Em 1 Introduction To Linguistics Handouts

EM1 INTRODUCTION TO LINGUISTICS
Phonology - is a branch of linguistics concerned with the systematic International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), an alphabet developed in the 19th
organization of sounds in spoken languages and signs in sign languages. century to accurately represent the pronunciation of languages. One aim of the
International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) was to provide a unique symbol for each
Phonetics - is a branch of linguistics that studies the sounds of human speech,
or—in the case of sign languages—the equivalent aspects of sign. distinctive sound in a language—that is, every sound, or phoneme, that serves
to distinguish one word from another.
Phoneticians — are linguists who specialize in phonetics—study the physical
properties of speech.
Phonemes – smallest unit of sounds.
THREE BRANCHES OF PHONETICS
1. Auditory Phonetics - is a branch of phonetics concerned with

the hearing of speech sounds and with speech perception. It thus
entails the study of the relationships between speech stimuli and a
listener’s responses to such stimuli as mediated by mechanisms of the
peripheral and central auditory systems, including certain cortical areas
of the brain.
2. Articulatory Phonetics - is a subfield of phonetics that
studies articulation and ways that humans produce speech. Articulatory
phoneticians explain how humans produce speech sounds via the
interaction of different physiological structures.
3. Acoustic Phonetics - is the study of the physical properties of speech,
and aims to analyze sound wave signals that occur within speech
through varying frequencies, amplitudes and durations.
Homophone is a word that has the same sound as another word but is spelled
differently and has a different meaning
EXAMPLE: to/two/too
there/their/they're
pray/prey
Homonym is two words pronounced or spelled the same way but have different
meanings.
Example: A homonym can be a word that sounds the same as something else —
like by (“near”) and buy (“purchase”) Morphology is the study of words, how they are formed, and their relationship
to other words in the same language. It analyzes the structure of words and
parts of words, such as stems, root words, prefixes, and suffixes. Morphology The word "run" has many meanings-physically running, depart or go (I have to
also looks at parts of speech, intonation and stress, and the ways context can run, spent (it has run its course), or even a snag in a pair of hose (a run in my
change a word's pronunciation and meaning. hose).
Morphemes is smallest unit of words. Pragmatics is the study of meaning in context. The study of the practical
aspects of human action and thought. The study of the use of linguistic signs,
Antonyms word with opposite meaning to another word.
words and sentences, in actual situations.
Example: beautiful: ugly, small: big, tall: short
Examples of Pragmatics:
Synonyms A word whose meaning is the same as that of another word.
1. Will you crack open the door? I am getting hot.
Example: beautiful: pretty, big: huge, handsome: good looking
Semantically, the word "crack" would mean to break, but pragmatically we
Affix is added to the root of a word to change its meaning. An affix added to the know that the speaker means to open the door just a little to let in some air.
front of a word is known as a prefix. One added to the back is known as a suffix.
2. I heart you!
Sometimes, prefixes are hyphenated.
Semantically, "heart" refers to an organ in our body that pumps blood and
Here are some examples of affixes:
keeps us alive. However, pragmatically, "heart" in this sentence means "love"-
Incapable (The affix is the prefix in.) hearts are commonly used as a symbol for love, and to "heart" someone has
come to mean that you love someone.
ex-President (The affix is the prefix ex-.)
3. If you eat all of that food, it will make you bigger!
laughing (The affix is the suffix -ing.)
Semantically, "bigger" in this sentence would mean larger than you are
Semantics the branch of linguistics and logic concerned with meaning. It is a currently. Think about how this sentence, pragmatically, would mean
sub-discipline of Linguistics which focuses on the study of meaning. Semantics something different depending on the context. If it is said to a young child,
tries to understand what meaning is as an element of language and how it is pragmatically, it would mean to grow bigger. If it is said to a grown person who
constructed by language as well as interpreted, obscured and negotiated by is already obese, it would mean something entirely different.
speakers and listeners of language.
Connotation refers to the meanings that we associate with the word-beyond

the literal dictionary definition. The connotation of a word includes all of the
emotions and feelings that go along with the use of the word.
Denotation includes the literal definition of the word.
Examples of Semantics:
A toy block could be called a block, a cube, a toy.
A child could be called a child, kid, boy, girl, son, daughter.

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EM1 INTRODUCTION TO LINGUISTICS

Phonemes – smallest unit of sounds.

THREE BRANCHES OF PHONETICS

1. Auditory Phonetics - is a branch of phonetics concerned with

Connotation refers to the meanings that we associate with the word-beyond

Denotation includes the literal definition of the word.

A toy block could be called a block, a cube, a toy.

A child could be called a child, kid, boy, girl, son, daughter.

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