn-®p-sIm≠v, B Xocp-am\w 'sdkv hn¬ h∂p. 31˛12-˛1956 ˛¬ ]m{Xo-b¿°okv `mKsØ A∏o¬ A\p-h-
PqUn-t°‰m' (res Judicata) BsW∂pw AXn-s\-Xn-cmbn X¿°n-°m≥ Zn®v sFIyI-Wtv Ty\-bp≈ hn[n {]kvXm-hn-°s
- ∏-´p. ImtXm-en-°m-ÿm-
hmZn-Iƒ°v Ah-Im-i-an-s√∂pw tImSXn ]d-™p. {]Xn-Iƒ k`bv°v ]\w Akm-[p-hm-sW∂pw, `c-W-L-S\ AXp ]mkm-°nb Atkm-kn-
CX-c¿ As√∂pw (F A°amWv) icn-bmb Imt\m≥ F∂pw tImSXn tb-j≥ tbmK-Øn¬ ]s¶-SpØ ]≈n-Isf am{Xta _m[n-°p-I-bp-≈p-
hn[n-®p. sh∂pw hn[n-bn¬ ]d-™p. `c-W-L-S\ aqew Hcp ]pXnb k` krjvSn-
Cu hn[n-bn-t∑¬ hmZn-Iƒ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ sslt°m-SX
- n-bn¬ °p-Ib - mWv sNbvXs- X∂pw {]kvXm-hn-®p.
1119 ˛¬ A∏o¬ sImSp-Øp. A∏o¬ hmZw No^v PÃnkv ‰n. Fw. IrjvW- Cu hn[n-bn-t∑¬ ImtXm-en-t°mkv I£n- kp{]ow tImS-Xn-bn¬
kzman Aø¿, PÃnkvamcmb t\mIvkv, kXy-t\-i≥ F∂n-h¿ Dƒs∏´ A∏o¬ ^b¬ sNbvXp.
100 101
 ]p¯³ IqäpImÀ ]p¯³ IqäpImÀ

kp{]ow tImSXn hn[n tbmPn∏v

No^v PÃnkv Fkv. B¿. Zmkv Dƒs∏sS A©p PUvPn-am-cpsS kp{]ow-tImSXn hn[nsb XpS¿∂v am¿ bm°q_v XrXn-b≥ ]m{Xo-
tIm¨Ãn-j≥ _©mWv hmZw tI´v hn[n-®-Xv. sslt°m-SXn hn[n b¿°okv tbmPn-∏n\v k∂-≤-\m-bn. 9˛12-˛1958 XobXn h®v ]m{Xo-
Aÿn-cs - ∏-Sp-Øn, Pn√m tImSXn hn[n ÿnc-s∏-Sp-Øn, 12-˛09-˛1958 ˛kp{]ow b¿°okv _mhm Hcp Iev]\ am¿ bqen-tbm-kn\v Ab-®p sImSp-Øp.
tImSXn hn[n-®p. sdkv PqUn-t°‰m \ymbw ]d-™mWv kp{]ow-tIm- AXns‚ Ah-km-\-`m-KsØ Hcp hmNIw C{]-Im-c-am-Wv. ""ae-¶-c-k-`-
SXn A{]-Imcw hn[n-®-Xv. Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv I£n bmt°m-_mb k`- bn¬ kam-[m\w hcp-Øp-hm-\mbn am¿ _t -en-tbmkv Koh¿Ko-kns\
bn¬ \n∂v HutZymKn-Ia - mbn th¿s]´ Hcp hn`mKw As√-∂mWv kp{]ow- ImtXm-en-t°m-kmbn kzoI-cn-°p-∂X
- n-\v CXn-\m¬ \mw {]km-Zn-®n-cn-°p-∂p''.
tIm-SXn hn[n-®X- v. ]c- k v ] - c - a p- ≠ m- b n- c p∂ [mcWb\p- k - c n®v ]m{Xo- b ¿°okv
h´n-∏W - t- °kpw kap-Zm-bt- °kpw {]mXn-\n[y kz`m-ha - p≈ tIkp- _mhmbpsS Cu Iev]\ - b
- p-ambn am¿ bqen-tbm-kv, am¿ {KotKm-dn-tbmkv,
I-fm-bn-cp-∂p. "sdkv PqUn-t°‰m' (res Judicata) F∂ eØo≥ hm°p- am¿ ]oe-Ik v o-t\mkv F∂n-h¿ ]m{Xo-b¿°okv `mK-Øp-≈h - ¿, tIm´bw
I-fpsS A¿∞w, ''Xocp-am-\n-°-s∏´ AYhm hn[n-°-s∏´ Imcyw'' ]gb skan-\m-cn-bn¬ 1958 Unkw-_¿ 16 ˛mw XobXn k‘y Ign™v
F∂mWv. h´-t»-cn¬ am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkpw Iq´cpw thZ-hn-]c - o-XI
- tfm FØn. ImtXm-en-°m-_m-hmbpw At±-lØ - ns‚ Iogn-ep≈ sa{X-∑mcpw
k`bv°v CX-c-∑mtcm Bhp-I-tbm, thsdmcp ]pXnb k`-ÿm-]n-°p- AhnsS k∂n-ln-Xc - m-bn-cp-∂p. ]Xn-s\m∂p aWn-tbm-Sp-IqSn Ah¿ aZv_-
Itbm sNbvXn-´n√ F∂mWv h´n-∏W - t- °-kn¬ sslt°m-SXn hn[n-®X - v. lm-bn¬ {]th-in®v ]m{Xo-b¿°okns‚ Iev]\ - b
- p≈ Ih¿, am¿ bqen-
h´n-∏-W-t°-knse Cu Xocp-am\w 'sdkv PqUn-t°‰m' BsW-∂mWv tbmkv ImtXm-en-°m-_m-hmsb Gev]n-®p. ImtXm-en-°m-_mhm At±-l-
Øns‚ Iev]\ AS-ßnb Ih¿ am¿ bqen-tbm-kn-s\bpw Gev]n-®p.
kp{]ow-tIm-SXn hn[n-®-Xv. Bb-Xn-\m¬ ImtXm-en-°mbpw A\p-bm-bn-
]m{Xo-b¿°okv \ncp-]m-[n-I-am-bn-´mWv ImtXm-en-°msb kzoI-cn-®-Xv.
Ifpw Ah-cpsS {]hr-Øn-Iƒ \nanØw k`-bvs°-Xn-cm-sb-∂p≈ hmZ-
F∂m¬ `c-WL - S- \ - bv°v hnt[-ba - mbn ]m{Xo-b¿°okns\ kzoI-cn-°p-
߃°v h´n-∏-W-t°-knse dnhyq hn[n-bn¬ 1928 ˛¬ Xocp-am-\-am-bn-´p-
∂p-sh-∂p≈ hyhÿ ImtXm-en°m_mhm sImSpØ Iev]\ - b
- n¬ D≠m-
≈-Xn-\m¬, Cu tIkn¬ ho≠pw D∂-bn-°p-∂-Xn\v \nb-a-X-S- -ap≠v
bn-cp-∂p.
F∂mWv kp{]ow-tIm-SXn hn[n-®X - .v ae-¶c k` thZ-hn-]c
- o-XØ- n¬ \n]-
Xn-°p-Itbm hnizm-k-Øn¬ \n∂v ]pd-Øm-°-s∏-Sp-Itbm sNbvXn-´n√ Cu tbmPn-∏n-s\-∏‰n ""ae-¶ck` 1876˛1976'' F∂ {KŸ-Øn¬ 487˛mw
F∂v hn[n-®p. ]pdØv C{]-Imcw ]bp-∂p. ""ImtXm-en°m `mKsØ sshZn-I¿°pw
taev∏´- °
- m¿°pw ]´-an-s√∂v A≥]Xp sIm√w ]d™v Xß-fpsS A\p-
1935 HmKÃv 22˛mw XobXn ]m{Xo-b¿°okv I£n Icn-ßm-®nsd Km-an-Isf hniz-kn-∏n-°p-I-bpw kp{]ow-tIm-SXn hn[nsb XpS¿∂v Hcp
IqSnb tbmKw _‘-s∏´ F√m ]≈n-Iƒ°pw t\m´o-k-b®v IqSn-b-X- kp{]-`m-X-Øn¬ ]´w Ds≠∂v tcJm-aqew kΩ-Xn®v Adn-bn-°p-Ibpw
√m-Øn-\m¬ B tbmK-Ønse sXc-s™-Sp∏v Akm-[p-hm-sW∂pw hn[n-®p. sNbvX ]m{Xo-b¿°okns‚bpw Ip´-cp-sSbpw ssZh-imkv{Xw AXp-ey-
bmt°m_v XrXo-b≥ ]m{Xo-b¿°okv sat∂ ]d-tb-≠-X-Xp≈p-''.
1957 Pq¨ 23 ˛mw XobXn At{]w ]m{Xo-b¿°okv _mhm Imew tbmPn-∏p-≠m-bn-cp-s∂-¶nepw sshIm-cn-Ia
- mb sFIyw D≠m-bn-√.
sNbvXp. 1957 HIvtSm-_¿ 27 ˛mw XobXn am¿ bmt°m_v XrXo-b≥, t\csØ \n›-bn-®-X-\p-k-cn®v 1958 Unkw-_¿ 26˛mw XobXn
At¥ymJym ]m{Xo-b¿°okmbn ÿm\m-tcm-lWw sNbvXp. 1933 Unkw- ]pØ≥Imhp ]≈n-bn¬ h®v Atkm-kn-tb-j≥ tbmKw IqSn. Ccphn`m-
_¿ apX¬ 1948 hsc A_vZqƒ AlmZv dºm≥ F∂ t]cn¬ At±lw K-ßf
- n-sebpw tae-≤y£-∑mcpw ]≈n-{]-Xn-]p-cp-j≥∑mcpw AXn¬ kw_-
am¿ bqen-tbmkv _mhm-tbmSp IqSn a™-\n-°sc Xma-kn-®n-cp-∂p. ‘n-®p. B tbmK-Øn¬ h®v c≠p {SÃn-amsc sXc-s™-Sp-°p-hm-\p≠mbn-
102 103
 ]p¯³ IqäpImÀ ]p¯³ IqäpImÀ

cp-∂-Xp-sIm≠v Hcm-sf-sb-¶nepw ]gb ]m{Xo-b¿°okv `mKØp \n∂v ImtXm-en°m hmgvN

sXc-s™-Sp-°W - s- a∂v Ah¿ hnNm-cn-®p. AXn-t\-∏‰n ''kpdn-bm-\n-k`'- ASpØ ImtXm-en-°msb hmgn-°p-∂X - n\v ]m{Xo-b¿°okns\
F∂ {KŸ-Øn¬ 334 ˛mw ]pdØv C{]-Imcw ]d-bp-∂p. ''ImtXm-en°m £Wn-®-X-\p-k-cn®v, am¿ bm°q_v XrXn-b≥ ]m{Xo-b¿°okv tIc-f-
hn`m-KØ
- nse aW-en¬ bmt°m_p IØ-\m-scbpw D∏q-´n¬ Ipcy≥ G{_- Øn¬ h∂v 1964 tabv 22˛mw HutK≥ am¿ Xntam-Øn-tbmkv sa{X-t∏m-eo-
lm-an-s\bpw {SÃn-I-fmbn sXc-s™-Sp-°W-sa-∂mWv \ΩpsS B{K-l- Ømsb Ing-°ns‚ ImtXm-en-°m-bmbn hmgn-®p.
sa∂v ImtXm-en-t°mkv ]c-ky-ambn {]kvXm-hn-®-Xns\ A∂sØ ]cn-
1927 ˛¬ Gen-bmkv XrXn-b≥ ]m{Xo-b¿°okmWv Ct±-lsØ
ÿn-Xn-bn¬ B¿°pw FXn¿°m≥ km[n-°msX B {]Xo-£bpw I≠-\mSv `{Zm-k\ - Ø
- ns‚ sa{X-t∏m-eo-Øm-bmbn bdp-it- e-an¬ h®v hmgn-
Aÿm-\Ø - mbn-''. ®-Xv. 1942 ˛¬ Ct±lw ]m{Xo-b¿°okp `mK-Øp-\n∂v ImtXm-en-t°mkv
`n∂n-∏ns‚ e£-W-ß-ƒ `mK-Øp- tN¿∂p.

Nne Imcy-ßs - f-∏‰n hni-Zo-Ic

- Ww tNmZn®p sIm≠v ]m{Xo-b¿°okv
_mhm 8˛4-˛1959 ˛¬ ImtXm-en-°m-_mhmbv°v am¿ bqen-tbmkv hgn Hcp
Iev]\ Ab-®p-sIm-Sp-Øp. AXn¬ 'am¿tØmΩm knwlm-k\w,
]uckvXy ImtXm-en°m' apX-emb ]Z-{]-tbm-Kß - s- f-°p-dn®pw a‰p-amWv
tNmZn-®n-cp-∂Xv. Cu Iev]\ - bv°v 8˛6-˛59 ˛¬ Xosc _lp-am-\a - n-√mØ
Hcp adp-]S- n-bmWv ImtXm-en-t°mkv, ]m{Xo-b¿°okns‚ t]¿°v Ab-
®-Xv (kpdn-bm-\n-k`.]p. 238˛239).
""At¥ymJy≥ kndn-b≥ aqhvsa‚ v'' F∂ t]cn¬ Hcp kwL-S\
1959 Pq¨ amk-Øn¬ cq]o-Ir-Xa
- mbn. am¿ ]oe-Ivko-t\mkv sa{Xm-t∏m-
eoØm 16˛5-˛1960 ˛¬ aW¿Im-Sp-]≈n {]Xn-]p-cp-j-tbmKw IqSn, `c-W-
L-S\ kzoI-cn-°p∂Xs√∂pw kzoI-cWw ]q¿Æ-am-bn-´n-s√∂pap≈
\n›-b-߃ ]mkm-°n. (kp-dn-bm\nk`. ]p. 345)
]m{Xo-b¿°okpambn Zpcm-tem-N\ \SØn ae-¶c
- b
- n¬ ]nf¿∏p-≠m-
°m≥ {ian-°p∂p F∂ Ip‰w Btcm-]n®v, ]gb ]m{Xo-b¿°okv I£n-
bn¬s]´ am¿ ]oe-Ivko-t\mkv sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Ømsb, F∏n-kvtIm-∏¬
kp∂-l-tZm-kns‚ AwK-Xz-Øn¬ \n∂v \o°n ImtXm-en-°m-_mhm
17-˛6-˛1960 ˛¬ Iev]\ Ab-®p.
]m{Xo-b¿°okp_mhm-bpsS tIc-fØ - nse {]Xn-\n-[n-bm-bn-cp∂ am¿
bqen-tbmkv 1962 s^{_p-hcn 19 ˛mw XobXn \ncym-X-\m-bn. am¿ _t -
en-tbmkv Koh¿Kokv ImtXm-en-°m-_mhm (aq∂mw ImtXm-en-°m) 1963
P\p-hcn 3 ˛mw XobXn Znhw-K-X-\m-bn.
104 105
 ]p¯³ IqäpImÀ ]p¯³ IqäpImÀ

hni-Zo-I-cWw tNmZn-°p∂p
13 Btcm-]W- ß- ƒ D∂-bn-®p-sIm≠v, Ahbv°v adp-]Sn t_m[n-∏m≥
1974 P\p-hcn 30 ˛\v ]m{Xo-b¿°okv ImtXm-eo-°mbv°v Fgp-Xn. ImtXm-
en-°m-bpsS ta¬ Btcm-]-W-߃ D∂-bn-°m\pw Xo¿®-sN-øm-\p-ap≈

17 A[n-Imcw ]m{Xo-b¿°okn\√, ae-¶c - k

- p-∂l
- t- Zm-kn-\mWv F∂v ImWn-
®p-sIm≠v 1974 am¿®v 5 ˛\v ImtXm-en-t°mkv adp-]Sn Ab-®p.
ho≠pw ]nf¿∏v ]m{Xo-b¿°o-kns\ _ln-jvI-cn-°p∂p
3˛8-˛1974˛¬ IqSnb F∏n-kvtIm-∏¬ kp∂-l-tZmkv ]m{Xo-b¿°o
kns\ _ln-jvI-cn-®p. 1958˛¬ ]m{Xo-b¿°okns\ ae-¶-c-k` kzoI-
hnhm-Z-]c-amb Iev]\ cn® hy‡-amb hyh-ÿ-Isf Ah-K-Wn®v B hyh-ÿ-Ifn¬ \n∂v
""am¿tØm-Ωm-«o-lm-bpsS knwlm-k\- Ø
- n¬ Bcp-V\- m-bn-cn-°p∂' At±lw ]n∑m-dn-bn-cn-°p-∂p F∂pw GXp `c-WL - S- \
- bv°p hnt[-ba- mbn
F∂v ImtXm-en-t°mkv Ab-°p∂ Iev∏-\-I-fn¬ tN¿°p-∂-Xn¬, At±lw kzoI-cn-°s - ∏-´p-thm, B `c-WL
- S- \
- b
- n¬ A\p-im-kn-°s - ∏-´n-
FXn¿∏p {]I-Sn-∏n-®p-sIm≠v, ]m{Xo-b¿°okv 1970 Pq¨ 20˛\v ImtXm- ´p≈ Ah-Imi ]Z-hn-Iƒ X∂n-\n-anØw At±lw kzbw \jvS-s∏-Sp-
en-t°m-kn\v Hcp- IØv (23˛mw \º¿ Iev]\) Ab-®p. Øn-bn-cn-°p∂p F∂pw kp∂-l-tZm-kn\p t_m[y-am-Ip-I-bpw kp∂-l-
tZmkv Aßs\ {]Jym-]n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. (a-e-¶-c-k` ]pdw.136)
""Aß-bpsS Fgp-Øn\p hfsc \mƒ apºv am¿ tXmΩm-bpsS knwlm-
k\w F∂ Xe-hm-N-I-Øn¬ Fgp-Xn-bn-´p-≈-Xp-amb Hcp IØp \mw BI- a m\ kpdn- b m- \ n- k - ` - b psS Bflo- b - X - e - h - \ mb ]m{Xo-
hmbn®v hfsc A¤p-Xs - ∏-´p. \memw \q‰m-≠n¬ ImtXm-en°m ÿm]\w b¿°okns\ _ln-jvIc - n-°p-hm≥ BI-am\ kpdn-bm-\n-k`- b - psS kp∂-
D≠m-bXp apX¬ Cu \maw ImtXm-en-°m-am-cn-tem, a{]n-bm-\m-am-cntem l-tZm-kn-\-√msX ImtXm-en-t°m-kns‚ A≤y-£-X-bn¬ tN¿∂ {]tZ-
Bcpw Xs∂ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-´n√ F∂-XmWp kXyw. c≠m-a-Xmbn inI kp∂-lt- Zm-kn\v AXn\v A[n-Im-ca - pt≠m F∂ tNmZyw DZn-°p-∂p.
am¿tØmΩm GsX-¶nepw Hcp knwlm-k\w ÿm]n-®n-t´-bn-√. bqlm- tXmakv am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv, Koh¿Kokv am¿ {KntKm-dn-tbmkv F∂n-
t∂ms‚ Gh≥tK-en-tbm-\n¬ \n∂v (20: 21-˛24) hy‡-am-Ip∂ {]Imcw
h¿ 1974 s^{_p-hcn 24˛\v Uam-kvI-kn¬ h®v ]m{Xo-b¿°o-kn\m¬
At±lw Hcp ]ptcm-ln-X≥ t]mepw BIm-Xn-cns° Fßs\ alm-]p-
sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-am-cp-ambn hmgn-°s
- ∏-´p.
tcm-ln-X\
- mbn? Hcp alm-]p-tcm-ln-X≥ A√m-Xn-cns° Fßs\ knwlm-
k\w ÿm]n®p?'' (a-e-¶c k` 1876˛ 1976˛ ]pdw 457-˛58) BI-am\ kp∂-l-tZmkv ImtXm-en-t°m-kns\ apS°n
Cu Iev]\ F√m am¿tØmΩm \{km-Wn-I-sfbpw thZ-\n-∏n®p ]m{Xo-b¿°okns‚ Iogn-ep≈ Hcp BI-am\ kp∂-l-tZmkv 1975
AXn\v Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv `mKØp \n∂v i‡n-bmb {]Xn-Ic - Ww D≠m-bn. Pq¨ 16˛\v IqSp-∂X
- n-\mbn 11-˛1-˛1975˛¬ F√m sa{X-t∏m-eo-Øm-∑m-¿°pw
IqSmsX ImtXm-en-t°m-kp-ambn Btem-Nn-°msX ]m{Xo-b¿°okv 1973 ImtXm-en-°mbv°pw Iev]\ Ab-®p. am¿tØmΩm knwlm-k\w, ae-¶-
sk]vXw-_¿ 1 ˛mw XobXn IS-hn¬ ]ueqkv am¿ AØm-\m-tkym-kns\ c-k`
- b
- psS ]q¿Æ kzmX{¥yw, 3˛8-˛1974˛se ]m{Xo-b¿°okns\Xn-cmb
Uam-kvIk
- n¬ h®v sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bmbn hmgn-®p. ImtXm-en-t°m-kns‚ kp∂-lt- Zmkv \n›-bß - ƒ apX-em-bh Bbn-cp∂p
106 107
 ]p¯³ IqäpImÀ ]p¯³ IqäpImÀ

Btem-N\m hnj-b-߃. kp∂-l-tZm-kn¬ ImtXm-en-t°m-kns‚ `mK- Øp-ap≈ 1064 ]≈n-I-fpsS entÃm-Sp-IqSn 1974 ˛¬ tIm´bw k_vtIm-S-
Øp-\n∂pw Bcpw kw_-‘n-®n-√. Xn-bn¬ hyh-lmcw t_m[n-∏n-®p. Cu tIkn¬ 18˛mw {]Xn-bmbn Iv\m\mb
kap-Zm-bhpw ]n∂oSv I£n tN¿∂p.
kp∂-l-tZmkv \n›-b-{]-Imcw ]m{Xo-b¿°okv 1975 HmKÃv
21 ˛mw Xob-Xn-bnse 360/75 ˛mw \º¿ Iev]-\-bm¬ ImtXm-en-t°m-kn- kvs]jy¬ PUvPn A\¥ kp{_-“-Wy-Øns‚ _©n¬ Bcw-
s\bpw At±-lsØ A\p-Iq-en® sa{Xm-∑m-scbpw apS°n Iev]\ `n-®v Hm¿Ø-tUIvkpIm¿ kp{]ow tImS-Xn-bn¬ At]-£n-®-X-\p-cn®v
Ab-®p. (-kp-dn-bm-\n-k` ]pdw.450) Fd-Wm-Ipfw sslt°m-S-Xn-bnse PÃnkv sI. N{µ-ti-J-c-ta-t\ms‚
]m{Xo-b¿°okv I£n°v ImtXm-en-t°mkv _©n¬ hmZw tI´ kap-Zm-bt- °kv 1980 Pq¨ 6˛\v hn[n {]kvXm-hn-®p.

