hsmag.

cc July 2020 Issue #32

MICROPYTHON
ON ESP32 PLUS
DIY MOBILE P B
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PHONE + RA S
3D PRINTER
NOZZLES
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built
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CABLE TIES FIBREGLASS BUILD A CLOCK SPARKLES

 WELCOME

EDITORIAL
Editor
Ben Everard

Welcome to
ben.everard@raspberrypi.org

Features Editor
Andrew Gregory

HackSpace magazine
andrew.gregory@raspberrypi.org

Sub-Editors
David Higgs, Nicola King

The only way to know what the limits are is to push DESIGN
Critical Media
something until it hits them. That’s what the makers we’re criticalmedia.co.uk

looking at in this issue are doing. By looking at what it takes Head of Design
Lee Allen
to make something perform in extreme environments, we Designers
can learn more about the best ways of making things work in Sam Ribbits, Harriet Knight,
Ty Logan
more sedate places. Photography
If you’re looking to send your own creation to the extremes, Brian O’Halloran

we also look at a whole heap of techniques and parts to help CONTRIBUTORS

Lucy Rogers, Drew Fustini,
you do it, from new, Jo Hinchliffe, PJ Evans, Step
If you’re looking to send your own creation to high-power control Tranovich, Mayank Sharma,
Glenn Horan, Les Pounder,

the extremes, we also look at a whole heap boards (in the form Marc de Vinck

of Raspberry Pi 4 PUBLISHING
of techniques and parts to help you do it Publishing Director
8GB and Arduino Russell Barnes
russell@raspberrypi.org
Portenta), strong and lightweight construction methods such
Advertising
as fibreglass, and pushing your 3D printer to its limit with Charlie Milligan
charlotte.milligan@raspberrypi.org
different nozzle selections. Whatever you’re planning on
building, we’re here to help. DISTRIBUTION
Seymour Distribution Ltd
2 East Poultry Ave,
BEN EVERARD London EC1A 9PT
+44 (0)207 429 4000
Editor ben.everard@raspberrypi.org
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3
Contents 106
06 SPARK 31 LENS
06 Top Projects 32 Extreme Builds
Creativity in physical form Projects taken to the limit

18 Objet 3d’art 46 How I Made: Robot guitar

Great Scott! It’s a 3D-printed DeLorean! Move over Tom Morello: the machine has won

20 Meet the Maker: Evil Mad Scientist 52 In the workshop: Raspberry Pi camera
Inside the secret hollowed-out volcano lair Turning a sensor and a lens into something useful

26 Columns 54 Interview: Gina Häußge

Can you teach yourself to be creative? 3D printing is fun because of one person. Thanks, Gina!

28 Letters 62 Improviser’s Toolbox Cable ties

What do you want to see more of? Let us know! Snip, weave, and melt your way to maker excellence

66 Raspberry Pi 4 8GB
Twice the RAM and now a 64-bit OS for Raspberry Pi

Cover Feature Tutorial

Photogrammetry

ger with the mos

t 82 Bring real objects into
3D design software
n
ster, strothe planet
higher, fa
r, n
Go furthe extreme builds o
52

32
4
 CONTENTS

80

100
How I made
Robot guitar

18
School of making
Fibreglass
06

76 Make moulds for building

your next boat/rocket

46 Musicians, replace your feeble flesh

fingers with PCBs and solenoids

71 FORGE
72

SoM MicroPython
Control devices from the internet 99 FIELD TEST
76 SoM Fibreglass 100 Best of Breed
3D-print moulds for light, flexible builds The best clock kits
66
80 Tutorial MetalFil 106 Can I Hack It?
Printing in metal and stone filament Obsolete electronics put to good use

82 Tutorial Photogrammetry 108 Review E3D Nozzle Fun Pack

Scan real objects with your phone Upgrade your printer for more versatility

88 Tutorial 3D photography 110 Review Ringo mobile phone

Combine two images for stereo vision! DIY mobile computing

94 Tutorial Build a robot 112 Review Arduino Portenta H7

Upgrade a cheap chassis into a unique build Two cores for extra power

Some of the tools and techniques shown in HackSpace Magazine are dangerous unless used with skill, experience and appropriate personal protection equipment. While we attempt to guide the reader, ultimately you
are responsible for your own safety and understanding the limits of yourself and your equipment. HackSpace Magazine is intended for an adult audience and some projects may be dangerous for children. Raspberry
Pi (Trading) Ltd does not accept responsibility for any injuries, damage to equipment, or costs incurred from projects, tutorials or suggestions in HackSpace Magazine. Laws and regulations covering many of the topics
in HackSpace Magazine are different between countries, and are always subject to change. You are responsible for understanding the requirements in your jurisdiction and ensuring that you comply with them. Some
manufacturers place limits on the use of their hardware which some projects or suggestions in HackSpace Magazine may go beyond. It is your responsibility to understand the manufacturer’s limits.

5
Top Projects

REGULAR

Flux capacitor
By Hojadurdy Durdygylyjov twitter.com/Hojadurdy

T
echnically, this coin cell-powered badge is just
a few surface mount LEDs on a PCB, plus an
ATtiny44A to control the animation. But combined
with the artwork on the silkscreen and the placement
of the traces, it becomes a dynamic homage to the
greatest film of 1985: Back to the Future (there must
be something about this film that strikes a chord with makers, as
we’ve another Back to the Future-inspired build on page 18).

Right
Maker Hojadurdy
Durdygylyjov is an
electronic engineer
by day; time traveller
by night

6
SPARK

7
Top Projects

REGULAR

Wireless tin
can telephone
By Geoff McIntyre hsmag.cc/O16OF6

W
e’ve all run a length of string between two
tin cans at some point. It’s cheap fun, and
gives a good introduction to sound waves.
Geoff McIntyre has upgraded this classic
experiment for the electronic age.
His creation uses a microphone input
plugged into the analogue input of an Arduino Uno to take in sound,
which it transmits with an nRF24L01+ wireless transceiver. At the
other end, there’s an LM386 amplifier and a small speaker.
Geoff’s instructions are beautifully clear, and he’s even included a
banana to give a rough sense of scale.

Right
Geoff’s creation
shows how few
components you
need to make
a functioning
comms device

8
SPARK

9
Top Projects

REGULAR

Lego coin sorter

By AnhPhu Nguyen hsmag.cc/NFqi6p

M
ake, fail, repeat: that’s the mantra of successful
hardware developers, and that’s what makes
Lego so useful. You can take it apart and put it back
together without destroying anything, until you get
your build just right.
That’s how AnhPhu Nguyen built this automatic
coin sorter. There are no optical scanners to measure the diameter of
the coin passing through it, nor are there scales to weigh them. This
is just clever hardware engineering, relying on the speed of the coins
as they roll down a slope (the angle of which took some adjusting) to
guide them to the right diameter hole. No computer required!

Right
We like this project
for its simplicity: it’s
completely analogue

10
SPARK

11
Top Projects

REGULAR

Cat wheel
speedometer
By Shawn Nunley hsmag.cc/k4BLWM

T
his speedometer/odometer for cats uses a
Raspberry Pi Zero W and six magnetic sensors,
which each record when 2.095 feet of wheel travel
has gone by. Its maker, Shawn Nunley, attached it to
an existing cat exercise wheel when he grew curious
about how much exercise his cats were getting.
Apart from the technical challenges, the thing that struck us about
this build is that the cats are willing to co-operate and actually use
the thing. Shawn explains it like this:
“These are Bengal cats. Mine is actually a G2 Bengal which is to
say he’s two generations away from Asian leopard cat. Since they
have quite a bit of wild blood, they are way more active than normal
cats. The wheel is really so he has an outlet to spend his energy,
and thank God he uses it. My first Bengal cat did not have a wheel.
Bad things happen when your Bengal has unspent energy!”

Right
Shawn’s cats do
about 4–6 miles per
night on this wheel,
and reach a top
speed of 14 mph

12
13
Top Projects

REGULAR

Components
pendant
By Razvan Coloja hsmag.cc/bXOXBJ

T
he psychological benefits of switching off at the
end of the day by making something are well-
known. So it’s great to see that these pendants,
made from dead electronic components, are made
as a form of stress relief by a real-life psychiatrist and
Linux geek, Razvan Coloja. They’re small, nicely made,
and look a good bit more comfortable than some of the bare PCB
jewellery we’ve seen out there.

Left
Check out more of
Razvan’s work on
his Tindie store

14
SPARK

15
Top Projects

REGULAR

Giant Battleships
xxxxxxxxxx
By Dan Aldred hsmag.cc/mJl8er

xxxxxxxx
W
hat do you do with a giant 10×10 LED grid?
Turn it into a game of Battleships, of course.
Dan Aldred, who has made so much cool stuff
we’re a little bit in awe of him, did just that, but
rather than using a web interface or a modern
By xxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxx
push-button device, he repurposed an old
rotary phone as the game controller.
Getting hold of a schematic for the phone turned out to be a
xxxxxxxxxxxx
challenge – it turns out that it was made by a Swiss company that
specialised
xxxxxxxxxxxxx
in WWII-era surveillance devices. Apart from that, there’s
a Raspberry Pi, some Python, and a speaker so you can enjoy the
sound of victory as you sink your opponent’s battleship.

16
 SPARK

Left
If you’re going to
do anything with
bakelite (which is
what the phone
case is made from),
make sure you
take precautions
– the old stuff was
made with arsenic
and asbestos

17
Objet 3d’art

REGULAR

Objet 3d’art
3D-printed artwork to bring more beauty into your life

G
reat Scott! Here’s a 3D-printed
radio-controlled 1982 Delorean
DMC-12, created by Brett
Turnage in homage to one of
the greatest films ever made
– Back to the Future. It’s incredibly detailed
– there are 69 separate STL files to print
out and assemble, including the badge and
the essential Mr. Fusion portable reactor
that made its appearance in the final scene
of the film.
The detail isn’t just cosmetic: Brett
recommends that functional parts, such as
suspension and servo mounts, are printed
with an infill of 80–100% for strength, and
he’s made engineering adjustments in
areas such as the door hinges to allow for
the fact that printed PLA isn’t as strong as
the original car’s stainless steel.
The print is made functional with a
Tamiya F104 Pro II R/C car kit, and a few
extra parts such as a motor, battery, and
car controller. Brett’s even added a length
of electroluminescent wire to give it the full
'time travel' effect. You can watch it in
action here:

hsmag.cc/cwojUe

Right
A Delorean wouldn’t
be a Delorean
without functional
gull-wing doors

18
SPARK

19
Meet The Maker

REGULAR

Meet The Maker:

Evil Mad Scientist
Making inspiration for current
and future mad scientists

R
egular HackSpace magazine change which LEDs were on and how bright they
readers will know the name Evil were. For example, when you pass the salt, or move
Mad Scientist. We featured their the napkin, or pick up a drink, a sensor would send a
EggBot kit last issue in our roundup of message to its neighbour node – I’ve changed, do
beginner’s kits, and the AxiDraw pen you want to change? That would trigger a ripple of
plotter is all over the internet – at changes throughout the table.
least, it’s all over the hashtag #plottertwitter. “The interactive LED panels that we made for that
They’re also keen supporters of open-source were large – initially the PCBs were 12 by 14 inches;
hardware. We caught up with 50% of Evil Mad now the ones we make are 12×12 inches, and they
Scientist, Lenore Erdman, to find out what made have 80 LEDs on a panel. And they’re completely
them become accidental entrepreneurs. analogue – there’s a damped signal, so they’ll come
“We started Evil Mad Scientist accidentally. We did on and ripple and fade out. And they’re pretty.
not mean to start a business. We went to the very People still get them. Coffee tables, bars, nightclubs.
first Maker Faire with our project and people said There’s a museum in Texas that has a wall of them,
‘Ooh, how d’you do that? I want to do that!’ So, we and there’s a museum in Australia that made an

”
archway that you could walk through with them.
What motivates us is that people are “It took a few years for me to go full-time, and
Windell [Windell Oskay, co-founder of Evil Mad
interested in and enjoy what we do, and that’s Scientist] went full-time a year or two after that.

”
still what drives me The years blur together after a while! We’ve been
doing this since 2007. It was several years before I
went full-time.
started making kits to make it feasible for other “I had no dream of entrepreneurship. What
people to do projects like ours. Every time we would motivates us is that people are interested in and
do a kit, we would bring money back into the next enjoy what we do, and that’s still what drives me.
round of the kits. It grew very gradually, and now it’s People love it; they get so much out of it. It’s really
our full-time job. It’s been a slow-going, organic, rewarding to see how much people get out of the
interesting journey. projects that we do.
“That first project was our interactive LED dining
table. It had 400 LEDs and a connected series of FINDING YOUR COMMUNITY
nodes that had a light sensor on them. When “We sell components, we sell kits, and we sell
something would change over that sensor, it would plotters. The components tend to be purchased by

20
 SPARK

Above
The EggBot has put
open source hardware
into some surprising
hands – and there’s
now an ostrich-sized
version

21
Meet The Maker

REGULAR

Above
EMS’s deconstructed
555 timer shows problems that you and I don’t know exist. They’re
exactly what goes into
an integrated circuit looking at very narrow problems in fields that we
would never think about our thing being used there.
educators. LEDs for classroom use, pager motors for “For example, a group was studying coral
making art bots. reproduction, which is tied to the phase of the moon.
“They get used, for instance, by model train And so, they wanted to shift the length of the
enthusiasts who want to make their trains more month: what happens if you have 30 days instead of
realistic and who want to put LEDs into their trains, 28 in the cycle? They used some of our LED boards
but who find it hard to shop for LEDs at a traditional to control the light source to the coral over the
electronics store because there isn’t information, or course of the experiment – I would never have
someone to contact about how to do that. Well, I imagined someone ever needing to selectively light
have a really good article about what resistor you a tank of coral!

”
“One interesting use case for our stuff that we
This is one of the beautiful things about open- helped out with is a group that’s using the AxiDraw
as an XY stage. Instead of using it for drawing,
source hardware – when you document your they’re using it to make a light source and a sensor

”
on the head of the AxiDraw, and they have it
hardware well, people can use it for other things mounted on a tripod. What they’re doing is material
analysis of artwork. They’re scanning the artwork to
find out what’s in the pigments.
should use with your LED if you’re using an AA “The reason they didn’t use any existing scanners
battery, for example (hsmag.cc/MFcmTe). We is that they needed it to be portable – they can’t
have niche cases like that where it’s a hobby move the artworks. Most collections are not going
that’s not necessarily electronics-related, but to let you move a painting, still less a mosaic on the
somebody wants to do something with LEDs or floor. So if they can mount their XY scanner on a
electronic components. tripod, they can make it portable
“This is one of the beautiful things about open- “Here’s another great niche. When we started
source hardware – when you document your making the EggBot, we were selling it to a maker
hardware well, people can use it for other things. crowd, thinking that robotics hobbyists were getting
Scientists are always looking for solutions to to try out some art. We were contacted by members

22
 SPARK

Left
The Meggy Jr RGB is
certified open source
hardware, so you ‘re
free to pull it apart,
copy and modify it to
your heart’s content

Below
The Digi-Comp II – a
of the International Egg Art Guild to ask us when we gravity powered
mechanical computer,
would be releasing an ostrich version! It’s not a very seen here in its
large community, but there are people dedicated to gigantic form
making art with eggs.
“AxiDraw has gotten us several new niches,
including people sending direct mail. They want a
letter, or the address on an envelope, to look
handwritten. This is a large group of customers, and
some of them are doing interesting things, often
retail- or marketing-related.
“And that lets us make machines that artists love.
#plottertwitter is a joy, and much of #plottertwitter is
AxiDraw. There are also people using vintage
plotters which are wonderful machines. We’ve been
doing plotter projects since the very beginning of

Below
The project that launched a company – Evil Mad Scientist’s
interactive LED dining table

23
Meet The Maker

REGULAR

Right
The AxiDraw, a USB,
computer controlled
pen plotter…

Below
… has spawned a
flourishing community
of plotter artists

Evil Mad Scientist, whether as side projects or

related to other research projects.
“We’ve been inspired by pen plotters for a long
time, and the vintage ones are incredible hardware.
It’s interesting to watch these communities of
plotter artists that have grown up. Most of them will
recommend the AxiDraw as a start machine, but for
people with a lower budget and more time on their
hands, they’ll recommend the vintage plotters, with
the caveat that you’ll be in for a lot of work in terms
of connectivity, software, and all those issues.
There’s no tech support, for example.

NEW HORIZONS
“We’re always working on new AxiDraw-related
things. Whether it’s software or hardware, there are
some advances we’d like to make on the hardware.
One of the difficult software projects related to
handwriting is stroke reconstruction. If you’re
generating strokes, if you start with a font, that’s
relatively easy. But if you want to reproduce
something that already exists, that’s actually quite
difficult: knowing which stroke to draw first, what
direction to do it. For example, if you think about the
letter X, you and I know that it’s two lines that cross.
The computer does not necessarily know that. Is it
two Vs connected?

24
 SPARK

“People will say ‘I have hand-drawn artwork – can I

get AxiDraw to draw it?’ Well, did you draw it on the
computer? Did you record those strokes in a way
that AxiDraw can do? There are tools for vectorising
scanned artwork, but they’re limited. They don’t
necessarily know the intention of the artist.
“One of the questions I get a lot is: ‘how should
I get started?’ And it’s a really tough question. For
most people, getting started shouldn’t necessarily
be an open-ended kit. It should be something that’s
going to capture their interest, so they should have
a goal in mind, or an area that they want to focus
on. The most successful introductions to electronics
happen not because you want to learn electronics
but because you wanted to do A Thing: you wanted
to light up the epaulettes on your costume; you
wanted to light up the tinder-box on your train
engine; you wanted something to make a noise
when something happened.

”
“So, the most successful learners usually have a
goal in mind. And a lot of our projects are like that. The most successful learners usually
If you have a kit and you build it, you end up with
have a goal in mind. And a lot of our

”
something that does something. If it’s a clock, if
it’s a robot eye… sometimes that’s just enough projects are like that
to get someone hooked and bold enough to try
another thing.”

Left
The machines
can now forge
handwriting. What
could go wrong?

25
Lucy Rogers

COLUMN SPARK

Finding new ideas

Are you like me, and don’t feel ‘naturally creative’?

F
or most of us, creativity 4) Copy, copy, create. I am never going
is defined as being able to to be able to emulate my creative heroes
paint, draw, or write stories. well enough to be mistaken for them, and
I challenge that. Creativity I don’t try and pass my work off as anyone
is the ability to IMAGINE else’s – so it’s not plagiarism! By copying,
new things and to act on you practice and, with practice, you will
those thoughts. begin to find your own ‘voice’, your own
Creativity is not innate. It’s not binary style. And if you copy a few people, you
– it’s not that you have it, or you don’t. We won’t be the next Escher or the next Heath
have tendencies to do certain things, but Robinson, but you will be the first YOU.
creativity is a skill. And as a skill, it can be 5) Change your perspective. Do you

Lucy Rogers learnt, and it improves with practice.

Here are seven tricks that have helped
remember looking out of an aeroplane
window and thinking the towns below
my creativity: look so different? Use a phone camera and
@DrLucyRogers
1) Permission is granted. This was one zoom in, and see things from a different
of the most difficult things to get my head perspective. Get down and see things from
Lucy is a maker, an engineer,
around. Perhaps you an ant-eye view.
and a problem-solver. She is
think you ‘should’ Looking differently
adept at bringing ideas to life.
be doing something Sometimes it’s the can change your
She is one of the cheerleaders
else, or that you’re mindset and jump
for the maker industry, and is ridiculous ideas
not creative/ you in to different
Maker-in-Chief for the Guild that lead to a better
good enough. ways of thinking.
of Makers: guildofmakers.org
Do you give 6) Critical eye. Do
understanding of
yourself permission you evaluate things?
to read a book, watch the problem Do you think ‘ooh
TV, go on social that’s good’, or ‘ooh
media? Then give that’s bad’, and then
yourself permission to be creative for fun. wonder what was it about it that was good
2) Play, fun, fiddle. Find something and or bad? It’s the ‘because’ that will help
pick it up. Touch it. Hold it in a different you develop.
way than normal. For example, if it’s a And finally,
pen, grab it with your non-writing hand. 7) FAIL, learn, and try. Are you scared of
Take that thing – pen, paper clip, cat – and failing because you’ll look silly? Imagine if
imagine it’s an aeroplane. ‘Fly’ it around. By a toddler did that. ‘Oh, I won’t bother with
playing, by having fun, and by being silly, this walking thing any more because I fell
we unlock parts of our imagination that over last time.’
our ‘adult’ brains have tidied away. Try something that really isn’t you – I’ve
3) Prolific and limitless. When I need tried ballet, (and discovered I liked it!), I’ve
to solve a problem, I make as long a list as learnt how to use TikTok (and discovered
possible of ways it could be solved – and I liked it), I tried to learn to fly (and
then keep going, because sometimes it’s discovered I got airsick.)
the ridiculous ideas that lead to a better Creativity is the ability to IMAGINE new
understanding of the problem. things, and to act on those thoughts.

