Agronomy and Zootechnique Paper

M nAGRONOMY AND ZOOTECHNIQUE
PART I: AGRONOMY
1- Name and explain the causes of plant diseases. 5 marks
2- What are the safety precaution to observe when using pesticides 6 marks
3- Explain the different methods of fertilizer application 5 marks
4- A farmer wants to create a coffee plantation. The area of the land is 20 ha and the
planting distance of coffee is 2,5m X 2,5m.
Calculate
a) The feeding zone of the area occupied by a coffee plant
b) The number of coffee plants per ha
c) The plant population of the farm
d) The required number of seeds to sow in the nursery knowing that the germination rate
of the coffee seed is 80%
PART II: ZOOTECHNIQUE

1. Define the following terms
a) Zoo technique
b) Peristalsis
c) Oestrus cycle
d) Meconium
2. What are the signs of heat on animals 2 marks
3. a) present in the form of a diagram the composition of food 2 marks
b) Give the roles of each class of food represented in that diagram
c) Name the various sources of each class 2 marks
4. a) how will you increase rapidly the energy level of animals feed without increasing the
quantity of the basic ingredients?
b) What is the limit of such technique (1 mark?)
5. What are the deficiencies symptoms of the following minerals (Ca, P, Mg, and Fe) and
vitamins (A, D, E, K, C) on animals? 4 marks
ANSWERS
PART I: AGRONOMY
The causes of plant diseases:
3 factors are responsible for most plants diseases
a) The pathogens are living organisms such as fungi, bacteria, viruses and mycoplasma. The
diseases caused by these agents are known as pathogenic diseases.
b) There are also disorders and damages caused by pests such as nematodes, birds, rodents,
molluscs, arachnida, higher plants and insects. These living organisms on plants for their
livelihood and depriving these plants of the necessary resources for healthy growth.
c) Plant diseases or disorder are also caused by non-pathogenic agents which include a
number of physical and chemical factors.
- The physical factors are factors depending on the climate. They are best known as
moisture, wind, lighting
- Chemical factors include: mineral deficiency, pesticide toxicity, chemical pollutants
II. Safety precautions to observe when using pesticides:

a) Read the label careful before use.
b) Wear protective clothes, boots, gloves, mask, eyes glasses
c) Do not eat, smoke, drink, when spraying
d) Do not spray against the wind direction
e) Avoid drift to other crops livestock on neighboring properties
f) Used all products as recommended on the label
g) Return unused materials under lock and key
h) Take care to prevent contamination of any water body for drinking or irrigation purposes
i) Safety dispose of all used containers
j) Clean any protective clothing used and wash exposed parts of the body thoroughly when the
job is completed.
III different methods of fertilizer application

There are many methods of fertilizer application. Some of these methods are;
a- Broadcasting: this is a uniform spreading of fertilizers over an area of ploughed land
using the hand or a machine.
b- Ring and band method: this method is distribution of small quantity of fertilizer directly
near the roots for easy absorption
c- Top dressing or side dresses: this is already done at the growing stage of the plant
d- Application of liquid fertilizer
- Direct application to the soil is done by using special machines which pump the fertilizer
into the soil.
- Application in irrigation water; here the fertilizer is put in the irrigation water.
- Foliar application: fertilizer is mixed with water and spread on the leaves of plants
IV calculations
a) Feeding zone or area occupied by a coffee plant = 2,5mx2,5m = 6,25m2
b) Number of coffee plants per hectare = area of the farm
Feeding zone
= 10000m2
6,25m2 = 1600plants/ha
c) Plants population of the farm
= 1600plants x 20 ha = 32,000plants
d) Required number of seeds to sow in the nursery if the germination power is 80%
= 32000x100
80 =40,000 seeds
PART II: ZOOTECHNIQUE

1
a) Zootechny: this is the science of breeding and domestication of animals
b) Peristalsis: this is the contraction and relaxation of the internal wall of the stomach
muscle
c) Oestrus cycle: this is interval between the sexual cycle and the next one
d) Meconium: the first feaces excreted by a young animal
II
The signs of heat on animals are as follows;
- Agitation .a mental state of extreme emotional disturbance
- modification of the voice
- anorexia ie loss of appetite
- it tries to mount the other animals
- the vulva begins to swell
- reddish vulva
- discharge from the vigina whitish mucuous
- the female is excited in the presence of male
- she will accept the male to mate with her
III
Composition of feed
Water
Food
Inorganic matter (minerals)
Dry matter
Organic matters carbohydrates
Protein
Fat and oil
Vitamins.
b) Roles of each of the class of food
In this diagramme, there are six classes of food
- Carbohydrates: they provide heat and energy in the animals organism
- Proteins are mainly for the renewal of cells and for growth. Excess protein can also be
used as a source of energy
- Fat and oil are also used for the production of energy. They also empowered the
palatability of diet. Fat also help in the maintenance of the body temperature
- Minerals are important in the formation of bones, teeth and egg shell. They intervene in
blood clothing
- Vitamins are required by animals for proper growth and development of the body.
- Water: all chemical reactions in the body takes place in the presence of water. They
transport simple nutritive substances to the different body cells and is also dependent on
fluid medium, blood and for the transport within the individual cells, water is necessary
as well for drinking.
c) Source of each class of food
Sources of carbohydrates
- Cereals (maize, wheat, rice, sorghum
- Roots and tubers (cassava, yams, potatoes)
Sources of proteins
- Animals products (lean meat, fish, milk, egg white
- Plants( groundnut and soybeans
Sources of vitamins
- Green plants, cereal grains, common salt, milk, fish, meat, bone by products
Source of water
- Plants
- Drinking water
Sources of fats/oils
- Plants (groundnut cake, soybeans cake, cotton seed cake, palm oil)
- Animal.( Animal fats
IV.a) to increase the energy level of animal feed. You can add palm oil in the feed up to a rate of
6%
b) Limit of this technique: the feed cannot be stored for long because mould can develop on it
very easily. This type of feed can be fed only to a certain categories of animals such as broilers
or animals kept for meat production.
V. deficiency symptoms of the following minerals and vitamins

- Calcium (Ca); Rickets and osteomalacia
- Phosphorus (P); rickets, osteomalacia, deprived appetite and low productivity
- Magnesium (Mg); grass staggers or hypomagnesaemia tetany
- Iron (Fe); anemia
Vitamin deficiencies
Vitamin A: skin diseases, poor growth, low fertility, poor night vision and dessication of the
cornea
Vitamin D: Abnormal bone formation (rickets and osteomalacia)
Vitamin E: infertility in female animals
Vitamin K: delayed clotting time of blood
Vitamin C: weakness, mouth bleeding, falling out of teeth, skin lesions, poor healing of wounds

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M nAGRONOMY AND ZOOTECHNIQUE

PART II: ZOOTECHNIQUE

II. Safety precautions to observe when using pesticides:

III different methods of fertilizer application

PART II: ZOOTECHNIQUE

V. deficiency symptoms of the following minerals and vitamins

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