am¿ bm°q_v XrXn-b≥ ]m{Xo-b¿°okv, ]ueqkv am¿ ]oe- Cu tIkn¬ ImtXm-en-t°mkv ]£w AUz-t°‰v Fkv. \mcm-b-
Ivko-t\mkv sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Ømsb 1975 sk]vXw-_¿ 7 ˛\v, am¿ _t - W≥ t]m‰n C{]-Imcw hmZn-®p. ""kpdn-bm-\n-k-`-bpsS BI-am\ kp∂-
en-tbmkv ]ueqkv ZznXo-b≥ F∂ t]cn¬ ]uckvXy ImtXm-en-°m- l-tZmkv F∂ \ne-bn¬ ]m{Xo-b¿°okv UamkvIkn≥ hnfn®p Iq´nb
bmbn Uam-kvIk- n¬ h®v hmgn-®p. kp∂-l-tZmkv, k`m-N-cn-{X-Øn¬ Adn-b-s∏-´n-´p-≈Xpw, hnizm-k-Im-cy-
ß-fn¬ Xocp-am-\n-°-s∏-´n-´p-≈-Xp-amb s]mXp kp∂-l-tZmkpIƒ
Hm¿Ø-tUm-IvkvIm¿°v ImtXm-en-t°mkv t]mep≈ H∂m-bn-cp-∂n-√, F∂v At±lw tImS-Xn-bn¬ ka¿∞n-®p.
am¿ _t -en-tbmkv HutK≥ ImtXm-en°m_mhm hm¿≤-Iy-k-l- \nJym IpkvX-¥o-t\m-t]m-eokv, Ft^-kqkv F∂o kp∂-l-tZm-
P-amb £oWw \nanØw 1975 sk]vXw-_¿ 24˛\v cmPn-h-®p. ]Icw kp-I-fn¬ A∂sØ BI-am\ k`-bn-ep≈ F√m F∏n-kvtIm-∏-∑mcpw
amXyqkv am¿ AØm- \ m- t kymkv 27- ˛ 10- ˛ 1975˛¬ _t - e n- t bmkv kw_-‘n-®n-cp∂p F∂v At±lw ]d-™p.
am¿tØmΩm amXyqkv {]Y-a≥ F∂ t]cn¬ ImtXm-en-t°mkmbn hmgn-
°-s∏-´p. 1975 Unkw-_¿ 8 ˛\v am¿ HutK≥ ImtXm-en-°m-_mhm Znhw-K- k`-bn¬ henb `n∂Xbp≠mbn BZy-ambn k` c≠mbn ]ncn-™Xv
X-\m-bn. I¬° Zq\nbm kp∂-l-tZm-kn¬ h®mWv. Cu kp∂-l-tZmkn¬h®v
th¿]n-cn™Xn\p-tijhpw Hmtcm hn`m-Khpw Xß-fmWv kXy-hn-izm-k-
k`m-tIkv AYhm c≠mw kap-Zm-b-tIkv ap≈ GI hnip≤ ImtXm-enI k`sb∂v Ah-Im-i-s∏-´n-cp-∂p....
ae-¶-c-bnse bmt°m-_mb˛Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv hn`m-K-ß-ƒ- XΩn¬ F∂m¬ tdma≥ ItØm-en-°m-k-`-bn¬ t]m∏ns‚ Iogn-ep≈ k`
tIc-fØ
- nse hnhn[ tImS-Xn-If - n¬ 1977 P\p-hc
- n-bn¬ \ne-hn-ep-≠m-bn- am{Xta kXy-amb GI hnip≤ k`-bm-Ip-∂p-≈p. CXv Hm¿ØtUmIvkv
cp∂ 336 k`m tIkp-If - n¬ \n∂v sXc-s™-Sp-°s - ∏´ {]mXn-\n-[y-kz-`m- k` kΩ-Xn-°p∂p F∂m-Wt√m AUz. t]m‰n ]d-™-Xv. ˛ CXv At±-
h-ap≈ F´p tIkp-I-fpsS hmZ-{]Xn hmZ-ß-fmWv k`m tIkv F∂ l-Øns‚ hy‡n-]-c-amb A`n-{]m-b-a-√. GI k`-bnse LS-ß-fmb
t]cn¬ kvs]jy¬ tImS-Xb - nepw ]n∂oSv sslt°m-SX - n-bnepw Ip´p-hn- kzX-{¥-k`bnse AwK-߃ XΩn¬ ]c-kv]c kwk¿§-amImw amtam-
kvXm-c-w \S-Øn-b-Xv. Ch-bn¬ Xmsg ]d-bp∂ Hcp tIkv ""eoUnwKv Zo-km HgnsI-bp≈ IqZm-i-I-sf-√mw k`bn¬ s]´-h¿°p- am{Xw kw_-
tIkmbn'' ]cn-K-Wn®v sXfn-sh-Sp∏p \S-Øn. ‘n-°m-hp∂Xpw \¬I-s∏-Sm-hp-∂X - p-am-Wv.
HutK≥ ImtXm-en-°mbpw A∂sØ \nbp‡ ImtXm-en°m Aß-s\-sb-¶n¬ hnizmk kw_-‘-amb kwK-Xn-Iƒ Xocp-am-\n-
amXyqkv am¿ AØm-\m-tkymkpw hmZn-I-fmbn IS-hn¬ ]ueqkv am¿ °p-∂X- n-\p≈ A[n-Imcw ktlm-Zco k`-If- nse F∏n-ktv Im-∏a
- m-sc√mw
AØm-\m-tkymkv XpSßn 17 t]sc {]Xn-tN¿Øv ae-¶-c-bnepw ]pd- IqSp∂ kp∂-lt- Zm-kn-\m-sW∂v kv]jvSa
- m-Wv.
108 109
 ]p¯³ IqäpImÀ ]p¯³ IqäpImÀ

Ae-kvIm-≠-dn-b≥, A¿Ωo-\n-b≥, FtXym-]y≥, kndn-b≥ F∂o 1934 ˛¬ ]mkm-°nb `c-WL

- S- \ ae-¶c Hm¿ØtUmIvkv k`bv°v
k`-Iƒ hnizmk sFIyap-≈-hbpw At¥ymJy kwk¿§-ap-≈-h-bp-am- _m[-Ia
- m-Wv.
sW∂v km£n-Iƒ kΩ-Xn-®n-´p-≠v. ae-¶ck`bpsS ÿm]-I-s\∂ \ne-bn¬ tXmΩm-«o-lmsb hnti-
B ÿnXn°v hnizmk Imcy-߃ Xocp-am-\n-°p-∂-Xn\v A[n-Im-c- jn-∏n-°mw. ]t£ Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv kpdn-bm-\n-k`- b - psS ÿm]-I\ - ambn
ap≈ kp∂-l-tZm-kmbn ]m{Xo-b¿°okv hnfn®p Iq´nb kp∂-l-tZm- am¿tØmΩm «olmsb hnti-jn-∏n-°p-∂X - v, Ncn-{X-]c
- a
- mb Ahm-kvXh
kns\ IW-°m-°p-hp-∂X
- √'' (a-eb
- mf at\m-ca 1979 Unkw-_¿ 8 i\n) {]kvXm-h-am-bn-cn-°pw. am¿tØmΩm «olm-bn¬ \n∂p ae-¶c Hm¿Ø-
N{µ-ti-J-c-ta-t\ms‚ hn[n tUmIvkv k`-bn-te°v hnLmXw IqSmsX-bp≈ A∏-kvtXm-enI ]n≥Xp-
S¿®-bp-s≠∂ \nK-a\ - Ø
- n¬ FØn-t®-cp-∂X- n-\p aXn-bmb tcJ-Is- fm∂pw
""ImtXm-en-t°-‰ns‚ ÿm]-\tam k`m-X¿°-ß-fn¬ apºp-≠m-bn- Cu tIkn¬ lmP-cm-°n-bn-´n-√.''
´p≈ tImSXn hn[n-Itfm At¥ymJy ]m{Xo-b¿°okn\v ae-¶c k`-
bpsS ta¬ t\csØbp≠m-bn-cp∂ tae-t\z-j-Wm-[n-Imcw C√mbva kp{]owtImSXn hn[n
sNbvXn-´n-√. Cu hn[n-bn-t∑¬ Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkpIm¿ A∏o¬ sImSp-Øp. G{]n¬
]s£ Imew sNbvX HutK≥ ImtXm-en-°mbpw Ct∏m-gsØ ImtXm- 29˛\v Beky hnt[-b-\mb _tk-entbmkv am¿ amXyqkv {]Y-a≥
en-°m-bmb _t -en-tbmkv am¿tØmΩm amXyqkv {]Y-a≥ ImtXm-en- ÿm\-XymKw sNbvX-Xns\ XpS¿∂v, \nbp‡ ImtXm-en-°m, amXyqkv
°mbmbpw A\p-bm-bn-Ifpw tN¿∂v At¥ymJy knwlm-k\- Ø
- n¬ \n∂v am¿ Iqdn-temkv am¿ _tk-en-tbmkv am¿tØmΩm ZznXo-b≥ F∂ t]cn¬
XnI®pw kzX-{¥-ambn Hcp k`bv°v P∑w- \¬Inb ÿnXn°v A{]-Imcw 1991 G{]n¬ 29 ˛\v ÿm\m-tcm-lWw sNbvXp. kap-Zm-bt- °kv sslt°m-
Hcp k`-bpsS ta¬ ]m{Xo-b¿°okn\p bmsXmc[nIm-chpw D≠m-bn-cn- SXn hn[nbpw Ign™v kp{]ow tImSXnbn¬ FØn. PÃnkv B¿. Fw.
°p-∂X- √
- . klmbv {]tXy-Ia - mbpw. PÃn-kp-amcmb Poh≥ sdUn, Fkv. kn. sk≥
F∂n-h¿ Hcp-an®pw tN¿∂v Fgp-Xn-bX - m-bn-cp∂p CXn-t∑-ep≈ 20-˛6-˛1995
ae-¶ck` F∏n-kvtIm-∏t- em, tIm¨{Kn-tK-j\ - tem A√. Bflob se hn[n.
Imcy-ßsf kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw ae-¶-c-k` Hc-Xn¿Øn-hsc am{Xw
F∏n-kvtIm-∏e- mWv. ImcWw k`-bnse D∂-X\ - mb Bflob tae-[n-Im- hn[n Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv hn`m-K-Øns‚ 1934 ˛se `c-W-L-S\ AwKo-
cnsb kw_-‘n®p t]mepw A[n-Imc hn\n-tbmKw Nne \n_-‘\ - I
- ƒ°p I-cn-®p. ]m{Xo-b¿°okv k`-bpsS Bflob Xe-h\ - m-sW-¶nepw ImtXm-
hnt[-b-ambn am{X-am-Wv. ]m{Xo-b¿°okv hmgn® ae-¶-c -sa-{X-t∏m-eo en-°m-bpsS `c-WI - m-cy-ßf - n¬ CS-s]-Sm≥ ]mSn-√. Uam-kvIkv kn\Uv
Ømt]mepw ae-¶c kztZ-inbpw ae-¶c - b
- nse P\-߃ kzoI-cn® Bfp- A[n-Im-c-an-√mØXmI-bm¬ ImtXm-en-°msb ]m{Xo-b¿°okv thZ-hn-
am-bn-cn-°Ww F∂mWv hyh-ÿ. ]-co-Xn-bmbn {]Jym-]n-®Xv Akm-[phm-W.v ae-¶c Atkm-kn-tb-j\ - nse
{]mXn-\n[yw Hmtcm CS-hI - b - p-sSbpw IpSpw-_ß
- f
- psS AwK-kw-Jybv°v
euIoI Imcy-ßf - n- ¬ ae-¶c
- k
- ` tIm¨{Kn-tK-j\
- e
- m-sW∂v hnti- B\p-]m-Xn-Ia - m-bn-cn-°W
- w. CS-hI - I
- ƒ tIkn¬ I£n-b√ - m-ØX
- n-\m¬
jn-∏n-°m-hp-∂X
- m-Wv. Ahsb s]mXpth _m[n-°p∂ hn[w Hcp {]Jym-]\w \S-Øp-hm≥
CSh-I-∏-≈n-Iƒ Ah-bpsS `c-WsØ kw_-‘n-®-S-tØmfw km[n°p-Ib - n-√. Bb-Xn-\m¬ Hmtcm ]≈n-°mcpw {]tXyIw tIkv ]d-
kzX{¥ ÿm]-\ß - f
- m- Wv. bWw-''.
110 111
 ]p¯³ IqäpImÀ ]p¯³ IqäpImÀ

NB. bmt°m-_mb˛Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv hn`m-Kß

- ƒ Fhp-Øn-°q-kns‚ ]q¿Æ-\m-bn-cn-°p-∂X- p-t]mse a\p-jy-Xz-Ønepw ]q¿Æ-\m-W.v Ahn-Sp∂v
]mj-WvUX ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂n-√. {InkvXp-hn¬ Hcp kz`m-h-ta(-ssZ-h-kz- kXy-ssZ-hhpw Bflmhpw ico-ch - p-ap≈ ]q¿Æ a\p-jy-\m-Ip-∂p. ssZh-
`m-hw) D≈p F∂mWv Fhp-Øn-°pkv ]Tn-∏n-®Xv. Xz-Øn¬ Ahn-Sp∂v ]nXm-hn-t\m-Sp-IqsS GI-k-Øbpw BIp-∂p. ]m]-
tIm]v‰nIv, FtXym-]y≥, A¿ta-\n-b≥ F∂o k`-Iƒ Fhp-Øn- sam-gnsI as‰-√m-‰nepw Ahn-Sp∂v \tΩmSp kZriy\mWv (sl{_m 4:15)
°q-kns‚ GI kz`m-hh- mZw kzoI-cn-°p-∂h
- c
- m-Wv. \ΩpsS \mY-\mb tbip-{InkvXp ssZh-Øns‚ GI-Pm-X-\m-
atXm-]t- Z-ik - m-cß- ƒ (h-´t- »-cn¬ Koh¿Ko v IØ-\m¿ 1892) 3˛mw sW∂pw Iq´n-°-e¿Øtem ÿnXnhyXym-ktam hn`-P-\tam th¿Xn-cn-
kwK-Xn-bn¬ C{]-Imcw ]d-bp-∂p. ""ssZh-kz-`mhw t`Z-s∏´v a\p-jy-kz- °tem C√msX Ahn-Sp-tØ°v c≠p kz`m-hß
- ƒ Ds≠∂v G‰p-]d- t- b-
`m-ha
- m-bn-Øo-cp-Itbm a\p-jy-kz-`mhw t`Z-s∏´v ssZh-kz-`m-ha - m-bn-Øo- ≠-Xm-sW∂pw R߃ hniz-kn-°p∂p-''.
cp-Itbm, XΩn¬ kΩn-{i-s∏-Sp-Itbm, IqSn°e¿∂ thtdmcp hkvXp- bmt°m-_m-b-°m¿ Fhp-Øn-°q-kns\ ]mj-WvUn-bmbn i]n-
hm-bn-Øo-cp-Itbm, H∂n-\m¬ H∂v \in-®p-t]m-hp-Itbm sNømsX ssZh- °p-∂p. ]s£ Fhp-Øn-°q-kns‚ D]-tZ-isØ kzoI-cn® ZobkvtImtdm-
Xzhpw a\p-jy-Xzhpw F∂ c≠p kz`m-hß - ƒ Hcn-°epw th¿Xn-cn-°s - ∏- kns\ hnip-≤\
- mbn _lp-am-\n-°p-∂p.
SmØ {]Im-cw, ssZh-Xz-Øn-s‚bpw ]m]w HgnsI a\p-jy-Xz-Øn-s‚bpw
]q¿Æ-e£ - W - ß- t- fmSp IqsS tbmPn-°s - ∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. tbmPn-∏ns‚ tamtWm-^n-ssk‰v k`-Iƒ F∂ t]cn¬ Adn-bs - ∏-Sp∂ tIm∏-v‰nIv,
tijw c≠p kz`m-hß - f- mtbm c≠v Iv\uΩm-If - mtbm (B-fp-Iƒ) th¿Xn- kndn-b≥, A¿ta-\n-b≥ F∂o k`-Iƒ kzX{¥ hyXyÿ k`-I-fm-Wv
cn-°s- ∏-Sm-hp-∂X- √- . F∂mtem GI-kz-`m-hhpw GIBfpw GI ]¿kq- Hmtcm-∂n\pw {]tXyIw Xe-h\pw {]tXyIw `c-W-{I-ahpw BNm-cm-\p-
∏mbpw GI CjvShpw GI hym]m-chpw As{X. Xm≥ ]q¿Æ-ssZ-hhpw jvTm-\ß
- fpw D≠v. tIm∏v‰
- nIv, A¿ta-\n-b≥ k`-Iƒ, kndn-b≥ At¥ym-
]q¿Æ a\p-jy-\p-am-Ip∂p-''. Jy≥ k`-bpsS LS-Iß - ƒ
- A√. Ah-bpsS ta¬ At¥ymJy≥ ]m{Xo-
b¿°okn\v bmsXmcp A[n-Im-chpan√.
Ah-km-\sØ hmNIw A{X hy‡-a-√.
^m. tUm. Fw. H. tPm¨ C{]-Imcw ]d-bp-∂p. ""Hmdn-sb‚n¬
Cu. Fw. ]oen-t∏mkv Fgp-Xnb k`m-N-cn-{X-Øn¬ C{]-Imcw ]d-
Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k`-Iƒ F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ tIm∏v-‰n-Iv, A¿Ωo-\n-b≥,
bp-∂p. I¬°-Zq-\n-bm-bnse ]nXm-°∑ - mcpw Rm≥ Dƒs∏-´n-cn-°p∂ k`-
At¥ymJy≥, FtXym-]y≥ k`-Iƒ XΩn¬ Ip¿_m\ kwk¿§w D≠v.
bnse ]nXm-°-∑mcpw Htc D]-tZ-i-amWv ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. Ah¿ D]-tbm-
Kn-°p∂ ]Z-ß-fn¬ am{Xta hyXym-k-ap≈p. I¬°-Zq-\nbm kp∂-l- Cu k`-Iƒs°m∂pw ]c-kv]cw B[n-]-Xytam hnt[-b-Xztam C√''.
tZmkv Ip‰-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xv kz`m-h-ß-ƒ ebn®v H∂mbn F∂p≈ Fhp- (sFIyZo]w. \hw-_¿ 2008)
Øn-°q-kns‚ D]-tZ-is - Ø-bm-sW∂pw bmt°m-_mb D]-tZiw B al¬ hkvXp-XIƒ Cß-s\-bn-cns° Cu k`Isf, At¥ymJy ]m{Xo-
kZ- ns‚ Btem-N\ - bv°v hnj-bo-`h
- n-®n-s√∂pw \mw Hm¿t°-≠X- m-W'v '. b¿°okv Uam-kI v kv kp∂-lt- Zm-kn-te°v hnfn-°m-™X - p-sIm≠v, AXv
(]pdw 344-˛45) Akm-[p-hmbnt∏mbn F∂v AUz. Fkv. \mcm-b-W≥ t]m‰n ]d-bp-∂-
I¬°-tZm-\nbm kp∂-lt- Zmkv Xmsg hcpw {]Im-ca - mWv ]Tn-∏n-°p- Xns‚ bp‡n a\- n-em-Ip-∂n-√. GXm-bmepw ]m{Xo-b¿°okv hnfn®p
∂-Xv.""-hn-ip≤ ]nXm-°∑
- msc ]n≥sN∂v R߃ GI-IÆ - p-ambn ]Tn-∏n- Iq´nb Uam-kvIkv kp∂-lt- Zmkv Akm[p-hm-sW∂v kp{]ow tImSXn
°p-∂p. ssZh-]p-{X\pw \ΩpsS \mY-\p-amb tbip-{InkvXp ssZh-Xz-Øn¬ hn[n-®Xp sIm≠v B hn[n F√m-hcpw AwKo-Ic - n-°m≥ _m≤y-ÿc - m-W.v
112 113
 ]p¯³ IqäpImÀ ]p¯³ IqäpImÀ