26
Drew Fustini

COLUMN SPARK

The art of PCBs

When form is as important as function

W
e live in an age of artistic expression – for example, the
where it’s easier and iconic Bender Badges from AND!XOR, and
cheaper than ever to the work of Twinkle Twinkie. Searching
create printed circuit the internet or social media for Badgelife,
boards (PCBs), especially during a big electronics
and the hardware conference, will provide many more
hacking community has embraced awesome examples of these artistic PCB
them as a way to practise and show off badges and badge add-ons, often referred
their technical and creative talents. If to as SAOs.
designing and making your own circuit SAOs follow a community standard
board is an electronics rite of passage for for connecting badge add-ons, providing

Drew Fustini many hardware hackers, then DEF CON’s

Badgelife has got to be our Olympics.
power, ground, and an I2C bus, with more
recent connectors also providing GPIO.
At DEF CON, the iconic Las Vegas Making these little add-ons proved to
@pdp7
hacker conference that has been running be much more accessible – in terms of
since 1993, your time, money, and
Drew Fustini is a hardware
conference badge is knowledge required
designer and embedded Linux
not just proof you’ve The number of people – than full-blown
developer. He is the Vice
bought a ticket, it’s a badge design, so the
President of the Open Source
PCB with electronic making their own number of people
Hardware Association, and a
board member of the
components that blinking, bleeping, making their own
forms part of a blinking, bleeping,
BeagleBoard.org Foundation.
conference-wide blooping, and sensing blooping, and sensing
Drew designs circuit boards for
puzzle. Cracking PCB art soared PCB art soared.
OSH Park, a PCB manufacturing
this puzzle is a But PCB art
service, and maintains the Adafruit
social and technical isn’t just limited
BeagleBone Python library.
feat rewarded with the coveted Black to badges and SAOs. Boldport has been
Badge, which gives you free entry to DEF making stunning DIY circuit art kits
CON for life, plus a big bucket of hacker for years, Andy Sowa has transformed
kudos points. Inspired by these DEF CON a series of photographs into PCBs, and
badges, groups and individuals in the I’ve seen some incredible art making
hardware hacking community started use of the different textures and colours
creating their own badges, creating what of fibreglass, metal traces, silkscreen,
is now known as Badgelife. Sophi Kravitz and solder mask that you find on the
made a fantastic short documentary different layers of a PCB. If you want
on Badgelife for Hackaday that you can to explore these techniques more, I
watch at hsmag.cc/YPHvYr. wrote a blog post a little while back
Badgelife is a great representation of with examples and links to some of my
the community of hardware hackers favourites: hsmag.cc/3pR1NH.
and programmers who design and make There is a whole world of PCB art out
electronic conference badges as a form there to discover!

27
Letters

REGULAR

Letters ATTENTION
ALL MAKERS!
If you have something you’d
like to get off your chest (or
even throw a word of praise
in our direction) let us know at
hsmag.cc/hello

BOXING
Thanks for pointing me in the direction of Ultimate
Box Maker [HS31]. Since I quit smoking, I was running
out of cigar boxes, so I needed a new source of project
enclosures. I can’t believe the makers give it away
for free.

Mike Schultz
Maryland

Ben says: Ultimate Box Maker is a great find. I used it

this month to make an enclosure for a camera. The
best bit is that you can modify the design file – for
example, to make a mounting area stronger, or to add
extra holes to accept bolts.

OPEN ACCESS
I saw on Twitter that iFixit has released a database of repair
manuals for medical equipment… then I opened HackSpace
magazine, and found an interview with iFixit’s founder
talking about the same thing. It’s amazing that on the one
hand you have makers who are designing face shields and
masks and making those designs open for the whole world to
use, and on the other hand you’ve got companies who won’t
even share a repair manual. I know whose side I’m on.

Deborah
Ohio

Ben says: The global effort to make PPE has been incredible
to see from our vantage point. We’ve heard more on that
from our interview subject this issue, Gina Häußge, who said
she felt guilty at first for not making more PPE, even while
she was debugging the software that made it possible in the
first place. If more companies took a leaf out of her book,
we’d be in a much better place.

28
 SPARK

MATHS
Thanks for Gareth Branwyn’s maker
maths article, specifically the bit on
calculating how much to charge. I’ve
always struggled with this. The dilemma
is that you want the work, but you don’t
want to work for free. I always get the
fear that I’m charging too much, or not
enough. I don’t think that will ever go
away, but at least now I know that there
are other ways of working out a price,
other than making a wild guess.

Robert Hogan
Birmingham

Ben says: A friend of a friend used to

make cabinets, until he was so busy he
had no time to make cabinets any more.
He put his price up to something crazily
high, so that he’d only take on work if it
was really going to be worth it, thinking
that nobody would bother him any
more… and he’s never been busier.
Pricing is weird. Just remember that if
you’re making something unique, you
should be getting paid more than if you
were stamping it out in a factory. GARDENING
Hey, how about a how-to on smart gardening? There’s loads to
monitor in my garden: soil pH levels, moisture, temperature,
sunlight, humidity… I just need someone to push me in the
right direction to save me doing all the steps that don’t work.
Help me out!

James Campbell
Peterborough

Ben says: It’s been a weird few months, I’ll give you that,
culminating in my potatoes getting frost-damaged in May.
We don’t have any plans for a garden system at the moment,
though we will be looking at setting up a camera trap next
issue, to keep an eye on the creatures that visit your gardens.
Hopefully we’ll find more than rats and pigeons. If you’re
after a weather monitor, then Pimoroni’s Enviro + (now
available in Feather- and Raspberry Pi-compatible form) will
get you most of the way there – you just need to add a soil
moisture input, and there are a few of those on the market.

29
LENS
HACK MAKE BUILD
Uncover the technology that’s powering the future
CREATE

PG PG
46
HOW I MADE:
ROBOT GUITAR
Pluck the strings of your guitar
with a MIDI-controlled machine

PG

52
RASPBERRY PI uilt tech
eb
CAMERA he world with hom
Add components to a
Raspberry Pi to make
Explore t
a cheap digital camera

PG PG PG

54 62 66
INTERVIEW: IMPROVISER’S RASPBERRY PI
GINA HÄUSSGE TOOLBOX 8GB
The creator and curator of Turn cable ties into The world’s favourite
OctoPrint on the hows, whys, something less useful, computer gets twice the
and whats of 3D printing but more decorative RAM and a 64-bit OS
Extreme Builds

FEATURE

envelope
g the DIY
Pushin

32
 LENS

T
hinking out of the bo
x comes naturally to
maker geeks, which our
is how they come up
ingenious builds that with
blow us away. On the
other side of the scale
of creativity are enorm
and involved builds tha ous
t will leave most of us
perplexed by their comp
celebration of such ma lexity. This feature is a
gnificent hacks that are
either in their approac extreme
h, or their build process
to be operated under , or are meant
extreme conditions –
to outer space. from underwater
Many of the extreme
projects in the next few
lot of planning and req pages take a
uire a huge number of
Some of them are als components.
o fairly time-consuming
year or more to come , taking up to a
to fruition. These make
the love of making an rs create for
d don’t really mind spen
working on and, equa din g the time
lly importantly, docume
extreme builds. nting their
While we encourage yo
u to follow their lead an
projects to your works d take their
hop, please make sure
adequate safety preca yo u take
utions. Most of these
the use of extremely da projects involve
ngerous and unforgiving
should never be opera tools that
ted without their respe
safety gear. cti ve mandated

33
Extreme Builds

FEATURE

20,000 leagues under the sea…give or take a fe

w The images
will have to be
cropped around
the edges, so it’s
best to use the
periscope with a
full-frame camera

B
y some estimates, we have only your camera lens. That’s it – you’ve got yourself a
David Coleman hopes explored less than 10% of our oceans. periscope that lets you see and take pictures
to one day add a
grabber arm to his That’s mostly because, despite the underwater. To shoot, just put your camera lens
ROV to make good use abundance of water on our planet (and in inside the PVC pipe and submerge the other end into
of the unused radio
control channels and our bodies), it remains one of the most the water. While you can’t dive with this periscope, it
an unused cable pair
in the tether
inhospitable environments for humans. works great for peeking inside shallow water.
But don’t let that deter you from taking a look at what If you do want to take some photos on your next
lurks underneath the waves. dive, then you can adapt Bobby_M’s instructions
That’s exactly what Alex, of the ‘I did a thing’ to build yourself an underwater housing for your
YouTube channel, thought after he installed a frog camera (hsmag.cc/nrm9bK). He too uses a PVC
pond in his yard. In his bid to keep an eye on his pipe to house his camera, and suggests you stay
amphibian tenants, he hacked together a simple clear of the cellular-core pipes and instead use
periscope (hsmag.cc/6IZvE8) that only cost him solid-core PVC that can take the pressure. It’s a good
around AU$10 (about £5.50). He first epoxied a round idea to take your camera with you when you go to
mirror at a 45-degree angle inside a PVC elbow. One the plumbing store to make sure it fits inside
end of the elbow was then sealed with glass from a completely. Then get 10 feet of that pipe, and the
picture frame, and the other was connected to a PVC other components that Bobby lists, and assemble
pipe using PVC cement. If you’re replicating the build, them into a watertight container using some screws
make sure the PVC pipe is big enough to fit around and PVC cement.

34
 LENS

Some of the air from

the propeller inflates
the skirt when the
engine is started. Don’t
worry if the engine
stops midstream, since
there’s enough foam to
keep it buoyant

Bobby suggests you put

masking tape on the
surfaces that aren’t to be
glued, to save yourself
the all-important skirt, and the drive kit that contains unnecessary headaches
the propeller. The other materials for building the in cleaning up

hull, such as several sheets of polystyrene foam, and

plywood, were sourced from a hardware store.
Roland’s hovercraft is powered by an old 10 HP
We also love Fred Fourie’s Raspberry Pi-powered Briggs horizontal shaft engine that he scavenged
autonomous underwater recording device, dubbed from an old lawn-mower. The craft worked without
PipeCam, which we’ve covered previously (issue 27, any issues, but he would have liked to install a quieter
page 45). exhaust, since the current one makes quite a racket.

DIVING ROBOT CAPTAIN NEMO

If you want more manoeuvrability while exploring Talking of crafts, Justin Beckerman’s fully functional
the depths from a safe and comfortable distance, submarine (hsmag.cc/40NdOk) that can safely carry
then you need David Colemans’s remotely operated one person to a depth of 30 feet surely takes the
underwater vehicle (hsmag.cc/z25DQp). cake. Justin’s submarine, which is made primarily
The submersible ROV has a sturdy PVC frame with a large piece of drainage pipe and many other
with six thrusters that propel it through water pretty repurposed and recycled parts, took him all of six
much like a drone. It also has depth and heading months to put together and test.
hold to enable you to control it with ease. The build Christened the Nautilus, Justin’s submarine operates
uses several 3D-printed components, including the pretty much like its life-size cousin. It has ballast tanks
propellers that are all controlled via an Arduino to maintain its depth and balance, as well as several
Mega. The ROV uses a 120-degree FPV camera emergency systems, including backup batteries and
that’s hooked up to the base station via a 50” long breathing apparatus. Justin says his submarine moves
Ethernet cable stuffed inside a length of along at a leisurely 1.5 miles per hour, and can remain
polypropylene rope. The camera transmits images submerged for a couple of hours.
to a small display, together with some monitoring
data to the base station that uses an Arduino Uno
and an OSD shield.

HOVER AND OUT

From underwater to slightly over it. Roland
MacDonald is a retired engineer who was looking for
a project he could build with his grandson. The duo
decided to build a hovercraft (hsmag.cc/LfAhNd)
after watching one on TV, because of course that’s
what someone who builds kit planes and restores
Cessnas would do. The submarine has
almost a mile of wiring
After doing some research, Roland decided to that runs between the
purchase the plans for Universal Hovercraft’s UH-10F four motors and four
batteries, as well as to
hovercraft, along with the hardware kit that included several pumps and dials

35
Extreme Builds

FEATURE

Break new ground

H
Make sure you aving evolved on land, we’ve and glue the boards together. You’ll then need to
connect the
motor in the right
mastered the art of navigating terra cut the board to shape it like a longboard. You can
polarity, or it might firma, but some makers have taken it either use Chitlange’s template, or use the Adobe
go in reverse
to the extreme. Illustrator file if you want to resize his design as per
If you love skateboarding, you can use your requirements.
Chitlange Sahas’s all-terrain electric Besides the board, the project has mechanical and
longboard (hsmag.cc/2TI1IN) to cruise around town electronic aspects, both of which are equally
in style. Dubbed Torque, the board can go up to involved. Designing and attaching the trucks to
15 mph, and uses a high-power Li-ion battery that control the movement of the longboard will require
can take you up to 20 miles on a full charge. careful planning and execution. The board has four
The deck of the board is made with three stacked 10-inch pneumatic wheels and big spring
sheets of 5 mm-thick birch plywood. Chitlange
has a good amount of detail to help you cut, sand,
 LENS

suspensions to help you ride across any terrain. levers, pedal assist sensor, gear free-wheel, custom
Then there are the electronics, which include a torque arms, and the cycle analyst meter.
250 W 2750 rpm motor mounted to the board. Its Assembling the e-bike is fairly straightforward once
speed is controlled with a small 3D-printed remote you have sourced all the components.
joystick that has an RF module, an Arduino Nano,
and a couple of 3 V Li-ion batteries. The good thing CONVERSION FACTOR
about the build is that Chitlange has described the Ben Nelson is a self-professed tinkerer who has
process in great detail, which makes duplicating his already created himself an e-bike. So, he stepped up
efforts rather straightforward. the game and upcycled a gasoline motorcycle into an
electric one! Ben has taken a 1981 Kawasaki KZ440,
E-PEDALS and converted it to run on the powerful ETEK motor
If you want to go a bit faster, you can build yourself a by Briggs & Stratton (hsmag.cc/ToWDsk). While the
40 mph electric bicycle (hsmag.cc/TLP2Me). While donor bike and the motor are the two major
most e-bikes fall in the 15–28 mph range, Micah Toll components of the build, the project needs quite a
builds something that’ll allow him to keep up with lot of other bits and pieces.
traffic. The most important factor when building a The good thing about Ben’s Instructable is that,
fast e-bike is to choose a sturdy and well-built donor while it’s mostly about converting his Kawasaki, he
bike. Micah doesn’t recommend using a cheap shares lots of general guidelines and suggestions to
department store bike, because it might not be safe help you adapt his plans for your own bike. His
at high speeds. He’s using a Motobecane Jubilee FS detailed suggestions on hunting for a donor bike are
bike that retails for around $600 (£490), although you particularly useful. Since you’ll be swapping out
can even use a pre-owned downhill bike as they are most of its mechanical components for electric
built to be very strong. ones, you can save quite a bit of money by hunting
You’ll also need adequate braking to stop at the for a bike with a bad engine and transmission. He
speeds your e-bike will be doing. Micah suggests also shares some tips for removing the engine to
using Shimano hydraulic brakes, if your donor bike make room for the electric motor and batteries.
doesn’t come with them. Also, make sure the bike Needless to say, you shouldn’t attempt this
has at least a 19” frame to be able to fit the battery. build unless you have a fair bit of experience
He’s using a 48 V 15 Ah Samsung battery that’s part repairing or maintaining motorcycles. The build also
of a 1500 W e-bike conversion kit. In addition to the involves rather a lot of metalwork as you grind,
battery, the kit has all the bolt-on parts you’ll need, weld, and paint a fair few mountings and racks.
including the hub motor, controller, throttle, brake In addition to the written instructions, Ben has
documented the entire build process in a series of
videos (hsmag.cc/nsLsnE) that have a total runtime
Ben’s bike is of over 2.5 hours.
geared to 45 mph,
and takes ten hours
to a full charge When building an
that’s good for ebike, make sure
anywhere between you comply with
23–32 miles local laws and
regulations.

37
Extreme Builds

FEATURE

The engine Tate

had was from a
manual transmission,
but you can save
yourself some hassle
by finding one
with an automatic
transmission

Break the ice

W
hen life gives you snow, make a
luge track. At least, that’s what
Ontario resident Steve Falk made
of the proverbial phrase. Come
wintertime, Steve landscapes his
80×60 foot back yard into a luge
track (hsmag.cc/MnTjc3) that’s won approval from
professional skiers. If you’ve got a large back yard
and a thick cover of snow, you can use Steve’s Instead of skis,
you could use
useful tips to create your own Olympic playground snowboards, and
the bike will work
with little more than a shovel, a wheelbarrow, and just as well
some kids in a flying saucer sled.

SKI SADDLE
If luging isn’t your thing, perhaps you can use one of
these other modes of navigating the extreme terrain.
A keen skier, Instructables user melonpeel wanted
himself a ski-bike, and though these things aren’t a
novelty, they still cost quite a lot. So, he decided to
build one himself that’d be easy to fabricate and
 LENS

wouldn’t break the bank (hsmag.cc/uKUBZJ). He’s

used an old BMX bike, but suggests you can use a
mountain bike as well.
Start by removing the wheels, the axles from the
wheels, along with the cranks, and chain. You’ll then
need to create a standing platform using a set of
large flatland-style alloy pegs and an extra 3/8” BMX
axle. These pegs go in the bike’s original bottom
bracket cups. If you’re using a geared donor bike,
you’ll need to add spacers to account for the extra
gap in the rear axle for the gears. Although Josh
Be extra careful while creating the wooden had removed the
suspension from
platform and the hinges that go on them, which the sled, he put
them back on after
you’ll then use to mount the skis. Line the skis on bumping down the
the struts, and make sure you take the right hill on his first run
measurements before drilling holes. The wooden
platform was at an 80-degree angle and was kept at sourcing the components to applying the final licks
the same height as the wheel axle just so the bike of paint.
would feel natural, which is a nice suggestion. Tate says the construction wasn’t difficult as such,
but the process was tedious, thanks primarily to the
SNOW MUCH FUN sheer number of parts that needed to be sourced
If you’ve got kids, a ski sled would make for a better and fabricated. Tate didn’t document the build
ride on the white stuff. Josh Charles has created ski process during construction, since he wasn’t
sleds before, but his earlier one wasn’t very planning to share it with anyone. Yet the details that
manoeuvrable. He recently updated the design of his he’s shared post-construction are very adaptable. In
Ski Sled (hsmag.cc/AZUvoc), which is inspired by fact, Tate suggests you watch his video, and swap
the classic Flexible Flyer sled. The sled is built out any of the parts for something that’s more
around a central box frame, made with aluminium readily available to you.
box tubes and also has red steel runners, a wooden Of all the components, constructing the tracks
deck, and a handlebar up front that can be used to took the longest amount of time. This, when all the
steer the sled – either with the hands while sitting, components for the tracks were store-bought. The
or the feet when lying down. 53 feet of tracks needs 106 plates, and you’ll also
The frame has four cross-bars, two of which have need to weld several angled rods to keep the tracks
the support towers that connect to the skis. Josh from rolling out from underneath as you drive.
says these ski supports were also the trickiest to The tank is powered by a leaky 3.9 litre V6 from a
fabricate since they are to be cut at an angle. A 1992 Dodge Dakota that Tate got for free. He didn’t
couple of pivots on the skis allow them to be even build a custom housing for it, and mounted it,
steered via the handlebar. In terms of safety, Josh along with its original frame, into the tank.
has also added a couple of stops to the skis to
prevent them from flipping over. The skis are also Steve says that
configured in a negative camber configuration for building a luge track
is a constant juggle
better cornering. between sculpting,
testing, and tinkering

FRANKENSTANK to find the perfect

balance between fun
and safety
If you have a craving for something a little more
extreme, how does a tracked, all-terrain tank
(hsmag.cc/9mBezO) grab you? Tate’s been meaning
to build one for several years, and finally decided to
build one almost entirely from scrap. The design is
inspired by the world’s fastest tracked vehicle,
named Ripsaw. The project took about a year, from

39
Extreme Builds

FEATURE

Up, up, and away

S
pace is the ultimate extreme
environment, and one we have only
just begun exploring. To get a taste
for gathering data from up above,
several high school students built a
low‑altitude, remote sensing platform
that carries an Arduino-based weather monitoring
device up to a height of 500 feet with the help of a
kite (hsmag.cc/zRli1Y).
The Instructable, by their science teacher Mr
Delemeester, explains the entire process in great
detail. He has listed the various SparkFun components
that were used to construct the weather instrument,
along with details on its assembly and programming
for collecting and storing the data. It weighed about 90
grams and was mounted on a device known as the
AeroPod. The design of the AeroPod is patented by
NASA, which licenses it for free to educational
institutions. While they applied for the licence, the
students reverse-engineered it, based on a video with
the help of the school’s industrial arts teacher.
The students worked in multiple teams and came
up with four designs for the AeroPod, built using
materials in their school workshop. The AeroPod that
worked the best was then tethered to a 7-foot kite
that required winds between 5 and 15 miles per hour
to take off. The students connected the AeroPod,
together with the monitoring device, to the kite when
it reached a height of about 250 feet. The students let
the kite rise up to 500 feet, and pulled it down after
waiting for some time for the Arduino-based device to
collect the weather data.

40
 LENS

Copenhagen Suborbitals
are dedicated to putting
an amateur in space.
in doing this, they are
designing and building a
rocket from scratch.

41
Extreme Builds

FEATURE

FLY BY WIRE
If launching balloons doesn’t catch your fancy, and
you have no regard for your personal safety, Swedish
engineer Axel Borg has just the thing for you. He’s
taken some common household items and assembled
himself a functional helicopter (hsmag.cc/0MVEBp).
After going through several designs, he decided
the best approach to get off the ground was to use
multiple rotors and design a craft that would take off
and land vertically. The first version of his flying
contraption relied on a two-stroke petrol engine to
Make sure you stop by
Axel’s YouTube channel power the eight heavy-duty propellers. These were
to see his $10,000
multirotor flying
LED ZEPPELIN mounted on a tubular frame, with a seat in between
machine in action If you need to go higher, you can use Aaron Price’s for the dare-devil, who then controlled the craft using
high-altitude weather balloon (hsmag.cc/PqoxF0). an RC controller.
Inspired by a Socratic seminar about space, Aaron The craft, though successful, had lots of
decided to build himself a high-altitude balloon (HAB) drawbacks. It wasn’t just hugely complex, it was
that can reach heights of over 80,000 feet. powered by a flammable liquid. On top of it all, it
There are two aspects to a HAB flight – the balloon wasn’t very stable, as you can make out from the
and the data logger. It’s best to buy the balloons videos, and lacked the flight characteristics and
either from speciality stores near you, or from online features Axel was looking for in such a vehicle. It was
retailers. You’ll also need to arrange helium to inflate also slow to respond to throttle inputs, and the power
the balloons. The non-flammable gas is popularly wasn’t delivered linearly. He, in fact, wrecked it after
used for welding, and shouldn’t be too hard to find. crashing it into some trees, though he was thankfully
The other important aspect is the data logger. flying it remotely at the time.
Aaron’s data logger is built around an Arduino Nano So, he set about improving the design over the
and captures altitude, temperature, wind speeds, next two years. This time around, he swapped the
ascent and descent rates, latitude, longitude, time, and petrol-powered propellers with electric motors. The
date and stores them on a microSD card. It also uses a latest version of the aircraft now features four circular
perfboard for increased durability. Aaron suggests you rotor-mounts that hold 19 propellers each, for a total
use the genuine Arduino, as many of the cheap clones of 76 propellers for the entire aircraft.
will probably not work in the freezing
temperatures at those heights (the
coldest temperature recorded on his Aaron placed the
data logger in a
flight was -58°F / -50°C). lunchbox along with
Follow his Instructable for a a GoPro: HERO
Session camera to
complete listing of the parts, take these
stunning images
along with the wiring and the code for
the data logger. He has also done a
nice job of analysing his flight that
reached a staggering 91,087 feet.
His logger is easy to replicate and
can be modified as per your own
requirements. For instance, Aaron
suggests you can easily add
extra sensors to his design without
much trouble.

