Scope and user-
de ned functions
P Y T H O N D ATA S C I E N C E TO O L B O X ( PA R T 1 )
Hugo Bowne-Anderson
Instructor
Crash course on scope in functions
Not all objects are accessible everywhere in a script
Scope - part of the program where an object or name may be
accessible
Global scope - de ned in the main body of a script
Local scope - de ned inside a function
Built-in scope - names in the pre-de ned built-ins module
PYTHON DATA SCIENCE TOOLBOX (PART 1)
Global vs. local scope (1)
def square(value):
"""Returns the square of a number."""
new_val = value ** 2
return new_val
square(3)
new_val
<hr />----------------------------------------------------------------
NameError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-3-3cc6c6de5c5c> in <module>()
<hr />-> 1 new_value
NameError: name 'new_val' is not defined
PYTHON DATA SCIENCE TOOLBOX (PART 1)
Global vs. local scope (2)
new_val = 10
def square(value):
"""Returns the square of a number."""
new_val = value ** 2
return new_val
square(3)
new_val
10
PYTHON DATA SCIENCE TOOLBOX (PART 1)
Global vs. local scope (3)
new_val = 10
def square(value):
"""Returns the square of a number."""
new_value2 = new_val ** 2
return new_value2
square(3)
100
new_val = 20
square(3)
400
PYTHON DATA SCIENCE TOOLBOX (PART 1)
Global vs. local scope (4)
new_val = 10
def square(value):
"""Returns the square of a number."""
global new_val
new_val = new_val ** 2
return new_val
square(3)
100
new_val
100
PYTHON DATA SCIENCE TOOLBOX (PART 1)
Let's practice!
P Y T H O N D ATA S C I E N C E TO O L B O X ( PA R T 1 )
Nested functions
P Y T H O N D ATA S C I E N C E TO O L B O X ( PA R T 1 )
Hugo Bowne-Anderson
Instructor
Nested functions (1)
def outer( ... ):
""" ... """
x = ...
def inner( ... ):
""" ... """
y = x ** 2
return ...
PYTHON DATA SCIENCE TOOLBOX (PART 1)
Nested functions (2)
def mod2plus5(x1, x2, x3):
"""Returns the remainder plus 5 of three values."""
new_x1 = x1 % 2 + 5
new_x2 = x2 % 2 + 5
new_x3 = x3 % 2 + 5
return (new_x1, new_x2, new_x3)
PYTHON DATA SCIENCE TOOLBOX (PART 1)
Nested functions (3)
def mod2plus5(x1, x2, x3):
"""Returns the remainder plus 5 of three values."""
def inner(x):
"""Returns the remainder plus 5 of a value."""
return x % 2 + 5
return (inner(x1), inner(x2), inner(x3))
print(mod2plus5(1, 2, 3))
(6, 5, 6)
PYTHON DATA SCIENCE TOOLBOX (PART 1)
Returning functions
def raise_val(n):
"""Return the inner function."""
def inner(x):
"""Raise x to the power of n."""
raised = x ** n
return raised
return inner
square = raise_val(2)
cube = raise_val(3)
print(square(2), cube(4))
4 64
PYTHON DATA SCIENCE TOOLBOX (PART 1)
Using nonlocal
def outer():
"""Prints the value of n."""
n = 1
def inner():
nonlocal n
n = 2
print(n)
inner()
print(n)
outer()
2
2
PYTHON DATA SCIENCE TOOLBOX (PART 1)
Scopes searched
Local scope
Enclosing functions
Global
Built-in
PYTHON DATA SCIENCE TOOLBOX (PART 1)
Let's practice!
P Y T H O N D ATA S C I E N C E TO O L B O X ( PA R T 1 )
Default and exible
arguments
P Y T H O N D ATA S C I E N C E TO O L B O X ( PA R T 1 )
Hugo Bowne-Anderson
Instructor
You'll learn:
Writing functions with default arguments
Using exible arguments
Pass any number of arguments to a functions
PYTHON DATA SCIENCE TOOLBOX (PART 1)
Add a default argument
def power(number, pow=1):
"""Raise number to the power of pow."""
new_value = number ** pow
return new_value
power(9, 2)
81
power(9, 1)
power(9)
PYTHON DATA SCIENCE TOOLBOX (PART 1)
Flexible arguments: *args (1)
def add_all(*args):
"""Sum all values in *args together."""
# Initialize sum
sum_all = 0
# Accumulate the sum
for num in args:
sum_all += num
return sum_all
PYTHON DATA SCIENCE TOOLBOX (PART 1)
Flexible arguments: *args (2)
add_all(1)
add_all(1, 2)
add_all(5, 10, 15, 20)
50
PYTHON DATA SCIENCE TOOLBOX (PART 1)
Flexible arguments: **kwargs
print_all(name="Hugo Bowne-Anderson", employer="DataCamp")
name: Hugo Bowne-Anderson
employer: DataCamp
PYTHON DATA SCIENCE TOOLBOX (PART 1)
Flexible arguments: **kwargs
def print_all(**kwargs):
"""Print out key-value pairs in **kwargs."""
# Print out the key-value pairs
for key, value in kwargs.items():
print(key + \": \" + value)
print_all(name="dumbledore", job="headmaster")
job: headmaster
name: dumbledore
PYTHON DATA SCIENCE TOOLBOX (PART 1)
Let's practice!
P Y T H O N D ATA S C I E N C E TO O L B O X ( PA R T 1 )
Bringing it all
together
P Y T H O N D ATA S C I E N C E TO O L B O X ( PA R T 1 )
Hugo Bowne-Anderson
Instructor
Next exercises:
Generalized functions:
Count occurrences for any column
Count occurrences for an arbitrary number of columns
PYTHON DATA SCIENCE TOOLBOX (PART 1)
Add a default argument
def power(number, pow=1):
"""Raise number to the power of pow."""
new_value = number ** pow
return new_value
power(9, 2)
81
power(9)
PYTHON DATA SCIENCE TOOLBOX (PART 1)
Flexible arguments: *args (1)
def add_all(*args):
"""Sum all values in *args together."""
# Initialize sum
sum_all = 0
# Accumulate the sum
for num in args:
sum_all = sum_all + num
return sum_all
PYTHON DATA SCIENCE TOOLBOX (PART 1)
Let's practice!
P Y T H O N D ATA S C I E N C E TO O L B O X ( PA R T 1 )