kp{]ow-tIm-SXn hn[n-°p-tijw Ipdn-™n-]≈n

kp{]ow tImSXn hn[n c≠p Ign-™n´pw (1958˛epw 1995˛epw) 2012 Unkw-_¿ 22 i\n-bmgvN cm{Xn, Ip∂-Øp-\mSv Xl-ko¿Zm¿
Ct∏mgpw h©n Xncp-\-°scØs∂ F∂-XmWv ÿnXn. c≠p I£n- hnizw-`-c≥, tIme-t©cn, Ipdn™n sk‚ v ]ot‰gvkv B‚ v sk‚ v
t]mƒkv ]≈nbnse-Øn. ]≈nbpw A\p-_‘ ÿm]-\ß - fpw IÃ-Un-
Ifpw XΩn¬ 1813 ˛¬ XpS-ßnb tIkpw hg°pw am’-cyhpw Ahkm\w
bn-se-Sp-Ø-Xm-bp≈ B¿. Un. H. bpsS t\m´okv ]Xn-®-tijw, ]≈n
C√msX XpS-cp-Ib- m-Wv. Hcn-°epw Ah-km-\n-°mØ tIkp-If - psS ]Sp-
]q´n ko¬ sNbvXp. Ign™ Hcm-gvN-bmbn Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv ˛ bmt°m-
Ip-gn-bnse A‘-Im-cØ - n-emWv Imcy-ßf - psS InS∏v F∂v Bcpw a\- n-
_mb hn`m-K-߃ XΩn¬ Bcm-[\ kw_-‘n®v X¿°-ap-≠m-b-Xns\
em-°p-∂n√ F∂p-≈X - mWv ]cn-Xm-]I
- c
- w. XpS¿∂mWv ]q´n-b-Xv. (a-e-¶c k`m-Zo]w. 2013 P\p-hcn 1˛15)
tIme-t©cn ]≈n-X¿°w ]pØ≥Ip-cnip ]≈n-X¿°w
tIme-t©cn sk‚ v ]ot‰gvkv ]≈n-bn¬ Bcm-[\ kzmX¥yw Dd- ]pØ≥Ip-cnip ]≈n-X¿°-Øn¬ Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k`-bpsS
∏m°p∂Xn\v c≠p hn`m-Kß - f- nsebpw ImtXm-en-°m-am¿ 2011 sk]vXw- A∏o¬ X≈n-s°m≠v tImSXn C{]-Imcw \ocn-£n-®p. k`m-X¿°-Øns‚
_¿ 10 apX¬ HcmgvN kXy-{Klw \S-Øn. HØp-Xo¿∏p-≠m-°p-∂-Xn\v Ncn{Xw ]cn-tim-[n-®m¬, ssZh-Øns‚ t]cn-ep≈ kzØns‚ ssIh-i-
ap…ow eoKv kwÿm-\m-≤y-£≥ ]mW-°mSv sslZ-cmen X߃, ^oen- Øn\pw B[n-]-Xy-Øn\pw th≠n-bp≈ t]mcm-´-amWv \S-°p-∂-sX∂v
t∏mkv am¿ {IntkmÃw henb sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm, tI{µ-a-{¥n hb-em¿ hy‡-am-Ip-∂p. euIoI Imcy-ß-fn¬ B[n-]Xyw ÿm]n-°p-hm-\p≈
t]mcm-´-amWv \S-°p-∂-Xv. ssZh-k-∂n-[n-bn¬ ]c-kv]cw t]mc-Sn-°p-∂-
chn F∂n-h¿ Hmtcm-cp-Øcpw Ccp-hn-`m-Kß - f- p- a
- mbn kwkm-cn-®p-sh-¶nepw
Xn\v \ymbo-Ic- W
- a
- n-√. kzØp IqSp-tºmƒ ]nSn-hen IqSp-sa-∂mWv A\p-
HØp-Xo¿∏p-≠m°phm≥ km[n-®n√. ]n∂oSv If-ISv d- psS \n¿t±-i{- ]-Imcw
`-hw.
tIcfm aoUn-tb-j≥ sk‚¿ CS-s]-´p. kp{]ow-tIm-SXn AwKo-I-cn®
sISp-Im-cyÿ aqe-amWv Bcm-[\m Imcy-߃ Dƒs∏sSbp≈-h-
aoUn-tb-j≥ t{]mPIvSv AwK-ß-fmb AUz. F≥. Z¿a-Z≥, AUz.
bn¬ tImSXn CS-s]-tS≠n hcp-∂-Xv. PÃnkv hn. cmwIp-am¿, ]n.sI
{ioem¬ hmcn-b¿ F∂n-hsc a[y-ÿcpw \nco-£-I-cp-ambn Npa-X-e-s∏-
_¿°-Øen F∂n-h-cpƒs∏´ Unhn-j≥ _©mWv C{]-Imcw \nco-
Sp-Øn. Ah¿ c≠p-`m-KØ - p-≈h- t- cmSpw kwkm-cn-®p F¶nepw c≠p hn`m-
£n®Xv.
Khpw Ah-ch - c
- psS Bh-iy-ßf - n¬ Dd-®p-\n-∂p. aoUn-tb-j≥ IΩo-j≥
B hnhcw tImS-Xnsb Adn-bn-®p. GXm-bmepw c≠p Iq´cpw kacw
tImX-aw-Kew sNdnb ]≈n-X¿°w
Ah-km-\n-∏n-°m≥ kΩ-Xn-®p. Hcp hn[n-bp-≠m-Ip-∂X - p-hsc c≠p Iq´cpw tImX-aw-Kew sNdnb ]≈n kw_-‘n®v Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k`mw-
]≈n-bn¬ IS-°p-∂Xv sslt°m-SXn XS-™p. k`m-X¿°-sØ-Xp-S¿∂v K-߃
- \¬Inb hn[n \S-Øn∏v l¿Pn X≈n-s°m≠v PÃnkv ]n. `h-Zm-
ks‚ \ocn-£Ww: {]iv\-ß-ƒ°v hncm-a-an-Sm≥ kp{]ow-tIm-S-Xn-°p-
1998 G{]n-en¬ ]q´nb ]≈n A\p-cPRv\ N¿®-sb-Xp-S¿∂v 2005˛¬ Xpd-
t]mepw km[n-®n-√. k`m-X¿°-ßfpambn _‘-s∏´v Ccp-\q-dn-tesd
s∂-¶nepw Xma-kn-bmsX ho≠pw ]q´n F∂mWv Adn-bm≥ Ign-™-Xv.
tIkp-Iƒ D≈Xv \n¿`m-Ky-I-c-am-Wv.
ASp-Ø-bnsS ho≠pw {]iv\-ap-≠mbn (2013 \hw-_¿) {]iv\w N¿®-
sNbvXp Xo¿°m≥ aoUn-tb-j≥ IΩo-j\v hn´n-cn-°b - mWv AXns‚ Xocp- kp{]ow tImS-Xn-bnse Nne t`Z-K-Xn-I-tfmsS tIkv Xo¿∏m-°p-I-
bm-bn-cp-∂p. (a-e-bmf at\m-ca 2011 HIvtSm-_¿ 19)
am\w Adn-™n-√.
114 115
 ]p¯³ IqäpImÀ ]p¯³ IqäpImÀ

Ct∏mƒ 32 ]≈n-If
- n¬ X¿°-ap≠v. Cu tIkpw hg°psa√mw ]≈n-
h-kvXp-°ƒ ssIh-i-am-°m≥ th≠n-bm√msX BfpIsf t\Sm≥
th≠nbmtWm? hn. ]utemkv «olm ]d-bp∂pXv {it≤-ba
- m-Wv. ""Rm≥
Imw£n-°p-∂Xv \nßsfbmWv; \n߃°p-≈-X√''. (2 tImdn 12: 14)
bmt°m-_mb hnL-SnXk`
kndn-b≥ Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k`-bn¬ \n∂v sX‰n-∏n-cn™ Xp¿°n-
18
hw-i-P\pw P¿a≥Imc-\p-amb aqkm-Kp¿Km≥ dºms\, tkth-dn-tbmkv AhtemI\w
aqkm Kp¿Km≥ F∂ t]cn¬ Xriq-cn¬ h®v bmt°m-_mb k`-bn¬
\n∂v Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k`-bn¬ tN¿∂hcmb I≠-\mSv sa{Xm-t∏m-
eoØm tXmakv am¿ AØm-\m-tkymkpw Xriq¿ Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv
sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm bqlm-t∂m≥ am¿ anen-Øn-tbmkpw tN¿∂v sa{Xm- t]m¿´p-Ko-kI v m¿ ChnsS hcp-∂X
- n-\p-apºv Chn-SpsØ kpdn-bm\nk`,
\mbn hmgn-®p. doip]m{Xo-b¿°o-kmb tdmanse am¿∏m-∏b - psS A[n-Im-cØ - n\p hnt[-
b-ambn _mt_-en¬ \n∂p h∂n-cp∂ I¬Zmb (t]¿jy≥) sa{Xm-∑m-
Kp¿Km≥ P¿Ω-\n-bn¬ ""kndn-b≥ Hm¿ØtUmIvkv B¿®p-U-tbm-
cm¬ `cn-°-s∏-´n-cp-∂p. ChnsS Xt±-io-b-amb Hcp lb-cm¿°n ÿm]n-
Unkv Hm^v bqtdm∏v'' F∂ ]pXnb k` ÿm]n-®p. P¿Ω-\n-bnse
°-s∏-´n-cp-∂n-√. t]¿jy≥ k`-bn¬ \S-∏n-en-cp∂, ]uckvXy kpdn-bm-
bmt°m-_m-b-°m¿ {][m-\-ambn Xp¿°n-bn¬ \n∂v IpSn-tb-dn-h-cm-Wv.
\n-bn-ep≈ (I¬Zmb kpdn-bm-\n) I¬Zmb doØ-\p-kc - n-®p≈ Bcm-[\
(ae-bmf at\m-ca 2007 Unkw-_¿ 6)
{Ia-amWv \S-∏n-en-cp-∂-Xv. (Cu {KŸw 9˛mw A≤ymbw, Bcm-[-\-{Iaw
_nen-th¿kv N¿®v t\m°p-I)
_nen-th¿kv N¿®ns‚ HutZym-KnI amkn-I-bmb k`m-hm¿Ø 212 1653˛¬ t]m¿´p-Kokv anj-\dnam¿s°-Xn-cmbn \S∂ Iq\≥ Ipcnip
sk]v‰w_¿ ˛ HIvtSm-_¿ e°-Øn¬ k`m-≤y-£≥ Xmsg hcpw {]Imcw kXy-Øn-\p-tijw, am¿tØmΩm {InkvXym-\n-Iƒ ]gb Iq‰p-Im¿ F∂pw
]d-bp-∂p. ""R߃ N¿®v Hm^v kuØv C≥Uy-tbmSv sa{Xm-`n-tj-I-
]pØ≥ Iq‰p-Im¿ F∂pw c≠p hn`m-K-ambn ]ncn-™p. A∂p apX¬
Øn\p th≠n At]-£n-®p. sI. sI. kmap-th¬ Xncp-ta-\nbpw a‰v Ggp
]pØ≥Iq¿ hn`mKw tdmap-ambn sFIys∏-Sp-∂X - n\p ]cn-{i-an®p F¶nepw
Xncp-ta-\n-amcpw IqSn-h∂
- n-´mWv Fs‚ sa{Xm-`n-tjIw \S-ØØ
- nXv'- '.
]e Imc-W-߃sIm≠v hnP-bn-®n-√. ]pØ≥Iq-‰p-Im¿ Ime-{I-taW
Cu k`-bpsS ]c-am-≤y-£-\mb sI. ]n tbml-∂m≥ sa{Xm-t∏m- bmt°m-_mb k`-°m¿ Bbn-Øo¿∂p. F¶nepw hfsc h¿j-°mew
eoØm sa{Xm-\m-Ip∂Xn\p-apºv sshZn-I]
- ´w kzoI-cn-®X
- mbn ]d-bp-∂n-√. I¬Zmb Bcm-[\ {Ia-amWv Ah¿ A\p-jvTn-®n-cp-∂X - v.
tUm. amXyqkv am¿ tkth-dn-tbmkv ]d-bp-∂p. ""t]¿jy≥k`
ae-¶c k`bv°v Bh-iym-\p-k-cWw sshZn-Isc hmgn-®p-X-∂p. AXn-
\mbn Ime-Im-eß - f
- n¬ AhnsS \n∂pw sa{Xm-∑msc Ab-®p-X∂- p. \{km-
Wn-I-fm-I-s´-t]¿jy≥ k`-bpsS Xe-h-\mb _mKvZm-Znse ]uckvXy
ImtXm-en-°msb Bflob A≤y-£\ - mbn AwKo-Ic- n-®p.
116 117
 ]p¯³ IqäpImÀ ]p¯³ IqäpImÀ

1653˛se Iq\≥ Ipcnip kXy-sØ-Øp-S¿∂v tXmΩm A¿°-Zn-bm- Adn-bs

- ∏-Sp-∂X
- .v am¿ A_vtZZv anin-lm-bpsS Ime-tijw ]n≥Km-an-bmbn
t°ms\ am¿tØmΩm F∂ t]cn¬ F∏n-kvtIm-∏m-bmbn Db¿Øp-hm≥ Bcpw ]m{Xo-b¿°o-kmbn hmgn-°s - ∏-´p-an-√.
Xocp-am-\n-®p. 1809 ˛¬ I≠-\mSp ]Sn-tbme hgn ]m›mXy kpdn-bm\n
am¿ A_vZp≈m ]m{Xo-b¿°o-kv X°-Xmb ImcWw IqSm-sX-bmWv
Bcm-[\ {Ia-߃ AwKo-Ic - n-®p''. (a-e¶
- c k`: 2012 Unkw-_¿. ]pdw. 11)
am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkym-kns\ apS-°n-bX- v. A[n-Imc Zp¿hn-\n-tbmKamWv am¿
]m{Xo-b¿°o-kns‚ B[n-]Xyw A_vZp≈m AhnsS \S-Øn-bX - .v AXns\ t\cn-Sp-hm-\mWv am¿ A_vtZZv
]t{Xmkv XrXn-b≥ ]m{Xo-b¿°o-kv ChnsS h∂v 1976 ˛¬ apf-¥p- anin-lmsb hcpØn ImtXm-en-°msb hmgn-®X - v.
cØn kp∂-lt- Zmkv hnfn-®p-Iq-´n tN∏m´v am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkym-kns\ ae-¶c
- - am¿ A_vtZZv aninlm hmgn-®Xv ImtXm-en-t°m-kn-
sa-{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bmbn \nb-an-°p-Ibpw, ae-¶-c-k-`sb Ggp `{Zm-k-\- s\tbm AtXm a{^n-bm-\m-sbtbm?
ß-fm-bn-Xn-cn-°p-Ibpw, Bdv sa{Xm-∑msc IqSn hmgn®v, Ah-bn¬ Hmtcm
∂pw Hmtcm-cp-Ø¿°mbn sImSp-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. IqSmsX k`m-kw-_- ^m. tUm. Fw. H. tPm¨ C{]-Imcw ]d-bp-∂p. ""ImtXm-en°m
‘-ambn Nne \nb-a-߃ D≠m-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp AXn-\p-tijw Xncn- F∂ hm°ns‚ A¿∞w s]mXp-hns‚ Bƒ F∂m-W.v a{^n-bm\m F∂
®p-t]m-bn. hm°ns‚ A¿∞w h¿≤n-∏n-°p-∂h - ≥ F∂m-Wv. c≠pw c≠p k`-bnse
hyXyÿ ÿm\-ßf - m-bn-cp-∂p. ]{¥≠mw \q‰m-≠n\p tijw t]¿jym-
ImtXm-en°m hmgvN
bnse ImtXm-en-°m-amsc ]m{Xo-b¿°o-kv F∂pw hnfn-°m-dp-≠v. _m_n-
A_vZp≈m ]m{Xo-b¿°o-kv ChnsS h∂v 1911 ˛¬ h´-t»-cn¬ am¿ temWnse ]m{Xo-b¿°o-kv As√-¶n¬ Ako-dn-b≥ ]m{Xo-b¿°o-kv
Zoh-∂m-tkym-kns\ apS-°n-b-Xn-s\ XpS¿∂v, am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkym-kns\ Fs∂ms° Ah¿ Adn-bs - ∏-´n-cp-∂p. t]¿jy≥ ImtXm-en°m ]cn-]q¿Æ
A\p-Iq-en®p \n∂-h¿ ÿm\-{`-jSv \
- m-°s
- ∏´ am¿ A_v t`Zv anin-lmsb kzX-{¥-\m-bn-cp-∂p.
hcp-Øn. Chn-sS-bp≈hcpsS Bh-iy-{]-Imcw apdn-a‰- Øv ]utemkv am¿
Cuhm-\n-tbm-kns\, _t -en-tbmkv ]utemkv F∂ t]cn¬ ae-¶-c- F∂m¬ a{^n-bm\m, At¥ym-Jy≥ ]m{Xo-b¿°o-kns‚ Iogn-ep-
bnse H∂m-asØ ImtXm-en-°m-bmbn hmgn-®p. ≠m-bn-cp-∂ t]¿jy-bnse kpdn-bm\n {InkvXym-\n-If
- psS Xe-h\
- m-bn-cp-∂p.
ImtXm-en°m ÿm\-hp-ambn a{^n-bm-\mbv°v Hcp _‘-hp-ap-≠m-bn-cp-
ÿm\-{`-jSv \
- m-°s
- ∏´ ]m{Xo-b¿°o-kn\m¬ hmgn-®X
- m-bX
- p-sIm≠v,
∂n-√.
Cu ImtXm-en°m hmgvN Akm-[p-hm-sW∂v ]m{Xo-b¿°o-kv hn`mKw
hmZn-®p. t]¿jy-bnse At¥ym-Jy≥ ]m{Xo-b¿°o-kmWv Ggmw \q‰m-≠n¬
t]¿jy-bn¬ a{^n-bm-\msb \nb-an-°p-∂X- .v Xn{Ko-knse k`m-≤y-£s‚
h´-t»-cn¬ am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkpw sIm®p-]d
- º
- n¬ am¿ Iqdn-temkpw
1908 ˛¬ am¿ A_vZp≈m ]m{Xo-b¿°o-kn¬ \n∂p-amWv sa{Xm≥ ÿm\w t]cmWv a{^n-bm\m F∂v _m¿ F{_mb tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. ]Xn-
kzoI-cn-®-Xv. A√msX ÿm\ {`jvS-\m-°-s∏´ am¿ A_vtZZv anin-lm- aq∂mw \p‰m-≠n¬ t]¿jy-bnse a{^n-bm\m Bbn-cp∂ BfmWv _m¿
bn¬ \n∂p-a-√.- am¿ A_vZp≈msb bYm¿∞ ]m{Xo-b¿°o-kmbn F{_m-bm. At±-l-Øns‚ Fgp-Øp-I-fn¬ Hcn-S-Øp-t]mepw ImtXm-en-
ae-¶-c-k` AwKo-I-cn-®Xp sIm≠m-Wt√m A{]-Imcw sNbvX-Xv. am{X- °msb a{^n-bm-\m-sb-t∂m, a{^n-bm-\msb ImtXm-en°m Ft∂m _m¿
a√ Cu c≠p ]m{Xo-b¿°o-kpamcp-sSbpw Ime-tijw `c-W-ta‰ am¿ F{_mbm hnfn-®n-´n-√. At±-lØ
- ns‚ Ime-tijw Nne-scms° Aßs\
Gen-bmkv ]m{Xo-b¿°o-kv am¿ A_vZp-≈m-bpsS ]n≥Km-an-bm-bn-´mWv hnfn-®n-´p-≠v.
118 119
 ]p¯³ IqäpImÀ ]p¯³ IqäpImÀ

Ing-°ns‚ ImtXm-en°m F∂ ÿm\-t∏cv a{^n-bm-\mbv°v ]n¬°m- {]-Imcw a{^n-bm-\msb AXm-bXv ImtXm-en-°msb hmgn-®n-cn-°p∂p F∂-
eØv e`n-®n-´p-≠.v F∂m¬ c≠pw hyXyÿ ÿm-\ß- f
- m-W.v A[nImcw √msX Cu ÿm]-\sØ ]p\:ÿm]n-®n-cn-°p∂p F∂ kqN-\b - n-√.
c≠v, ÿm\w c≠v, _lpaXn c≠v.'' (ae¶c k`mZo]w, 2011 sabv 16˛31). 1934˛se `c-WL
- S- \bnse ]p\:ÿm]-\s - a∂v D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv
""ImtXmen°mbpw a{^nbm\mbpw c≠pw c≠v hyXyÿ k`Ifnse {]tXyIw {i≤n-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. CXn¬ \n∂v {Kln-°m-hp∂ Nne Imcy-
ÿm\ßfmbnØs∂bmWv \ne\n∂Xv. ߃ : H∂v, AXns‚ ÿm]\ thf-bn¬ a{^n-bm-\m, ImtXm-en°
F∂nh Htc ÿm]-\a - m-sW∂v Dt±-in-®n-cp-∂s- X-¶n¬ {]Y-aa- mbpw XXz-
]m{Xnb¿°okns‚ Iogvÿm\nbmWv a{^nbm\m F∂ \ne]mSmWv
Øn¬ B ÿm\w a{^n-bm-\m-bp-tS-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ 1934˛se `c-W-
Ft∏mgpw D≠mbn´p≈Xv. ]m{Xnb¿°okns‚ IognemWv a{^nbm\m
L-S-\bp≠m°n-b-t∏mƒ a{^n-bm\m F∂Xv ]mtS Dt]-£n®v ImtXm-
ÿm\w F∂ [mcWsb ASnÿm\am°nbmWv Ip∏¿Øo\m kp∂l
en-t°mkv F∂p am{X-am-°n.
tZmkv Xocpam\߃ (F.Un.869). a{^nbm\msb IqSmsX ]m{Xnb¿
°otkm, ]m{Xnb¿°okns\ IqSmsX a{^nbm\mtbm hmgn°s∏S c≠v, 1912 ˛¬ AXv ÿm]-\a - m-bn-cp∂psh¶n¬ 1934 ˛se `c-WL - S- -
cpsX∂v ]n∂oSv CcpIq´cpw Bh¿Øn®p {]Jym]n°p∂p≠v'' (^m. Fw. \-bn¬ AXv ]p\:ÿm]-\a - mbn. (a-e¶- ck` 2012 HIvtSm-_¿ ]pdw. 9˛12)
H. tPm¨, ae¶ck`mZo]w 2010, HIvtSm_¿ 16˛30). ImtXm-en-t°‰v ÿm]n-®p-sIm-≠p≈ am¿ A_vtZZvv aninlmbpsS
""F. Un. 550˛t\m\SpØv bmt°m_v _p¿Zm\ t]¿jybn¬ Iev]-\-bn¬ kmc-amb Hcp Ir{Xnaw ImWn-®n-´p≈Xmbn B Iev]\
{]h¿Øn® At¥ymJy≥ A\p`mhnIsf kwLSn∏n®v Ah¿°pth≠n ]I¿Øn-sb-gp-Xn, ]m{Xo-b¿°o-kns‚ H∏p hmßnb B sshZn-I-\n¬
Hcp sa{Xmt∏meoØmsb hmgn®p. Cu sa{Xm≥ ÿm\amWv \n∂v Xs∂ Adn-bp-hm≥ Ign™p F∂v ^m. tXmakv hS-t»cn ]d-™n-
]n¬°meØv a{^nbm\m F∂dnbs∏Sp∂Xv. ´n-≠v. ""taen¬ F√mw {Iaw t]msebpw ]Xn-hp-t]m-sebpw At¥ymJy
]m{Xo-b¿°o-kns‚ Iev]\ - {- ]-Imcw (A-Iv]p-IvtZmt\ Zv ]m{Xo-b¿t°m
t]¿jybn¬ Pohn®ncp∂ At¥ymJy≥ k`mwK߃°pth≠n, Zv At¥ym-Jy) ImtXm-en-°msb hmgn-°m≥ ae-¶-c-k-`bv°v A\p-hm-Z-
AØ\mtkymkv Kmtame F∂ At¥ymJy≥ ]m{Xnb¿°okv Cu ap-s≠∂pw hnh-cn®v A_vtZZv aninlm Fgp-Xn-bp-≠m-°nb A[n-Im-c] - -
henb sa{Xmt∏meoØmsb NpaXes∏SpØn. Aßs\ \nbanX\mb {X-Øns‚ \°¬ ]I¿Øn-sb-gp-Xm≥ Cu ]´-°m-cs\ Gev]n-®-t∏mƒ
BZysØ henb sa{Xmt∏meoØm AYhm a{^nbm\m am¿ adpYm ""AIv]p-Itv Zm-t\Zv ]m{Xo-b¿t°mZv At¥ymJy'' F∂p≈ ]Z-߃ hn´p-
(tamdqskm˛629˛649) Bbncp∂p. a{^nbm\m ÿm\w ]q¿Æambpw I-f™- n´v AXv ]I¿Øn Fgp-Xn. A_vtZZv aninlm ]≈n kµ¿in-°p-
]m{Xnb¿°okn\p hnt[bamWv....Zb¿apd ^m\n¬ h®v 1880˛¬ ∂-Xm-\mbn Fhn-sStbm t]mIm≥ {ZpX-KX - n-bn¬ Hcpßn ]pd-tØ-bv°n-
bm°q_v c≠ma≥ (1871) F∂ bmt°m_mb ]m{Xnb¿°okns‚ d-ßm-dm-b-t∏mƒ, B ]´-°m-c≥ ]I¿Øn-sb-gp-Xnb A[n-Imc ]{Xw
A≤y£Xbn¬ IqSnb 17 sa{Xm∑mcpsS kp∂ltZmkv a{^nbm\m sIm≠v sN∂v H∏n-Sp-hn®p hmßn. Cßs\ kq{Xw {]tbm-Kn-®mWv ImtXm-
ÿm\w \n¿Øem°n. (^m. tUm. Fw. H. tPm¨, ae¶ck`mZo]w, en-°m knwlm-k\w ae-¶-cbv°v e`n-®-sX-¶n¬ ImtXm-en° ÿm\w
2013 P\phcn 1˛15, ]pdw. 5). km[p-hmtWm F∂v kwi-bn-t°-≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. (Fs‚ sXtßen
^m. tUm. ‰n. sF. h¿Kokpw CXp-Xs∂ ]d-bp∂p: ""A_vtZZv {]kwKw ]pdw. 382-˛383)
aninlm 1912 sk]v‰w-_¿ 17˛\pw 1913 s^{_p-hcn 8˛epw ]pd-s∏-Sp- 2010 ˛¬ ]ueqkv ZznXo-b≥ ImtXm-en°m _mhm-bpsS hmgvN-sb-
hn®Xmb c≠p Iev]-\-I-fn¬ ]d-™n-cn-°p-∂-Xv, \nß-fpsS Bh-iy- ∏‰n tUm. _m_p t]mƒ C{]Imcw Fgp-Xp∂p: ""\ΩpsS k`-bnse
120 121
 ]p¯³ IqäpImÀ ]p¯³ IqäpImÀ