42
 LENS

Before you blast off

into space, it’ll be a
good idea to enlist
the help of Pacific
Spaceflight, which will
help you train for outer
space with
Dr Smith’s spacesuit

SHOOT FOR THE MOON SUIT UP

Planning to go a little higher, into space, perhaps? But you can’t just waltz into space in your pyjamas.
Just because our intrepid makers didn’t make it into To make sure you’re in proper gear to take on the
the UK Space Agency, doesn’t mean they can’t fulfil hostile environment, Dr Cameron Smith, who’s been
their dreams of blasting into orbit. dreaming about space exploration since he was a
The volunteers at Copenhagen Suborbitals are child, has designed a fully functional spacesuit
working to make that dream a reality and put a human (hsmag.cc/q6zMSr). Dr Smith’s suit has had several
being into space (copenhagensuborbitals.com). upgrades since his first one that was used in the
Based in Copenhagen, the non-profit, crowdfunded capsule integration and altitude chamber tests by
project came about in 2008 and, since then, has Copenhagen Suborbitals back in 2013.
designed and tested several rockets and prototypes of The suits maintain appropriate pressure, deliver
the space capsule that’ll take an amateur astronaut on breathable air, and regulate the pilot’s temperature,
a suborbital ride to space. After all these years of and have also gone through various tests,
testing, the group has finally started the construction of including skydiving stability tests and underwater
the Spica rocket that’ll use liquid oxygen and ethanol to leak detection.
catapult their space capsule over 100 km above Earth. Dr Smith’s first suits were made by modifying old
Copenhagen Suborbitals already have the record for scuba-diving suits, though now he and his team at
launching the most powerful rocket by amateurs. But Pacific Spaceflight make them from scratch. The good
it’ll be eclipsed by Spica, which, along with the thing about the project is that Dr Smith plans to
capsule, has a combined height of 13 metres and a release the design of the completed suit under an
lift-off weight of 4000 kg. The group have published open-source licence.
extensive details about their rockets, space capsules, You can still read several biomedical research
and other components that are critical for the mission, papers on all the tests that the suits have been
which make for an interesting read for budding put through, and follow the test videos on his
physicists and amateur astronomers. YouTube channel.

43
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How I Made: A robot guitar

FEATURE

How I Made

A ROBOT GUITAR
Build a guitar that plays itself!

By Step Tranovich

I
always wanted to strings, or one
be a metal that also pressed
musician when I down frets as a
was growing up. guitarist normally
But life is what would with the
happens while you’re fingers of their left
busy making other plans, so hand. Eventually, I
I got distracted by college, decided not to do the
job, etc. I was missing the latter, for two reasons.
sound of angry guitars in my Number one is that it
life, and made the makes it more versatile
commitment to myself – other people might
that now would be the have wanted to play it so
time to learn the guitar they can use one hand
properly – then for fretting and have the
everything changed. robot pluck the strings.
Because of a rare The other reason was
neurological illness, I one of cost. Motors
lost the use of my aren’t cheap and with
hands (lest you worry the money I’d saved, I
too much at this point, I could build more guitars.
am slowly recovering). The nucleus of my robot
If I couldn’t play the metal band was formed!
guitar myself, I was going to Mechanically, this robot
do the next best thing. I uses six solenoids on each
decided to build a robot to do it guitar – one to pluck each string.
for me! I was even more excited I chose them specifically
to make music via a robot because it because they were the ones that I
combined my love for electronics with could find cheap on Alibaba, but could
my love for music. also find with two-day shipping on Amazon.
Very early on, I had to decide between I could get one quickly, make sure it
whether to build a robot that plucked the worked, and then order the rest –

46
 LENS

Left
The transparent
plate is just there for
protection – it’s not
integral to the build

Below
The PCB is split
in two, with three
solenoids on
each PCB

prototyping with the one I had while the

others were shipping from China.
Each solenoid is driven by a transistor
that in turn is controlled by an Adafruit
ItsyBitsy (which essentially is a smaller
format Arduino Leonardo). I needed to use
the ItsyBitsy because I wanted to access
the USB port, which you can’t do with an
Arduino Uno. This access to the USB port
meant that I could use it as a MIDI device.
You specifically need to be able to mess
with how the USB port is read in order for
it to be read as a native MIDI device, so
that I can go into a program and simply say
‘connect MIDI device’ and the Arduino
Leonardo pops up. It’s literally this easy to
plug into software as any MIDI device that
you can buy off the shelf.
My favourite thing about this project is
that it’s a bunch of really simple pieces
that are put together in a cohesive way
to build something awesome. Getting a
single solenoid to fire is a pretty simple
electronics trick. Getting something
to read MIDI is a pretty simple trick.
Getting that MIDI to the solenoids is
easy. The sweetest part of this project
is that it does so much by really simple,
thoughtful engineering.
The firmware is mostly a MIDI read
library connected to a case statement –
you get this note, play this string. It’s

47
How I Made: A robot guitar

FEATURE

less than 50 lines of code. And because go and get fabbed. It was literally a case of
of that it never breaks, because it’s “press that button, now that button, now
not over‑complicated. that button.”
Everything is mounted on to two PCBs, I have an early version of this PCB where
attached with a bunch of wires running it’s still attached to the grid it was milled
between them. from; you can see all the holes and the
The PCBs themselves are structural traces, it just needs to be cut out. It came
rather than just there to house all the back as one solid slice of PCB. That was
components. They’re the actual physical not what I was going to for – it turns out I
structure of the piece holding the motors used a tool that OSH Park didn’t support,
on and bolting into the guitar. Normally but they were super rad and printed me
you’d have a PCB that was a fraction of this another batch. If I ever need to, apparently,
size mounted on to a piece of wood or I can take a Dremel to this and cut it apart,
acrylic or something to screw everything and it’ll be fine, but with my hand situation,
on to. there’s no way I was going to do that.
With the first guitar, when figuring out This thing can play roughly 900 beats per
how to mount it, I just screwed it right in. minute (bpm). Most songs are around
It’s not suitable for your $2000 Gibson, but 120 bpm, so it’s unnecessarily fast. 900 bpm
this is a cheap guitar I got from Craigslist. I is faster than even the fastest heavy metal
might even have got a discount because song – at least until I get out there!
the person who sold it was intrigued by the We had it working, and I was pushing it
idea of a robot guitar! to the limit. Normally when it gets too fast,
I got the PCB from OSH Park. I had in the solenoids stay on because the spring
the design files the holes for the screws doesn’t have time to pull it back so it can
and the holes to mount the solenoids. hit again (it’s a physical limitation of how
As I was designing it, I had a few friends fast the spring moves). But it kept running
who were nice enough to use a computer to this point where instead of staying on,
for me while I was designing the software. the thing would just cut out. And not when
I had three different people helping at it got super-high either: I had tested
different times, none of whom had used individual solenoids enough so that I knew
Below PCB software before. that speed wasn’t the issue. I had
The PCB and electronics They sat there and clicked all the buttons calculated the power supply of it only
suspended above the body
of the guitar in version 2 to put the PCB design together so it could needing 6 amps at max because each one

48
 LENS

Above
V2 looks messier, but it doesn’t
require you to drill into your guitar

takes 12 V and 1 amp at fire. I had a 6 amp is always hot. You connect to ground to wanted to do. It was extremely hand-
power supply, so figured everything should complete the circuit and when the intensive, and so I wanted to try everything
be fine, since 1 × 6 is 6. Easy maths. transistor says go to ground, it fires. What else before I resorted to that.
That was my physics minor ruining my was happening was: when it went on, it I had to tell my friends how to
engineering degree, because physicists started grounding through the guitar wire. deconstruct this thing. We took it, cleaned
like precision, whereas engineers would Somehow the string itself was getting a it, put it back on, and it worked.
rather calculate it, then double it, because charge, which it shouldn’t have, and it went It turned out that there was just a little
electronics are weird. and hit the guitar wire and was grounding piece of metal fibre that got caught under
I wasn’t sure whether it was a software through the guitar and staying on.
issue or what, so I ended up taking the There are five other solenoids and I
power supply of a desktop computer wasn’t getting the same problem with
Tunings
Most songs are around 120 bpm. 900 bpm The guitar is tuned to A, B, C, D#, F, F#.
It’s almost a Lydian scale, but with the

is faster than even the fastest heavy third moved up a half-step in order to get
a tritone into the scale, so you get that
nice spooky Black Sabbath, Purple Haze
metal song – at least until I get out there! interval in it. It has a minor chord in it, a
major chord in it, tritones in it, so it’s both
emotionally versatile while also sounding
and plugged that straight in. This power those, so it took me a long while to figure it properly gross for heavy metal. It’s my own
supply could handle 10 amps, and then it out. It was only happening to that one. little sweet creation. I’ve never seen it used
worked great. It took me about three months between anywhere else, but that being said, people
The weirdest problem I had was: there problem and solution (including two have played music forever, so I’m sure
somebody has done this somewhere.
was a point where the second solenoid on months of procrastination). With my hand
the A string of the guitar would fire and issues, taking the board off and cleaning
stay on. The way the circuit works, the pin under the solenoid was the last thing I

49
How I Made: A robot guitar

FEATURE

Above
As it accepts MIDI, Step’s guitar
can be played by preprogrammed
data or live through a keyboard

50
 LENS

Left
Debugging power
issues with a PC
power supply

the solenoid, and somehow was connecting I looked at the board and said, “There’s screws on the front plate how high the
to the actual encasing rather than the wire. no LED there. What?” We plugged it back PCB is hanging off the guitar. Different
The funniest part of that story was in, and there was a piece between two pins guitars have different string heights and
actually before when I was showing this to that was arcing. That’s how we were able angles relative to the body, and in addition
a couple of friends. I was telling them to find the little piece of scrap that was to that, the area where the neck meets the
about it, looking at them as I plugged it in, causing the short circuit. body varies on different styles of guitar.
and I heard them say, “UNPLUG IT.” I This updated attachment system means
didn’t ask what the problem was; I just did NEXT STEPS INC V2 that I can use V2 on any guitar. I’ve even
it. And they were like, “Oh, this LED on the A robotic playing system that necessitates attached it to a hollow body guitar to
board was just flashing in a weird way, it drilling holes into your priceless guitar is demonstrate this – screwing into a hollow
didn’t look right.” only going to be of limited use, so I updated body wouldn’t work, because you’re
the design in version two. There’s a back screwing into air. But this guitar works
plate and a front plate – the guitar is beautifully, and now I can do duets with
Below
The robot metal band is taking shape! gripped by a silicon mat on the back plate, them, or a backup guitar for when I’m
and feet attached to the front plate. playing live.

A robotic playing system that necessitates

drilling holes into your priceless guitar is
only going to be of limited use
Instead of being screwed into the guitar, So what now? Great things, that’s
the PCB is suspended from the front plate. what! The guitars are just step one in the
The reason I did that was that one of the robot band I’m building – you can keep
biggest difficulties with the first one was an eye on my progress on Twitter at
getting the solenoids to hit in just the right @RobotMetalBand, and on Patreon
way. It was hard to adjust the board where (search for robotmetalband). I’ve recently
the solenoids were, because it was uploaded my first piece of music, a guitar
hard-bolted to the thing. And so I made this cover of Steve Reich’s 1967 work Piano
suspension system so I can adjust with the Phase, and I’m working on a full album.

51
In the workshop: A Raspberry Pi Camera

FEATURE

IN THE
WORKSHOP:
A Raspberry Pi
Camera Turning the High Quality Camera
into a portable camera

By Ben Everard

T
he Raspberry Pi High Quality
Camera came out last month. You
can read our full review in issue 31
but, in case you’re unaware, it’s a
12MP camera for Raspberry Pi
boards that takes C- and CS-mount
lenses. This means you can switch out the lens to
one suitable to your application, as you might on a
DSLR camera. While Raspberry Pi doesn’t make any
official lenses, there are two recommended ones
available from most stockists: a general-purpose
security camera lens and a telephoto lens.
After we’d put the camera through its paces, we
decided to look at making a ‘regular’ camera – the
sort you could carry around and take snaps on. There
are a few bits missing from a bare Raspberry Pi and
High Quality Camera setup that are needed to bring it
all together:

• A case to protect the electronics while out and

about, and to mount the Camera Module so it’s
held securely
• A way of triggering it to take pictures
• A screen for previewing the image – this is
Right particularly important with the telephoto lens,
The final
camera isn’t as it needs focusing
much to • A power supply to keep it running when out
look at, but
it works! and about

52
 LENS

Control, available from hsmag.cc/EYIGyV. With this, I

just need to connect my Raspberry Pi to the WiFi
network, and I can control the camera through the web
app. It’s got a preview section and the ability to take
photos, as well as more advanced features such as the
ability to take time-lapses. It’s not the most mobile-
friendly interface, but if this camera proves useful, I’ll
be able to update the interface in the future.
There is a slight downside in that I need my phone
to be connected to the same WiFi network as the
camera. In the house, that’s not an issue, but if I take
my camera out, I’ll need to set up a WiFi network on
We looked at the case first. None of the off-the-shelf Raspberry Pi that I can connect my phone to.
cases were suitable because our case needed a mount I have been wondering a bit about adding something
for the camera. As we reviewed the Ultimate Box to the case to slot my phone into, so it’s held in place
Maker 3D modelling OpenSCAD script last issue, we like the screen on a regular digital camera. This is
opted to use that to make the case. It creates a four-part something I might look at in the future, but in the
box, with PCB mounts that can hold your Raspberry Pi in meantime, a couple of rubber bands do the job.
place. You can also add holes in the front panel, and we The battery is the final piece of the puzzle. There are
added holes for the power lead and camera ribbon roughly two options for powering a Raspberry Pi via
cable. This wasn’t quite everything we needed though, batteries: USB battery packs, and LiPo adapters. This is
so we exported the STL files and took them into one of those areas where ‘use what you’ve got’ is a
Tinkercad, where we added a mount for the camera. good maxim. I had a spare suitable LiPo, so I ordered a
This was just a square to make the case slightly thicker Pimoroni LiPo SHIM to power my Raspberry Pi from it.
at that point with some 2.2 mm holes (for M2.5 screws). There’s one slight complication: while you can shut
We also added an M6 threaded bolt (by importing this down Raspberry Pi from the web app, you can’t restart
STL model from Thingiverse (hsmag.cc/DXCKq4) it if needed. I put an in-line LiPo switch between the
which can attach to a standard tripod screw. battery and the SHIM. Double-clicking this restarts
I made a few mistakes with this case. The mounting Raspberry Pi and also makes it easy to access the LiPo Above
holes for the PCB don’t quite line up properly, as battery connection to recharge it between uses, as the The SHIM includes the
ability to shut down
apparently I’m careless with callipers. The tripod mount LiPo SHIM doesn’t include charging circuitry. I taped the the Raspberry Pi if the
was also a mistake – I should have mounted the LiPo to the side of the case using duct tape, but if I did battery gets too low

camera lower and used the mounting bolt on the lens another version, I’d consider other ways of mounting it. Below
mount. The lens weight is significantly more than the There we have it: my personal Raspberry Pi camera. Put together a
Raspberry Pi, a High
weight of the rest of the camera, so putting the bolt Like many things I write about in this section, it’s not a Quality Camera, a
case, and a battery,
where I did puts more stress on the tripod. final product, but one step in the evolution. If it proves and you have a
Neither of these deficiencies stops the camera useful, you’ll see some further iterations of it here. portable camera
working though, so rather than waste more plastic on
another revision, I’m going with it. I fully expect to find
further problems as I go along, so at some point in the
future, I might bundle them all up into a new revision.

CHEESE
Once Raspberry Pi and camera were mounted, I
needed a way of taking pictures. My first thought was
to have a button and TFT screen, and I started
rummaging around my spare parts. I do have a few TFT
screens that should work with Raspberry Pi. However,
it dawned on me that I carry a far higher-resolution
screen with me at all times – my phone. Why not use
my phone screen to preview the image?
There’s a fairly comprehensive web app for
controlling Raspberry Pi cameras called RPi Cam

53
 in
Gina Häußge

INTERVIEW

Gaü
HackSpace magazine meets…

Gina Häußge
If your 3D printer works, it’s because of one person…

T
here’s something
enchanting about watching
a 3D printer lay down hot
plastic. Seeing an object
take shape before your eyes
is utterly compelling, which
is perhaps why we love watching 3D
printing time-lapse videos so much.
Despite this, it would be impractical
and inefficient to sit and watch every
time you sent a print job through.
That’s why we should all be grateful
for OctoPrint. This free, open-source
software monitors your 3D printer for
you, keeping you from wasting plastic
and ensuring that you can go about
your business without fearing for your
latest build.
OctoPrint is the creation of Gina
Häußge. We enjoyed a socially distant
chat with her about the challenges of
running an open-source project, making,
and what it’s like to have a small project
become huge.

54
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LENS

ü Above
Gina Häußge, creator and
maintainer of OctoPrint

55
 in
Gina Häußge

INTERVIEW

Gaü
HackSpace Most people who have used something, right? I browsed around the 95% of everything that is done on
a 3D printer will have heard of OctoPrint, internet, realised that the closest thing OctoPrint is run by me, and I work on it
but for the benefit of those who haven’t, to what I was looking for treated the full-time now. Since 2014.
what is it? printer as a black box – to fire job data at A lot of the stuff that I have been
it and hope that it gets it right. That was adding over the years, for instance, the
Gina Häußge Somebody once called it a not what I wanted; I wanted this plug-in system itself, would not have
baby monitor for your 3D printer. I really feedback channel. I wanted to see what been possible as a pet side project, not
like this description. It’s pretty much a was happening; I wanted to monitor the with a day job.
combination of a baby monitor and a temperatures; I wanted to monitor the
remote control, because it allows you to job progress. HS What are you working on at
go through any web browser on your The very first version back then was a the moment?
network and monitor what your printer plug-in for Cura, before Cura even
is currently up to, how much the current supported plug-ins. After my Christmas GH In March just gone, I released the
job has progressed. If you have a break, I went, OK, it’s doing everything I next big version, to make OctoPrint
webcam set up, it can show you the print wanted it to do; back to work at my Python 3-compatible, because at the
itself, so you can see that everything is normal regular job. And then it exploded. start of the year Python was deemed end
working correctly, it’s still on the bed, I started getting emails, issue reports, of life, so I had to do something. The
and all that. and feature requests from all over the problem is that there’s a flourishing
It also offers a plug-in interface so that world. ‘Can you make it also do this?’ plug-in ecosystem written in Python 2,
it can be expanded with various features ‘Hey, I have this other printer with this so for now, I’m stuck with having to
and functionality, and people have slightly different firmware that behaves support both, and trying to motivate the
written a ton of integrations with like this; can you adapt it so that it plug-in maintainers to also migrate,
notification systems. And all of which is a ton of fun actually. I
this runs on pretty much any wrote a migration guide, tracking

”
system that runs Python. I have in the plug-in repository how
to say Python, not MicroPython, It’s cross-platform, so many plugs are compatible.
the full version. Usually Linux, you don’t need to buy Newly registered plug-ins have to
and the most common use case is be compatible too.
to run it on a Raspberry Pi, and
a Raspberry Pi if you
this is also how I originally set it have another HS Do you have any idea how
out to work. machine that will fit many people use OctoPrint?

”
Most people think it only runs
on a Raspberry Pi, but no. It will
the bill GH Nine months, a year ago, I
run on any old laptop that you introduced usage tracking. It’s
still have lying around. It’s my own bundled plug-in that
cross-platform, so you don’t need to buy works with this?’. ‘Can you remove it ships with OctoPrint that does
a Raspberry Pi if you have another from Cura, and have it so it works anonymous user tracking through my
machine that will fit the bill. standalone?’ Suddenly I had this huge own platform, so no GDPR issues should
open-source project on my hands. I arise there. And what this shows me is
HS How long have you been working didn’t do any kind of promotion for it or that, over the course of the last seven
on it? anything like that. I just posted about it days, I saw 66,000 instances, and the last
in a Google+ community, of all things, 30 days, I saw 91,000 instances.
GH I originally sat down to write it over and from there it grew by word of mouth. But that’s only those who have opted
my Christmas break in 2012, because I A year or so later, I reduced my regular into the usage tracking, which obviously
had got my first 3D printer back then. It job to 80%, to have one day a week for is only a fraction. I have no idea about
was sitting in my office producing fumes OctoPrint, but that didn’t suffice either the fraction – whether the real number
and noise for hours on end, which was with everything that was going on. Then is five times, ten times higher, I’ve no
annoying when trying to work, or game, I had the opportunity to go full-time, way of knowing.
or anything else. sponsored by a single company who also When I did the most recent big update,
I thought there must be a solution made 3D printers, and they ran out of I got some statistics back from piwheels
involving attaching one of these nifty money in 2016. That was when I turned [a Python package repository]. They saw
new Raspberry Pis that had just come to crowdfunding, which has been the a spike in repositories that were being
out. Someone must have written mode of operation ever since. Around pulled from their index, which

56
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nssge
LENS

ü Above
If you’re the sole
maintainer of essential
software, you deserve
decent kit

57
 in
Gina Häußge

INTERVIEW

Gaü
corresponded to dependencies that the
new version of OctoPrint depends on,
and the spike that they saw
corresponded with the day that I rolled
out the new version. Based on that, it
looks like there’s probably ten times as
many instances out there. I didn’t expect
that. So the total number of users could
be 700,000, it could be over a million, I
have no idea. But based on these
piwheels stats, it’s in that ballpark.

HS And are you seeing a growth in

those figures?

GH Yes. Especially now, with the

pandemic going on. If you had asked me
three or four months ago, just when the
pandemic started, I would have told you
more like 60,000 per 30 days. So I saw a
significant increase. I also saw a
significant usage increase in the last
couple of weeks.
I also saw a significant increase in
support overheads in the last couple of
weeks, which was absolutely insane. It
was like everyone and their mother
wanted to know something from me,
writing me emails, opening tickets and
all that, and this influx of people has not
stopped yet. At first I thought, well I’ll
just go into crunch mode and weather
this out, but that didn’t work out. I had to
find new ways to cope in order to keep
this sustainable.

HS You can’t have crunch mode for

three months.

GH I mean it’s OK for four weeks or so,

but then you start to notice side effects
on your own well-being. It’s not a good
idea. I’m in for the long haul.

HS Wanting a feedback channel instead

of just firing off commands that work
silently makes a lot of sense.

GH It’s not like a paper printer where

you fire and forget, so treating it as a
black box, where you don’t get anything
back on status and all that, is bound to
be trouble. This is a complicated

58
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LENS

ü Above
The tools of the
trade – note the 3D
printed dinosaur,
for quality control
purposes

59
 in
Gina Häußge

INTERVIEW

Gaü
60
Above
Imagine having to physically
check the progress of every
print job. That’s what life was
like before OctoPrint…
 a
nssge
LENS

machine where a lot of stuff can go Yesterday someone posted a Zelda I realise that, and I do my best, but I
wrong, so it makes sense to have a Master Sword that they printed. There’s a often get people who come on the forums
feedback channel — at least that was my nice healthy mixture of functional and and say ‘I don’t understand that, can
intuition back then, and evidently, a lot of fun stuff. Raspberry Pi cases, keycaps someone write a better tutorial?’ I’m not
people thought the same. for keyboards. the right person to do that, because I’m
What I really saw during the beginning simply too close to the code. With regard
HS You must have saved people of the pandemic, the middle of March to bug reports, those are a bit of a mixed
countless hours and hours of wasted when the lockdowns started all around bag. Some people understand that you
time, filament, and energy. the globe, I saw in my stats that people need logs and you need reproduction
were doing significantly more print jobs. steps and all that. And then you have
GH I’ve also heard that I’ve saved at least A lot of these, based on the feedback that people who open a ticket on GitHub and
one marriage! Someone wrote me an I’ve got, were face shields. There was a say, ‘It doesn’t work. Fix it.’
email a couple of years ago thanking me ton of effort there, and I was able to see it What doesn’t work? When doesn’t it
because the person had a new printer in happening, which was kind of cool. Also, work? Can I please see how it doesn’t
their garage and was constantly it helped me get over the fact that I didn’t work? I try to combat that with a bot that
monitoring it, sitting in front of it. find the time to participate myself in the checks to see if a template has been filled
Apparently the wife and kids were not too PPE printing because of having to debug in with certain key phrases in the issue.
thrilled by this. They installed OctoPrint, stuff all the time, take support questions, That has helped a bit, but it’s still very
and since then they’ve been happy again. and all that. frustrating when I see people who
There are a ton of PPE designs now, apparently have a problem, and I would
HS What sort of things do you and some local hubs around here made like to solve their problem, but they don’t

ü
make yourself? an ultra-fast printable design. There give me anything to help them.
But overall, I would say that
GH Mostly functional stuff, to be considering how many users are

”
honest. And the funny thing is out there and how few there are
that ever since I started working There are so many of these cases there are in
on OctoPrint, I haven’t been people out there who comparison, I would say yes, the
printing as much, apart from community is great. They’ve also
calibration cubes to check that
think there is a huge been supporting me financially
I’ve not broken anything with the team behind OctoPrint enough that for the past four
most recent set of changes. and two or three years now I’ve been able to do

”
I do most of the tests against a
companies that fund it this full-time, purely
virtual printer. But when I do print, crowdfunded. Which is also not
it’s usually something functional. I something that is that common
have some little dinosaurs and fun in open source.
things around the house, but most of the was a huge manufacturing spree, which I often go on Reddit or read Twitter
stuff I made is either functional or now has been replaced, in part at least, mentions of OctoPrint or something, and
something nerdy like a Mass Effect pistol by injection moulds which have since there are so many people out there who
or something like that. been created. But to cover this immediate think there is a huge team behind
disparity between supply and demand OctoPrint and two or three companies
HS Do you get much feedback from users – that’s one thing that 3D printing is that fund it. No – it’s more for less just
about the things they make? good at. me, sorry!
When people learn that (and also that I
GH Earlier this year we created the HS Do you find that the OctoPrint happen to be female, that boggles some
official Discord server, and on this community is supportive with things like minds), it helps them to moderate their
channel, we also have a show and tell documentation and bug reports? expectations a bit. If you think that it’s a
— people post what they create with huge company with a staff of 200 people
OctoPrint, or for OctoPrint; people write GH It’s tricky. The thing is that most of who do nothing but code on OctoPrint,
custom user interfaces and so forth. the docs are also written by me, and of then it’s easier to rant about it and
That’s been very popular, so much so course that’s a bit of a problem because demand that it does other stuff than it is
that we had to step in and create a I’m so deep into the code that it’s tricky to to write a plug-in to add the functionality
separate channel for the NSFW parts that write stuff in a way that’s understandable you want, or to contribute documentation.
people print. for the pure beginner. But no – it more or less is just me.

61
Improviser’s Toolbox: Cable ties

FEATURE

CABLE
TIES Batten down the hatches

A
long with duct tape, cable ties are the teeth of the strap. Back then, the device was
one of the handiest things that marketed under the name Ty-Rap, which is how it’s
you’re likely to find in the toolbox still referred to in some parts of the world.
of every maker. Like all good tools, The popularity of the simple but highly effective
cable ties have a pretty simple and tool can be gauged from the fact that several billion
straightforward design that makes of them are produced around the world every year.
Mayank Sharma them very easy to fasten, but usually hard to release. The standard cable ties are made from a nylon
In its most basic form, a cable tie is little more than a polyamide, which makes them suitable for both
@geekybodhi small strip of plastic that’s got a row of teeth. At one indoor and outdoor use. Cable ties are available
end of the strip, the plastic is moulded into a point, in various colours, sizes, and strengths. They are
Mayank is a Padawan
and at the other end, a small square ratchet holds a moulded from small nylon pellets, which are first
maker with an
irrational fear of drills. lip which is designed to catch the teeth. heated until they turn to liquid. This heated liquid
He likes to replicate A patent for the cable tie was submitted in 1958 nylon is then injected into cavities to mould them.
electronic builds,
and gets a kick out
by Maurus C Logan who worked at the Thomas & The manufacturers usually have several moulding
of hacking everyday Betts electrical company. He invented the tie for the machines, each with different-sized cavities to create
objects creatively. purpose of organising electrical wiring, specifically ties of different sizes and width. If you’re looking for
in aircraft. Before the invention of cable ties, a nylon ties for critical applications, make sure you check
cord was the popular choice for grouping bundles their tensile strength which is measured in pounds.
A cable tie tensioning device is often used to apply

“ they are a life hacker’s favourite

a cable tie with a specific degree of tension. The
tool will also cut off the extra tail in order to avoid a
weapon of choice for all kinds of sharp edge.
emergency rescue and repair tasks ” While they are still most popular for bundling
groups of wire, cable ties also make for reliable
emergency fasteners. In fact, they are a life
of wire. On a tour of the Boeing factory, Maurus hacker’s favourite weapon of choice for all kinds of
noticed that not only was this process tedious, it emergency rescue and repair tasks. Thanks to their
was also hard on the hands of the workers. Maurus’s simple design and malleable nature, they have also
original design had a metal ratchet head to engage won the approval of the maker community.

62
 LENS

COILING
BASKETS
W “ Brian has done a nice job of
ith a background in manufacturing,
Brian Jewett looked at making
coiled baskets as a wonderful illustrating the procedure, so
outlet for upcycling. Coiling basically you can follow his build”
involves using anything long and
flexible that’s then built up and lashed together to
sculpt any object, like a basket. Brian adapted the is anchored to the centrepiece with cable ties. When
process and instead of using a string, used some you get to the starting point, continue wrapping the
PVC tubing and cable ties. The process isn’t really coil over it while ensuring that the ties this time
complicated, and has remained unchanged since it around are fastened adjacent to the first ones. Brian
was originally developed by ancient Egyptians. You’ll has done a nice job of illustrating the procedure, so
first need something to wrap the tubing around. Brian you can follow his build while just glancing at the
likes using valve handles and drain covers, but you pictures. Brian notes that the advantage of using
can use anything that’s big and rigid enough to let cable ties is that you can control the shape of the
you wrap the tubing around it. The wrapped tubing basket simply by regulating the angle of the ties.

Project Maker
Brian Jewett
Project Link
hsmag.cc/FFpwYP

Left
You can make some
interesting designs
by changing the
direction of the ties,
or by trimming them

63
Improviser’s Toolbox: Cable ties

FEATURE

LAMP-SHADE
Project Maker
Audrey Lee Love
Project Link
hsmag.cc/Z35PXp

A
udrey is an artist and a former
member of the Instructables
content and community team. An
art installation made her explore the
use of cable ties as a design material,
and she wrestled with about 1200 of them to create
a hanging lamp-shade. The first part of the build
involved creating several rings of 8, 12, and 16 cable
ties. These were then grouped to create the two
hemispheres that she then connected with some
more cable ties to create the final lamp. Although it
might sound simple, creating the sheer number of
rings will take quite a while: “If I ever made an error

“ The lights in the

shade are mounted on a
laser‑cut plate that’s
connected to the lamp”
in my pattern, I was able to gently pry the tab [of the
cable tie] open to correct my mistake.” However,
Audrey suggests that if you do reopen a cable tie,
make sure you don’t use it for critical applications
Above as its tab closure has been compromised. The
Cleaning the lamp lights in the shade are mounted on a laser-cut plate
isn’t a problem as
Audrey says the that’s connected to the lamp with, what else, but
friend who she sold it
to occasionally takes
cable ties. You can follow Audrey’s lead and use
it down and gives it candelabra bulbs, or swap them with something
a good shake, which
seems to do the job else. But be mindful of the heat they produce, to
ensure the bulbs don’t melt the cable ties.

64
 LENS

FRUIT BOWL
Project Maker
Craft Within
Reach
Project Link
hsmag.cc/kACgnx

I
f you don’t have the time or the
energy to craft thousands of cable
ties into a sculpture, you can start
with something more manageable.
The mystery Instructable maker Craft
Within Reach fabricates a unique fruit bowl in under
two hours with about 150 cable ties. Describing the
procedure in words would just make the process
sound a lot more cumbersome than it really is.
Basically, you need to arrange the cable ties into the
shape of a flower. She looped 6” and 8” cable ties
inside one another, arranged in the shape of a flower.
She’s created a total of six flowers, with one made
solely with the larger cable ties which acts as the Right
base of the fruit bowl. Again, follow her Instructable You can easily
customise the bowl by
to tie the other five flowers to the base to complete using coloured ties,
the design. It could be hard keeping the ties at the and perhaps even use
some more to sculpt a
right angle, and you’ll need to tighten some of them differently angled bowl
as you shape the bowl.

DODECAHEDRON
BALL A lthough a software engineer by Project Maker
profession, Dr Alejandro Erickson Dr Alejandro
loves creating complex geometric Erickson
shapes in real life. In this Instructable,
Project Link
he’s used 60 small cable ties to create a hsmag.cc/AL7xfV
dodecahedron ball. He’s also painted the ties in five
different colours and arranged them to show off its
icosahedral symmetry. In simpler terms, you can view
60 permutations of the five colours by rotating the
ball about a pair of opposite faces. The construction
is thankfully simpler to follow than the mathematics
it depicts. You’ll need to connect three cable ties in
a loop to create a triangle, several of which are then
connected to form a circle. The final ball has twelve
Left
such circles, each made of five triangles, and each Maths geeks will
pair of adjacent triangles is attached at two places to instantly recognise
the shape of the
form a diamond between them. Dr Erickson does a ball. For everyone
nice job of illustrating the steps, including colouring else, the last step of
the Instructable has
the ties to show off the mathematical symmetry. extensive details

65
Raspberry Pi 4 8GB

FEATURE

Raspberry Pi 4
8GB
What can you do with all this memory?

By Ben Everard

Above
There’s no change to
the connectors on the
board, so it’s a drop-in
replacement for any
other Raspberry Pi 4

66
 LENS

R
aspberry Pi has released a new version of its
RAM DISK
Model 4B board, increasing the maximum RAM
from 4GB to 8GB. This new board costs just $75, One way of making use of extra RAM is creating a RAM disk. This gives
and is already available from all the usual Raspberry you storage that acts like a hard drive, but with two key differences.
Pi retailers. This is eight times more memory than Firstly, it’s very fast, and secondly, the contents are wiped every
was available on the top end Raspberry Pi model just time the computer is rebooted. This second aspect makes it quite a
a year ago. specialised type of storage that’s only suited to some applications.
For anything that involves intermediate processing of data, it can be
When buying a Raspberry Pi 4 now, you have a choice of 2GB
particularly useful. Final data that’s needed, and should be kept, can
(35$), 4GB ($55), or 8GB ($75). So, which should you choose? then be saved to permanent storage once it’s finished.
There’s no one right answer, and it depends on what you want The process to create a RAM disk is quite straightforward and
to use the machine for. Adding more memory to a computer should work the same on any Linux-based operating system (such
doesn’t magically make it faster, but not having enough memory as Raspberry Pi OS). There’s a unified file structure, so every file –
can cause problems in a number of ways: regardless of what physical device it’s stored on – is in some path
away from the root directory, which is denoted as ‘/’.
For historical reasons, file systems that change rapidly are often
• Some applications simply won’t run – or won’t be able to located in /var, and here we’ll create a directory for our RAM disk with
open large files – if you don’t have enough memory the command:
• Swapping (see ‘Swapping memory’ box overleaf) can slow
down applications. This is most noticeable when switching sudo mkdir /var/ram
applications or changing browser tabs
Information about different file systems is stored in the file /etc/
• Not having enough disk cache (see ‘RAM disk’ box) can fstab. You’ll need to open this with ‘sudo’ permissions and edit it. You
slow down disk cache can do this with the nano text editor with:

Deciding on the amount of memory you need can be a bit of a sudo nano /etc/fstab
challenge (and involve a little guess-work). There’s no such
Be a little careful not to change any existing lines in here, as making
problem as having too much memory, but at the same time, a mistake could mean things go strange. We’ll create a new line that
there’s no point in buying memory you don’t need. just contains:

tmpfs /var/ram tmpfs nodev,nosuid,size=1G 0 0

Deciding on the amount This uses the tmpfs file system time (which is a RAM disk) to create
a 1GB file system at /var/ram.

of memory you need can

You then need to mount the file system with:

sudo mount -a

be a bit of a challenge You can now save data in /var/ram.

Let’s take a look at just how fast this new drive is. We used the dd
command to copy 105MB of data to files both on the RAM disk and on
an SD card and here are the results:
The biggest memory-hogging program most people use is a
>dd if=/dev/zero of=/var/ram/testfile bs=1M count=100
web browser. If you use your Raspberry Pi as a desktop, and have
a number of tabs open, you’ll probably be familiar with waiting for
104857600 bytes (105 MB, 100 MiB) copied, 0.439727 s, 238
swap (see ‘Swapping memory’ box overleaf). Having a high-
MB/s
memory Raspberry Pi can help if you’re a tab-addict.
Beyond this, the 8GB model is probably most relevant for
>dd if=/dev/zero of=/home/pi/testfile bs=1M count=100
specialist uses that require processing large amounts of data:
104857600 bytes (105 MB, 100 MiB) copied, 2.46455 s, 42.5
machine learning, large databases, and video processing can all
MB/s
need significant amounts of RAM.
The RAM disk took the data at a rate of 238MBps, while the SD
OPERATING SYSTEM managed just 42.5MBps. That’s over five times faster for writing data.
Alongside this new version, there’s a shiny new operating system,
Raspberry Pi OS. This is the new name for what Raspberry Pi

67
Raspberry Pi 4 8GB

FEATURE

DISK CACHE used to slightly inaccurately call its Raspbian image, recognising
that Raspbian is an independent open-source project on which its
You might look at 8GB and think that if you’re not using 8GB of RAM, images are based. Raspberry Pi OS comes in two flavours, 32-bit
then there’s no point in having it. This isn’t completely true, as there are (built on top of Raspbian, as before) and a 64-bit version built on
a few ways Linux (the kernel under Raspberry Pi OS) uses memory. The top of the Debian arm64 port. The 64-bit version is currently in
most obvious is the amount each program uses. You can see this using public beta testing.
the program top. If you open a terminal and enter top, you’ll see various There’s been a continuous narrative in computing for at least
memory stats at the top of the page.
the past 40 years that the more ‘bits’ a computer has, the better.
In the upper section of the terminal, you’ll see the total amount of
The first home computers were 8-bit machines; these were
memory on the machine, and the amount used. The second amount is the
total used by different applications (you can see which applications are then superseded by 16-bit machines and so on, until the modern
using how much in the list of processes). 64‑bit machines.
You’ll often find that the amount allocated to applications is a lot less Put simply, the number of bits is the amount of data that a
than the total memory, but you may also find that you have very little free computer processes at any one time. A 32-bit machine (or 32-bit
memory. The reason for this is the right-most memory item: ‘buff/cache’. operating system) lets the computer deal with a binary number 32
When you have memory not currently needed by applications, Linux tries to
digits long. This number can either be a whole number (known as
make use of it in buffers and cache. The largest of these is the disk cache.
Reading data from disks (or SD cards) is, in computing terms, slow. an integer) which in decimal will be between -2,147,483,648 and
RAM, on the other hand, is fast. It turns out that it’s quite common for 2,147,483,647, or a number with a decimal point (known as
users and applications to read the same data more than once, so when floating point) which can be between + or -3.4028235 × 1038.
you read data from the disk, this goes into the disk cache. If you need to
read it again, it can grab the copy from RAM rather than going back to
disk. However, if an application needs to use more memory, it can simply
overwrite the disk cache without risk of losing data or a program caching,
so it can also be considered ‘free’ memory that’s available for applications.

Above
The new (black)
RAM chip sits
next to the main
system on a chip

68
 LENS

Right
More RAM needs
more power, so
there’s a slightly
different power supply
on the 8GB board

These are pretty big

numbers to be working
with, but if you’re regularly
working with data that is larger
than this, you might get a speed
increase with a 64-bit system.
The downside of 64-bit is that some
data is stored in 64-bit chunks. If you don’t
need numbers this large or accurate, then
you end up wasting some memory. The
effect isn’t huge, especially if you’re using
one of the variants with larger memory, but if
you’re on a 1GB or 2GB Raspberry Pi, it might be
large enough to notice.
Perhaps the biggest limitation of 32-bit systems is in
addressing memory. Your computer assigns a number to
each byte of memory and uses this as an address when it
needs to look it up. This means that a 32-bit system can
only address 4GB of memory. There is, however, a little cheat
called Physical Address Extension (PAE) which allows you to
go beyond this, with one limitation. Even with PAE, each process
is limited to a maximum of 4GB, but many high-memory
applications (including web browsers) have multiple processes.
That’s a huge amount of caveats and points to consider. In truth,
SWAPPING MEMORY
for most uses, there’s very little difference between 32- and 64-bit
operating systems, and for now, we’d recommend most users All computers have a limited amount of RAM, yet we as users often
stick with the tried and tested 32-bit version. However, if you want to run a lot of programs – often far more than will fit in RAM at any
know that your workload is sensitive to the word length, or if you one point. The solution to this is swap (similar to what Windows terms
have a single process needing a lot of memory, then it may be virtual memory). This is where your operating system keeps an eye on
worth trying out the 64-bit version. what RAM you’re actually using and when you need more memory than
you have, it takes a chunk of memory that you haven’t used recently and
moves it to disk (or SD card). This is known as ‘swapping out’. When you
need that memory, it reloads it from disk to memory.
Below
Our 8GB Raspberry Pi before it got pushed to its limits. As you can see, it’s All this should happen seamlessly without interaction from the user,
currently using just 116.4MB of RAM (with 565.8MB of buffer) and no swap space but since disk is much slower than memory, you’ll notice it happening.
It’s most noticeable when you switch between applications – sometimes
this is really quick, but sometimes there’s a noticeable delay as the
operating system shuffles memory around. Older readers may remember
computers with audible hard drives that would start chunking away
when switching applications.
It’s perfectly normal to use a little swap, and it can keep your machine
running smoothly even with lots of applications running. However, if
you’re finding that your current Raspberry Pi is slowing you down as
you’re constantly waiting for memory to swap in and out, you might want
to consider a model with more memory.
You can view how much swap you have and how much is currently
used using the ‘top’ command. In a terminal window, enter top, and in
the header, you should see data for total, free, and used swap.