tZh-temIw hn`mKw ]pXnb ImtXm-en-°msb hmgn-®n-cn-°p∂p ]m{Xo- knwlm-k\- s - Ø-∏‰n ]d-bp-am-bn-cp-∂p. 1597˛¬ am¿ A{_-lm-ans‚ acWw
b¿°o-kv _mhmsb £Wn-°msX \S-Ønb Cu I¿Ω-Øn\v 1934 ˛se hsc ae-¶c- k
- `- b
- n¬ I¬Zmb sa{Xm-∑m-cpsS ]c-ºc \ne-\n-∂p.
`c-WL- S- \
- b
- \
- p-kc
- n®v km[pX C√. Iq\≥Ip-cnip kXy-Øn-\p-tijw 12 sshZn-I¿ IqSn sa{Xm-\mbn
Cu _mhm (]m{Xo-b¿°o-kv) Rß-fp-tS-X√ F∂p ]d-bm-\m-hn-√. hmgn-® am¿tØm-Ωm-bpsS A\p-bm-bn-I-fmb ]pØ≥Iq-‰p-Im¿ ]n∂oSv
bmt°m-_mb k`-°m-cm-bn. At¥ymJy bmt°m-_mb (kn-dn-b≥ Hm¿Ø-
apdn-a‰
- Øv _mhm sX{Ko-kns‚ ]n≥Xp-S¿®-°m-c\ - m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶n¬
tUmIvkv) k`-bn¬ \n∂pw h∂ am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbmkpw am¿ {KntKm-dn-
At±-lsØ ]utemkv ZznXo-b≥ F∂m-bn-cp∂p hnfn-t°-≠-Xv. F´mw
tbmkpw IqSn 1770 ˛¬ Bdmw am¿tØm-Ωmsb am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv
\p‰m-≠n¬ 29 sIm√w (728-˛757) sX{Ko-kn¬ `cn® _mhm-bpsS t]cv
F∂ t]cn¬ sa{Xm-\mbn hmgn-®p. Aßs\ ]pØ≥Iq-‰p-Im¿ bmt°m-
]utemkv F∂m-bn-cp-∂p'' (a-e-¶-c-k`m Zo]w 2010 Unkw-_¿ 16-˛31)
_mb k`°mcmbn. ]s£ I¬Zmb Bcm-[\ {Iaw Dt]-£n®v At¥ym-
am¿ A_vtZZv anin-lm-bpsS ImtXm-en-t°‰v ae-¶-c-bn¬ ÿm]n® Jy≥ Bcm-[-\-{Iaw \S-∏n¬ hcp-Øn-bXv 19 ˛mw \q‰m-≠n-em-Wv.
Iev]\- b
- n¬, At¥ym-Jy-bpsS «olm-bv°S- pØ knwlm-k\ - h
- p-am-bp≈
1925 ˛¬ BWv bmt°m-_mb k`-bnse ImtXm-en-t°mkv hn`m-Kw,
kvt\l-_‘ - Ø- n¬ \n∂v \n߃ th¿]n-cn-bc - p-sX∂v \nß-fpsS kXy-
Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k` F∂ t]cv kzoI-cn-°p-∂-Xv.
kvt\-lt- ØmSv \mw Iev]n-°p-∂p''. F∂-Xn\v FXn-ct√ Cu ImtXm-en-
°m-hm-gvNbv°v ]m{Xo-b¿°o-kns\ £Wn-°m-™X - v. ""1975 ˛¬, ImtXm-en-°m-am-cpsS, am¿ _tk-en-tbmkv F∂ ÿm\-
\m-atØmSpIqSn ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØmamcpsS ]q¿∆nI ÿm\-\mamb
am¿tØmΩm «olm-bpsS knwlm-k\w "am¿tØmΩ' IqSn Iq´n-tN¿Øp''. (\n-bp‡ ImtXm-en°m ]utemkv
aq∂mw ImtXm-en-°m-bmbn 1929 ˛¬ am¿ _t -en-tbmkv Koh¿Kokv am¿ anen-Øn-tbmkv ˛ ae-bmf at\m-ca 2009 s^{_p-hcn 19)
ZznXo-b≥ hmgn-°-s∏-´-tijw ""hnip≤ am¿tØmΩm «olm-bpsS
Ct∏mgpw I¬Zmb Bcm-[\{Iaw A\p-jT v n-°p∂ ]g-bI
- q-‰p-ImcpsS
]uckvXy knwlm-k-\-Øn-t∑¬ Bcp-U-\mbn _e-lo-\-\mb c≠m-
k`m-X-e-h-\-t√, am¿tØmΩm «olm-bpsS knwlm-k-\-Øn-\p≈ Ah-
asØ Koh¿Kokv F∂v A`n-[m-\a - p≈ _t -en-tbmkv ImtXm-en°m'',
Im-iw.
F∂v Iev]\ - I
- f
- n¬ Fgp-Xn-Øp-Sß
- n.
k`m tIkv kw_-‘n®v 1980 Pq¨ 6˛mw Xob-Xn-bnse hn[n-bn¬
]t{Xm-kns‚ tdmam-knw-lm-k\ - w, At¥ymJy knwlm-k\ - w, A{¥- PÃnkv N{µ-ti-J-c-ta-t\m≥ C{]-Imcw ]d-™p. ""ae-¶c k`-bpsS
tbm-kns‚ tIm¨Ãm-s‚-t\m-∏nƒ knwlm-k\w Fs∂ms° ]d-bm- ÿm]-I-s\∂ \ne-bn¬ tXmΩm-«o-lmsb hnti-jn-∏n-°mw. ]s£
dp-≠v. tdmam-°m¿ A∏-kvtXm-en-I -knw-lm-k\w F∂mWv ]d-bm-dp- Hm¿ØtUmIvkv kpdn-bm\n k`-bpsS ÿm]-I-\mbn am¿ tXmam
≈-Xv. «ol-am¿ ÿm]n® k`-I-sf√mw A∏-kvtXm-enI k`-I-fm-Wv. «olmsb hnti-jn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv, Ncn-{X-]-c-amb AhmkvX {]kvXm-h-am-
F∂m¬ "am¿ tXmam-bpsS knwlm-k\w' F∂ ]Z-{]-tbmKw ASpØ bn-cn-°pw. am¿ tXmam «olm-bn¬ \n∂v ae-¶c- b
- n-te°v hnLmXw IqSm-
Ime-sØm-gn®v ]pcm-X\ ae-¶c - k
- `- b- n¬ hym]-Ia
- mbn D]-tbm-Kn®v I≠n- sX-bp≈ A∏-kvtXm-enI ]n≥Xp-S¿® Ds≠∂ \nK-a-\-Øn¬ FØn-
´n-√. t®-cp-∂X- n\v aXn-bmb tcJ-Is
- fm∂pw Cu tIkn¬ lmP-cm-°n-bn´n√''.
tIc-f-Øn¬ t]¿jy≥ k`-bn¬ \n∂p-amWv sa{Xm-∑m¿ h∂p-sIm- am¿ tXmam-bpsS knwlm-k-\-Øn\mtWm ImtXm-en-°m-bpsS
≠n-cp-∂-Xv. tXmΩm-«o-lm-bpsS Imew apX¬ ChnsS Xt±-iobcmb knwlm-k\- Ø
- n-\mtWm ]Zhn IqSp-X¬ D≈Xv? ChnsS ImtXm-en-t°mkv
sa{Xm-∑m¿ D≠m-bn-cp-s∂-¶n¬ Hcp ]s£ am¿tØmΩm «olm-bpsS D≠m-Ip-∂X- n-\p-apºv ae-¶c
- s
- a-{Xm-∑m¿ D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. B ae-¶c sa{Xm-
122 123
 ]p¯³ IqäpImÀ ]p¯³ IqäpImÀ

∑m¿ k`sb `cn-®p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂Xv am¿ tXmam-bpsS knwlm-k-\-Øn¬ Cu tIkn¬ bmt°m-_m-b°

- m¿ hnP-bn-®p.
Ccp-∂p-sIm-≠m-bn-cn-°W
- a
- t- √m. h´-t»-cn¬ am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv ae-¶c bmt°m-_m-b-°m¿, Imt\m≥ XncpØn F∂p ]d-™ tijw,
sa{Xm-\m-bn-cn-°p∂ Ah-kc - Ø
- n-emWv am¿ _tk-en-tbmkv Koh¿Kokv "skan\m-cn-t°kv Im-eØ
- v am¿tXm-am-°mcpw bmt°m-_mb°sc--t∏mse
ZznXo-b≥ ImtXm-en-°m-bm-Ip-∂Xpw am¿tXm-am«olm-bpsS ]uckvXy Xs∂bmWv {]h¿Øn-®-Xv''. F∂v sI. F≥. Zm\n-tb-¬ ]cm-a¿in-°p-
knwlm-k-\-Øn¬ Bcq-V-\m-bn-cn-°p∂p F∂p Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp-∂Xpw.
∂p.(-Hcp Bfl hrØ IY-\w, 1951, ]pdw 125)
ae-¶-c-sa-{Xm≥ am¿tXmam «olm-bpsS knwlm-k-\-Øn¬ Bcq-V-\m-
bn-cp-s∂-¶n¬ ImtXm-en-t°mkv Fß-s\-bmWv B knwlm-k-\-Øn¬ bmt°m-_m-b°- m¿, ]m{Xo-b¿°okv I£n-sb∂pw ImtXm-en-t°mkv
Bcq-V\ - m-Ip-∂Xv? I£n-sb∂pw c≠mbn ]nf¿∂ tijw, sImSpØ h´n-∏W tIkn¬,
]m{Xo-b¿°o-kv I£n lmP-cm-°nb Imt\m≥ 18 A°w Imt\m≥
am¿tXmΩm «olm-bpsS knwlm-k-\-Øn¬ Bcq-V-\m-bn-cn-°p∂
F∂pw ImtXm-en-t°mkv I£n lmP-cm-°nb Imt\m≥ A A°w
Bƒ Fßs\ At¥ymJy bmt°m-_mb ]m{Xo-b¿°o-kns‚ Iogvÿm-
Imt\m≥ Bbpw kzoI-cn-°s - ∏-´p.
\n-bm-bn-Øo¿∂p? ae-¶c Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k`-bnse ssIsh∏p
At¥ymJm bmt°m-_mb ]m{Xo-b¿°o-knt‚XmWv. ]m{Xnb¿°okv skan-\mcnt°kn¬ (am¿tØm-am-Im¿s°-Xn-sc) lmP-cm-°nb
am¿tXm-am-«o-lm-bpsS knwlm-k-\-Øn¬ Bcq-V-\m-bn-cn-°p∂p F∂v Imt\m≥ A√ h´n-∏W tIkn¬ Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv hn`mKw lmP-cm-°n-
Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp-∂n-√. At¥ymJybpsSbpw Ing-s°m-s°-bp-sS ]m{Xo- b-Xv.
b¿°o-kv F∂p am{Xta Ah-Im-is - ∏-Sp-∂p-≈p. ""ae-¶-c-k` 1876-˛1976'' F∂ {KŸ-Øn¬ C{]-Imcw ]d-bp-∂p.
lqZmb Imt\m≥ tdmb¬ tImSXn hn[n (am¿tØm-Ωm-°m¿s°-Xn-sc-bp-≠m-bn) hmbn-®m¬
]m{Xo-b¿°o-kn\p am{Xta aqtdm≥ IqZmi sNøm≥ Ah-Im-i-ap≈p
13 ˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ Pohn-®n-cp∂ bmt°m-_mb k`-bnse Hcp a{^n-
F∂mWv E E E A°Ønse hyh-ÿ. E E E A°w tIkn\p tijw
bm-\m-bn-cp∂ _m¿ F{_mbm Fgp-Xnb k`m \nb-a-ß-fm-Wv, bmt°m-
shfn®w I≠n-√. h´n-∏W - t- °-knse 18 A°w (]m{Xo-b¿°o-kv hn`mKw
_mb˛Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k`-If - nse A[n-Im-cnI \nb-a{- K-Ÿa
- mb lqZmb
lmP-cm-°n-bX - v) tdmb¬ tImSXn tIknse E E E A°hpambn hfsc
Imt\m≥. CXns‚ ssIsø-gpØp {]Xn-Iƒ am{Xta D≠m-bn-cp-∂p-≈p
kmay-ap-≈-tXm, AXp-t]mse Xs∂-bp-≈tXm BsW-∂m-Wv, h´n-∏-W-
t]mƒ _Uv Pm≥ F∂ Bƒ AXv 1898 ˛¬ ]mco-kn¬ \n∂v A®-Sn-®p.
t°-knse BZy-hn-[n-bn¬ ]d-™X - .v ]m{Xo-b¿°o-kn\p am{Xta aqtdm≥
bmt°m-_mb°m¿ \ho-Ic - W bmt°m-_mb°mcp-ambn (am¿tØm- IqZmi sNøm≥ A[nIm-c-ap≈p F∂v E E E A°Øn¬ ImWp∂p
Ωm-Im¿) \S-Ønb skan-\mcn tIkn¬ (1879 ˛ 1889) ]m{Xo-b¿°o-kn\p F∂v tdmb¬ tImSXn hn[n \ymbw, 214˛mw ]mcm-bn¬ ]d-™n-´p-≠v.
IqSp-X¬ A[n-Im-cß- f - p-s≠∂v ImWn-°p-hm-\mbn, Cu lqZmb Imt\m- F∂m¬ 18 A°-Øn¬, ]m{Xo-b¿°o-kn\p ImtXm-en-°mbv°pw aqtdm≥
\n¬ Nne am‰-߃ hcp-Øn-bmWv AXns‚ Hcp ssIsøgpØp {]Xn IqZmi sNøm-sa-∂mWv ]d-™n-cn-°p-∂Xv''. (]pdw 251-˛52)
tImS-Xn-bn¬ lmP-cm-°n-bXv. ]g°-ap-s≠∂pw ImWn-°p-hm-\mbn AXv
A A°w (A-≤ymbw 3,1 ]m{Xo-b¿°o-kn\pw ImtXm-en-°mbv°pw
Im∏n-bntem at‰m ap°n DW-°n-sb-Sp-ØmWv lmP-cm-°n-bXv F∂p ]d-
sa{X-t∏m-eo-Ømbv°pw am{Xta aqtdm≥ (ssk-Øv) IqZmi \S-Øp-hm≥
b-s∏-Sp-∂p. A°m-cW- Ø
- m¬ Im∏n-°m-t\m≥ F∂v AXv Adn-bs - ∏-Sp-∂p.
]mSp-≈p)
\ho-I-cW bmt°m-_m-b-Im¿ (am¿tØm-Ωm-°m¿) tImS-Xn-bn¬
hnizm-k-Im-cy-ß-fn¬ tImS-Xnsb kao-]n-°mtam?
lmP-cm-°nbXv Ah¿ Fgp-Xn-bp-≠m-°nb Imt\m≥ BWv. F´mw
A≤ymbØn¬ ae-¶c - °
- m-t\ms\ ]‰n-]d
- ™
- n-cn-°p-∂Xv ImWp-I. k`-bn¬ hnizmk Imcy-ß-fn¬ X¿°-ap-≠m-b-t∏m-sf√mw BI-am-
124 125
 ]p¯³ IqäpImÀ ]p¯³ IqäpImÀ

\-k-`-bnse sa{X-∑m-cpsS kp∂-l-tZmkv IqSn kXy-hn-izmkw C∂-Xm- hn. ]utemkv «olm ]d-bp-∂Xv {i≤n-°p-I. ""\n߃ Ct∏mgpw
sW∂v {]Jym-]n-®n-cp-∂p. bmt°m-_m-b° - mcpw AwKo-Ic - n-°p∂, \nJym euIoI a\p-jy¿ Xs∂. \nß-fpsS CS-bn¬ Akq-bbpw X¿°hpw
kp∂-lt- Zm-k,v tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏nƒ kp∂-lt- Zm-k,v Ft^kqkv kp∂- \ne-\n-ev°p-tºmƒ \n߃ euIn-Icpw km[m-cW - °
- m-cp-at√? euIoI
l-tZmkv F∂o BZysØ aq∂p kp∂-l-tZm-kp-Iƒ CXn-\p-Zm-l-c-W- cmb-Xp-sIm≠v Xs∂-bt√ \nß-fn¬ Nne¿ ""Rm≥ ]utem-kns‚
ß-fm-Wv. I¬°-tZm-\nbm kp∂-lt- Zm-kv (481 ˛¬) Fhp-Øn-t°m-kns‚ BfmWv F∂pw Nne¿ Rm≥ At∏m-fm-bpsS BfmWv'' F∂pw ]d™p
GI-kz-`mh ]mj-WvUX \ncm-Ic - n-®Xv A{]-Im-ca- m-Wv. 630 taev]´- °
- m¿ \S-°p-∂Xv? (1 tImdn 3:3˛4) ""ktlm-Zc
- ≥ ktlm-Zc
- s
- \-Xntc ]cm-Xn-bp-
kw_-‘n-®n-cp∂ Cu kp∂-lt- Zm-kns\ bmt°m-_mb˛Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv ambn tImS-Xnsb kao-]n-°p-∂p. AXpw hnPm-Xn-b-cpsS tImS-Xnsb.
hn`m-Kß
- ƒ, F¥p sIm≠v AwKo-Ic - n-°p-∂n√ F∂v Ah¿ ]d-bptam? \n߃ XΩn¬ hyh-lm-c-߃ D≠m-Ip-∂Xp Xs∂ \n߃°p ]cm-P-
b-am-Wv. F¥p-sIm≠v A\oXn \n߃°p £an®p IqSm? t\sc adn®v
hnizmkw kw_-‘n®v X¿°-ap-≠m-bm¬ F¥p sNø-W-sa∂v
\n߃ Xs∂ ktlm-Zsc t{Zmln-°p-Ibpw h©n-°p-Ibpw sNøp ∂p-''.
Hm¿Ø-tUm-IvkvIm-cpsS `c-WL - S- \
- b
- n¬ ]d-bp-∂p-≠v. ""hnizmkw C∂-
(1tImdn 6: 6˛8)
Xm-sW∂v D≈Xns\ kw_-‘n®v X¿°-ap-≠m-bm¬ ta¬ {]kvXm-hn®
F∏n-kvtIm-∏¬ kn\-Un\v Xocp-am\w sNøm-hp-∂Xpw, CXns‚ Ah- ""F√m Imcy-ß-fpw apdp-ap-dp∏pw X¿°hpw IqSmsX sNøp-hn≥''
km\ Xocp-am\w BI-am\ kp∂-lt- Zm-kn\p Ccn-°p-∂X - p-am-Ip-∂p. (`c-W- (^nen 2:14) ""\nß-ƒ Pohs‚ hN-\sØ apdpsI ]nSn-°p-hn≥''(-^nen 2:16)
L-S-\. hIp∏v. 108). ""]cmXn ImtXm-en-°msb ]‰n-bm-sW-¶n¬ AwKo- ]pØ≥ Iq‰p-Im-cpsS Ncn{Xw ]cn-tim-[n®m¬ AXv XpS-sc-ØpSsc
IrX ]m{Xo-b¿°o-kps≠¶n¬ At±-lØ - ns‚ km∂n-≤y-Øn¬ kn\Uv D≠m-bn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂ A¥-On-{Z-ßf - p-sSbpw a’-cß
- f
- p-sSbpw hyh-
N¿® sNbvXv Xocp-am-\n-t°-≠-XmWv''. (`-c-W-L-S\. 118) lm-cß
- f
- p-sSbpw Hcp Ncn-{X-am-sW∂v ImWp-hm≥ km[n-°pw.
tImS-Xn-bn-eqsS ]cn-l-cn-°p-I, sXcp-hn-en-dßn {]Xn-tj-[n-°pI, 18˛mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ Ah-km-\-tØm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bmWv ]pØ≥Iq-‰p-Im¿
kXym-{K-l-an-cp∂v kacw sNøp-I, CsXms° {InkvXo-b-amtWm? bmt°m-_m-b° - m¿ BIp-∂X
- v. 1772 ˛¬ Im´p-aß - mSv Koh¿Kokv dºm≥
A∏-kvtXme {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ Hcp kw`hw hnh-cn-°p-∂p-≠v. hntZ-i-Øp-\n∂p h∂ am¿ {KotKm-dn-tbm-kn\m¬ am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkym-
""Km√ntbm A°mbn-bm-bnse cmPy {]Xn-\n-[n-bm-bn-cn-°p-tºmƒ blq- kns‚ (Bdmw am¿tØm-Ωm) Adnthm kΩ-Xtam IqSmsX Iqdn-temkv
Z¿ ]utem-kn-s\-Xnsc kwL-Sn-Xa- mb Hcm-{I-aWw \S-Øn. Ah¿ Ahs\ F∂ t]cn¬ sa{Xm-\mbn hmgn-°s - ∏-´p. Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿, sIm®n kwÿm-
tImS-Xn-bn¬ lmP-cm°n C{]-Imcw ]d-™p: Cu a\p-jy≥ \nb-a-hn-cp- \-ß-fnse P\-ß-fpw Kh¿sa‚pIfpw At±-lsØ AwKo-I-cn-°m-™-
≤-ambn ssZhm-cm-[\ \S-Øp-hm≥ P\-ßsf t{]cn-∏n-°p-∂p. ]utemkv Xn-\m¬ At±lw {_n´ojv ae-_m-dn¬ Ip∂w-Ip-fØ - n-\S- p-Øv, B™q¿
kwkm-cn-°p-hm≥ XpS-ßn-bt- ∏m-sgm°pw Km√ntbm blqZ-tcmSp ]d-™p. F∂ t]cnepw Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂ sXmgn-bq¿ F∂ ÿeØv t]mbn Hcp-
blq-Ztc, h√ Ip‰-Øn-s‚tbm Kpcp-X-c-amb ]mX-I-Øn-s‚tbm Imcy- ]≈n ÿm]n®v Ahn-sS-bp-≈-hsc kwL-Sn-∏n-®v, ""sXmgn-bq¿ kzX-{¥-
am-sW-¶n¬ \n߃ ]d-bp-∂Xv Xo¿®-bmbpw Rm≥ tIƒ°p-am-bn-cp-∂p. k`'' F∂ t]cn¬ Hcp k`bv°v ASn-ÿm-\-an-´p.
F∂m¬ CXp hm°p-Is - f-°p-dn®pw t]cp-Is
- f-°p-dn®pw \nß-fpsS \nb- G{_lmw a¬]ms‚bpw amXyqkv am¿ AØm-\m-tkym-kn-s‚bpw
a-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ {]iv\-am-I-bm¬ \n߃ Xs∂ ssIImcyw sNøp-I; t\Xy-Xz-Øn¬, bmt°m-_mb k`-bn¬ \ho-I-cWw Bcw-`n-°p-Ibpw,
C°m-cy-ßf - psS hn[n-I¿Øm-hm-Ip-hm≥ Rms\mcp°a√''. (A∏. {]hr- 1876˛se apf-¥p-cpØn kp∂-l-tZm-kn-\p-tijw, \ho-I-cW I£n, am¿
Øn-Iƒ 18: 12-˛15) tØmΩm k` F∂ t]cn¬ Hcp ]pXnb k` cp]o-Ic - n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
126 127
 ]p¯³ IqäpImÀ ]p¯³ IqäpImÀ