69
3 ISSUES FOR £10
+
FREE BOOK

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Subscribe to The MagPi, HackSpace magazine, or Custom PC. Your first three issues for £10, then our great value rolling subscription
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FORGE
HACK MAKE BUILD CREATE
Improve your skills, learn something new, or just have fun
tinkering – we hope you enjoy these hand-picked projects

PG

80
METALFIL PG
72
Printing in shiny metal
(well, partly metal)

SCHOOL OF
82
PG

MAKING
3D Start your journey to craftsmanship
with these essential skills

MODELLING 72 MicroPython
Create printable designs using 76 Fibreglass
your camera

PG

88 94
PG

3D BUILD A
PHOTOGRAPHY ROBOT
Add depth to your images Take a cheap chassis and
by using two cameras create your own rover
Control devices from the internet using MicroPython

SCHOOL OF MAKING

Control devices
from the internet
using MicroPython
Control your world using MicroPython, Adafruit IO, and an ESP

T
he ESP series of microcontrollers are Before we get to the hardware and coding,
powerful and have a lot of features, though, we need to think about the data flow.
but a lot of the time, we only need The ESP device will connect to a WiFi network,
two features: the WiFi and a digital and using this it can pull data from the internet.
pin. In this project, we’ll take a look at However, we want to be able to send data to it, and
how to set up your device so you can this is a little tricky. There are ways of setting up
Ben Everard control this one digital pin from the internet. You can home internet connections so that they can receive
use this to drive a relay, or with a little more coding, data like this, but they can be a bit hard to set up and
@ben_everard control almost any object that you can hack. Whether also can lead to security problems. Instead, we’re
you want to turn the lights on, set your going to use Adafruit IO. This is an online service
Ben loves cutting stuff, sprinklers going, or anything that we can send data to, and our device can read
any stuff. There’s no
longer a shelf to store else, you can use data from. In this case, our phone (or computer) will
these tools on (it’s now this technique. send a message to Adafruit IO to turn the IO pin on,
two shelves), and the
and our ESP device will keep checking the service
door’s in danger.
until it has a new message. At this point, it can
check the message and either turn the pin on or off.
The first thing we need to do is set up Adafruit IO.
You can sign up for a free account at
io.adafruit.com. There you need to create
three things: a dashboard, a block, and
a feed – you can do them in that
order. On the main page,
click on Actions > Create
a Dashboard. On the
new dashboard, click
on the plus sign in

Above
You should be able
to use any ESP
device, but we used
this LOLIN32

72
 FORGE

Left
Our dashboard has a
toggle switch that lets
us flick the light on
and off

the top right, then Create a New Block. We’re going Once you’ve got that, you’ll need to get to a
to use a toggle as this works best with on/off data, terminal – this is Anaconda Prompt if you’d used
so select that, then on the next page, enter a new Anaconda. Enter the following to install esptool:
feed name and hit create. We called ours ‘onoff’, but
pip install esptool
you can call it whatever you want.
That’s all the setup. On the dashboard, you can You should now have the program installed so that
now click on the new toggle, and it’ll slide between you can run it with the command ‘esptool’ (the
on and off. You won’t be able to see it, but it’ll be documentation suggests that the command should
saving a stream of data in the back end that’s going be esptool.py, but we found that it didn’t work with
on and off. the .py at the end).
Now you need to download and flash MicroPython
HARDWARE to the device. You can download this from
You can use any hardware that supports micropython.org/download/#esp32. The latest at
MicroPython and has a network connection for this, the time of writing was v1.12.
but we’ve used a LOLIN32 ESP32 dev board. Before we can flash the firmware, you need to
The first step is to get MicroPython onto the device. connect the board to your computer via USB. This
This differs a little depending on what hardware you should create a serial connection that you can use.

” On the dashboard, you

can now click on the new
HOW TO USE THIS
You can use this technique to control almost any
hackable electronics. For something simple, you could
toggle, and it’ll slide

”
just use the IO pin to drive them. By connecting this
between on and off pin to a suitable relay board, you could turn almost
anything on or off via the internet. This will even work
with high-voltage appliances, but make sure you
understand how to do this safely if you want to go down
have, but for ESP devices, it’s all broadly similar.
this route.
You will need a program called esptool – this is a You could change the callback function to interface
Python program, so you’ll first have to make sure with some hardware in any way you like.
you’ve got Python (2.7, 3.4, or newer) installed. You also don’t have to send an on/off as we did.
We used Anaconda on Windows to do this (follow Adafruit IO also has a slider that can send a varying
the instructions at anaconda.com), but if you number over MQTT which could, for example, be used
to dim your light rather than turn it on and off.
install Python through a different process, it should
also work.

73
Control devices from the internet using MicroPython

SCHOOL OF MAKING

In both cases, you’ll need to change the COM33

port to what is correct for your machine, and you’ll
need to update the file name to the one you
downloaded (you’ll also need to include a path to the
file if it’s not in the current directory).
Phew, that’s a lot of setting up, but we’re almost
there now. The only thing we need is a program to
send code to MicroPython on the new board. For
this we’ll use ampy, which you can get by typing the
following into your Anaconda (or other) terminal:

pip install adafruit-ampy

Before diving into our code properly, it’s a good

idea to run a quick test to make sure all the setup of
the device we’ve just done has worked properly.
Open a text file and enter the following:

print(‘Hello world! I can count to 10:’)

for i in range(1,11):
Above Finding the address of the serial connection can be a
There are loads of print(i)
different types of
bit tricky. On Windows, you can use the command
blocks we can add mode. Type it into your terminal before plugging in Save this as count.py in the same folder that your
to our dashboard,
but we’ll use a toggle the board, then run it again after, and you should find terminal is in, then run the following:
that a new COM port turns up the second time. In
Below ampy --port COM33 put count.py
The Adafruit IO our case, it was COM33, but yours will likely be
help system has ampy --port COM33 run count.py
different. In Linux, you can do a similar thing by
examples for a range
of languages looking at how the output of ls /dev looks (the new If everything’s gone to plan, you should see the
port should be something like /dev/ttyUSB0). numbers 1 to 10 appear on the screen.
With that, we can flash our new firmware. There
are two commands: one to remove old firmware, MQTT
and one to flash the new firmware. Adafruit IO is a front end for an MQTT, which is a
protocol for sending messages. An MQTT server
esptool.py --chip esp32 --port COM33 erase_flash
has one or more topics (these correspond to feeds
esptool.py --chip esp32 --port COM33 --baud 460800
in Adafruit IO), and these are streams of messages.
write_flash -z 0x1000 esp32-20190125-v1.10.bin
Each client can publish messages to a topic or
subscribe to it to receive messages that other
clients publish to it.
In our system, we want the toggle to publish
messages to the topic (which it already does –
Adafruit IO takes care of this for us), and we
want our ESP32 to subscribe to the topic to get
information from the toggle switch.
To make this a little easier, we will use the
umqtt.robust library. This handles the nitty-gritty
and lets us concentrate on dealing with our
messages. You can download the full code
from hsmag.cc/pyL1Zp, but the important bits
are as follows.
At the top, you’ll need to give the code login
details for Adafruit IO and your WiFi network. For
Adafruit IO, just click on the Adafruit IO Key button
and copy the values across.
First, you need to connect to the MQTT server
and subscribe to the topic. This is done with:

74
 FORGE

random_num = int.from_bytes(os.urandom(3), if msg == b”ON”: p5.value(0)

‘little’) else: p5.value(1)
mqtt_client_id = bytes(‘client_’+str(random_num),
As you can see, this callback function has to take
‘utf-8’)
two parameters, one for the topic and one for the
message. We can ignore the topic because we’re
client = MQTTClient(client_id=mqtt_client_id,
only subscribed to one topic, but we can use the
server=ADAFRUIT_IO_URL,
message value to know if we want the pin to turn on
user=ADAFRUIT_USERNAME,
or off. The LOLIN32 has an LED on pin 5, but it’s
password=ADAFRUIT_IO_KEY,
wired so that it lights up when the pin is low, so –
ssl=False)
rather confusingly – it’ll turn on when the toggle
switch is off.
client.connect()
There are two ways of running the code. You can
either run it as we did with the count example above
mqtt_feedname = bytes(‘{:s}/feeds/{:s}’.
– this is good for testing, but it won’t run the code if
format(ADAFRUIT_USERNAME, ADAFRUIT_IO_FEEDNAME),
you restart the device. Alternatively, you can call the
‘utf-8’)
code file main.py. If you do this, it will automatically
client.set_callback(cb)
run the code each time you reboot the board, so it
should run permanently.
client.subscribe(mqtt_feedname)

while True: SECURITY

client.wait_msg()
We have built our little application with no
You might notice the set_callback line here. This security whatsoever. We’ve turned off SSL to
tells the library that we want it to run the cb function make it easier to connect. This means that an
when it gets a message on the topic we’re attacker could see that we’re turning something
subscribed to. This function is: on and off, and even potentially turn the thing on
or off themselves.
def cb(topic, msg): Whether or not this is a problem depends very
global p5 much on what you are doing. For more details on
how to secure this with SSL, take a look at the
print(‘Received Data: Topic = {}, Msg = {}’.
Adafruit IO documentation at hsmag.cc/5PvnNh.
format(topic, msg))

75
Moulding fibreglass with 3D printing experiments

SCHOOL OF MAKING

Moulding fibreglass with

3D printing experiments
Replicate 3D-printed parts with lighter, stronger materials

Figure 1
A collection of small
parts and 3D-printed
moulds, some single-
piece moulds, some
multiple, and some
with bolts allowing
easier alignment

W
e fell into experimenting bottom, similar to a rowing boat. We made a test
with using 3D printing to print of the boat model in PLA with quite thick 4 mm
Jo Hinchliffe
help create moulds for walls printed with 1.8 mm wall thickness and an infill
@concreted0g fibreglass work through of 15%. The result is quite sturdy – it allowed us to
rocketry when we needed a view the model and check how it floated.
Jo Hinchliffe is a constant small nose cone that could We tried different types of mould for our hull
tinkerer and is passionate potentially stand up to the forces on a small design, all aiming to create a mould with the outer
about all things DIY
space. He loves designing experimental rocket planning to go faster than dimensions of the resulting hull matching the size of
and scratch-building both the speed of sound. We wanted to explore these the 3D-modelled version. Our main consideration for
model and high-power
rockets, and releases the
ideas further and came up with the idea of trying to this simple one-piece mould was to not have any
designs and components make a simple, small model boat hull from parts of the model undercutting itself to increase the
as open-source. He also fibreglass. We modelled a simple flat-bottomed boat chance of the fibreglass releasing from the mould.
has a shed full of lathes
and milling machines and in the script-based 3D modelling platform Other considerations included that the rearmost
CNC kit! OpenSCAD (Figure 2). It’s a simple design with a flat panel of the boat, the transom (where one might

76
 FORGE

that it would be better to try a thinner and more

Figure 2 flexible mould to allow the fibreglass to pop off and Figure 3
We modelled our simple boat in OpenSCAD – a On the left, we see a
free and open-source script-based CAD program out when flexed (Figure 4 overleaf). small mould printed
We found our thinner, more flexible mould was flat on the machine
bed. On the right,
imagine a small outboard motor would go), is angled good enough with just a light sanding inside after a mould printed
vertically, resulting in
at around 10 degrees off vertical. Similarly, the sides printing. For really high-end results, we see that a much better finish
and the front of the boat are designed with their many others experimenting online with these and closer layer lines
in the mould sections
release in mind. It’s certainly possible for fibreglass techniques may sand, fill, re-sand, and spray-paint to
to pick up extremely small details from moulds, and get the mould surface to a really high finish. In
trying to print with as high a resolution as possible is Figure 1, the small nose cone two-part mould has
a good starting point for a better-finished part. The been printed at a high resolution and further sanded, YOU’LL NEED
orientation of layer lines in the 3D print can create 3D printer

”
very different results. In Figure 3, we can see that a
Some
small mould has been printed horizontally, meaning Many others experimenting lightweight/
the layer lines create quite large contours within the medium weight
mould section – these marks were clearly visible in
online with these fibreglass cloth
objects made from this mould. We can also see techniques may sand, fill,

”
Epoxy resin
another mould which has been printed vertically –
re-sand, and spray-paint Shoe polish
dramatically improving the surface finish. (or proper mould
For our boat, we first printed some bulky moulds release wax)
by subtracting the boat model from a large cube and and this has achieved a really good surface finish on
then subtracting further cubes to make it taper completed parts.
roughly with the shape of the boat, to help reduce Depending on the geometry of your design, it may
the print time a little. The rationale for this was that a be easier to try and cut full patterns of fibreglass
firm, solid mould could be levered against more cloth that fold to fit the shape; or indeed it may be
heavily to help try and release the model if needed. simpler to overlay strips of cloth on the various
However, after some experimentation, we realised surfaces. For our boat hull and other experiments, QUICK TIP
we weren’t too concerned with the inside of the When working with
object being uniform, so it wasn’t an issue if we resin and cutting
FIBRE CHOICES wanted to overlap cloth. For the boat hull, we fibreglass cloth, it’s
important to shield
Fibreglass materials are sold with many varieties of created a rough paper pattern by cutting pieces of
your eyes and lungs
cloths, rovings, and matting. For our experiments, paper to size for each internal surface and taping from the fine cloth
we tried different weights of cloth, all of which were them together into a pattern that could lie flat and be filaments. Masks
considered lightweight. We have a range that is traced onto the fibreglass cloth. and eye protection
from 40 g/m2 though to 195 g/m2. We found that the should certainly be
extremely lightweight cloth was very difficult to use used, and we also
PLEEEEASE RELEASE ME!
– any light touch would simply drag the material into used a workshop
a lump. Most of the items in the images, including our
Before we start mixing epoxy, we need to treat our
vacuum to clean the
boat hull, are made with single or multiple layers of mould with some form of release agent. A release area and ourselves
the 195 gm material. agent is a product that will help stop the epoxy of debris after each
permanently sticking to the mould and help it to work session.

77
Moulding fibreglass with 3D printing experiments

SCHOOL OF MAKING

Figure 6
come out. Epoxy doesn’t stick to PLA very well Using a small set of digital
anyway, so our mould material is a good starting Figure 5 scales to accurately weigh
Figure 4 Cutting one-piece patterns out the correct ratio of resin
Our more solid mould point; however, it’s definitely not enough on its own. for our boat hull experiment and hardening agent
in green, and our more
flexible mould in red Proper fibreglass release agents that are sold are
often hard wax, but we were keen to have a go with mould geometry, but we found this a cheap and
some less professional options we had lying around workable solution.
to see what worked. We’d seen online that some For epoxy, we are using some laminating epoxy
people use glycerine as a release agent. We had a that takes a long time to fully cure (around 24
bottle of glycerine from another project (homemade hours). There are online retailers selling epoxy – we
bubble mixture!), so we brushed some into a mould, found a merchant that could supply smaller amounts
and yes, it completely failed to release! Similarly, of this resin at a reasonable price.
we had seen people successfully using candle wax Our resin mixture is a 2:1 ratio of resin to
as a release by simply rubbing a hard candle over hardener given as weight; as such, we used a small
the mould surface. While this may have worked, we set of digital scales to weigh out a small amount of
found it very tricky to get good coverage, particularly resin, and then half of that amount in hardener.
into corners using this method, so it was While we laid up a few other small part
abandoned. A popular online choice that we didn’t experiments at the same time, we estimate we
QUICK TIP try is car wax, but it makes sense as it’s a similar used only around 9 grams of mixed resin for the
You might notice consistency to what we did end up using – neutral- boat hull (Figure 6).
that, before adding coloured shoe polish! Previously for larger items, we have laid out our
paint, our fibreglass We found shoe polish to be excellent, as a little cut cloth pieces onto a piece of plastic film or
hull had lots of black warmed between the fingers can be spread in a greaseproof paper, and brushed epoxy onto the
lines in it! This is
very fine even layer, and can even be pushed into cloth to wet it before applying it to the mould/form.
due to the ink marks
we made drawing sharp corners using a small, stiff paintbrush. Care For these smaller projects, we had seen others
around the pattern needs to be taken not to allow any to build up in a applying a brushed layer of epoxy directly to the
onto the cloth! particular corner, as that obviously changes the mould surface and then adding the dry cloth before
brushing further epoxy through. Using this approach
we made sure to add enough epoxy to totally ‘wet
LAYER UP out’ the cloth, which essentially is the point that the
For our boat lay up, we could add as many layers of epoxy-soaked cloth as we wanted all cloth becomes fully soaked, and in the case of these
in the same session. We ended up using around three layers of 195 g/m2 cloth on top of lightweight cloths, becomes transparent (Figure 7).
each other, and then added some small strips along the internal edges to stiffen the final Using a small brush to apply the epoxy, it’s also
hull. Adding all the layers at once means that we end up with a single, thicker skin that possible to gently push the cloth into place and
has no real discernable layers as the epoxy cures at the same rate throughout the piece work it into quite tight corners. However, these are
– so it’s as solidly bonded as its chemistry allows. Sometimes, and with some designs, we
also potential points where air bubbles can be
might need to let a section cure and then add another layer of fibreglass. We approached
some of the tiny fibreglass nose cones this way, as it was easier to lay up each half of
introduced, and it can be frustrating ensuring the
a nose cone, then, once cured, trim the pieces, join the moulds, and then apply another cloth doesn’t fold or tuck around a tight corner. In
layer of epoxy and fibreglass cloth onto the inside. While we feel this would be strong future experiments, we would try to avoid tight
enough, it certainly is going to not be as strong as we are creating a more mechanical corners and use fillets and chamfers if possible.
bond between layers. Having laid up our boat hull, we left it somewhere
safe to cure overnight. After a few hours of curing,

78
 FORGE

Figure 7
A freshly ‘wetted out’
piece of 195 g cloth in
a small mould. Note
the cloth becomes
transparent when
enough resin is applied

Figure 9
The fibreglass hull
trimmed and with a
quick coat of paint

Figure 8
Our boat hull demoulded, and ready to be trimmed
and sanded to final size

the fibreglass goes through a ‘leather’ stage, where

the epoxy is much less sticky but not fully cured –
some people advocate this is a good time to trim off
any excess cloth; however, as our hull was quite
thin, we left this until we felt it had cured more fully.
After around 15 hours, we demoulded our boat
hull (Figure 8). Flexing the mould allowed the
fibreglass to ‘pop’ out of the mould slightly in
places, and then we used a thin, small scraper tool
to ease into the gaps and gently move the fibreglass repeatedly apply a similar force to an object. We
and remove it fully. Having demoulded, we used that to make some crude strength Figure 10
Using a modified
inspected the outer surface – it was an OK finish comparisons between the lighter fibreglass hull, the arbor press and a
but had indeed picked up every tiny detail of the thicker 3D-printed hull, and the red mould hull we torque wrench to do
some comparative
mould. While it was good enough for our printed using just a solid thick perimeter. force testing
experiments, it’s fair to say that more time invested The results revealed that all of the hulls exhibited
in finishing the mould surface is time well spent in some deflection and flexibility, but to a lesser extent
QUICK TIP
terms of the surface finish of the object. on our fibreglass model. We could intuitively tell
We didn’t cover this
We could tell that our boat wasn’t fully cured after that the thicker 3D-printed hull would reach its
in this article, but
15 hours – it continued to harden for around another elastic limit quicker than the fibreglass, and it would
another avenue to
day. Having cleaned up the moulded hull a little, we crack or lose layer adhesion. The single perimeter explore is vacuum
gave it a quick coat of primer and a lick of green wall printed mould was similar, but had more flex moulding to pull
paint (Figure 9). than either the fibreglass or the thicker printed hull composites securely
It’s certainly watertight and, comparatively, the – and again, we could tell that it was closer to onto moulds. Plus,
fibreglass version is lighter than the 3D-printed cracking, while the fibreglass hull was still flexing there are other
variants, such as
version which had the thicker hull walls – the and returning to shape. We can imagine building a
inflating balloons
fibreglass hull weighed 21 grams, while the printed hull this way – with some internally added inside moulds to
hull weighed 30 grams. In issue 24, we explored a fibreglass/G10 bulkheads added afterwards it could push composite lay-
modification to our arbor press that allows us to make a very tough item indeed. ups into place.

79
Printing with metal

TUTORIAL

Printing with metal

Getting a natural look on your 3D prints

W
ood-filled filament (which
we looked at in issue 29) is
the most popular type of
filled PLA, but it’s not the
only option to give your
prints a less plasticky look.
Ben Everard This issue, we’re going to take a look at a couple of
other options: metalfil and stonefil. These are, as you
@ben_everard
might expect, PLA with added metal or stone. These
additives can lead to really good-looking prints with
Ben loves cutting stuff,
any stuff. There’s no some of the visual appeal of another material.
longer a shelf to store For this article, we tested bronze filament
these tools on (it’s now
and marble filament. Both can create great-
two shelves), and the
door’s in danger. looking prints, but neither is the same as the
original metal.
Bronze filament retains the colour and lustre
of the original metal, but doesn’t have the same
shine that you can get from pure metal.
The end effect from marble filament isn’t
really much like marble at all. It doesn’t have
the sweeping patterns caused by mineral
impurities. Instead, it has dots of black in a
slightly off-white, translucent plastic. Dots at
different depths show up as different shades
of grey, which does give a pleasant natural
stone effect.

PRINTING PROBLEMS
While these filaments are mostly PLA (with a
few bits added in for effect), they do print a little
differently from pure plastic.