1961˛¬ sI. F≥. Zm\n-tb-en-s‚bpw Ipsd sshZn-I-cp-sSbpw t\Xy- 1974˛¬ ]m{Xo-b¿°o-kv hn`mKw Hm¿Ø-tUm-IvkvIm¿s°-Xn-cmbn
Xz-Øn¬ Ipsd t]¿ am¿tØmΩm k`-bn¬ \n∂pw ]nWßn amdn. tIm´bw k_v tImS-Xn-bn-¬ hyh-lmcw t_m[n-∏n-®p. (c≠mw kap-Zm-b-
""sk‚ v tXmakv Chm≥sP-en-°¬ N¿®v Hm^v C≥Uym'' F∂ t]cn¬ tI-kv)
Hcp k` ÿm]n-®p. 1975 Pq¨ amk-Øn¬, ]m{Xo-b¿°o-kv Hcp BI-am\ kp∂-lt- Zmkv
am¿ A_vZp≈ ]m{Xo-b¿°o-kv h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\n-sb apS-°n-b- hnfn-®p-Iq´n ImtXm-en-t°m-kn-s\bpw At±-lsØ A\p-Iq-en® ta{X-
Xn-\p-tijw am¿ A_vtZZv aninlm h∂v 1912˛¬ sk]v‰w-_-dn¬, ∑m-scbpw apS°n Iev]\ Ab-®p. ""am¿tØmΩm knwlm-k\w'' ae-¶c - -
BZysØ ImtXm-en-°msb hmgn®tXmSpIp-Sn, bmt°m-_mb k`-bn¬ k-`-bpsS ]q¿Æ kzmX{¥yw apX-emb hnj-b-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p N¿®m-hn-
]m{Xo-b¿°o-kv I£n-sb∂pw ImtXm-en-t°mkv I£n-sb∂pw c≠p j-bß- ƒ.
hn`m-Kß- ƒ DS-se-Sp-Øp. 1974˛¬ tIm´bw k_vtIm-SX - n-bn¬ sImSpØ hyh-lmcw sslt°m-
S-Xn-bnse PÃnkv N{µ-ti-Jc- t- a-t\ms‚ _©n¬ hmZw tI´-tijw 1980
1912˛¬ apX¬ c≠p I£n-Ifpw XΩn¬ tImS-Xn-bn¬ tIkv ]d-
Pq¨ amk-Øn¬ ]m{Xo-b¿°o-kv hn`m-KØ - n\v A\pIqeambn hn[n-®p.
bm≥ XpS-ßn.
Cu hn[nbnt∑¬ Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv hn`mKw kp{]ow-tIm-SXnbn¬ A∏o¬
1925˛¬ ImtXm-en-t°mkv hn`mKw ""Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k`'' F∂ t]cp sImSp-Øp. 1995 PqWn¬ kp{]ow-tIm-SXn Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkpIm¿°v A\p-Iq-
kzoI-cn-®p. 1929 apX¬ ImtXm-en°m _mhm ""am¿tXmΩm «olm-bpsS e-ambn hn[n-®p. Ct∏mgpw tIme-t©cn apX-emb ]≈n-I-fn¬ Ccp-hn-`m-
]uckvXy knwlm-k\ - Ø
- n¬ Bcq-V\
- m-bn-cn-°p∂'' F∂v Iev]\
- I
- f
- n¬ Khpw tIkv ]d-™p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-Ib - m-Wv.
Fgp-Xn-Øp-Sß - n. 1934 ˛¬ Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkvk`, ]m{Xo-b¿°okv hn`m-K-
Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k`-bpsS Cu Zpc-hÿ I≠v B k`-bn-se-Xs∂
Øns‚ kl-I-cWw IqSmsX k`-bpsS `c-W-L-S\ FgpXn ]mkm-°n.
Nne {]apJ sshZn-I¿ AXns\∏‰n lrZbw s\m¥v ]cm-a¿in-°p-I-bp-
1912˛¬ Xncp-h\- ¥
- ]
- pcw Pn√m tImS-Xn-bn¬ Bcw-`n® h´n-∏Wt°kv, ≠mbn. ""F√ hn[-Ønepw ]nW-°Ø - nepw tIkp-If
- nepw \´w Xncn-bp∂
Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ sslt°m-SX - n-bn¬ dnhyqs]‰o-jy≥ hmZw tI´v Hm¿Ø- k` ssZhn-Ia
- √, ]ns∂tbm temI-Øn¬ temI-cm¬ temI¿°p th≠n-
tUmIvkv hn`m-KØ - n\v A\p-Iq-ea - mbn hn[n-bp-≠m-bn. bp≈ Hcp _nkn-\kv Iq´m-bva-bmWv'' (^m.sI Fw. tPm¿Pv˛ae-¶c
k`mZo]w 2005 am¿®v 16-˛31).
1938˛¬ ]m{Xo-b¿°o-kv hn`mKw, Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv hn`m-K-Øn-s\-
Xn-cmbn, tIm´bw Pn√m tImS-Xn-bn¬ A\ymbw ]b¬ sNbvXp. ]m{Xo- ""ae-¶c k`m-Nc - n{Xw t\cmw-hÆw a\- n-em-°m-ØXp Xs∂-bm-Wv
b¿°o-kns‚ Adnhp IqSmsX k`bv°v Hcp `c-W-L-S\ D≠m°n C∂p ae-¶-c-bn¬ \ne-hn-ep≈ I£n-h-g-°ns‚ Hcp {][m-\-Im-c-Ww.
]mkm-°n-b-Xn-\m¬ Ah¿ thsd ]pXnb Hcp k` ÿm]n®v ]pdØv I£n-hg- ° - n-s‚bpw tImSXn hyh-lm-cß - f- p-sSbpw ]›m-Øe - Ø
- n¬ ]e
t]mbn F∂p-≈X - m-bn-cp∂p {][m\ Btcm-]W
- w. kp{]ow tImS-Xn-bn¬ Ncn-{X-tc-J-I-fp-ap-≠m-bn-´p-≠v. Ah-bn¬ ]eXpw A¿≤ kXy-ßfpw
Ah-km-\n® Cu tIkv 1958 sk]v‰w-_-dn¬ Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkvIm¿°v ÿm]n-XX - m-ev]c
- y-߃ sIm≠p \nd-™X - p-am-bn-cp-∂p. h°o-e∑
- m-cpsS
D]-tZiw A\p-k-cn®v Ncn{Xw cNn-°p-Ibpw Ahsb tImS-Xn-bn¬
A\p-Iq-ea - mbn hn[n®p.
ka¿∏n®v B \ne-]m-Sp-Iƒ°v HutZymKn-Ia - mb AwKo-Imcw t\Sn-sb-Sp-
kp{]ow-tIm-SXn hn[nsb XpS¿∂v c≠p Iq´cpw tbmPn-∏n-se-Øn. °p-Ibpw sNbvXn-´p≠v'' (a-e-¶-c-k` \hw-_¿ 2012 ˛]pdw 21, ^m. tUm.
]s£ Cu tbmPn∏v A[n-I-\mƒ \o≠p-\n-∂n-√. Fw. H. tPm¨)
128 129
 ]p¯³ IqäpImÀ ]p¯³ IqäpImÀ

Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k`-bnse Xs∂ thtdmcp {]apJ sshZn-I≥

Xpd∂p ]d-bp-∂p. {InkvXp-hnt\mSp≈ kvt\lhpw {InkvXp-hns‚
kvt\lhpw \ΩpsS lrZ-b-Øn¬ C√m-Xm-Ip-tºm-gmWv \Ωn¬ \n∂v
`n∂n®p \nev°p-∂-h-scbpw Bi-b-Øn¬ hyXy-ÿX ]pe¿Øp-∂-h-
scbpw i{Xp-°-fmbn ImWp-∂-Xv. 19
k` F∂p-≈Xv t]mcm´Øns‚ thZn-b√ - . ssZhn-Ia - mbn Pohn-°m≥ ImtXmenIhpw ss«lnIhpw
klm-bn-°p∂ am[y-aa
k`-b° v p-≈X
- m-Wv. a\p-jysc ssZhn-Ic
- .v A√msX Ie-l° - m-c\pw NXn-b\
- m-°m-\p≈ ZuXy-amWv
- p-amb ]nim-Nns‚ ]nWn-
GIhpw hnip≤hpamb k`
bm-fp-If- m°nØo¿°p∂ FP‚mbn amd-cp-Xv.''(-^m. tUm.-‰n. sP. tPzmjz
˛ ae-¶ck`, 2013 s^{_p-hcn. ]pdw 12)
""ImtXm-en-Ihpw ss«ln-Ihpw GIhpw hnip-≤-hp-amb k`-bnepw
_lp-am-\-s∏´ Cu sshZn-I¿ k`-tbm-Sp≈ kvt\l \nan-Øw \S-
R߃ hniz-kn-°p-∂p'', F∂v ItØm-en-°m-sc-t∏mse Xs∂, bmt°m-
Ønb Cu hna¿i-\-߃°v k`-bnse Bcpw Xs∂ adp-]Sn ]d-bm≥
_m-b-°mcpw Hm¿Ø-tUm-Ivkp-Imcpw am¿tØm-Ωm-°mcpw a‰pw \nJym
Xp\n-™n-´n-√. Cu sshZn-I¿ \S-Ønb hna¿i-\ß - ƒ°v k`-bnse tae- hnizm-k-{]-am-W-Øn¬ G‰p-]-d-bp-∂p-≠v. kXy-k-`-bpsS \mep e£-
≤y-£∑- m-cp-sSbpw a‰p P\-t\-Xm-°∑ - m-cp-sSbpw IÆp-Iƒ Xpd-°m≥ Ign- W-ßf - mWv ChnsS ]d-™n-cn-°p-∂X- v.
™n-´n√ F∂p-≈Xv ]cn-Xm-]I - c
- a
- m-Wv.
tbip-{InkvXp Xs‚ c£m-Ic - I
- ¿Ωw temIm-hk- m\w hsc XpS¿∂p-
`n∂-Xbpw tIkp-If - psa√mw tIcf P\-Xbv°v \¬Ip∂ CS¿®bpw sIm≠p t]mIp-∂-Xn-\mbn lb-cm¿Pn-°¬ LS-\-tbmSp IqSnb Hcp
ss{IkvXyh hncp-Z[ km£yhpw ]ecpw ]cn-K-Wn-°p-∂n-√. ssZh- k`sb ÿm]n-®p. ssZh-Øns‚ c£m-Ic ]≤-Xn-bn¬ \n∂pw DS-se-Sp-
Øns‚ t]cn¬ \S-Øp∂ Cu tIkp-Ifpw hg-°p-sa√mw ]≈n-h-kvXp- Ø-XmWv k`. {InkvXp-hmWv k`-bpsS ÿm]-I≥. k` {InkvXp-hns‚
°ƒ ssIh-i-am-°m≥ th≠n-bm-sW∂pw A√msX Bfp-Isf t\Sm≥ XpS¿®-bm-Wv. {InkvXp-hns‚ \nKqU ico-c-amWv (Mystical body). k`
th≠n-bs- √∂pw PZvPn-am¿ Xs∂ ]cm-a¿in-®n-´p-≠v. bn¬ IqSn a\p-jy-hwiw apgp-h\pw ssZh-hp-am-bp≈ kwk¿§-Øn¬ hc-
W-sa-∂mWv ssZh-Øns‚ B{K-lw.
F{_mb°m¿s°-gp-Xnb teJ\w 10:25 ˛¬ ]d-™n-cn-°p-∂Xv CØ-
tbip-hn\v At\Iw injy-∑m-cp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. ""I¿Ømhv thsd Fgp-
cp-WØ
- n¬ Hm¿°p-∂Xp \∂m-bn-cn-°pw. ""kXysØ kw_-‘n®v ]q¿Æ-
]-Øn-c≠p t]sc Xnc-s™-Sp-Ø,v Xm≥ t]mIp-hm-\n-cp∂ F√m ]´-W-
amb Adnhp e`n-®t- ijw a\:]q¿∆w \mw ]m]w sNøp-∂p-sh-¶n¬ ]m]-
ß-fn-te°pw \m´n≥]p-dß
- f
- n-te°pw Cu c≠p t]cmbn Ahsc X\n°p
߃°p-th-≠n- A¿∏n-°s - ∏-Sp-hm≥ ]ns∂mcp _en Ah-ti-jn-°p-∂n-√.'' apºmbn Ab-®p. t]mIp-hn≥ CXm sN∂m-b° v f- psS CS-bn-te°v Ip™m-
kXy-am-sW-∂-dn-™-Xns\ FXn¿°p-∂Xv ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hn-s\-Xn- Sp-Isf F∂ t]mse Rm≥ \nßsf Ab-bv°p∂p'' (ept°m 10:1˛3)
cmb ]m]-am-Wv. `n∂-X-bp-≈n-SØv ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hn-√. ]cn-ip-≤m-flm- «ol∑msc Xncs™Sp°p∂p
hp≈nSØv, Bflm-hns‚ ^e-ß-fmb ""kvt\lw, B\-µw, £a, Zb,
{InkvXp-\m-Y≥ Xs‚ injy∑mcn¬ \n∂v X\n-°n-jvSa - p≈ 12 t]sc
\∑, hniz- k v X - X , kuay- X , Bfl- k w- b - a - \ w'' Ch D≠m- b n- c n°pw
Xnc-s™-SpØv Ah¿°v «ol-∑m¿ AYhm A∏-kvtXm-e-∑m¿ F∂v
(Kem 5:22) t]cp sImSp-Øp. ""ssZh-tØm-Sp≈ {]m¿∞-\b - n¬ cm{Xn-ap-gp-h≥ sNe-
h-gn-®p. {]`m-Xa
- m-bt- ∏mƒ Ah≥ injy-∑msc hnfn-®p-Iq-´n, Ah-cn¬ \n∂v
130 131
 ]p¯³ IqäpImÀ ]p¯³ IqäpImÀ

]{¥-≠p-t]sc Xnc-s™-SpØv Ah¿°v A∏-kvtXm-e∑m¿ F∂p t]cp aØm 18:17 ""k`sbt∏mepw tIƒ°mØ ]£w Ah≥ \n\°p
\¬In'' (ept°m 6:12) hnPm-Xn-bs
- \-t∏msebpw Np¶-°m-cs
- \-t∏m-sebpw Bbn-cn-°s
- ´.''
Ah¿°v {]tXyI A[n-Im-c-߃ \evIn ept°m 10: 16 ""\nßsf tIƒ°p-∂h - ≥ Fs∂ tIƒ°p∂p; \nßsf
aØm 18:18. ""\nß-ƒ `pan-bn¬ sI´p-∂s
- X√mw kz¿§-Ønepw sI´s∏- \nc-kn-°p-∂h- ≥ Fs∂ \nc-kn-°p-∂.; Fs∂ \nc-kn-°p-∂h
- t\m Fs∂
´n-cn°pw; \n߃ `pan-bn¬ Agn-°p-∂s - X√mw kz¿§-Ønepw Agn-°s- ∏- Ab-®h - s\ \nc-kn-°p-∂p.''
´n-cn°pw'' AXm-bXv k` kwkm-cn-°p-tºmƒ {InkvXp-hmWv kwkm-cn-°p-∂Xv;
aØm 28:20 ""kz¿§-Ønepw `pan-bnepap≈ F√m A[n-Im-chpw FXp k`-bp-a-√, {InkvXp ÿm]n® k` kwkm-cn-°p-tºmƒ.
F\n°p \evIs - ∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p. BI-bm¬ \n߃ t]mbn F√m P\-XI - - 2 tImdn 3:9 ""R߃ ssZh-Øns‚ Iq´p-th-e°
- m-cm-Ip-∂p. \nß-fm-
sfbpw injy-s∏-Sp-Øp-hn≥. ]nXm-hn-s‚bpw ]p{X-s‚bpw ]cn-ip-≤m-flm- Is´ ssZh-Øns‚ hbepw hoSpw.''
hn-s‚bpw \ma-Øn¬ Ah¿°p ⁄m\-k\ v m\w \evIp-hn≥. Rm≥ \nß-
tfmSp Iev]n-®h
- s- b√mw A\p-kc - n-°p-hm≥ Ahsc ]Tn-∏n-°p-hn≥. Ime- 2 tImdn 5:20 ""R߃ {InkvXp-hns‚ ÿm\-]-Xn-I-fm-Wv. R߃
Øns‚ Ah-km\w hsc F∂pw Rm≥ \nß-tfmSp IqsS D≠m-bn-cn°pw''. hgn ssZhw \nß-tfmSv B⁄m-]n-°p-∂p. \n߃ ssZh-tØmSv cay-s∏-
Sphn≥''.
ept°m 22: 29-˛30 ""Fs‚ ]nXmhv F\n°p cmPyw Iev]n®p X∂n-cn-
°p∂Xpt]mse Rm≥ \n߃°pw Xcp-∂p. AXv \n߃ Fs‚ cmPy- 1 Xntam 3:15 ""Pohn-°p∂ ssZh-Øns‚ k`bpw kXy-Øns‚ XqWpw
Øn¬ Fs‚ tai-bn¬ \n∂p `£n-°p-Ibpw ]m\w sNøp-Ibpw knwlm- tIm´-bp-amb ssZe-`-h-\-Øn\v''(1 Xna 3:15) sX‰p-]-‰p-I-bn-√.
k-\ß
- f - n¬ Ccp∂v C{km-tb-ense ]{¥≠p tKm{X-ßsf hn[n-°p-Ibpw
1 Xntam 4:11 ""C∏-d™sb√mw \o A[n-Im-c-]q¿∆w ]Tn-∏n-°pI''
sNøp-∂-Xn-\p-th-≠n-bs{X''. 2 tImdn 10:8 ""\nßsf ]Sp-Øp-b¿Øp-hm-
\m-Wv, \in-∏n-°p-hm-\m-√, I¿Ømhp R߃°p A[n-Imcw X∂n-cn-°p- A∏-kvtXm-e≥ AYhm «olm, Hcp {]tXyI ZuXyw \n¿∆-ln-°p-
∂-Xv.'' hm≥ th≠n Ab-bv°-s∏-´-h-\m-Wv. A∏-kvtXm-e-∑msc sXc-s™-Sp-
Kem 1:8˛11 ""R߃ \nß-tfmSp {]kw-Kn®Xn¬ \n∂p hyXy-ÿ- ØXpw hnfn-®Xpw Ab-®Xpw tbip-hm-Wv. ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hns‚ klm-
amb Hcp kphn-tijw R߃ Xs∂tbm kz¿§-Øn¬ \n∂v Hcp- am-emJ b-Øm¬ ""\√ \nt£-]hpw', A∏-kvtXm-e∑ - m-cn¬ \n∂p tI´ c£m-Ic
Xs∂tbm \nß-fpsS {]kw-Kn-®m¬ Ah≥ i]n-°s - ∏-´h
- \
- m-Is
- ´.'' hN-\-ß-fp-amb {]t_m-[\w kq£n-°p-Ibpw ]I¿∂p-sIm-Sp-°p-Ibpw
sNøp-∂p.'' (I-tØm-en-°m-k-`-bpsS aX-t_m-[\{KŸw. \º¿. 857)
]Tn-∏n-°p-I, hniq-≤o-Ic - n-°p-I, \bn-°pI (A-Yhm t\XyXzw \evIp-I)
F∂o {Xnhn[ A[n-Im-cß - ƒ- {InkvXp «ol∑m¿°p \evIn. tbip {InkvXp- ]t{Xmkv «ol-∑m-cpsS Xe-h≥
hn-s‚bpw ]cnip≤mflmhns‚ km∂n≤yw temIm-hk - m\w hsc «olm- {InkvXp-\m-Y≥, ]t{Xm-kns\ «ol-∑m-cpsS Xe-h-\mbn \nb-an-
∑m-tcmSp-IqSn D≠n-bn-cn-°p-sa∂pw hmKvZm\w sNøp-∂p. ""Ime-Øns‚ Ah ®m-°n. A{¥-tbm-kmWv Xs‚ ktlm-Z-c-\mb iotams\ tbip-hns‚
k
- m\w hsc Rm≥ \nß-tfmSp IqsS-bp-≠m-bn-cn°pw'' (aØm 28:20) ""Rm≥ ASp-°t- e°v Iq´n-sIm≠p t]mIp-∂X
- v. iotams\ BZy-ambn I≠ Ah-
]nXm-hn-t\mSp tNmZn-°p-Ibpw \nXyhpw \nß-tfmSp IqSn-bm-bn-cn-°p-hm≥ k-c-Øn¬ Xs∂ ""\o tbm\m-bpsS ]p{X-\mb iotam≥ BIp-∂p. \o
as‰mcp klm-bI - s\ Ah≥ \n߃°p Xcp-Ibpw sNøpw.'' (tbml 14:16) tI∏m˛ ]md F∂p hnfn-°-s∏Spw'' F∂p ]d-™p. (tbml 1:42)
A∏-kvtXme kaq-lsØ A\p-k-cn-°Ww Cu hmKvZm\w {InkvXp ]n∂o-sSm-hk
- c
- Ø
- n¬ \nd-th‰n ""Xm≥ Bcm-
aØm 10:40 ""\nßsf kzoI-cn-°p-∂-h≥ Fs∂ kzoI-cn-°p∂p; Ip∂p F∂mWv \n߃ ]d-bp-∂Xv'' F∂v tbip «olm-∑m-tcmSp tNmZn-®p.
Fs∂ kzoI-cn-°p-∂h
- ≥ Fs∂ Ab-®n-cn-°p-∂p.'' ""ioam≥ ]t{Xmkv adp-]Sn ]d™p. \o Poh-\p≈ ssZh-Øns‚ ]p{X-
132 133
 ]p¯³ IqäpImÀ ]p¯³ IqäpImÀ