Left
The marble
filament gives a
certain fossil-ness
to this dinosaur

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 FORGE

The particles in them are much harder than plastics,

so you need to use a wear-resistant nozzle. The most Above
Small rolls let you
common of these nozzles are the hardened steel get a feel for the
filament but aren't
nozzles, but you can also get more exotic options, too expensive
such as those made from ruby.
Left
You’ll need to adjust your slicer settings. While The dark shine of
these filaments are mostly made from PLA, they do bronze can give
your makes a
need to be printed a little differently. There are four regal glow
things that you might need to adjust: Left
MetalFil is a bit

”
brittle (even more
so than regular

While these filaments are

PLA), but we
tested it with a
bag clip, and so
mostly PLA, they do print a far, it’s been
working fine
little differently from UNCLOGGING
pure plastic
” These materials are quite prone to clogging the printer
nozzle. Most printers come with a 0.4 mm nozzle, and
this should work with most filled filaments, but a 0.5 mm
• Temperature You’ll probably find that you or larger nozzle will be less likely to block (you will need
to adjust your printer settings accordingly).
need to increase the temperature by 5/10
If you do block your nozzle, the first thing you can
degrees (but no hotter than 220 °C), compared try to unblock it is a cold pull. Check your printer’s
to regular PLA. documentation for how to do this, as it can be a little
different depending on how the extruder is set up, but
• Flow-rate (or extrusion multiplier) Increasing basically, the approach is to use filament to stick to any
this pushes more filament out of the nozzle. clogs and pull them out of the top of the extruder.
Going to 1.1 or even higher can improve prints. You’ll need some non-filled filament, and you insert
it into your extruder as normal. The filament will melt
around any small blockages in the nozzle. Once it’s
• Fan Turning down the fan helps layers stick in, you then drop the hot-end temperature down to
together better. about 120 degrees. At this point, the filament will still
be pliable, but will be fairly solid, and any particles
• Print speed As more delicate than regular PLA, blocking the nozzle should be stuck to the filament. You
you may find that you have to slow the speed. can then pull the filament out of the top of the extruder.
You may need to repeat this procedure a few times
to get all the clogs out. White filament is particularly
You should also be aware that most filaments good for this, as this will show up any bits of clogs,
are sold by weight, and filled filaments are typically so you can repeat the procedure until there are no
heavier than regular PLA, so you’ll get less volume for discoloured bits on the filament, post cold pull.
a given weight.

81
Photogrammetry with your phone

TUTORIAL

Photogrammetry
with your phone
Use any camera as a 3D scanner using open-source software

D
ecent 3D scanners typically cost
anywhere from hundreds of
pounds up to tens of thousands of
pounds for professional units. They
can produce accurate digital
Glenn Horan representations of real-world objects,
@BatGlenn13 but they’re not the only way of doing this. In this
tutorial, we’ll walk you through how to get 3D
Glenn is a software models from physical objects using something most
developer by day and a of us carry around with us every day – our phones.
3D printing enthusiast
by night. Rumour has Theoretically, the scale of the models can be
it that building and anything from a small object, such as a battery or
troubleshooting cheap
USB pen, up to the size of large buildings, assuming
Prusa clones is what
caused him to go bald you can get far enough away to get a decent
before his years. selection of photographs (and have a powerful
enough PC). We’re going to run you through the
entire workflow from photos to 3D print using a
statue as an example. We’ll be using Meshroom,
which is fully open-source, and is set up out of the
box for use by beginners to photogrammetry.

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 FORGE

MESHROOM
Meshroom is open-source 3D reconstruction software
based on an application called AliceVision. AliceVision
had its inception in 2010 as part of a collaborative
project between several European universities and
industries. At its core, it uses a pipeline of tasks
to convert a number of 2D images into useful 3D
data (more on the pipeline later). There's other
photogrammetry software out there, some with lower Figure 1
spec PC requirements. However, we chose Meshroom It’s not immediately
obvious where
because it’s 100% free .There are no restrictions on the you need to click
number of photos per project, for example, and has an to download with
interface designed for beginners to pick up easily while Microsoft Visual
C++ Redistributable
having the complexity available for those who wish to
dig a little deeper into photogrammetry. You can learn
more about the project here: alicevision.org/#about. dataset to ensure that your PC can cope with the
demands of this resource-intensive process. You’ll YOU’LL NEED
also get a feel for how long the process takes and
Camera
Firstly, we need to install Meshroom from the get exposed to the quality of photos you’ll need to
official website alicevision.org/#meshroom. You’ll use for your project. The dataset can be found here PC with decent
specs (16GB of RAM
find links for Windows and Linux installations, along hsmag.cc/PL0TgK. If you’re unfamiliar with GitHub, and Nvidia GPU
with some extra instructions for certain distributions all you need to do is click on the green 'Clone or recommended)
of Linux. The official Meshroom website states that download' button and then 'Download ZIP'. Unzip
3D printer
you will need a PC with an Nvidia GPU with a the file, open the full folder, then select and drag all
'compute capability' of more than 2.0 (for reference, of the photos into the left sidebar in Meshroom.
GPUs from up to ten years ago meet this Next, click on File then Save As to save your project.
requirement, but you can check your compute

”
capability score here hsmag.cc/UhRHXY) and a
chunky 32GB of RAM. We got by just fine with
Once it has booted up,
16GB of RAM, and some steps can be skipped if you
don’t have an Nvidia GPU. However, the quality of you should be greeted
your 3D model will not be as good. You will also
with their pleasantly

”
need to install Microsoft Visual C++ Redistributable
package from this link: hsmag.cc/wDCYak (see minimal UI
Figure 1). This file contains dependencies required
for Meshroom (and other programs written in Visual
Studio) to run. To open Meshroom, unzip the file you We recommend creating a new folder to save your
downloaded from their site and click on the project, as Meshroom will create some folders at
Meshroom.exe file. Once it has booted up, you this location each step of the way – this is where
should be greeted with their pleasantly minimal UI. you'll find your finished 3D model file once
However, if you have any issues, check out the everything is completed.
Figure 2
troubleshooting page on their GitHub site. Clicking on a
Before you get out there and start taking NO NVIDIA? NO PROBLEM! node will bring
up its associated
hundreds of photos of inanimate objects, we At this stage, we can just click Start and let parameters, and give
recommend taking our chosen photogrammetry everything run for a couple of hours, then come back you the option to view
the log of the work
software, Meshroom, for a spin with their sample to our 3D model of an anthropomorphised tree. being completed

83
Photogrammetry with your phone

TUTORIAL

PHOTOGRAPHY 101
The choice of camera you use will, of course, affect
the quality of your scan, but while a market-leading
digital SLR is better, modern smartphones are capable
Figure 3 of producing images that are more than good enough
Our sample tree quality for photogrammetry. As a general rule, try to
model with all layers
showing. You can
keep everything in focus (the bokeh effect looks great
click on the individual on social media, but not so much for photogrammetry)
cameras surrounding and make sure nothing in your model is overexposed,
the model to have that
image show up in the or those areas will certainly end up as gaps in your
image viewer pane final model. Contrary to other 3D scanning techniques,
photogrammetry works best with a feature-filled
Figure 4
So far in our background, as this allows the software to pick up
experiments, statues frames of reference when trying to find out where
seem to work best different features exist in 3D space. Don’t have too many
– photogrammetry
works well with large, moving subjects in the background, though the odd car
textured subjects moving by shouldn’t be too detrimental. Lighting, as with
any photography, is very important – if taking photos of
a subject outdoors, then cloudy days work best as there
won’t be any solid shadows to throw off the software.
Walk in circles taking plenty of overlapping photos (more
is better here, anything from 30 to 300+, depending on
the target) and try to get different heights, angles, and
distances from the subject.

However, we’re going to use a feature from the

documentation that will give us a rough model in
around 20–30 minutes, rather than several hours.
This is our recommended workflow when working
with your own photos, as it saves several hours of
waiting to find out whether or not your photos were
successful. To do this, we need to dig in a little to
the beating heart of Meshroom: the graph editor.
This is a visualisation of each of the steps that are
taken during the photogrammetry process and is
updated in real time to show which steps have
completed, which are in progress and, if applicable,
which steps have failed by displaying a green,
orange, or red bar respectively. A detailed description
of each of these steps isn’t necessary for this
tutorial, but if you’re interested, you can find a great
overview here: alicevision.org/#photogrammetry.
Right-click on the DepthMap node, and click on
the fast-forward symbol beside Duplicate Node. This
will copy the entire pipeline from this point onwards
and give us a draft quality pipeline to work in. Depth
mapping is the step in the 3D modelling process that
an Nvidia GPU is required for and is easily the most
resource- and time-intensive part, so we’re going to
remove it from our draft workflow. Right-click on
DepthMap2, then select remove node, and do the
same with 'DepthMapFilter2'. Next, click and drag
Figure 5 from the input circle (not output) on the
With depth mapping on the
left; without on the right PrepareDenseScene node to the input circle on the

84
 FORGE

Meshing2 node, and finally connect the output circle Open Meshmixer, click import, then navigate to QUICK TIP
of PrepareDenseScene to the imagesFolder circle in the folder where you saved your Meshroom project.
If you have a good
the Texturing2 node. Your pipeline should be the In the MeshroomCache folder, you’ll find folders for digital SLR, you can
same as shown in Figure 2 overleaf. Now we’re each of the nodes in our pipeline. You’ll find OBJ better fine-tune the
ready to get started, right-click on the Texturing2 files in each of the steps that output a 3D model, but settings for your
node and click on Compute to get the ball rolling. we’ll want to lift the model from the MeshFiltering input photos.
When everything has finished, you can double- folder. There may be multiple folders in here named
click on certain nodes to see their results. Double- with a long ID number – one for each time you’ve
click on StructureFromMotion, Meshing2, run the MeshFiltering step. In each of these folders,
MeshFiltering2, and finally Texturing2 to see them in you’ll find an OBJ mesh file, which is what we want
the 3D viewer (Figure 3). If you have an Nvidia GPU, to import. You can also use the OBJ file from the
you can now proceed to testing the depth mapping Texturing folder, but we found the untextured model
stages. Right-click and select Compute on the is easier to work with at this stage.
Texturing node, and leave things to run for an hour The model is going to import in a fairly random
or two. If everything has worked up until this point, orientation, so the first thing we need to do is
then you’re ready to get started with your own transform it into an upright position. Click on Edit in
photos – we used a piece of ominous modern art the Meshmixer toolbar on the left of the UI, followed
that was within range of this author’s daily exercise by Transform to overlay the transform tool wheel
during lockdown (Figure 4).

GIGO – GARBAGE IN, GARBAGE OUT Figure 6

Once you have all your photos uploaded to your When transforming
the model, align it as
computer, just follow the same process we used for if the grid was your
our tree example. After the feature extraction step, build plate to make
your life easier when
you can quickly review the images on the left-hand it comes to slicing
the model
side of your screen and check if there are any
photos the software wasn’t able to use (they will Figure 7
When plane cutting,
have a red symbol in the top right of the thumbnail). you can click the
You can also click on the three dots in the bottom thicker blue arrow
above the tool wheel
right of the image viewer to check how many to toggle which side
'features' were picked out from any of your photos of the plane you want
to keep and which
to help narrow down the types of images that work will be discarded
best. The Meshroom documentation suggests that if
you have issues, you can increase the number of
features and feature types that are extracted.
However, we found that this massively increases the
amount of time the workflow takes, and if you
haven’t got a decent low-resolution mesh already,
then it won’t help massively. If you have a complete
scan at the end of the draft workflow and you have
an Nvidia GPU, we highly recommend running the
depth mapping steps. Check out the difference in
resolution in Figure 5.

SCULPT FICTION
So you’re looking at a great model in the Meshroom
3D viewer, now what? Before we can 3D-print our
new model, we’ll need to clean it up using mesh
editing/sculpting software. We’re going to use
Autodesk Meshmixer (download it for free at
meshmixer.com), but if you’ve used similar
software before, feel free to use whatever you’re
most comfortable with.

85
Photogrammetry with your phone

TUTORIAL

PICK YOUR SUBJECT WELL

With the right subjects, photogrammetry is incredibly impressive. The detail that can be achieved with just a phone,
especially when using depth mapping is incredible. However, we had many frustrating hours trying to get models of human
subjects to work (something the author’s patient wife can attest to). From what we can tell, there were two issues. Firstly, the
subject has to stay prohibitively still for the duration of the time that they’re being photographed. This is much harder than
it first seems, and you won’t realise they’ve moved until you’ve uploaded the photos and gone through the whole workflow.
Secondly, human faces just aren’t textured enough to be adequately picked up by the software (even those among us with
beards). This is why dedicated photogrammetry rigs exist that take photos from multiple angles, all at once, using multiple
cameras. Some even project a pattern onto the subject's face so that the software can better pick up all of their features. In
the future, we want to experiment with face paint, or even glitter, to add a texture to faces to see if that works any better (and
if not, we're sure it’ll make for some funny photos).

want to cut our model. You can move the plane so

Figure 8
You can also use the that it cuts along any axis if there are other sections
brush to select and you want to discard. When you’re happy with your
delete areas around
the base of your selection, click on Accept in the Plane Cut menu.
model that were hard Repeat this with each plane around the model until
to delete using the
plane cut you just have the area you’re interested in (Figure 7).
You might notice some small fragments are floating
around your model. We’re going to remove those by
again clicking Edit, followed by Separate Shells. An
object browser will appear with a list of all your
fragments. Select the fragmented shells in turn and
click on the bin icon in the bottom right of the object
browser to be left with your model.
Next up, we’re going to plug any holes in your
model that aren’t supposed to be there. First, zoom
in on any of the holes you wish to fill in. Click on
Select from the toolbar on the left, then adjust the

”
brush size to one that you’re happy with and draw
At this stage, it’s important not to brush away around the edges of the hole. The area should turn
orange as you select it (Figure 8). When you’ve
any of the details of your model that we worked selected all around the hole, release the mouse

”
so hard to extract button and press F on your keyboard to fill the area.
If you wish to delete a selection, you can follow this
same process and then press X. You can also make
over our 3D model. Adjust the position of the model the model solid at this stage by clicking on it,
using the green, blue, and red curved lines by followed by Edit, then Make Solid.
clicking on them and dragging. Then use the red, Optionally, you can smooth out any areas on the
blue, and green arrows to move the model up and surface of your model by selecting Sculpt from the
down relative to the grid (Figure 6). When you’re toolbar on the left, then clicking on Brushes, and
happy with the positioning, click Accept at the selecting the RobustSmooth brush. At this stage,
bottom of the Transform menu. it’s important not to brush away any of the details
QUICK TIP of your model that we worked so hard to extract
In Meshmixer hold ALL ABOUT THE BASE – use the strength slider to reduce/increase the
the ALT key then Next, we’re going to cut around our statue to get rid smoothing effect.
click and drag with of all the surrounding objects and give it a nice flat Finally, click on File, then Export and save your
your mouse to move base. Click on Edit again followed by Plane Cut. model in STL format, and now you have your final
your viewing angle
You’ll notice a second grid has appeared in our model ready for 3D printing. If the model is tiny or
around, or click your
mouse wheel, then viewing pane, along with a tool wheel similar to the huge when you bring it into your slicer, simply adjust
drag to pan around one we saw in the Transform step. Use the tool the scale until you're happy with the size. Check out
your model. wheel to move this new plane around to where we our finished printed model in Figure 9.

86
 FORGE

Figure 9
Marble filament was
the only choice for
replicating this statue

87
 Make a 3D camera

TUTORIAL

Make a 3D camera
Add some depth to your photography by taking true 3D
pictures with the new High Quality Camera

W
Know the difference
ith the release of the High Quality
Camera, photography using Raspberry
02 Choose one computer for the left camera and
Pi has been taken to a whole new level. the other for the right. From the command line, run
PJ Evans
MAKER

A 12.3 megapixel sensor and support for multiple sudo raspi-config and go to Networking Options
PJ is a writer, lenses has already had enthusiasts experimenting > Hostname. Change the name from ‘raspberrypi’
software engineer, with new types of photography previously out to ‘leftcam’ and ‘rightcam’ on each respective
3D photography of their reach. Adding a Raspberry Pi to the mix Raspberry Pi Zero. Also in raspi-config, make sure
enthusiast, and
organiser of the
allows for many possibilities, such as time-lapses SSH is enabled on each (Preferences > Interfaces).
Milton Keynes or connection to sensors. Here, we’re going to use After this, leave the configuration utility and
Raspberry Jam. two cameras together to create amazing 3D photos shut both computers down. Now is a very good
@mrpjevans that can be viewed in a variety of ways, even time to attach the short camera cable that was
without glasses. supplied with the case to each Raspberry Pi Zero
and thread it through the slot on the rear of the
case and insert both computers. Add the cover and
label each case as ‘left’ or ‘right’.
Prepare Raspberry Pi
01 To create 3D photographs, we need to be
able to take two photos simultaneously, about 5 cm
Power sharing
apart. These images can then be processed into a
variety of different formats such as parallel view,
03 As we have two Raspberry Pi Zero boards,
You’ll Need cross-view, or anaglyph (when you wear red/green we need two power supplies, right? Well, we can
glasses). As this is a 3D project, it’s not surprising to pull a little trick so that only one is required. With
> 2
 × Raspberry Pi
Zero W learn that we’ll need two of everything. As we can some wire, solder a 5 V line and a ground (GND)
magpi.cc/pizerow only attach one camera per Raspberry Pi Zero W, line from one GPIO to the equivalent on the other
we’ll need to prepare a left and right computer. (see Figure 1 diagram). This ‘power rail’ allows
> 2
 × High Quality
Camera Start by installing Raspbian Lite as normal on both the second Raspberry Pi Zero W to pull power
magpi.cc/ computers and updating everything with sudo from the one connected to a USB power supply.
hqcamera apt update && sudo apt upgrade. Make sure both Just remember to use a suitable power supply
> 2
 × 6 mm or computers are connected to WiFi before proceeding. with enough amperes to power both. We found
16 mm lens
magpi.cc/hqlens
> 2
 × Official Raspberry
Pi Zero Case
magpi.cc/
pizerocase
> G
 oogle Cardboard
(optional)
magpi.cc/
cardboard
> 3
 D-printed mounting
plate (optional)
magpi.cc/
hq3dmount
> 8
 × 2.5 M 6 mm bolts
and nuts (optional) Here’s an example of what can be produced. This is a cross-view image, so, if you can, cross your eyes together until they settle on a
central image. Don’t strain if your eyes feel tired!

88
 FORGE

THE MAGPI

Raspberry Pi Zero W This tutorial

only supports a single is from in The
camera connection, MagPi, the official
so two are needed Raspberry Pi
magazine. Each
issue includes a
Two 12.3 megapixel huge variety of
cameras provide glorious projects, tutorials,
high-quality images, slightly tips and tricks to
apart to create the 3D effect help you get the
most out of your
Raspberry Pi.
Find out more at
magpi.cc

the official micro USB supply worked well. Check,

Figure 1
check, and double-check before following this
step. Soldering to the wrong connectors could
permanently damage your devices.

Attach the cameras

04 It’s really important that the two cameras
are lined up together and not at odd angles. We’ve
provided a STL file for 3D-printing a mounting plate 
Figure 1 Here, a 5 V
that holds them perfectly in place. You don’t have to GPIO pin and GND
pin are connected
use it, but if you do have access to a 3D printer, it’ll to their equivalents
make life easier. Connect the short ribbon cables on the other GPIO
so one Raspberry
provided with the cases to each camera, then attach Pi Zero W provides
power for the other
the cameras to the mounting plate side-by-side
using the nuts and bolts. Be very careful not to bend
or tear the ribbon cables. Finally, flip the cameras
over so the plate is resting on the case lids and affix
raspistill -o test.jpg
Top Tip
them with some sticky pads. After a few seconds, an image file will be created
in your current directory. Transfer it back to your Parallel
computer and have a look. Chances are it’ll be blurry
Parallel (left/
– but so long as an image was taken, we’re all good.
right) is needed
Camera testing
05 Before going any further, test that both
Repeat this test on the right-hand camera. for devices
like Google
cameras are working as expected. Carefully attach Cardboard.
the lenses to each camera board (if you’re using the Without it, you
Streaming for two can get the effect
mounting plate, watch out for the control levers
hitting each other). Use SSH to log in remotely to
06 If you’ve been wondering how one camera
by looking into the
distance until the
your left camera (ssh pi@leftcam.local) and at the is going to get its image to the other, the answer image merges.
command line, enter this: is by setting up a HTTP-based stream on each

89
Make a 3D camera

TUTORIAL

camera. This will turn each Raspberry Pi Zero W video feeds from each camera. When you’re done,
Top Tip into a streaming webcam and we can then view you can stop each server by entering CTRL+C in
both images from a further website we’ll install the Terminal.
Cross-view later. The following steps need to be followed on
each Raspberry Pi Zero W. Start by installing some
Some people libraries we need:
struggle to see Bring them together
parallel images.
sudo apt install cmake libjpeg8-dev git
08 To view both images on the same page
Cross-view
images (right/
and generate 3D images, we need a further web
left) create the Now we’ll get and build the MJPEG streaming service that takes a feed from both sites we’ve just
same effect by software: installed. Create a directory called 3dcamera in your
crossing your home directory, then create two files: 3dcamera.py
eyes to create a git clone https://github.com/jacksonliam/ and control.html. Enter both code listings (or
central image.
mjpg-streamer.git download them from magpi.cc/3dcameragit) and
cd mjpeg-streamer/mjpeg-streamer- save. This is a very simple web server and an HTML
experimental page that will display both images on a single page
make and, with a simple click, create and download a
sudo make install parallel-eye image.
Make sure both MJPEG streamers are running and
then start the additional server on leftcam only:

First test images

07 To run the package we’ve just installed,
python3 3dcamera.py

enter the following commands on each Raspberry You should be able to access the site at
Pi Zero W: http://leftcam.local:8081/ and be able to see
a video stream of each device.
cd ~/mjpeg-streamer/mjpeg-streamer-
experimental
export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=.
View your image
./mjpg_streamer -o "output_http.so -w ./www"
-i "input_raspicam.so"
09 Take an image by holding the cameras
steady and clicking ‘Snap!’ on the website. The
So we’re not There is now a web server running on each device. dual image will be downloaded to your computer.
troubled by multiple
power supplies, Have a look by visiting http://leftcam.local:8080/ If you have a Google Cardboard kit or one of the
we can power one
and http://rightcam.local:8080/. Each will have widely available mobile phone VR headsets,
Raspberry Pi Zero
from the other a fun little website where you can view static and transfer your parallel image to your mobile phone
and then view it in glorious three dimensions. If
not, many people can see the image by focusing
their eyes ‘beyond’ the two images until they
merge into one. If you’re struggling with this,
reverse the two captured images as noted in the
code to create a cross-view image.