\mb aninlm BIp∂p tbip Aht\mSv Acp-fn-s®-bvXp. tbm\m-bpsS ssZhw Xs‚ P\-Øns‚ CS-b-\m\v F∂p≈ Bibw ss__n-
]p{X-\mb iotams\ \o `mKy-hm-≥ F¥p-sIm-≠-∂m¬ amwk-c-‡-ß- fn¬ ]e-bn-SØpw ImWmw.
f-√, kz¿§-ÿ-\mb Fs‚ ]nXm-hmWv \n\-°v -CXp shfn-s∏-Sp-Øn-Ø- Fk-°n 34:15-˛16 ""ssZh-amb I¿Ømhp Acp-fn-s®-øp∂p: Rm≥
∂-X.v Rm≥ \nt∂mSp ]d-bp-∂p. ""\o ]md-bm-Ip∂p; Cu ]md-ta¬ Rm≥ Xs∂ Fs‚ BSp-Isf tabn°pw. \jvS-s∏-´-Xns\ Rm≥ Xncn-®p-sIm-
Fs‚ k`sb ]Wnbpw. \cI-Ih - m-Sß- ƒ AXn-s\-Xnsc {]_-es - ∏-Sp-I- ≠p-hcpw. apdn-th‰Xns\ Rm≥ h®p-sI´pw. _e-lo-\-am-b-Xns\ Rm≥
bn-√; kz¿§-cm-Py-Øns‚ Xmt°m-ep-Iƒ Rm≥ \n\°p Xcpw. \o `pan- i‡n-s∏-Sp-Øpw.''
bn¬ sI´p-∂s - X√mw kz¿§-Ønepw sI´-s∏-´n-cn-°pw. \o `pan-bn¬ Agn-
°p-∂s - X√mw kz¿§Ønepw Agn-°s - ∏-´n-cn°pw''(aØm 16:16-˛19) tbml 10:14-˛16 ""Rm≥ \√ CS-b-\m-Ip-∂p. Cu sXmgp-Øn¬
s]SmØ a‰m-Sp-Ifpw F\n-°p-≠v. Rm≥ Ah-sbbpw sIm≠p-h-tc-≠n-
iotam\mIp∂ ]md-ta¬ I¿Ømhp Xs‚ k`sb ]Wn-bp-sa∂pw bn-cn-°p-∂p. Ah Fs‚ kzcw {ihn°pw. Aßs\ Hcm-´n≥]-‰hpw Hcn-S-
\mc-Iob i‡n-Iƒ AXn-s\-Xn-cmbn t]mcm-Sp-sa-¶nepw hnP-bn-°p-Ib
- n√ b-\p-am-Ipw.''
F∂p-am-Wt√m I¿Ømhp ]d-™n-cn-°p-∂X - v.
]t{Xm-kns‚ {]apJ ÿm\-Øn\v sXfn-hp-I-ƒ
Hcp `h-\-Øns‚ Xmt°m¬ ssIh-i-ap-≈-h≥ B `h-\-Øns‚
«ol-∑m-cpsS t]cp-Iƒ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂X
- n¬, ]t{Xm-kns‚
A[n-Im-cnbpw kq£n-∏p-Im-c-\p-amWv. (Gim 22:22)
t]cv BZyhpw H‰p-Im-c-\mb bqZm-kvI-dn-tbm-Øm-bpsS t]cv Ah-km-
I¿Ømhp iotams‚ t]cp am‰n Hcp ]pXnb t]cv sImSp-sØ-¶n¬ \hpw sImSp-Øn-cn-°p-∂Xv {i≤m¿l-am-Wv. (aØm 10:2˛4; ept°m 6:6˛14)
AXn\v AXn-t‚-Xmb A¿∞hpw {]m[m-\y-hp-ap-≠v. ]t{Xmkv Xs‚ ktlm-Z-c-∑msc hnizm-k-Øn¬ Dd-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\p
ssZhw A{_m-ans‚ t]cp-am‰n A{_mlw F∂v B°n-b-Xmbpw th≠n I¿Ømhp {]m¿∞n-®p. ""\ns‚ hnizmkw £bn-°m-Xn-cn-°m≥ Rm≥
(D¬. 17:5) `mcy kmdm-bn-bpsS t]cp-am‰n kmdm F∂m-°n-bXmbpw (D¬ \n\-°p-th≠n {]m¿∞n®p. \o ]n¥n-cn™v \ns‚ ktlm-Zsc i‡n-
17:15˛16) ]d-™n-cn-°p∂p. bmt°m-_ns‚ t]cv C{km-tb¬ F∂m°n s∏-Sp-ØWw'' (ept°m 22:31-˛32)
am‰n (D¬. 32:28) \q\ns‚ aI≥ slmsj-bm-bv°v, tami tPmjz F∂p ]t{Xm-kn-t\m-S,v Ahn-Sp∂v X\n°pw ]t{Xm-kn-\pw th≠n Xe-°mWw
t]cp sImSp-Øp. (kwJy 13:16) B tPmjz-sb-∏‰n {]`m-jI- ≥ ]d-bp∂p: sImSp-°p-hm≥ Bh-iy-s∏´p (aØm 17:23-˛17). ]t{Xm-kns\ Xs‚ Imcy-
""Ah≥ Xs‚ \ma-Øn-s\mØv ssZh-Øns‚ Xnc-s™-Sp-°-s∏-´-h¿°v ÿ-\m°n F∂t√ AXns‚ A¿∞w.
DØ-a-\mb c£-I-\m-bn-cp∂p.'' ({]`m. 46:1)
""Ah≥ tI∏mbv°pw ]n∂oSv ]{¥-≠p-t]¿°pw- {]-Xy-£-\mbn''
""ssZhsØ Rm≥ apJm-apJw I≠p. F∂n´pw Rm≥ Poh-t\m-Sn-cn- F∂mWv ]d-™n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. (1 tImdn 15:5)
°p-∂p-ht√m F∂p ]d-™p-sIm≠v bmt°m_v B ÿe-Øn\v s]\p-
s]¥n-t°mkvXn Znhkw ]t{Xm-kns‚ {]kwKw tI´v aqhm-bn-c-
th¬ F∂p t]cn-´p. s]\p-th¬ F∂ hm°ns‚ A¿∞w ssZh-Øns‚
tØmfw Bfp-Iƒ ⁄m\-kv\m\w kzoI-cn-®p. (A∏. {] 2:38-˛41)
apJw F∂m-Wv.''
iu¬ Xs‚ am\-km-¥-c-Øns‚ ""aq∂p h¿j-߃°p tijw
tbip ]t{Xm-kn\p hmKvZm\w sNbvX ]c-am-[n-Im-cw, D∞m-\-Øn-
tI∏msb ImWp-hm≥ sPdp-k-te-an-te°v t]mbn'' F∂p {]tXyIw
\p-tijw ]c-ky-ambn a‰p «ol-∑m-cpsS km∂n-≤y-Øn¬ h®v, ]t{Xm-
]d-™n-cn-°p-∂p. (Kem 1:18)
kn\v \evIp-Ibpw sNbvXp. ""Fs‚ BSp-Isf \o tabn-°p-I, Fs‚
Ip™m-Sp-Isf \o tabn-°pI'' F∂p Iev]n®p sIm≠v tbip-{In-kvXp- A\-\n-bmkpw k^o-dmbpw, Ah-cpsS kzØns\∏‰n I≈w ]d-™-
hn¬ hniz-kn-°p∂ Gh-scbpw tabn-°p-hm-\pw \bn-°m-°p-hm-\p≈ A[n- t∏m-ƒ, AXns\ tNmZyw sNbvXXv ]t{Xm-kmWv; AtX XpS¿∂v Ah¿
Imcw ]t{Xm-kn\p \¬In. (tbml 21: 15-˛17) acn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. (A-∏. {] 5:1˛10)
134 135
 ]p¯³ IqäpImÀ ]p¯³ IqäpImÀ

hnPm-Xo-bsc ⁄m\ kv\m\-s∏-SpØn k`-bn¬ tN¿°p-∂-Xn-s\- «ol-∑m-cpsS Xe-h-\mb ]t{Xm-kns‚ ]n≥Km-an-bmb tdmam
∏‰n Z¿i\w D≠m-bXv ]t{Xm-kn-\mWv'' (A-∏. {] 10:1-˛33) ta{Xm≥ k`-ap-gp-h\
- nepw A[n-Imcw {]m]n-®n-cp∂p F∂p-≈X
- n\v Ak-
∂n-Kv[a
- mb sXfn-hmWv Cu teJ-\w.
]cn-tO-Z-\-sØ-∏‰n X¿°-ap-≠m-b-t∏mƒ sPdp-k-te-anse kp\-l-
tZm-kn¬ h®v ]t{Xm-kmWv BZyw AXn-t\-∏‰ - n-bp≈ Xocp-am\w ]d-bp- teJ-\-Ønse {]Xn-]mZy hnj-b-߃
∂-X.v AXn-\p-tijw bmt°m_pw B Xocp-am-\sØ A\p-Iq-en®v kwkm-
A≤ymbw 59:2 apX¬ 61:3 hsc-bp≈ `mK-ß-fn¬ tN¿Øn-cn-°p-
cn-®p. (A-∏. {] 15:1˛9)
∂Xv Zo¿L-amb Hcp {]m¿∞-\-bm-Wv. AXnse Nne `mK-߃ D≤-cn-
]s£ ]utemkv «olm blp-Zsc ]cn-KW - n®v Xntam-Øn-tbm-kn\v °p-∂p. Rß-fn¬ sRcp-°-ß-fn¬ Ccn-°p∂ hsc \o tamNn-°-W-ta.
]cn-tO-Z\ I¿Ωw \S-Øn. (A-∏. {] 16:3) A[:]Xn-®h - sc D≤-cn-°W
- t- a. Bh-iy-°msc klm-bn-°W
- t- a. \ns‚
P\-Øn¬ \n∂p sX‰n-t∏m-b-hsc Xncn®p hcp-Ø-W-ta. Rß-fpsS
¢oankv tImdn-t¥m-kp-Im¿s°-gp-Xnb 1 ˛mw teJ\w
ZpjvIr-Xy-ß-sfbpw A\o-Xn-I-sfbpw ]m]-ß-sfbpw Ip‰-ß-sfbpw \o
sPdp-itew ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kns‚ {KŸ-im-e-bn¬ kp£n-®p-h-cp∂ £an-°-W-ta. hnizm-k-Ønepw kXy-Ønepw `‡n-]q¿∆w \ns∂ hnfn-
{Ko°p Iusø-gpØp {]Xn-bn¬ H∂pw c≠pw teJ-\-߃ apgp-h-\mbn ®-t]-£n® Rß-fpsS ]nXm-°-∑m¿°p {]Zm\w sNbvX-Xp-t]mse
ImWmw. R߃°pw sFIyhpw kam-[m-\hpw \¬I-Wt- a.
c≠p teJ-\ß - fpw AS-ßn-bXpw, kpdn-bm-\n-`m-jb
- n¬ D≈-Xp-amb 2. k`m Ncn{Xw kw_-‘n-®h
Hcp {]Xn sIbnw-{_nUvPv k¿∆-Iemimebnse {KŸ-ti-Jc - Ø
- n-ep-≠v.
hn. ]t{Xmkv ]utemkv «ol-∑m-cpsS c‡-km-£n-XzsØ hn.
CXv 1170 ˛¬ Fgp-X-s∏-´p.
¢oankv Cßs\ hnh-cn-°p-∂p. ""DØa A∏-kvtXm-e∑ - m-cmb ]t{Xm-kn-
\maq-Xnse henb skan-\m-cn-bn¬ eØo≥ `mj-bn-te°v X¿÷a s\bpw ]utem-kn-s\bpw \ΩpsS I¨ap-ºn¬ hbv°mw. ]t{Xm-km-
sNø-s∏´ ¢oan-kns‚ teJ-\-Øns‚ Hcp {]Xn-bp-≠v. CXv 11˛mw iXm- Is´ AXy-[n-I-amb Xo£-WX \nanØw Ht∂m ct≠m A√, At\I
_vZØ
- n¬ Fgp-Xs- ∏´ Iusø-gp-Øp-{]-Xn-bmWv (tam¨. tXmakv hS-t»cn _p≤n-ap-´p-Iƒ kln-°p-Ibpw Cßs\ km£yw \evIn-s°m≠v al-Xz-
F¬.-Un. ss{IkvX-h-Im-lfw 1965 Unkw-_¿) Øns‚ tbmKy-ÿe - Øv {]th-in-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cn-°p∂p ]utemkv
tdman¬ ]t{Xm-kns‚ aq∂m-asØ ]n≥Km-an-bmWv ¢oankv (92-˛101). £a-bpsS amXrI {]Z¿in-∏n-®p. Ah≥ Ggp {]mhiyw _‘-\-ÿ-\m-
tImdn-t¥mkv k`-bn¬ Nne¿ k`m-≤y-£-∑m¿s°-Xnsc hnπhw D≠m- Ip-Ibpw, Hm-Sp-Ib
- pw, I√-dn-bs
- ∏-Sp-Ibpw, ]m›mXy Zn°ns‚ AXn¿Øn-
°n-b-t∏mƒ, ¢oankv (s¢-sa‚ v) CS-s]-Sp-Ibpw Ahsc imkn-°p-Ibpw Iƒ hsc h∂p `c-WI - ¿Øm-°f - psS apºn¬ km£yw hln-®p. Cßs\
Xncp-Ø-]-Ibpw Ah¿ A\p-k-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvX-Xmbn k`m-N-cn-{X- temI-Øn¬ \n∂p amdn hnip≤ ÿe-tØ°v t]mbn £a-bpsS DØ-a-
Øn¬ \mw hmbn-°p-∂p. am-XrI \evIn.

lqZmb Imt\m≥ 7˛mw A≤ymbw 9˛mw JWvUn-Ib - n¬ ]pXnb \nba apI-fn¬ D≤-cn® km£y-Øn¬ \n∂v hn. ]t{Xm-k,v ]utemkv «ol-
{KŸ-ß-fpsS ]´n-I-bn¬ ¢oan-kns‚ c≠p teJ-\-ßfpw Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn- ∑m¿ tdman¬ h®v c‡-km-£n-If - mbn acn®p F∂ hkvXpX sXfn-bp-∂p.
\otdm N{I-h¿Øn-bpsS `c-WI- m-eØ
- mWv (54-˛68) ]t{Xmkv ]utemkv
bn-´p-≠v. h´-t»-cn¬ Koh¿Kokv am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv, IØ-\m¿ Bbn-cn-
«ol-∑m¿ c‡-km-£n-If - mbn acn-®X
- v.
°p-tºmƒ 1892˛¬ {]kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Ønb ""atXm-]-tZi kmc-߃'' F∂
]pkvX-I-Øn¬ 33˛mw kwK-Xn-bn¬ ]pXn-b-\n-b-a-Ønse {]am-W-s∏´ 3. tImd-t¥mkv k`-bnse hnπhw
]pkvX-I-ß-fpsS ]´n-I-bn¬ ¢oan-kns‚ c≠p teJ-\-ßfpw Dƒs∏-Sp- ¢oankv tdmam-bn¬ `cn-®n-cp∂ ImeØv tImd-t¥mkv k`-bnse
Øn-bn-´p-≠v. hnizm-kn-Iƒ Ahn-SpsØ sshZn-I¿s°-Xn-cmbn Hcp hnπhw D≠m-°n.
136 137
 ]p¯³ IqäpImÀ ]p¯³ IqäpImÀ

1 tImdn 1:11-˛13, 3:3˛5 ˛¬ hn. ]utemkv {]kvXm-hn-°p∂ I£n a’-c- ¢oankv B[n-Im-c-tZym-X-I-amb coXn-bn-emWv kwkm-cn-°p-∂-Xv.
ß-ƒ h¿≤n®p h∂-Xns‚ ^e-am-bn-´m-bn-cn-°Ww Cu hnπhw D≠m-bX - v. ""BI-bm¬ hnπ-Øn\v ASn-ÿm-\a - n´ \nß-ƒ A\p-kc - Ø
- n¬ \nß-fpsS
k` {InkvXp-hns‚ B´n≥ Iq´-am-Wv(41:1) BI-bm¬ k`bv°v `c- lrZ-b-ß-fpsS ap´p-Iƒ aS°n sshZn-I¿°v hnt[-b-cm-Ip-hn≥'' (57:1)
Wm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ thW-sa∂v Nq≠n-°m-Wn-®n-´v, A[n-Im-c-ÿm--\-Øns‚ ""F∂m¬ \mw hgn-bmbn Ah≥ ({In-kvXp) ]d-bp-∂-hsb Bsc-¶nepw
ssZhn-Ia
- mb D¤-hsØ hni-Zo-Ic
- n-°p-∂p. A\p-k-cn-°-I-bn-s√-¶n¬ Ah≥ Kuc-h-amb ]m]-Ønepw B]-Øn-ep-
amWv IpSp-ßn-t∏m-Ip-∂s
- X∂v [cn-®p-sIm-≈s´'' (63:3)
""tbip-an-inlm ssZh-Øm¬ Ab-bv°-s∏-´p. A∏-kvtXm-e-∑m¿
{InkvXp-hn-\m¬ Ab-bv°-s∏-´p....Ah¿ sa{Xm-∑m-scbpw Uo°≥∑m- ""hniz-kvXcpw hnth-In-I-fp-amb Bfp-Isf \mw Ab-®n-cn-°p-∂p.
scbpw \nb-an-®p.....{InkvXp-hns‚ B´n≥Iq-´sØ Ip‰w IqSmsX tkhn- Ah¿ \n߃°pw \ap°pw at≤y km£n-Ie - m-bn-cn°pw. kam-[m-\Ø- n¬
®n-cp-∂h- sc \n߃ _ln-jvIc - n-®n-cn°p∂p'' (42:44) t^m¿Øp-\m-Øq-kns‚ IqsS \Ωm¬ Ab-b° v s- ∏´ ¢mhp-Zn-bqkv Ft^-
_-kn-s\bpw, hte-dn-bqkv hntØm-sbbpw kt¥m-jt- Øm-Sp-IqSn thKw
""ktlm-Z-c-∑m-tc, \mw Adn™ Imcy-߃ e÷m-h-l-ßfpw \ΩpsS ]°-te°v Ab-bv°p-hn≥'' (63:4; 64:1)
{InkvXob Pohn-X{- I-aØ - n\v tbmPn-°m-Øh- b
- p-am-Wv. Hcp-Ø≥ AYhm
thsdm-cp-Ø≥ \nanØw tImdn-¥y-°m-cpsS kpZr-Vhpw ]pcm-X\ - h
- p-amb tdmam taev]´- °- m-cs‚ {]Xn-\n-[n-If
- mbn BZy-ambn hntZ-it- Ø°v
k` sshZn-I¿s°Xn-cmbn hnπhw D≠m-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. C{]-Imcw \nß- Ab-b°
v s
- ∏-´h
- c
- m-W,v t^m¿Øp-\m-Øqkpw Ft^-_qkpw, hntØmbpw.
fpsS {`m¥p \nanØw I¿Øm-hn-s‚e \maw Zpjn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn\pw CS- tImdn¥y k`-bn-ep-≠mb hnπ-hØ - n≥ ¢oankv CS-s]-´X - v, ]c-am-[n-
bm-bn-cn-°p-∂p....{InkvXp-hns‚ B´n≥ Iq´sØ hn\-bt- ØmSpw {]im-¥ Imcw {]b-Kn-®X
- ns‚ aIp-tSm-Zm-lc
- W
- a- m-Wv. ¢oankv G‰hpw A[n-Imc
X-tbmSpw tbmKy-Xt- bmSpw IqSn Ip‰w IqSmsX tkhn°bpw, F√mhcn¬ ]q¿Æ-amb teJ-\ß - ƒ FgpXn tImdn-¥y-k` - b
- n¬ sFIyw Df-hm°n''
\n∂pw Zo¿LImew kvXpXy¿lamb km£yw kºmZn°pIbpw F∂v hn. Cc-t\-hqkv ]n∂oSv ]d-bp-∂p-≠v. (^m. tXmakv hS-t»cn F¬.
sNbvX-hsc \n߃ Ah-cpsS DtZym-KØn¬ \n∂v \ymbclnXambn Un. ss{IkvXh Imlfw, 1965 Unkw-_¿ apX¬ 1966 G{]n¬ hsc-
_lnjvIcns®∂v \mw hn[n°p∂p. ]cnip≤ambpw Ip‰w IqSmsXbpw bp≈ 4 e°-ß-ƒ; Pn.-tN-Sn-b-Øv, ]t{Sm-f-Pn, 2006. ]pdw 32-˛40)
DtZymKsØ \n¿∆-ln-®-hsc A≤y£ ÿm\-Øp-\n∂pw _ln-jvI-cn-
®-h-cpsS ]m]w sNdp-Xmb H∂√ (44:3-˛6). tImdn¥y k` ÿm]n-®Xv hn. ]utem-km-Wv. AhnsS hnπhw
D≠mb ka-bØv «ol-∑m-cn¬ Hcp-h-\mb hn. tbml-∂m≥ Ft^-kq-
Cu `b-¶c ]m]-Øns‚ ImcWw Akq-b-bm-sW∂pw ¢oankv ]d- kn¬ Pohn-®n-cp-∂p. IqSmsX hn. ]utem-kn-s‚bpw a‰p «ol∑mcpsSbpw
bp-∂p. ]m]w sNbvXh
- ¿ X°-Xmb {]mb-›nØw sNbvXv sshZn-I¿°v ]e injy∑mcpw A°meØv tImdn¥ybnepw a‰pw Pohn®ncp∂p.
hnt[-bc- m-IW
- w. F∂n´pw hfsc hnZqcamb tdmamknwlmk\Øn¬ hn. ]t{Xmkns‚
sshZn-I-ÿm-\n-Iƒ°v kn≤n-®n-´p≈ A[n-Imcw ]c-º-cbm «ol- aq∂m-asØ ]n≥Km-an-bmbn `cn-®n-cp∂ ¢oan-kmWv Ahn-SpsØ hnπ-h-
∑m-cn¬ \n∂pw «ol-∑m¿°v {InkvXp-hn≥ \n∂pw, {InkvXp-hn\v ssZh- Øn¬ CS-s]´v AXv Xo¿°p-∂Xpw, Ip‰-°msc imkn-°p-∂Xpw. tdmam
Øn¬ \n∂p e`n-®n-´p-≈X - p-amIbm¬ tImdn-¥y-k`- b
- n¬ sshZn-I¿s°- N{I-h¿Øn-am¿ `b-¶-c-amb aX-]o-U-\-߃ \S-Øn-s°m-≠n-cp∂ Ime-
Xn-cmbn hnπ-h-ap-≠m-°n-b-h¿, ssZh-ÿm-]n-X-amb A[n-Im-c-Øn-t\-Xn- Øm-Wv ¢oankv C{]Imcw {]h¿Øn-°p-∂-Xv.
cm-bn-´s{X {]h¿Øn-°p-∂s - X∂pw, BI-bm¬ Ah-cpsS ]m]w Kuc-hm-
bmt°m-_mb ˛ Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv hn`m-K-߃ ¢oan-kns‚ teJ-\-
l-am-sW∂pw ¢oankv Xd-∏n®p ]d-™n-cn-°-bm-Wv.
ßsf thZ-]p-kvX-I-Ønse {]am-W-s∏´ ]pkvX-I-ß-fpsS ]´n-I-bn¬
aq∏≥ F∂ ]Z-Øn\v ( \S-]Sn 11:30; 20:17,28) sa{Xm≥ F∂pw ]ptcm- Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn°p-∂-Xn-\m¬, Cu teJ\w ssZh-t{]-c-W-bm¬ Fgp-
ln-X≥ F∂pw A¿∞w hcpw. X-s∏-´X
- mWv F∂v kΩ-Xn-°m-Xn-cn-°m≥ km[n-°b
- n-√.
138 139
 ]p¯³ IqäpImÀ ]p¯³ IqäpImÀ

Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkvk` HutZym-Kn-I-ambn ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂Xv 3. ae-¶c kpdn-bm\n {InkvXym-\n-If

- psS taev]´- ÿ
- m-\m-`n-tjI {Ia-
Øn¬ C{]-Imcw ImWp-∂p. ""«ol-∑m-cpsS Xe-h-\mb sia-Hm-t\mSp
1. lqZm-bI
- m-t\m≥ A≤ymbw 7:1 ˛¬ ]d-bp-∂p. ""temI-Ønse \mep
CS-b-∑m-cpsS Xe-h≥ Acp-fn-s®bvXv: sia-Hm-t\- \ns‚ Iøn¬ Rm≥
Zn°p-If - psS kwJy-b\ - p-kc- n®v ]m{Xo-b¿°o-k∑- m¿ \mep t]cp-≠m-bn-
`c-ta-ev]n-®n-´p-≈-Xns\ \o F¥p sNøp∂p F∂p Icp-Xn-sImƒI...''
cn-°W
- w. F√m-hc - p-sSbpw {][m\ Xe-h≥ tdmam-bnse ]m{Xo-b¿°o-kp- w,
At±-l-Øns‚ IqsS AeIvkm≠vdnbmbnse ]m{Xnb¿°okv IpkvX- ""hnizm-k-ap≈ hnip≤ k`-bp-ambn kz¿§ob aW-hm-f≥ hnhm-l-
¥o-t\mkv t]meo-knse ]m{Xo-b¿°o-k-pw, At±-l-Øns‚ IqsS \n-›bw sNbvX-t∏mƒ sia-Hm-s\bpw bqlm-t\m-s\bpw hnfn-®p. Ah-
At¥ym-Jy-bnse ]m{Xo-b¿°o-kp- w Bbn-cn-°W - w. tcmSv Hcp-an®v B⁄m-]n-®p. sia-Hms\ `h-\m-[n-Im-cn-bmbn \nb-an-®p.
bqlm-t∂ms\ {]kw-KI - \
- mbpw \nb-an-®p...''
2. ""thZm-≤y-m]-I≥'' F∂ amkn-I-bn¬ (]p-kvXIw 6, 1093 Ipw`w˛
e°w 7) am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm (h-´-t»-cn¬) Ipw`w ""bu\m-bpsS ]p{X-\mb sia-Hm≥ Db-cØ - n-s‚bpw Bg-Øns‚bpw
amkw 20˛mw XobXn Rmb-dmgvN tIm´bw am¿ Genbm Nm∏-en¬ sh®v Xmt°m-ep-Isf {]m]n-®t- ∏mƒ CS-b∑ - m-cpsS Xe-h≥ Ah-t\mSv Acp-fn-
sNbvX {]kwKw {]kn-≤o-I-cn-®-Xn¬ \n∂v {]k-‡-`m-K-߃ Xmsg s®-bX v p. sia-Hms\, \o F¥p sNøp∂p F∂p Icp-Xn-sIm-≈Ww. B´n≥
tN¿°p-∂p. Iq´w \n\°p `c-ta-e] v n-°s
- ∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p. Fs‚ Ip™m-Sp-Isfbpw s]Æm-
SpI-sfbpw F\n-°mbn \o tabn-®p-sIm-≈pI'' (a-e-¶c kpdn-bm\n
""tZl-hn-tbmKw sNbvX {]kwKw {]kn-≤o-I-cn-®-Xn¬ \n∂v {]k- {InkvXym\n-I-fpsS ta¬]-´-ÿm-\m-`n-tj-I-{I-aw, Xncp-h-√, 1925 ˛]p-dw.
‡-`m-Kß- ƒ
- Xmsg tN¿°p-∂p. 19-˛21; am¿ {KntKm-dn-tbmkv Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS A\p-aX - n-tbmsS {]kn≤oIcn-
""tZl hntbmKw sNbvXp \sΩ hn´p-t]m-bn-cn-°p∂ BNmcy∑mcpsS ®-X)v
Hm¿Ωsb sIm≠mSp∂ Znh-k-am-Wt√m C∂v...B ]nXm-hns‚ (am¿ 4. ""`mKy-hm-∑m-cmb «ol-∑m-cpsS Xe-h\- mb sia-hqs‚ {]m¿∞\
{KntKm-dn-tbmkv _m¿ F{_m-bm) taev]-´-ÿm\ Zm\ kabw A¿tΩ- AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏-´-Xp-t]mse alm-]m-]n-I-fmb Rß-fpsS At]-£bpw
\nbm cmPmhp apX-embn ]e cmPm--°∑ - mcpw a‰pw tZhm-ebØn¬ k∂n- tIƒ°-Wt- a.'' (Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k`-bpsS hoSp IpZmi {Ia-Ønse (`-h\
ln-X-cm-bn-cp-∂p. A∂v Hcp {]kwKw sNbvXXpw B ]nXmhp Xs∂-bm- ip≤o-I-c-Ww) "skZdm' {]m¿∞-\-bn¬ \n∂v).
bn-cp-∂p...tehn- tKm{XsØ BNm-cy-tKm-{X-ambn ssZhw Xnc-s™-Sp-°p-∂p.
5. bmt°m-_mb ˛ Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k`-bnse sshZn-I¿ sNm√p∂
]n∂oSv B tKm{X-Øn¬ \n∂p-Xs∂ Al-tdms‚ IpSpw-_sØ
ivlotam {]m¿∞\bn¬ Xn¶ƒ cm{Xn 2˛mw Iuam, hymgw {]`m-Xw,
{]tXyIw th¿Xn-cn-°p-∂p. A∂p apX¬ BNm-cy-ÿm-\-Øns‚ aq∂p
i\n-{]-`m-Xw, i\n aq∂mw aWn Cu bma-ßf
- nse {]m¿∞-\I
- f
- n¬ sia-
hIp-∏p-Isf \mw ImWp-∂p. {][m-\y-Nm-cy-ÿm-\w, BNm-cy-∑m-cp-tS-Xv, Hms\ «ol-∑m-cpsS Xe-h≥ F∂v hnti-jn-∏n-°p-∂p-≠v.
iq{iq-j-I-cp-tS-Xv....]t{Xm-kns‚ BNm-cy-ÿm-\sØ∏‰n hn. ]nXm-°-
∑m¿ C{]-Imcw ]d-™n-cn-°p-∂p. ""¿KnKvthm tImseZp tamdm≥ JmZvHm 6. ""A¬ sia-Du≥ Iot∏m _≥tbmt\m'' AXm-bXv, sia-Hm-\m-
am¿thm...lmtØmtb ivaoHmbv t_mhqtkm °v'' F∂m-Ip-∂p. A¿∞w:˛ Ip∂ ]md-ta¬ Rm≥ ]Wn-bs - ∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p, F∂v k` ]d-bp-∂p. sa{Xm-
«ol-∑m-cpsS Xe-h-\mb sia-Hm-t\mSp I¿Ømhv BNm-cy-ÿm-\-sØ- ∑m-cpsS ssI (…o-_m) apØp-tºmƒ sNm√p-∂p.
∏‰n Iev]n-®Xv F{Xtbm A\p-{K-ln-°-Ø-°Xpw IuXp-I-c-am-bn-´p-≈- 7. aqti _¿ Io∏m Cßs\ ]d-bp-∂p. ""Io∏m AXm-bXv ]t{Xmkv
Xp-am-Wv. Rm≥ \ns∂ {][m\ Ie-h-d-°m-c-\m-°n-Øo¿Øn-cn-°p-∂p. F∂v hnfn-°-s∏-Sp∂ _¿tbm\m iotam≥, «ol-∑m-cpsS {]`p tdmΩm-
(\ns∂ F∂ ]Z-Øn\v ]t{Xm-kn-s\bpw Bÿm\w {]m]n-°p∂ F√m- bn-te°v t]mbn, AhnsS Hcp k` ÿm]n-®p. AXns\ «ol-∑m-cpsS
h-tcbpw F∂¿∞-ap-≠v). kz¿§-Øn-t‚bpw Bg-Øn-s‚bpw Xmt°m-ep- {]`phns‚ knwlm-k\w B°p-Ibpw AXn-en-cp∂v 25 h¿j-tØmfw
Isf Rm≥ \n\°p X∂n-cn-°p∂p'' (]pdw 121-˛127) `cWw \SØp-Ibpw sNbvXp.
140 141
 ]p¯³ IqäpImÀ ]p¯³ IqäpImÀ

""\n߃ \nß-fpsS hnizm-kØ - n¬ \ne-\n-ev°p-∂pt≠m F∂v ]cn- ""ssZhw tbip-hns\ Ab-®-Xp-t]mse \nXy CS-b-\mb {InkvXp
tim-[n-°p-hn≥'' (2 tImdn 13:5) Xs‚ «ol-∑msc Ab®v (tbml 20:21) ]cn-ip≤ k` ÿm]n-®p. Cu
ItØm-en-°m-k-`-bpsS aX-t_m-[\w «ol-∑m-cpsS ]n≥Km-an-Isf, AXm-bXv sa{Xm-∑msc ka-bØ - ns‚ kam-
]vXn-hsc Xs‚ k`-bn¬ CS-b-∑m-cmbn Ahn-Sp∂v \n›-bn-®p. k`m-[n-
\º¿ 886. k` GI-am-Wv. Ahƒ°v GI I¿Øm-hm-Wp-≈X - v. GI
Imcw GIhpw Ahn-`m-Py-hp-am-bn-cn°m≥ «ol-∑m-cpsS A≤y-£\ - mbn
hnizmkw {]Jym-]n-°p-∂p. GI amtam-Zo-km-bn¬ \n∂p P\n®p GI
]t{Xm-kns\ {]Xn-jvTn-®p. {InkvXp-hns‚ hnIm-cnbpw km¿∆-{XnI k`-
ico-ca
- mbn cq]o-Ic
- n-°s
- ∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p.
bpsS Zriy-Xe- h
- \
- p-amb ]t{Xm-kns‚ ]n≥Km-antbmsSmØv kPo-h\ - mb
867. k` hnip-≤-amWv: ]ca ]cn-ip-≤-\mb ssZh-amWv Ah-fpsS ssZh-Øns‚ `h-\Ø - n¬ `cWw \S-Øp∂ A∏-ktv Xm-e∑ - m-cpsS ]n≥Km-
ÿm]-I≥. {InkvXp-hmWv Ah-fpsS hc≥. hnip-≤-cn¬ Ah-fpsS an-If
- mWv sa{Xm-∑m¿ (Vol. 2 L.G. 2˛P-\X
- I
- f
- psS {]Imiw JWvUnI 2)
hnip≤n Xnf-ßp-∂p.
bmt°m-_mb ˛ Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkpIm¿ hn. Ip¿_m-\b - nse A©mw
868. k` ImtXm-en-Ia
- mWv: Ahƒ hnizm-kØ - ns‚ ]q¿ÆX DZvtLm-
Xp_vtZ-\n¬ (a-≤yÿ {]m¿∞-\) am¿ C·m-tXymkv, am¿ ¢nΩo-kv,
jn-°p-∂p. Ah-ƒ c£m-am¿§-ßf - psS ]q¿ÆX kwh-ln-°p-Ibpw \¬Ip-
am¿ Pqen-tbm-kv, am¿ AØm-\m-tkym-kv, am¿ Iqdn-temkv, am¿ Cuhm-
Ibpw sNøp-∂p. Ahƒ F√m Ime-ßs - fbpw Bt«-jn-°p-∂p.
\n-tbm-kv, am¿ _t -en-tbmkv, am¿ At{]w F∂o hnip≤ ]nXm-°-
869. k` A∏-ktv Xm-en-Ia- mWv: imiz-Xa- mb Hc-Sn-Ød- b
- n-emWv Ahƒ ∑msc Hm¿Øv Ah-cpsS {]m¿∞\ \ap°v tIm´-bm-bn-cn-°s´ F∂p
]Sp-Øp-b¿Ø-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂X- .v ""Ip™m-Sns‚ ]{¥≠v A∏-ktv Xm-e∑m¿ {]m¿∞n-°p-∂p-≠v. C·m-tXymkv At¥ym-Jy-bnepw ¢oaokpw Pqen-
(shfn 21:14) Ahƒ \in-∏n-°s - ∏-Sm-\m-hmØhfmWv (aØm 16:18) sX‰p tbmkpw tdmam-bn-sebpw AØm-\m-tkymkpw Iqdn-temkpw Ae-Ivkm-
]‰mØ hn[w Ahƒ kXy-Øn¬ kwc-£n-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. am¿∏m-∏mbpw
≠v-dn-bm-bn-sebpw, Cuhm-\n-tbmkv tIk-dn-bm-bn-sebpw (I∏tZm®nb)
sa{Xm≥ kwL-hp-am-Ip∂ ]n≥Km-an-I-fm¬ k∂n-ln-X-cm-bn-cn-°p∂
taev]´- °
- m-cm-bn-cp-∂p. At{]w kndn-bm-bnse Hcp aev]m-\m-bn-cp-∂p.
]t{Xm-kn-eq-sSbpw a‰v A∏-kvtXm-e∑mcn-eq-sSbpw {InkvXp Ahsf `cn-
°p-∂p. tdmam-bn¬ eØo≥ doØpw, Ae-kvIm- ≠-dn-bm-bn¬ {Ko°v doØpw,
881. ]t{Xmkv F∂p Xm≥ t]cn´ ina-tbms\ am{Xta Xs‚ k`- At¥ym-Jy-bn¬ kpdn-bm\n doØp-amWv \S-∏n-en-cp-∂X - v. AXm-bXv Cu
bpsS "]md-bmbn' I¿Ømhp \ntbm-Kn-®p-≈p. Ahn-Sp∂v At±-l-Øn\v ]nXm-°-∑m¿ eØo≥, {Ko°v, kpdn-bm\n BZn-bmb ]e doØp-I-fn¬
AXns‚ Xmt°m-ep-Iƒ \evIn. apgp-h≥ AP-KW- Ø
- ns‚bpw CS-b\- mbn s]´-hc- m-bn-cp∂p; F¶nepw Ah-sc√mw GI-k`- b - psS AwK-ßf - m-bn-cp-∂p.
At±lw \ntbm-Kn-®p. Hmtcm- cmPyØpap≈ k` Hmtcm kzX-{¥-k`- b - s- √∂pw, Ah Hmtcm∂pw
km¿∆-{Xn-Ik - `- b
- psS `mKw am{X-am-sW-∂p-at√m Cu a≤yÿ {]m¿∞\
882. hn. ]t{Xm-kns‚ ]n≥Km-anbpw tdmam sa{Xm-\p-amb am¿∏m-∏,
sXfn-bn-°p-∂X - v.
sa{Xm-∑m-cp-sSbpw hnizm-kn-If
- psS Iq´mbva apgp-hs‚bpw sFIyØns‚
imiz-Xhpw Zriy-hp-amb Dd-hn-Shpw ASn-ÿm-\h - p-am-Wv. (L.G. 23) F¥p- hnhn[ doØp-Iƒ
sIm-s≠-∂m¬ tdmanse am¿∏m-∏mbv°v {InkvXp-hns‚ hnImcn F∂
doØp-Iƒ (B-cm-[-\-{I-aw) ]m›m-Xy-sa∂pw ]uc-kvXy-sa∂pw
\ne-bnepw k` apgp-hs - ‚bpw AP-]m-eI - ≥ F∂ \ne-bnepw D≈ A[n-
c≠mbn Xncn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.
Imcw aqew k` apgp-hs - ‚bpw AP-]m-eI - ≥ F∂ \nebnepw D≈ A[n-
Imcw aqew k` apgp-h-s‚bpw ta¬ Ft∏mgpw kzX-{¥-ambn hn\n-tbm- ]m›mXyw tdma≥ doØv ˛ eØo≥ doØv Dƒs∏sS \mep hn`m-K-
Kn-°m≥ Ign-bp∂ ]q¿Æhpw ]c-tam-∂X - hpw, km¿∆-{Xn-Ih - p-amb A[n- ߃ D≠v
Im-c-ap-≠v.'' ]uckvXyw ˛ {]m[m-\y-ambn A©v
142 143
 ]p¯³ IqäpImÀ ]p¯³ IqäpImÀ

1. Ae-kvIm-≠v-dn-b≥ ˛ tIm]v‰n-Iv, FtXym-]y≥ A∏. {]. 20:29-˛30 ""Fs‚ th¿]m-Sn-\p-tijw {Iqc-cm-bs

- N-∂m-bv°ƒ
\nß-f-psS at[y hcp-sa∂pw Ah AP-K-WsØ shdp-sX-hn-Sp-I-bn-
2. At¥ym-Jy≥ ˛ kndn-b≥, amtdm-ss\-‰v, ae-¶c
s√∂pw F\n-°d- n-bmw. injysc BI¿jn®v Xß-fpsS ]n∂mse sIm≠p-
3. I¬Zn-b≥ ˛ I¬Zm-b, kotdm ˛ ae-_m¿ t]m-Im≥ th≠n kXysØ hf-s®m-Sn®v {]kw-Kn-°p-∂-h¿ \nß-fpsS
4. A¿ta-\n-b≥ CS-bn¬ Xs∂ D≠mIpw.''
2 tImdn 2:7 ""ssZh-h-N-\-Øn¬ ambw tN¿Øp I®-hSw sNøp∂
5. ss_sk-ss‚≥ ˛ {Ko°v, sa¬ss°-‰v, bpt{I-\n-b≥, dpta\n-b≥
At\-Ic
- p-≠v.
apX-embn ]e hn`m-K-߃ D≠v.
Kem 1:7 ""hmkvXh
- Ø
- n¬ as‰mcp kphn-ti-ja
- n√; F∂m¬ \nßsf
AXXp ÿesØ `mjbpw kwkvIm-chpw a‰p {]tXy-I-X-Ifpw
D]-{Z-hn-°m\pw {InkvXp-hns‚ kphn-ti-jsØ Zpjn-∏n-°m\pw B{K-ln-
Dƒs°m-≠mWv Hmtcm {]tZ-iØpw k`-bn¬ Bcm-[\ {Iaw cq]w °p∂ Ipsd Bfp-I-fp-≠v.''
sIm≠-Xv.
Ft^ 4:14 ""sX‰ns‚ h©-\-bn¬s∏-Sp-Øp-hm≥ a\p-jy¿ Iui-e-
k`-bn¬ hnhn[ doØp-Iƒ Ds≠-¶nepw hnizm-kw, IqZm-i-Isf ]q¿∆w \evIp∂ h{I-X-bm¿∂ D]-tZ-i-ß-fpsS Im‰n¬ C\n-ta¬ \mw
kw_-‘n® {]t_m-[-\-߃, [m¿Ωn-IX F∂o Imcy-ß-fn¬ sFIy Cf-°p-Ibpw Zpc-sØ-dn-bs
- ∏-Sp-Ibpw sNøp∂ inip-°f
- m-Im-Xn-cn-°W
- w.''
ap-≠v. tdmans‚ sa{Xm≥ sFIyØns‚ IÆn-bm-Wv.
F{_m 13:9 ""hnhn-[-ßfpw A]-cn-Nn-X-ß-fp-amb {]t_m-[-\-ß-ƒ
k` {InkvXp-hns‚ \nKqU ico-c-amWv (Mystical body) \nßsf hgn-sX-‰n-°-cp-Xv.''
A_t≤m-]-tZ-i-ß-ƒ 2 ]t{Xm 2:1 ""Xß-fpsS ta¬ io{L-\miw hcpØn hbv°p∂
thZ-hn-]-co-X-ß-sf-∏-‰nbpw A_-t≤m-]-tZ-i-ß-sf-∏‰nbpw \ΩpsS hymtPm-]t- Z-jvSm-°ƒ \nß-fpsS CS-bnepw D≠m-Ipw.''
I¿Ømhpw injy-∑mcpw [mcmfw ap∂-dn-bn-∏p-Iƒ \¬In-bn-´p-≠v. '"Pohn- tbip DZvt_m-[n-∏n-°p∂p: ""\nß-ƒ Fs‚ hN-\Ø
- n¬ \ne-\n-e°
v p-
°p∂ ssZh-Øns‚ k`bpw kXy-Øns‚ XpWpw tIm´-bp-amb ssZh- sa-¶n¬ bYm¿∞-Øn¬ Fs‚ injy-cm-W.v \n߃ kXyw Adn-bp-Ibpw
`-h-\-Øn¬'' (1 Xntam 3:14) \n∂v ]ecpw hyXn-N-en-®p-t]m-Ip-sa∂v ap∂- kXyw \nßsf kzX-{¥-cm-°p-I-bpw-sN-øpw.'' (tbml 8:31-˛32)
dn-bn∏p \¬Ip-∂p. hn. ]utemkv «olm Bh-iy-s∏-Sp∂p: \n߃ \nß-fpsS hnizm-
k`-bn¬ injycpw ZpjvScpw D≠v. kz¿§-cmPyw tKmX-ºp-sN-Sn-Ifpw k-Øn¬ \ne-\n-e° v p-∂pt≠m F∂v ]cn-tim-[n-°p-hn≥; \nß-sf-Øs∂
If-Ifpw Hcp-an®p hf-cp∂ hb-en-t\mSpw (aØm 13:24-˛30), a’y-ßsf ]co-£n-®d- n-bp-hn≥.
tiJ-cn-°m-\mbn ISen¬ Fdn-bs - ∏´ he-tbmSpw (aØm 13:47-˛49) hnth-
In-Ifpw hnth-Ic - l
- n-Xc
- p-amb I\y-Ia - m-tcmSpw (aØm 25:1˛13) D]-an-®n-´p-≠v.
s]mXp-hn-[n-°p-tijw {]Xy-£-s∏-Sp∂ kz¿§ob k`-bn¬ hnip-≤¿
am{Xta D≠m-bn-cn-°p-I-bp-≈p.sPdan 23:36 ""Pohn-°p∂ ssZh-Øns‚
hN\w \n߃ hf-s®m-Sn-°-pI-bmWv'' AØ-c-°m¿ C∂p-ap-≠v. tdmam
16:17 ""ktlm-Zt- c, \n߃ ]Tn® XXz-߃°p hncp-≤a - mbn ]nf¿∏p-Ifpw
Zp¿am-Xr-II- fpw D≠m°p-∂h - sc {i≤n-®p-sIm-≈Ww Ahsc \ncm-Ic - n-
°p-hn≥''
144 145
 ]p¯³ IqäpImÀ ]p¯³ IqäpImÀ

bmt°m-_mb ˛ Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k`-I-ƒ F¥p-sIm≠v I¬°-