Take it further
10 This is just a starting point for your
adventures in 3D photography. We haven’t touched
on creating anaglyphs or streaming 3D video.
Check out the GitHub repo (magpi.cc/3dcameragit)
for a more advanced version that allows you to set
the type of image to generate and adds a few more
features. What’s the most creative thing you can
do with your 3D camera?

90
 FORGE

3dcamera.py DOWNLOAD
THE FULL CODE:
> Language: Python 3 magpi.cc/3dcameragit

001. import os 030. image_buffer = BytesIO()

002. import urllib.request 031. side_by_side_image.save(image_buffer,
003. from http.server import SimpleHTTPRequestHandler, format='JPEG')
HTTPServer 032. image_data = image_buffer.getvalue()
004. from PIL import Image 033.
005. from io import BytesIO 034. return image_data
006. 035.
007. port = 8081 036.
008. control_html = os.path.dirname(os.path.realpath( 037. class handle_request(SimpleHTTPRequestHandler):
__file__)) + '/control.html' 038. def do_GET(self):
009. # Reverse the URLs to create cross-view images instead 039. print('Sending control HTML')
of parallel 040. f = open(control_html, 'rb')
010. left_camera = 041. self.send_response(200)
"http://leftcam.local:8080/?action=snapshot" 042. self.send_header('Content-type', 'text/html')
011. right_camera = 043. self.end_headers()
"http://rightcam.local:8080/?action=snapshot" 044. self.copyfile(f, self.wfile)
012. 045.
013. 046. def do_POST(self):
014. def process_image(): 047. new_image = process_image()
015. left_image = urllib.request.urlopen(left_camera) 048. self.send_response(200)
016. right_image = urllib.request.urlopen(right_camera) 049. self.send_header('Content-type', 'image/jpeg')
017. images = [Image.open(x) for x in [left_image, 050. self.send_header('Content-disposition',
right_image]] 051. 'attachment; filename="3d.
018. jpg"')
019. widths, heights = zip(*(i.size for i in images)) 052. self.end_headers()
020. total_width = sum(widths) 053. self.wfile.write(new_image)
021. max_height = max(heights) 054.
022. 055.
023. side_by_side_image = Image.new('RGB', ( 056. httpd = HTTPServer(("", port), handle_request)
total_width, max_height)) 057. try:
024. 058. httpd.serve_forever()
025. x_offset = 0 059. except KeyboardInterrupt:
026. for image in images: 060. pass
027. side_by_side_image.paste(image, (x_offset, 0)) 061.
028. x_offset += image.size[0] 062. httpd.server_close()
029.

control.html
> Language: HTML

001. <!DOCTYPE html> 012. <div class="viewfinder">

002. <html> 013. <img src="http://leftcam.
003. <head> local:8080/?action=stream" />
004. <style> 014. <img src="http://rightcam.
005. .viewfinder { local:8080/?action=stream" />
006. display: flex; 015. </div>
007. } 016. <form method="post" action="/">
008. </style> 017. <button>Snap!</button>
009. </head> 018. </form>
010. <body> 019. </body>
011. <h1>3D Camera</h1> 020. </html>

91
 This stunning 224-page hardback book not only tells
the stories of some of the seminal video games of
the 1970s and 1980s, but shows you how to create
your own games inspired by them using Python and
Pygame Zero, following examples programmed
by Raspberry Pi founder Eben Upton.

Get game design tips and

tricks from the masters

Explore the code listing

and find out how they work

Download and play game

examples by Eben Upton

Learn how to code your own

games with Pygame Zero

Available now hsmag.cc/store

Designing and building a modular tracked vehicle

TUTORIAL

Designing and
building a modular
tracked vehicle
Using an affordable, off-the-shelf, tracked robot chassis, let’s build a 3D-printable
modular tracked vehicle (MTV) that’s easy to attach future upgrades to

A
t around £20 to £25, this chassis trial and error to explore the best way to assemble
kit is often described online as a it. You can download the designs for our upgrades
'tank crawler chassis'. It arrives from hsmag.cc/mtv.
with a metal chassis, two geared Looking at the metal chassis, each side has two
DC motors labelled for 350 rpm mounts: one with nine holes, and one with five holes.
at 12 V, a set of drive wheels with We realised that the nine-hole mount was the only
Jo Hinchliffe some drive hub mounts, two non-driven/idler wheels, one that had the correct holes to mount the motors;
and some tracks. Also included is a bag of assorted this meant that the motors are diagonally opposite
@concreted0g nuts, bolts and washers, some tools, and a battery each other, in turn meaning that there are some
box designed to take two 18650 cells. Noticeably, issues around symmetry in the build already.
Jo Hinchliffe is a constant
having bought two of these kits, no instructions are We attached the two motors to the chassis with
tinkerer and is passionate
about all things DIY supplied for the chassis kit, so we had to use some three of the M3 screws each, and then, using the
space. He loves designing small grub screws and the supplied Allen key, we
and scratch-building both
model and high-power attached the aluminium hub adapters onto the shaft
rockets, and releases the of the motors. Next, we added the driven wheels,
designs and components which were a good fit, onto the hub adapters, keyed
as open-source. He also
has a shed full of lathes into position with a flat section, and pulled onto the
and milling machines and hub adapter with an M3 bolt (Figure 1).
CNC kit!

MAKING TRACKS
The idler wheels are interesting in that it’s not
particularly clear into which hole on the chassis
mounts they are designed to go. There are a couple of
candidate holes. The first we tried is the hole that is
closest to the diameter of the long semi-threaded bolt
that acts as an axle for the idler wheel. We tried this
first using a nut and washer on both the outside and
the inside of the chassis mount to create a fixed axle,
carefully locking the nuts in a position that allowed the
idler wheel to spin, but not be so loose as to be able
to move too much up and down the axle. Skipping
ahead slightly, once we had added both idler wheels
Above using these holes and added the tracks, we realised
Our completed modular that although the tracks were parallel to the chassis
tracked vehicle design
and build sides, they were offset front to back. So looking from

94
 FORGE

above, one set of tracks was around 10 mm extended While this looked like an abomination, it allowed us
beyond one end of the chassis, while the other set of to test the chassis to see how it ran – it also helped Figure 1
The motor and hub
tracks was extended the same amount off the other us consider the design. We realised that this chassis mounted. The chassis
end. It definitely looked odd, and we worried that it was very capable and can move quite quickly and mounts feature lots of
holes, some of which
might affect the tracking of the vehicle. accurately – it is also pretty good across some quite are used, and some of
rough terrain and can certainly traverse short grass, which aren’t

LET'S COBBLE AND TEST! gravel, and more. Another useful thing we realised Figure 2
A horridly cobbled
We cobbled together some drive electronics and was that if the centre of gravity wasn’t particularly and gaffer-taped
gaffer-taped them on to test (Figure 2). While we ten-minute prototype
was put together to
were still unhappy with the way that the tracks
looked, it did track correctly and drove well. However,
MAKING TRACKS allow a test-drive of
the chassis which
informed our design
we decided to strip the tracks and idler wheels off Whichever option you choose in terms of the idler ideas for the modular
and tried to reconfigure them. We ended up using wheel axle position, you’ll have to shorten the supplied mount system

the much larger holes on the five-hole mount tabs, tracks by removing some links. To do this, we need to Figure 3
and discovered we could get the tracks to align remove the pins between some links. For this, you will The idler wheel mount
with the axle clamped
need a thin pin-type tool. We found a tool originally
not perfectly, but much better. We also realised into the larger of the
designed to be an insert pin to release a mobile phone available holes using
that clamping the axle bolt using the large washers SIM card cover that worked – a drawing-pin with the the four larger washers
through the larger hole meant that we could slacken point filed off would also work. Once we discovered
the idler wheel axle, and it could move within the that one end of the track link internal pins was knurled
larger hole to allow the tracks to be loosened for and one wasn’t, we could remove pins fairly easily –
removal without having to split the tracks (Figure 3). but until that point, this was a very frustrating task!
The tip we can share is that, as you can see in the
As we mentioned earlier, once we had the tracks
image below, if you push your tool against the track
and motors in place, we soldered some wires to pin from the side where the pin ends on the inside of
the motors (Figure 4 overleaf) and quickly cobbled the track and the pin link is lower than the edge of the
together some running gear, a micro:bit in an RKub2 track, you are pushing the pin out in such a way that
breakout board, an L298N motor driver, and a 3S the short knurled (and therefore slightly wider) section
2200 mAh LiPo battery. We used a slightly modified of the pin is pushed out at the other end first. Trying
to push the thicker knurled end through the track link
version (Figure 5 overleaf) of the micro:bit code that
holes doesn’t work. We removed one pin and then
we used to control the :MOVE mini MK2 robot in our YOU’LL NEED
wrapped the track around the idler and powered wheel
Working with micro:bit radios article in issue 30. to work out how many links to remove, and then we
A 'tank crawler
removed them. Once we were happy with the track chassis kit'
lengths, we pushed the pin back in.
Soldering iron
and some wire

Access to a
3D printer

Some M4
threaded bar

Some M4 and M3
nuts and bolts

L298N motor
driver and a
micro:bit

95
Designing and building a modular tracked vehicle

TUTORIAL

Figure 4
The motors, wheels,
and tracks mounted,
and wires soldered
to the motors central, it was prone to tipping front to back when
Figure 5 going over an incline. As the 2200 mAh battery is by
We used the code far the heaviest component, we realised our design
featured in the Working
with micro:bit radios had to hold this centrally in place, and as close to the
article, replacing the
servo blocks with
chassis as possible.
'digital write' pin Measuring up the dimensions of the chassis and
blocks. Pins 0, 1 and
2, 3 are attached to noting the positions of the slots, we used FreeCAD decided that the end of the chassis with the larger
the motor control pins to design the lower tray first. We added our 10 mm- circular hole was going to be the back, and that we
on the L298N – writing
one pin high and one spaced hole rails on the front and the edges. We would run the motor wiring up through that hole.
low makes the motor also added some raised ridges inside to ensure our Therefore, we decided to leave a larger area around the
rotate one way or
the other 2200 mAh cell stayed in a precise central position. We hole and under the area of the battery open to allow
wires to be routed through (Figure 6). After printing,
we attached the lower deck using some short lengths
MODULAR TRACKED VEHICLE of M4 threaded bar we cut to around 50 mm, with a nut
Thinking about our design, we wanted to create some upper sections that mount onto under the chassis and a nut on top of the lower deck.
the chassis that could hold the electronics, but that could grow and change, and we The upper deck is the same overall dimensions as the
could add and remove components and experiments. Realising this, the modular tracked lower deck, and also has the side mount 10 mm-holed
vehicle project was born! We decided that we would include a lot of mounting holes and rails in the same relative position to the lower one, but
that, wherever possible, they would be spaced at 10 mm between centres. This means is peppered with more 10 mm-spaced holes. We also
that when designing additional modules, we can add 10 mm spaced mount holes and
designed a larger slot into each end of this deck to allow
know we can mount it in a variety of positions. We settled on the hole diameters to be
for the routing of cables. The gaps between the side
roughly equivalent to M4 – we actually drew most of the holes in FreeCAD to be 4.2 mm
diameter. The reason for this is that then they can be used as a through-hole for an M4 rails and the front and back rails on both decks were
bolt, but also this is a good diameter to use if we wanted to use a brass thermal insert nut also for if we needed to route cables around the outside
with an internal M3 thread. This gives us options to be able to still use the 4.2 mm holes, of the decks, but we might get rid of these in a future
even if the back of the hole is covered or inaccessible. revision as we haven’t used them. When fitting the
upper deck (Figure 7), we used a couple more nuts as
this allowed us to experiment with different heights for
this deck. However, we might replace this system with

Figure 6
Our lower deck design, printed and bolted onto our chassis

96
 FORGE

WIRING
We are more focused on sharing the mechanical design headlights were connected via a 150 ohm resistor to
aspects in this tutorial, and we may well change the the 5 V rail. It also breaks out all the micro:bit pins as we
control system in the future. The micro:bit and L298N motor needed one more than the three available if attaching
controller setup is pretty basic. There's no proportional directly to the micro:bit. +12v

control for the motors – they are simply switched on GND

+5v

or off. That said, the image to the right shows the main
connections, and there are plenty of tutorials online to L298N
show you how to use the micro:bit and the L298N, such as

3 cell, 2200mah LiPo

this great primer by Les Pounder: hsmag.cc/UVBUTz. RKUB2 Microbit Breakout Board

We used the RKub2 breakout for the micro:bit because it

can be powered directly from a three-cell LiPo battery – it
regulates power to the micro:bit and offers a 12 V, 5 V, and 12v out

3.3 V output. This is useful because we ran our motors and GND
P3
L298N off the 12-volt (or in our case 11.4 V) rail, and the LED P2
P1
P0

LET'S ACCESSORISE!
Next, we wanted to design some more accessories
to explore how we might add modules to the MTV.
First up, we added some LED headlights consisting of
a 3D-printed mount that could contain a 3 mm LED,
which we used a spot of hot glue to retain into the
print. We then designed and printed a holed 45-degree
L-bracket that could be used to side mount accessories,
and then a similar bracket with no holes. The no-holed
45-degree bracket was used because we had some
Lego-compatible tape that we added, meaning that
Lego or Lego-compatible items could be built onto it.
Finally, while we haven’t had a chance to wire this up
and write some code for it yet, we designed a mount to
be able to add an HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor.
some cut lengths of aluminium tube slid over the 4 mm
threaded rods to act as standoff spacers, as this would
make it quicker to disassemble and reassemble.
HOLDING THE BATTERY
The first add-on modules we made for the MTV We 3D-printed a small pressing foot that could be
consisted of a couple of bolt-on platforms that could threaded onto an M3 bolt and held in position with a Figure 7
hold the electronics in place. For now, we have built locking nut that would act to clamp the LiPo battery Top deck fitted
this version using the micro:bit and L298N motor down into its bay. We used our thermal insert rig (a after printing
modified soldering iron rigged onto a Dremel drill press Below
driver, and so we designed with those in mind. We
accessory) to heat and push an M3 thermal insert into Lots of accessories
wanted to see what it was like to mount something a central hole on the upper deck. Assembling the clamp added to the upper
at an angle, so the first module we designed was a and lower deck, but
through the threaded insert, we now had a nice clamp still plenty of room to
45-degree mounting plate, into which we added the that held the LiPo in place securely. mount more
mounting holes for the L298N – this was attached to
the back of the upper deck. We mounted the micro:bit
and RKub2 breakout panel onto a flat module panel
that could be bolted flat onto the upper deck, which
is a simple solution. We could have mounted it to the
side rails, or indeed created an L-bracket mount to
mount it rising up vertically. The RKub2 board has the
frustration that when soldered together, the mounting
holes on the PCB are all partially obscured by the
components, so we ended up using some double-
sided tape to stick the board to the mounting panel.

97
DON’T MISS THE BRAND NEW ISSUE!

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FIELD TEST
HACK MAKE BUILD CREATE
Hacker gear poked, prodded, taken apart, and investigated

PG

PG
1OO
106
CAN I BEST OF
HACK A
JOGGLER?
BREED
Build your own clock kits
Revitalise some old electronics

REVIEWS
108
Nozzle Fun Pack
Upgrade your 3D printer

 110 Ringo mobile phone

DIY mobile computing

112
Arduino Portenta H7
Two cores for extra power
Clock kits that every DIY enthusiast will love to show off

BEST OF BREED

ONLYTHE
BEST
Clock kits that every
DIY enthusiast will love
to show off
Clock kits that make for a great time. </end pun>

By Marc de Vinck @devinck

W
e really like kits that have a
long life even after you build
them. There is nothing wrong
with just enjoying the process
of building, but when a kit has
a use afterwards, it makes it
that much better. We also have a fascination with
clocks, both analogue and digital. So, in this Best of
Breed, we’ll be looking at some of my favourite
electronic clock kits.
Very few kits have such a lasting usefulness
compared to clocks. It’s something everyone needs
and can use on a daily basis. And even if you don’t
need a clock, build one and give it as a gift, as we
have in the past. We assure you, the recipient will
love it!
Another nice theme among clock kits is the
availability of enclosures. So many kits don’t have any
safe or aesthetically pleasing way to display the final
build. But that’s not the case with many of these kits.
Just solder, build, and display!

100
 FIELD TEST

Alpha Clock Five, White Edition

vs Game Timer Pro
EVIL MAD SCIENTIST $175 shop.evilmadscientist.com NOOTROPIC DESIGN $54.95 nootropicdesign.com

T
he Alpha Clock Five is a larger than which does not include the laser-cut case, but
expected and a beautifully designed features everything else included in the standard
desk clock kit from Evil Mad Scientist. variety. The Alpha Clock Five clock kit does not
Below
Each digit of the clock is 2.3” (5.8 cm) require any programming – Evil Mad Scientist did that You can display
tall, and it’s available in several different part for you. But if you like to tinker, the kit is open a wide range of
characters on
LED colours, including white, red, and source and all the necessary code and files are this display
blue. Each kit also includes a ChronoDot real-time provided to customise it to your heart’s content.
clock module, which makes this a very reliable and
accurate alarm clock.
And as you would expect, all the basic functions
are covered in the Alpha Clock Five – including an
alarm, multiple alarm tones, a snooze function, and
month/day display – housed in an acrylic case with
laser-engraved buttons. Also included is a universal-
input power supply that will work with worldwide
voltages. A nice complete kit!
If you’re on a budget, or you want to design your
own enclosure, you can also opt for the basic version,

P
ress the red button and let the Beyond the basic countdown clock, the Game
countdown begin! Which wire will Timer Pro can also be controlled with an infrared
you cut? remote controller, or a keypad add-on package that
The Game Timer Pro from Nootropic allows you to disarm the timer by entering a four- VERDICT
Design is definitely the most digit code to defuse it. And if you really want to build Alpha Clock Five,
interesting clock in this roundup. This it yourself, check out the Defusable Clock Kit, which White Edition
scary-looking, bomb-like contraption is the is very similar to the Game Timer Pro, but you have A big display,
quintessential ‘which wire do you to solder everything. and fun to
cut?’ bomb defuser device that you Disclaimer: Please be assemble.

9 / 10
have seen in countless movies. The responsible! This kit could
Game Timer Pro can be used as a certainly scare people if used
prop for films, a fun novelty out of context. Shooting a film
countdown clock, or what I think is or building an escape room?
the most interesting use, as a Then this is for you! Using it Game Timer Pro
component for an escape room. This to scare someone? Not a A fun addition
version is not a kit: it comes fully good idea. for an escape
assembled. However, you’ll most room!

7 / 10
likely want to include some kind of
additional prop to attach it to for Left
‘Game’ is printed on the silk
added authenticity. screen to help avoid any confusion

101
Clock kits that every DIY enthusiast will love to show off

BEST OF BREED

Solder:Time Desk Clock

SPIKENZIELABS $89.95 spikenzielabs.com

S
pikenzieLabs is known for its high-
quality kits that quite often include a Left
The finished clock
well-made laser-cut enclosure, and looks great and is
the Solder:Time Desk Clock is no very versatile
exception. It’s fun to put together, the
integrated circuit (IC) is preprogrammed,
and it includes the enclosure that gives it a truly
VERDICT
finished look when assembled. The kit also features a Solder:Time
real-time clock IC with battery backup, which gives it And for those of you who like to tinker with Desk Clock
extremely accurate timing and a fail-safe for when the Arduino, the clock is easily reprogrammed via the A fun kit, with
power goes out. You can set an alarm, use it as a standard Arduino IDE. Head on over to the website a sleek case.

10/ 10
stop-watch, program a scrolling message, or simply for more information about hacking this kit. You will
display a ‘worm animation’. Yeah, try doing that with also find all the required libraries and schematics,
your regular old clock! along with a beautiful PDF step-by-step guide.

Solder:Time Watch Kit

SPIKENZIELABS $29.95 spikenzielabs.com

T
he lone watch in this However, if you’re like us, you just might use it
clock roundup is the on your desk, or attach it to your bench Left
Solder:Time Watch for a unique-looking timepiece among Wearing this watch
on your wrist is sure
Kit from all your other tools and devices. to attract attention
SpikenzieLabs. That’s where this author’s lives.
Introduced in And if soldering isn’t your
2011, this kit was an instant thing, you can also purchase it VERDICT
success. And why not, since with the PCB already Solder:Time
it’s easy to solder, unique, and assembled. But come on… Watch Kit
really well designed? that takes all the fun out of it! Admittedly a bit
SpikenzieLabs designed a laser- Head over to the SpikenzieLabs large for most
cut enclosure that perfectly fits website to learn more about wrists, but it’s
the PCB and allows for a hook- this unique watch, download the certainly unique.

8 / 10
and-loop wristband. And yes, it’s a source code if you’d like to see
bit on the large side, so you most how it works, and check out the
likely won’t wear it on a daily basis. beautiful step-by-step instructions.

102
 FIELD TEST

Angular Clock Kit

WICKED DEVICE $59.95 wickeddevice.com

W
e’ve always liked the aesthetic Right
of an analogue clock, One of the
few analogue
especially the kind that use clocks on test
repurposed analogue voltage
meters or similar components
to indicate the hours, minutes, It should only take about 45 minutes to assemble, VERDICT
and seconds. And although this is a fairly popular and no soldering is required. The kit is open source, Angular Clock Kit
project in the DIY community, especially for those which allows you access to all the design files, A great
who tinker with Arduino, this author has never including the code. So why not make it your own? combination
actually built one for himself. Well, that just might Maybe it can indicate the phases of the moon, of digital and
change after finding this kit from Wicked Device. Instagram likes, or your YouTube subscriber analogue.

9/ 10
The Angular Clock Kit, originally designed and count? The kit comes with everything you need
prototyped by Daniel and Ken Rother, is based on to get up and running, including a nicely designed
the Arduino platform and is completely open source. laser‑cut enclosure.

VFD Modular Clock IV-4

Below
Retro VFD tubes
have a sci-fi glow
VFD $90 tindie.com

W
e love vacuum fluorescent
display (VFD) tubes, and we
really love VFD clocks. It’s
another really popular build for
the DIY enthusiast, but it’s not
an easy DIY build like a simple
seven-segment clock, since these devices often
require some tricky electronic circuitry to get them
working properly. The VFD Modular Clock IV-4 from VERDICT
the Akafugu Corporation in Japan takes care of all VFD Modular
the complexities and packages it up into a simple Clock IV-4
and elegant DIY kit. program it just like a standard Arduino. This enables An interesting,
The clock is controlled by an ATmega328P you to modify it to display any combination of four partially
microcontroller. And the controller board also numbers or alphanumeric digits that you’d like. You assembled kit.

9/ 10
contains all the high-voltage VFD driver circuitry used can purchase the kit with or without the VFDs, but
to illuminate the individual digits of the display. Best we highly recommend picking it up with them
of all, since it’s based on an ATmega328P, you can included, making for a much easier build.

103
Clock kits that every DIY enthusiast will love to show off

BEST OF BREED

ChronoDot
ADAFRUIT $17.50 adafruit.com

L
ooking to roll your own clock? One
thing to consider is the accuracy. Yes,
you can just use the internal clock of the
microcontroller of your choosing, but Left
Small enough
you’ll quickly learn that they aren’t all
to fit in almost
that accurate, especially over longer any project
periods of time. What you’ll want to include in your
build is a real-time clock (RTC) module. And that’s
where the ChronoDot comes into play. VERDICT
Not only will you get accurate timing, but you also ChronoDot
get a battery backup. This allows you to lose power,
Adding accurate
but not the time. It’s a great little device that this time to your
project is

”
easy with the
If you need accurate and ChronoDot.

10/ 10
reliable time for your
next project, you
need a ChronoDot

author has personally used on several projects.

” BULBDIAL CLOCK – MONOCHROME KIT
EVILMADSCIENTIST $65 shop.evilmadscientist.com
The drift is less than one minute per year, and it’s
really easy to implement, thanks to the header You might be asking yourself, what about Breed ‘Lots of LEDs’ kit reviews. Let’s just
pins that easily plug into a breadboard or PCB. It the Bulbdial Clock Kit by Evil Mad Scientist? say it’s a great kit, and one not be missed if
Don’t worry, we reviewed it in HackSpace you are into building your own unique clock.
communicates to your microcontroller via an I2C
issue 12 a while back as part of the Best of Check out more at hsmag.cc/issue12.
interface, making it easy to implement with your
Arduino, and most other microcontrollers with ease.
If you need accurate and reliable time for your next
project, you need a ChronoDot.

104
 GET
STARTED
WITH

£10
with F
Robots, musical instruments, R
world EE
wide
smart displays and more shippin
g

Inside:
Build a four-legged walking robot

Create a Tetris-inspired clock

Grow veg with hydroponics

And much more!

VA IL A BLE
A
NOW hsmag.cc/store
plus all good newsagents and:

FROM THE MAKERS OF MAGAZINE

An O2 Joggler?

CAN I HACK IT?

Can I Hack It?

An O2 Joggler?
Can we reuse an old O2 Joggler?

I
n 2009, O2 (a cell/mobile phone carrier of RAM, the Joggler is a product of 2009, where
in the UK) brought out the Joggler. While these specs were enough to get the job done. We
bearing an unusual name, the goal of the have on-board WiFi via a Ralink RT2770 USB add-on,
Joggler was to replace our refrigerator door – connected to an internal USB socket; there is also
the place where a calendar, notes, and photos another USB 2.0 port on the right-hand side of the
are stored. Joggler. On the rear of the unit are three ports: a
Les Pounder The Joggler was there to make our lives easier. DC barrel jack for the 5 V 4 A power supply, Gigabit
Sadly, the concept wasn’t popular, and after a year at Ethernet, and a 3.5 mm external speaker connection –
@biglesp
£150, the units were reduced to £100, and then £50. but honestly, the internal speakers are great! Internal
Les Pounder loves So, in 2010, we bought two units and hacked around storage is via 1GB flash storage which stores a
taking things to pieces with them. Alas, they went back to the loft, and were custom version of Ubuntu 18.04 running the BusyBox
and seeing how they
work. He teaches others
not used for eight years. So, when clearing the loft window manager, which is the default operating
how to be makers and during the lockdown, we found them and thought system from OpenPeak.
tinkerers at events ‘We need to hack them!’ Jogglers are still available Accessing the electronics is easy, largely thanks
across the UK.
He blogs at bigl.es. on popular internet auction sites for around half what to its using standard machine screws and fixings.
we paid, if you want to follow in our footsteps. The CPU andGPU are accessible, if care is taken,
as they are covered by a large thermal pad which is
GENERAL CONSTRUCTION used to draw heat away from these components. If
YOU’LL NEED The Joggler is dominated by a 7-inch screen, and taking the unit apart, ensure that you take photos of
O2 Joggler / there’s a metal stand at the rear. Made from plastic, where wires are connected, and ensure the thermal
OpenFrame
the case can be easily worked with hand tools. The pad is replaced. Talking of thermals, the Intel Atom
metal stand is secured inside
COST
£ Various
the case. To get inside the
Joggler, we need to remove
WHERE four cross-head screws which
eBay/thrift are hidden under a large
stores sticker on the rear. Then, at
the bottom of the Joggler,
there are a series of friction-fit
plastic lugs that need to be
carefully pulled open; then,
move around the case with
a plastic tool and pop the
remaining plastic lugs to split
the front and back apart.

Right
The O2 Joggler may ELECTRONICS
look like a picture The Joggler is a low-powered
frame, but inside we
have a full Linux- PC. Using an Intel Atom Z520
powered computer, CPU running at a maximum
ready and waiting
to be hacked! 1.33GHz and coming with 512MB

106
 FIELD TEST

WISE WORDS
As this is my final Can I Hack It? , I wanted to part with a few words of wisdom that I
have learnt.
If you can’t do it safely, then ask for help! Learn a new skill with a friend who has the
knowledge to teach you safely. Especially if you are learning how to work with new tools
and high-voltage power. Your health and safety are vital!
Learn how to FAIL. Failure is only complete if you give up. Failure is not the end;
rather, it is a time for reflection. Why did it go wrong? How can I prevent it from
happening again? FAIL is an acronym: it’s our First (or Further) Attempt In Learning. We
learn resilience from failure and overcoming obstacles.
Share your skills. Write a blog, record a YouTube video, start a podcast, and tell
others about what you have learnt. The world is a richer place when we share ourselves
to help others. Think of your favourite teacher, mentor, or friend and how they helped you
learn something new.
Take photographs and be methodical when tearing equipment apart. Document the
process, as you will need to refer to it when putting it all back together. Store screws/
parts in trays/plastic cups.
Electronics can contain harmful components. Wear appropriate gloves, eye
protection, and wash your hands after handling older electronics.
Be safe, never stop learning, and happy hacking!

Above
Splitting the Joggler apart, we see the screen and touch
interface connected to the mainboard via many wires.
Make sure they stay connected

Z520 is a rather warm CPU, and when it gets too

warm, it will thermal throttle. So, either add extra
cooling, or run the CPU a little slower.

HACKABILITY
Can it be hacked? Well, yes, it can. The first easy
hack is to use a newer operating system. Luckily,
the birdslikewires.net website has all the resources
and tools that we need to add Ubuntu 18.04 to the
Joggler via an external USB drive. We performed
two installs. First, we installed Ubuntu 18.04 and the
Xubuntu window manager, and used the Joggler to
display web content. It worked OK, but it was a little
slow. So we tried another project: a custom control would be to remove the unit from the chassis and
unit for Pimoroni’s Mote light kit. We installed integrate it into a wall unit or desk. Touchscreen Above
At the rear of the
Ubuntu 18.04, a simple X server, then wrote a few control for your desk lights is possible with this! unit are the power,
lines of Python to create a GUI interface (using Ethernet, and
headphone outputs.
guizero) and control our lights using the Joggler’s CONCLUSION Under the sticker
are four cross-head
touchscreen. It works, and it’s super-quick too. The O2 Joggler may be an old piece of kit, but screws, which are
For a clean look, we removed the internal WiFi thanks to hackers like Birds Like Wires, we can to be removed to
open the case
card, but save this, as it is a USB device which can reuse this old piece of tech to do wondrous things.
be reused in another project. We replaced the WiFi So, go on, get a cheap unit online, and make it into
card with a 4GB USB 2.0 drive containing Ubuntu something wonderful.
18.04, and then sealed the unit back up.
But what if you want to take your hack further?
As mentioned before, the CPU will throttle if it gets
Right
too warm, so adding a heatsink and fan would be a Don’t throw away
great start. A 5 V fan can be connected to the power the USB WiFi
card – use it in
supply with relative ease. A more advanced hack other projects!

107
E3D Nozzle Fun Pack

REVIEW

E3D Nozzle Fun Pack

From ultra-detail to ultra-fast in one packet

E3D £30 e3d-online.com

By Ben Everard @ben_everard

T
here is no perfect nozzle for printing if you want to do something big. However, if you’re
with hot plastic because it’s a trade- doing something a little outside of ‘average’, then you
off between speed and quality. can get a big advantage by changing the nozzle.
Smaller nozzles can print with incredible The E3D Nozzle Fun Pack comes with a range
detail, but take a long time to do it. of six different nozzles, from 0.25 mm to 0.8 mm.
Larger nozzles are quicker, but can These let you pick the perfect size for your print, at
leave large layer lines. Most 3D printers ship with a least among those that are broadly compatible with
0.4 mm nozzle, and this is a pretty good compromise. most 3D printers. Speaking of compatibility, these
They print small things quite well, and aren’t too slow nozzles are compatible with E3D hot-ends, including
those used on official Prusa and LulzBot printers.
The other popular standard is MK8, which does look
quite similar, so double-check what your printer needs
before ordering.
Nozzles do come a little smaller and larger than this
range, but they’re a bit more difficult to use. If you
want to go smaller than 0.25 mm, you’ll probably find
that you need to use specialist high-flow filaments.
If you want to go larger, you’ll find that on most
3D printers you won’t get a speed-up as the
hot-end won’t be able to heat up plastic fast
enough to use a larger nozzle size (there
are specialist hot-ends that allow this, but
they don’t usually ship as standard on
3D printers). As well as heating, cooling
is a problem with larger nozzles. More
plastic needs more airflow to get it
to solidify, so you may struggle with
overhangs if you’re pushing the
limits with a large nozzle.

SETTING UP
Replacing a nozzle is fairly
simple, as they just unscrew
and screw back in (a small
spanner is included to help
with this). You do need
to be a little careful not
to damage the threads

108
 FIELD TEST

” The smaller nozzles have

been great for miniatures

”
such as game pieces

on the hot-end, so it’s worth checking the instructions the speed isn’t as critical because they’re small
for your particular printer to see if there are any anyway and if they’re going to be used a lot, it’s Left
Both of these prints
special steps to take. The biggest risk is working with worth spending the time to make sure they’re printed took about 20
hot metal, as you have to heat up your hot-end to as beautifully as possible. The 0.6 mm nozzle came minutes; the larger
with a 0.8mm nozzle
unscrew the nozzle – make sure it doesn’t drop on in handy last month when we were working with and the smaller with
a 0.25mm nozzle.
you or something it may damage! wood-fill. The really large nozzles are useful when you We did get some
As well as setting up the hardware, you need to need a lot of something quickly, such as when you’re stringing with the
smaller nozzle, but
configure the software. Your printer manufacturer prototyping larger objects and want to see how this is removeable
may provide settings for some of these nozzles they fit together, or when you’re in the middle of a with the usual
processes.
(Prusa, for example, provides settings for 0.25 mm pandemic and 3D-printed face shields are useful, but
and 0.6 mm nozzles in PrusaSlicer). You may be a little slow to produce. Below
The kit comes with a
able to find some community-created ones online. Perhaps the one downside to this is that the spanner and a metal
storage case
However, in order to properly get the full advantage nozzles are all brass, so they will gradually wear out
of your nozzles, you may find that you have to create (particularly if you’re using abrasive filaments, such as
some custom slicer settings. This isn’t as daunting as those with metal particles in them). That said, this is
it sounds – you can often just take an existing profile a good way of testing out how different nozzle sizes
and tweak a few bits to get it working. work with your printer, and if you’re finding that you’re
The advantage of having a range of nozzles is that, using one particular nozzle size with abrasive filament,
if one goes a little outside the range of your printer it might be worth replacing that with something like a
(for example, if 0.8 mm is just a hardened steel nozzle.
bit too much for your hot-end), It’s hard to think of a more
or proves tricky to work with cost-effective or easy way to
a particular filament type, upgrade your 3D printer than
then you can still get an a nozzle set. For a fairly
advantage by dialling it small outlay, you get both a
back a notch and going big increase in resolution
for the next nozzle. and a big increase in
We’ve been using speed (though not
this nozzle set for a at the same time,
few months now, unfortunately). The
and found them E3D Nozzle Fun VERDICT
really useful. The Pack has a good Extend the
smaller nozzles range of nozzles range of your
have been great that should be 3D printer.

9/ 10
for miniatures straightforward to
such as game get working with a
pieces. With these, compatible printer.

109
Ringo phone

REVIEW

Ringo phone
Build your own phone

CIRCUITMESS £129.99 circuitmess.com

By Ben Everard @ben_everard

T
he Ringo (formerly known as
MAKERphone) is an open-source,
DIY phone. It has an ESP32-based
microcontroller board at its heart that
can run Arduino or MicroPython code.
This solders onto a mainboard that has
buttons, a screen, and a connector for either a 2G
Right
The interface is or 4G mobile phone module. These electronics bolt
easy to use, if a into a case of four bits of laser-cut acrylic to create a
little retro in look
and feel mobile phone. A slightly bulky phone, and one based
on buttons rather than a touchscreen (as many modern
phones are), but a phone nonetheless.
When you open the box, you’re confronted
with a set of circuit boards (with the surface-
mount components already soldered on), a bag of
components, and the bits for the case. It’s up to you
to put this together. You can also optionally get a tools
kit that contains a USB-powered soldering iron, pliers,
desoldering pump, and a few other bits.
The step-by-step instructions (available at
circuitmess.com/build) take you through the whole
process very easily. Since all the surface-mount
components are in place, there’s only through-hole
soldering left to do, and it’s all quite accessible. While
a complete beginner might feel a little nervous starting
out with an expensive kit like this, there aren’t any
bits that should cause problems, and everything is
forgiving. The first step is to solder the headers onto
the controller board, and this gives an easy introduction
to soldering. You can also remove these without too
much difficulty should you make a mistake (we can
speak from experience here, as we failed to follow
the instructions – a fault of our hubris, not the clear
instructions – and soldered them on the wrong side of
the board).
The exact model of speaker has changed slightly
since the instructions were written, and is a little tight
to get behind the screen, but if you loosen off the

110
 FIELD TEST

bolts on the screen, it slots into place without much

difficulty. One of the speaker wires broke on our model
(CircuitMess tells us that it had a slight problem with a
supplier), but it took just a quick drop of solder to fix.

SOFTWARE
The phone software is reminiscent of early 2000s
phones. The screen is colour, but the resolution is
much lower than most modern phones (160×128
pixels). The joystick feels good under the thumb (it’s
analogue if you want to make use of this in your own
software). The phone comes with a few basic apps for
phone, SMS messaging, contacts, torch (or flashlight
for our American friends), a music player (WAV files
only), an image viewer, and there are three (quite
addictive) games: Space Invaders, Pong, and Snake.
The real advantage of this phone is not the software IN YOUR POCKET
it comes with, though: it’s that you can make your While this is a fun project to make, the real test of any Above
The phone is built
own quite easily. There’s support for MicroPython project is how it works once it’s made. On the simplest from these three
and Arduino, as well as CircuitBlocks which gives you level, this makes a perfectly good phone. You can circuit boards

a drag-and-drop Scratch-like interface to the phone’s make calls and send SMS messages easily (though Below
In the basic build,
Arduino library. The firmware on the phone allows you you have to be old-school enough to remember how to there’s a gap
to use these languages to create apps that can be type on a digit keypad, as the letters aren’t printed on). around the side
of the phone that
loaded interactively and will be interrupted by phone We found that the phone battery lasted a couple of anything conductive
calls and messages. As yet, there’s not much of an days with light use. could get into and
cause a short, but
ecosystem of apps available for this, but it’s a new However, few of us use phones as phones these a user on the forum
platform, and this may change in the coming months. days. The Ringo phone doesn’t compare to a modern (circuitmess.com/
community)
While the ESP32 does have WiFi and Bluetooth, the iPhone or Android device. There’s no web browser, no has designed a
3D-printable surround
only default application that makes use of this is the camera, no WhatsApp, etc. For some people, this will
firmware updater. Should you wish, you may be able to be an advantage, and for them, Ringo is an interesting
make use of these in your own applications. option. It’s distraction-free, so you won’t be sucked
into social media black holes, or feel you have to
photograph every meal. However, at the same time,
if you do find you need extra little features (and if
you’ve got the programming skills), you can
implement them yourself.
Phones are now the
visible face of high
technology and are
often seen as black-
box devices that hold
enormous power over
VERDICT
our everyday lives. The We had great fun
Ringo is a phone that
putting this
phone together.
we can control in almost
It’s one of the
any way we want, as a better maker kits
tool for helping to understand around, and
technology and our relationship could be a useful,
with it. For some, it’ll be a fun project customisable
and a curio; for others, it’ll be the basis gadget.

10/ 10
of their personal communications that they
retain control of. Either way, it’s an entertaining
kit to build and play with.

111
Arduino Portenta

REVIEW

Arduino Portenta
A powerful new pro-level microcontroller

ARDUINO €89.90 arduino.cc

By Ben Everard @ben_everard

F
or over a decade, Arduino has been quick (the Teensy 4 is the only faster microcontroller
synonymous with beginner-focused we’ve tested).
microcontrollers. Its easy-to-use A little unusually for a microcontroller, this SoC also
hardware and software have made it features a graphics engine and can output either over
easier for a generation of hobbyists and DisplayLink (on USB-C) or via Display Serial Interface
up-and-coming electrical engineers to get (DSI). As well as the MKR-style pinouts, the board has
started with programmable hardware. However, in two 80-pin, high-density connectors to give access
the last few years, we’ve seen products more aligned

”
with the professional market. First, Arduino’s MKR
line of boards offered features targeted at industry, There are definitely
then the Pro version of its development environment situations where something
launched with features for more advanced users.
like the Portenta could

”
Now the Portenta is the latest in the line of offerings
for users with heavier requirements. work well
At the heart of this new board is a beast of
Below a microcontroller – an STM32H747 with two
You can order cores: a Cortex-M7 running at 480MHz, and a to more of the chip’s functions (including the DSI and
the Portenta with
different memory Cortex-M4 running at 240MHz. From a programming a camera connector). Accessing these will require a
and connectivity perspective, these two cores are treated separately, carrier board – Arduino has released details for one, but
configurations,
though prices and and each can run a different sketch. The slower of the as yet, no price has been announced.
minimum order
quantities are yet
two cores, on its own, would be more powerful than There are a lot of features on this board. As well as
to be confirmed most hobbyist microcontrollers, but the M7 is really those mentioned, there’s connectivity with Ethernet,

112
 FIELD TEST

much simpler means there’s less room for errors,

there’s more potential for fine-grained timing control, Left
The USB-C port
and almost instantaneous booting. supports display-
There are definitely situations where something like link monitors for
video output
the Portenta could work well. For example, we could
imagine running a neural network doing image analysis Below
The high-density
on the M7 core, while controlling hardware with the connectors each
give an additional
M4 core. However, the software side of something 80 connections to
like this would be complex. Unless you want to train the board
your own neural network, you’re reliant on those
trained by others. For an industrial user, this might
not cause a problem, but it’s quite an undertaking
for a hobbyist to train and optimise their own
model for any sort of complex AI.
If the Portenta (or similar boards) become
popular, and there’s a good source of neural
networks trained and optimised for this
hardware, then it could be an attractive
option. Similarly with the hardware
– Arduino describes the two 80-pin
connectors as ‘a new standard’. If
they catch on, and there’s a choice of
carrier boards and different price points
offering different features, they also could
be very useful. If we’re left with just the offering from
WiFi and Bluetooth, 8MB RAM, 16MB flash, and an Arduino – which has a lot of features, but again we’re
NXP SE050C2 crypto chip. All this comes with a price expecting a price tag to match – then you’ll be looking
tag, and that’s 89.90 euros, plus tax. at a significant cost, even if you just want to attach a
As you would expect, all this can be accessed from single peripheral such as a camera. Again, for industrial
the Arduino IDE. Arduino has also promised Python customers, it might make sense to design your own
and JavaScript support, but these weren’t available at carrier board, but it’s a bit excessive to do this if you
the time we tested out the unit. just want to access a camera
The feature set and price point perhaps make on one project.
this more comparable to Linux-based single-board We’d love to be able to use
computers than most other microcontrollers. Things the Portenta to its full potential,
like driving displays and running neural networks are but until the ecosystem catches
more associated with more fully featured computers; up to the board, it will be a
however, there are some advantages to running them significant undertaking to build
on microcontrollers – keeping the software stack something that does.

VERDICT
A powerful
board, but lack
of ecosystem
limits its
ability to fulfil
potential.

8/ 10
113
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