tZm-\nbm kp∂-l-tZmkv km¿∆-{XnI kp∂-l-tZm-kmbn AwKo-I-cn-°p-
∂n-√?
FIyp-sa-\nkw
FIypsa\n-k-Øns‚ BXy-¥nI e£ysØ∏‰n ItØm-en°m
20 k`bv°pw CXc k`Iƒ°pw hyXy-ÿ-amb A`n-{]m-b-ß-fpw ImgvN-
kss`IyamWv ∏m-Sp-If
- p-amWv D≈-Xv.
GI ]cnlmcam¿§w Hmtcm k`bpw AXm-Xns‚ hy‡nXzw \ne-\n¿Øn-s°m≠v kl-
I-cn-°m-hp∂ taJ-eI
- f
- n¬ kl-Ic
- n-°pI F∂p-≈X
- mW FIypsa-\n-k-
Øns‚ e£y-sa-∂mWv bmt°m-_mb ˛ Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv, am¿tØmΩm
temI-c£
- m¿∞w tbip-{InkvXp Hcp k` am{Xta ÿm]n-®n-´p≈p apX-emb k`-Iƒ ]dbp∂Xv, sFIys∏´v H∂mbn Hcp CS-bs‚ Iogn¬
(A≤ymbw 19 ImWp-I) BIpI F∂-√.
t]m¿´p-Ko-kp-Im¿ ChnsS hcp-∂X - n-\p-apºvk t]¿jy≥ k`-bnse F∂m¬ Ah-sc-√m-hcpw H∂m-bn-cn-°m≥ th≠n, ]nXm-th, \o F∂nepw
AXm-Xp-Im-esØ k`m-≤y-£-∑m¿ (Im-tXm-en-t°m-kv) Ab®n-cp∂ Rm≥ \n∂nepw Bbn-cn-°p-∂X - p-t]mse Ahcpw \Ωn¬ Bbn-cn-°p-∂-
ta{Xm-∑m¿ Chn-sS h - ∂v, ]´w sImSp-°pI apX-emb Bflob Imcy-߃ Xn\pw th≠n Rm≥ {]m¿∞n-°p-∂p.'' (tbml 17:21) F∂v tbip-{InkvXp
{]m¿∞n-®-Xp-t]mse, `n∂n®p \nev°p∂ k`-Iƒ F√mw sFIys∏´v
\S-Øn-bn-cp-∂p. ChnsS tZiobamb Hcp lb-cm¿°n ÿm]n-°-s∏-´n-´n-
Hcp CS-bs‚ Iogn¬ BIpI F∂p-≈-XmWv FIyp-sa\nkØns‚
√m-bn-cp-∂p. t]¿jy≥ k`-bn¬ \S-∏n-en-cp∂ ]uckvXy kpdn-bm-\n-ep≈
e£y-sa-∂mWv ItØm-en°m k` ]d-bp-∂-Xv.
(I¬Zmb kpdn-bm-\n) Bcm-[\ {Iahpw BNm-cm-\p-jvTm-\-ßfpamWv
\ne-hn-ep-cp-∂X - v. t]¿jy≥ k`-bn¬ \n∂pw ChnsS h∂n--cp∂ I¬Zmb c≠mw hØn-°m≥ kp∂-l-tZmkv Xmsg hcpw {]Imcw {]Jym-]n-
sa{Xm-∑m¿ ItØm-en-°m-hn-iz-k-nIfm-bn-cp∂p 17˛mw \q‰m-≠p-hsc °p-∂p. ""FIyp-sa-\n-°¬ {]ÿm\w'' F∂Xp-sIm≠v a\- n-em-t°-≠Xv
k`-bpsS hnhn[ Bh-iy-߃°pw Ime-L´- Ø - ns‚ Ahkc߃°pw
ItØm-en°m hnizm-kØ - n¬ \n∂-hc - n¬ Hcp hn`mKw k`-bn¬ \n∂pw
A\pkrXambn {InkvXob sFIyw hf¿Øp-∂X - n-\p-th≠ {Ia-hX
- v°-
]ncn-™p-t]m-bn bmt°m_mb hnizm-kn-Ifmbn-Øo¿∂v Ah-km-\n-
cWw sNø-∂X - p-amb {]h¿Ø-\ß
- fpw DZy-aß- f
- p-am-Wv.
°mØ am’cyhpw tIkp-If - p-ambn kam-[m-\a - n-√msX Ign-bp-s∂-¶n¬,
kam-[m-\-Øn¬ Ign-bp-∂-Xn-\p≈ GI-am¿§w amXr-k-`-bmb ItØm- ""{ItaW k`m-]c - a
- mb ]q¿W sFIyw hnLm-Xs
- ∏-Sp-Øp∂ XS- -
en-°m-k` - b
- n-te°v ]p\-ssc-Iy-s∏-SpI F∂p-≈X - m-Wv. ߃ AXn-Po-hn-®,v F√m {InkvXym-\n-Ifpw aninlm BZn-ap-Xevt° Xs‚
k`-bn¬ h¿jn-®Xpw ItØm-en°m k`-bn¬ A`w-Kpcw \ne-\n-ev°p-
`n∂n®p \nev°p∂ ss{IkvXh kaq-lß - ƒ - sFIys∏´v GI k`- ∂p-sh∂p \mw hniz-kn-°p-∂Xpw temIm-h-km\w hsc A\p-Zn\w ]cn-
bmbn {InkvXp-hn\v km£yw hln-°p-hm≥ {InkvXp-hn¬ hniz-kn-°p- ]p-jvS-am-Ip-sa∂v \mw {]Xym-in-°p-∂-Xp-amb, GIhpw A\-\y-hp-amb
∂-h¿ hnfn-°-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p. ""Fs¥-∂m¬ Htc Bflm-hn¬ \msam-√m- k`-bpsS sFIyØn¬ Htcsbmcp ZnhyImcpWymtLmjØn¬ H∂n®p
hcpw Hdp ico-ca
- mbn ⁄m\-k\ v m\w sNø-s∏-´n-cn-°p∂p-.'' (1 tImdn 12:12) tN¿°-s∏-tS-≠X - n-\m-WnXv''
""k`-sb-t∏mepw tIƒ°mØ ]£w Ah≥ \n\°v hnPm-Xo-b-s\- ""{InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS `n∂-X, amtam-Zokm hgn kao-]-ÿ-sc-¶nepw
t∏mepw Np¶-°m-cs - \-t∏m-sebpw Bbn-cn-°s - ´.'' (aØm 18:17) kºq¿Æ kwk¿§-Øn¬ \n∂v hn—n-∂c - mb B a°-fn¬ Xncp-k`- bv°v
146 147
 ]p¯³ IqäpImÀ ]p¯³ IqäpImÀ

kz¥-amb ImtXm-en-I-Xz-Øns‚ kºq¿ÆX {]tbm-K-Øn¬ sIm≠p- \n-tbmkv sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØmbpsS t\Xy-Xz-Øn¬ \S∂ ]p\-sscIyw
h-cm≥ XS- -ambn \nev°p-∂p. am{X-a√ Xncp-k-`bv°v Xs∂bpw Xs‚ ImtXm-en-t°m-kns‚ Iogn¬ kaqlw H∂mbn sFIyØn-te°v IS-∂p-
PohnX-Øns‚ bmYm¿∞yØn¬ k¿h-tXm-∑p-J-amb ImtXm-en-I-Xz- h-c-W-sa∂mWv t\XyXzw sImSp-Ø-h¿ BZyw B{K-ln-®-Xv. F∂m¬
Øns‚ ]q¿WX {]I-Sn-∏n-°m≥ IqSp-X¬ {]bm-ka - m-Ip-∂p.'' (Vol. 2 kss` ImtXm-en-t°-‰n-s\bpw kn\-Un-s\bpw AwKo-Ic- n-°p∂ Imcyw ]n∂oSv
Iy-sØ-∏-‰n-bp≈ Un{In (F-Iyp-sa-\n-kw) \º¿ 4, JWvUnI 2,4,11). Nn¥n-°m-sa∂mbn-cp∂p tdmans‚ Xocp-am-\w. _m°n Imcy-ß-sf√mw
""B¥cnI ]cnh¿Ø\w IqSmsX km¿∞Iamb kss`Iy{]ÿm\ tdman¬ \n∂pw A\p-hZ- n®p h∂-t∏m-sgm°pw, h´n-∏Wt°kn¬ Pbn-®-
an√'' (\w. 7). Xn-\m¬, h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\nbpw am¿ _t -en-tbmkv Koh¿Kokv
ImtXm-en-°mbpw ]p\-ssc-Iy-Øn¬ \n∂p ]n∑m-dn.
1976 ˛¬ ]m{Xo-b¿°m-Zn-\-Øn¬ Fd-Wm-Ip-fØv, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw
B¿®v_n-j∏v, _\-UnIvSv am¿ {KntKm-dn-tbmkv sNbvX {]kw-K-Øn¬ am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbmkv sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Ømbpw am¿ sXtbm-^n-temkv
\n∂v Nne `mK-߃- D≤-cn-°p∂p. F∏n-kvtIm-∏mbpw, c≠p dºm-∑mcpw, _Y\n B{i-a-ÿ-cn¬ 2 sshZn-
I¿ HgnsI _m°n-bp-≈-hcpw, _Y\n kntÃgvkpw ]p\-ssc-Iy-Øn\v
""ico-cØ
- ns‚ Hc-hb- hw F{X-Xs∂ {]m[m-\y-ap-≈X - m-bn-cp-∂mepw
Xøm-dm-bn. 1930 sk]v‰w-_-dn¬ ]p\-sscIy-s∏´ B sNdnb kaqlw
AXns‚ hy‡nXzw ico-cØ - ns‚ GI-Xt- bmSp tN¿∂n-cn-t°-≠Xv Bh-
hf¿∂v, 2005 ˛¬ kzbm-[n-Im-ca - p≈ kn\-U¬ kwhn-[m-\t- Øm-Sp-Iq-Sn-b,
iy-am-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xp-t]mseXs∂, Hcp {InkvXobkaqlw GsX√mw
taP¿ B¿°n-F-∏n-kvtIm-∏¬ k`-bmbn hf¿∂n-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv. Cu
sshin-j-Sy-߃ D≈-Xm-bn-cp-∂mepw AXns‚ hy‡nXzw \ne-\n¿Øp-
k`bv°v C∂v Hcp taP¿ B¿®p-_n-j∏v ImtXm-en-t°mkpw Hcp
∂-tXm-sSm∏w Xs∂ AXp km¿∆-{XnI k`-bpsS ssNX-\y-{]-Za - mb Iq´m- B¿®v_n-j∏pw c≠p t{]mhn≥kp-Ifpw, F´v cq]-XI - fpw 5 e£-tØmfw
bvab
- n¬ ebn®p tNtc-≠X - m-hi
- y-am-Wv. hnizm-kn-Ifpw D≠v. hnZym-`ymk cwKØpw kmaq-ly-cw-KØpw kmwkvIm-
A∏-kvtXm-enIamb D¤-hØ - n-s‚tbm tZio-bX- b
- p-sStbm t]cn¬ cnI cwKØpw Cu k` kvXpXy¿l-amb tkh\w tNøp-∂p. ]p\-ssc-
Hcp kaqlw km¿∆-{XnI k`-bp-am-bp≈ Iq´m-bav sb \ntj-[n-®p-sIm≠v Iy-tØm-Sp-IqSn anj≥ {]h¿Ø-\-߃°p≈ Hcp henb t{]cW
kzmX{¥yw {]m]n-°p-hm≥ Xp\n-™m¬ AXns‚ ^ew F¥m-sW∂v k`bv°v e`n-®p. F√m-‰n-\p-ap-]cn Ie-l-Øn¬ \n∂pw tImS-Xn-t°-kp-
CXn¬ \n∂pw hni-Z-am-Ip-∂-Xm-Wv. k`-bn¬ sa{Xm-∑m-cpsS kaqlw I-fn¬ \n∂pw Hgn™v kam-[m-\-ambn {]m¿∞n-°p-hm-\p≈ A¥-co-
ss«lnI kaq-l-Øns‚ XpS¿®-bm-Wv. GtXmcp sa{Xm\pw «ol-∑m- £hpw Cu k`-bn¬ kwPm-Xa - m-bn. 1930˛¬ Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k` H∂mbn
cpsS Ah-Im-in-bm-Wv. Hcp A∏-kvtXm-es‚ t]cn¬ Hcp {]tZ-isØ ]p\-ssc-Iy-s∏-´n-cp-s∂-¶n¬ ae-¶c - k- `- b
- n¬ H∂msI CXp-t]m-se-bp≈
GXm\pw sa{Xm-∑m¿°v kºq¿Æ kzmX-{¥yhpw kzbw ]cym-]vXbpw Hcp A¥-co£w kwPm-X-am-Ip-Ibpw Aßs\ a‰p-≈-h¿°v {InkvXp-
Ah-Im-is∏Sm-sa-¶n¬, AtX \ymbw I≠p-Xs∂ Hmtcm sa{Xm\pw hn\v km£yw \evIp-hm\pw ssZhsØ al-Xz-s∏-Sp-Øm\pw km[n-°p-
At±-lt- ØmSp tN¿∂p-\n-ev°p∂ kaq-lØ - n\pw kzmX-{¥yhpw kzbw am-bn-cp-∂p.
]cym-]vXX
- bpw {]Jym-]n-°mhp∂-Xm-Wv. ]g-b-Iq-‰p-Im¿/kotdm˛ae-_m¿k`
ae-¶c ItØm-en-°m-k` 1653 ˛se Iq\¬ Ipcnip kXy-Øn-\p-tijw]g-b-Iq-‰p-Im¿ ]s{Zm-
]pØ≥Iq¿ hn`m-KØ - nse ]ecpw ItØm-en°m k`-bp-ambn ]p\- hm-tZm, t{]m∏-Km¥m t\Xy-Xz-ß-fpsS Iogn¬ GXm≠v ap∂qdv h¿j-
ssc-Iy-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn\v ]cn-{i-an®p F¶nepw \n¿`m-Ky-h-im¬ AsXm∂pw tØmfw Ign-tb-≠n-h-∂p. C{]-Imcw h¿j-ß-tfmfw Ign-tb≠n hs∂-
hnP-bn-®n-√. 20 ˛mw \q‰m-≠nse kss`Iy N¿®-Iƒ°v XpS°w Ipdn- ¶nepw, Ipsd-sbms° eØn-\o-I-cn-°-s∏´ \ne-bn-em-sW-¶nepw, Ah¿
®Xv 1926 ˛¬ ]cp-ae skan-\m-cn-bn¬ h®v \S∂ sa{Xm-∑m-cpsS tbmK- ]pcm-X\- a
- mb I¬Zmb Bcm-[\
- {- I-aß
- fpw ItØm-en°m kw-k¿§hpw
Øn-emWv AXns‚ ]cn-ka - m-]X
v n-bmWv 1930-˛se _Y-\n-bpsS am¿ Cuhm- hfsc XymK-߃ kln-®p-sIm-≠p-Xs - ∂, \ne-\n¿Øn.
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I¿Ω-eo-Øm-°m-cpsS `c-W-Øn¬ Bbn-cp-∂- h-cm-∏pg AXn-cq-]-X- ]-߃ \Ωn¬ hkn-°p∂ ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hns‚ i‡n-bm¬ ImØp-kq-
bnse kpdn-bm\n°msc AXn¬ \n∂p hnS¿Øn, Xriq¿, tIm´-bw F∂o £n-°pI'' (2 Xntam 1:14). ""Fs¥-∂m¬ \ΩpsS BZy-hn-izm-ksØ Ah-
hnIm-cn-bm-Øp-I-fn-embn kwL-Sn-∏n-®p. Xriq¿°p-th≠n tam¨ km\w hsc apdpsI ]nSn-°p-sa-¶n¬ am{Xta \mw {InkvXp-hn¬ ]¶p-Im-
knt™m¿ AtUmƒ^v C. saUven-t°m´pw tIm´-bØ - n\p th≠n {^©v cm- I - b p- ≈ p'' (F{_m. 3:14). ""ssZhw IelØns‚ ssZha√,
Cutim k`-°m-c\ - mb Nmƒkv seho-™p-amWv \nb-an-°s - ∏-´X
- v. c≠p- kam[m\Øns‚ ssZhamWv'' (1 tImdn 14:33).
t]cpw hntZ-in-Iƒ. 1887˛¬ tam¨ seho™p hnImcn A∏-kvtXm-en- bmt°m-_mb ˛ Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k`-Ie - nse sshZn-I¿ sNm√p∂
°m-bmbn sa{Xm≥ ]´w kzoI-cn-®p. 1894˛¬ Nß-\m-t»-cn-bn¬ sa{Xm- , ""ivlotam \a-kvImcw'' lpZmb Imt\m≥, sa{Xm-`n-tjI I¿Ω-Ønse
k\ aµncw ]Wn-bn®v B ÿm\w Atßm´p-am-‰n. {]m¿∞-\, hnhml IqZm-i-bnse {]m¿∞-\, Ch-bnse √mw ]t{Xm-kn-
tam¨knt™m¿ saU-en-t°m´v 1887 apX¬ 1896 hsc Xriq¿ cq]X s\ «ol-∑m-cpsS Xe-h\ - mbn hnti-jn-∏n®n´p-≠v. Hm¿Ø-tUm-IkpIm¿
`cn-®p. Xriq-cp≈ taeq¿ ioiva°
- msc am\-km-¥c
- s
- ∏-Sp-Øm≥ {ian-®p. ]pXn-b\ - n-ba
- Ø
- nse {]am-Wn-I{- K-Ÿß- f- psS Iq´-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-
kz¥-ambn \m´p sa{Xm-∑msc In´m-\p≈ At]-£-Iƒ kpdn-bm-\n- cn-°p∂ ¢oan-kns‚ teJ-\w, tdmam-am¿∏m∏bpsS ]c-am-[n-Im-c-Øn\v
sXfn-hmWv. «ol-∑m-cpsS Xe-h-\mb ]t{Xmkv «olm-bpsS ]n≥Km-an-
°m¿ tdman-te°v Ab-®p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂p. 1896 ˛¬ tIm´bw hnIm-cn-tb‰v
\n¿Ø-em-°n. Fd-Wm-Ipfw, Nß-\m-t»cn c≠p cq]-X-Iƒ ]pXp-Xmbn bmb tdmam sa{Xms\ (am¿∏m-∏sb) k`-bpsS Xe-h\ - mbn ]pØ≥Iq¿
ÿm]n®v Xt±-io-b-cmb sa{X-∑m-scbpw \nb-an-®p. 1911 ˛¬ tIm´bw hn`m-Kß- ƒ AwKo-Ic - n-®m¬ kss`Iyw Ffp-∏a - m-bn.
sX°p-`mK°m¿ am{Xw Dƒs°m-≈p∂ cq]-X-bm-°n. 1923 ˛¬ Fd-Wm- Znhy-c£
- I - ≥ Xs∂ Xs‚ ac-WØ - ns‚ Xte-cm{Xn PmK-cW - Ø
- n¬
Ipfw AXn-cq-]-X-bmbpw, Xriq¿, tIm´bw, Nß-\m-t»cn kma¥c cq]- ]nXm-hn-t\mSv, F√m-hcpw H∂m-Ip-hm≥ th≠n Xo£-Wa - mbn {]m¿∞n®p:
X-Ifpambn ]nbqkv ]Xn-s\m-∂m-a≥ am¿∏m∏, kotdm ˛ ae-_m¿ lb- ""Ah-sc-√m-hcpw H∂m-bn-cn-°p-hm≥ th≠n, \o F∂nepw Rm≥ \n∂nepw
cm°n ÿm]n-®p. XpS¿∂p≈ hf¿® A¤p-Xm-hl - a
- m-bn-cp-∂p. 1992 ˛¬ Bbn-cn-°p-∂Xp t]mse Ahcpw \Ωn¬ Bbn-cn-°p-∂-Xn\pw th≠n
tdmw Cu k`sb taP¿ B¿°n-˛-F-∏n-kvtIm-∏¬ k`-bmbn Db¿Øn. Rm≥ {]m¿∞n-°p-∂p'' (tbml. 17:21). I¿Øm-hns‚ Cu {]m¿∞\
C∂v Cu k`-bn¬ A©v AXn-cq-]-X-Ifpw 25 cq]-X-Ifpw 40 e£- \Ωn¬ \nd-th-‰s - ∏-Sp-∂X
- n-\p-th≠n \ap-s°-√m-h¿°pw Bflm¿∞-ambn
tØmfw hnizm-kn-Ifpap≠v. temIw apgp-h≥ kotdm ˛ ae-_m¿ k`- {]m¿∞n-°mw. ]cn-ip-≤m-flmhv \Ωn¬ {]h¿Øn-°p-∂X - n\v \ΩpsS lrZ-
bn¬ s]´ anj-\-dn-am¿ {]h¿Øn-°p-∂p-≠v. temI-Øn¬ Ct∏m-gp≈ b-ßsf ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hn\p Xpd∂p sImSp-°mw.- .
k`-I-fn¬ G‰hpw ssNX-\y-h-Ømb k`-bmWv kotdm ˛ ae-_m¿k`.
tdmanse, ]t{Xm-kns‚ ]n≥Km-an-sb k`-bpsS Xe-h-\mbn AwKo-
I-cn-°msX k`-If - psS sFIyw km≤y-a√
- . ImcWw AXv ssZhnI {Iao-
I-cW - a
- m-Wv. (Cu {KŸw 19˛mw A≤ymbw) ]t{Xmkv «ol∑mcpsS Xe-
h≥; F∂ `mKw ImWp-I. k`m tIkn¬ ImtXm-en-t°mkv ]£w AUz.
Fkv. \mcm-b-W≥t]m‰n hmZ-Øn-\n-S-bn¬ C{]-Imcw {]kvXm-hn-®p.
""tdma≥ ItØm-en°m k`-bn¬ t]m∏ns‚ Iogn-ep≈ k` am{Xta kXy-
amb GI-hn-ip≤ k`-bm-Ip-∂p-≈p.'' (a-e-bm-f- a-t\m-ca 1979 Unkw-_¿
8,- i-\n)
""\nß-ƒ \nß-fp-sS hnizm-kØ - n¬ \ne-\n-ev°p-∂pt≠m F∂p ]cn-
tim-[n°phn≥'' (tdmam 13:5) ""\n\-t°-ev]n°s∏-´n-cn-°p∂ \√ \nt£-
150 151
 ]p¯³ IqäpImÀ ]p¯³ IqäpImÀ

am¿tXmam«olmbmWv tIcfØn¬ {InkvXpaXØn\v Bcw`an´Xv.

Cu {KŸw ae¶ck`bpsS Hcp kw£n]vXNcn{XamWv; Ass{IkvXh¿
alm`q]cn£ tIcfØn¬, \ΩpsS ]q¿∆nI¿ ]ehn[
{]Xnk‘nIsfbpw AXnPohn®v AhcpsS hnizmkw ImØpkq£n®p.
1653˛¬, t]m¿®pKokv anj\dnam¿s°Xncmbn \SØnb
Iq\≥IpcnipkXyw hsc tIcfØn¬ GIk`tb D≠mbncp∂p≈q.
Iq\≥IpcnipkXyØn\ptijw Cu GIk`, ]gbIq‰pIm¿ F∂pw
]pXnb Iq‰pIm¿ F∂pw c≠mbn ]nf¿∂p. ]pØ≥Iq‰pIm¿
Ime{ItaW bmt°m_mb°mcmbnØo¿∂p. bmt°m_mb k`bn¬
]ns∂bpw ]nf¿∏p≠mbn. ]p\sscIyØn\pth≠n ]ecpw
{ian®psh¶nepw, 1930˛¬ Koh¿Kokv am¿ Cuhm\ntbmkns‚
t\XrXzØn¬ \S∂ ]p\sscIyw am{Xta hnPbn®p≈q.
tbip{InkvXp Hcp k` am{Xta ÿm]n®n´p≈q. ]s£ C∂v ]e
ss{IkvXhk`Ifpw D≠v. ]pXnb k`IfpsS t\Xm°ƒ Ncn{Xw
hfs®mSn®v kzbw \ymboIcWw \SØp∂p.
`n∂n®p \nev ° p∂ k`Isf√mw sFIys∏´v Hcp CSbs‚
IognemIWsa∂p≈ tbip{InkvXphns‚ B{Klw (tbml. 17:21)
\ndth‰s∏Sphm≥ {]m¿∞n°mw.

152 153