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    Analog To Digital Converter ADC: Lecturer Mohand Lokman

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    Mohamd barca
    - The document discusses analog to digital converters (ADCs) and their operation. It specifically focuses on different types of ADCs - flash ADCs, digital ramp ADCs, and successive approximation ADCs. - Flash ADCs are very fast but also expensive as they require 2^N-1 comparators for an N-bit converter. Digital ramp ADCs use a DAC, counter, and single comparator to incrementally ramp up the DAC output until it exceeds the analog input voltage. - Successive approximation ADCs start with the MSB and iteratively test bit values using a DAC and comparator to determine the digital output code one bit at a time from MSB to LSB. This takes

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    Analog To Digital Converter ADC: Lecturer Mohand Lokman

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    Mohamd barca
    117 views23 pages
    - The document discusses analog to digital converters (ADCs) and their operation. It specifically focuses on different types of ADCs - flash ADCs, digital ramp ADCs, and successive approximation ADCs. - Flash ADCs are very fast but also expensive as they require 2^N-1 comparators for an N-bit converter. Digital ramp ADCs use a DAC, counter, and single comparator to incrementally ramp up the DAC output until it exceeds the analog input voltage. - Successive approximation ADCs start with the MSB and iteratively test bit values using a DAC and comparator to determine the digital output code one bit at a time from MSB to LSB. This takes

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    Lecture-7

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    - The document discusses analog to digital converters (ADCs) and their operation. It specifically focuses on different types of ADCs - flash ADCs, digital ramp ADCs, and successive approximation ADCs. - Flash ADCs are very fast but also expensive as they require 2^N-1 comparators for an N-bit converter. Digital ramp ADCs use a DAC, counter, and single comparator to incrementally ramp up the DAC output until it exceeds the analog input voltage. - Successive approximation ADCs start with the MSB and iteratively test bit values using a DAC and comparator to determine the digital output code one bit at a time from MSB to LSB. This takes

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    117 views23 pages

    Analog To Digital Converter ADC: Lecturer Mohand Lokman

    Uploaded by

    Mohamd barca
    - The document discusses analog to digital converters (ADCs) and their operation. It specifically focuses on different types of ADCs - flash ADCs, digital ramp ADCs, and successive approximation ADCs. - Flash ADCs are very fast but also expensive as they require 2^N-1 comparators for an N-bit converter. Digital ramp ADCs use a DAC, counter, and single comparator to incrementally ramp up the DAC output until it exceeds the analog input voltage. - Successive approximation ADCs start with the MSB and iteratively test bit values using a DAC and comparator to determine the digital output code one bit at a time from MSB to LSB. This takes

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pdf or txt
    of 23

    Analog to digital converter

    ADC
    Lecturer
    Mohand Lokman
    Most signals are
    Need to Sample an analog
    analog signal
    Then convert to digital
    by A/D converter

    Are sensor outputs Analog ?


    Eg. Seatbelt ? EEG, oil temp

    Figure 9.36 The process of periodically sampling an analog signal. (a) Sample-and-hold (S/H) circuit.
    The switch closes for a small part (t seconds) of every clock period (T). (b) Input signal waveform. (c)
    Sampling signal (control signal for the switch). (d)2Output signal (to be fed to A/D converter).
    A/D converter
    Converts analog signals into binary words
    Analog  Digital Conversion
    2-Step Process:

    • Quantizing - breaking down analog value to set of


    finite states (but it still analog)
    • Encoding - assigning a digital word or number to each
    state
    Step 1: Quantizing
    Example: a 3 bit A/D , N=23=8 (no. of steps)

    Output Discrete Voltage


    States Ranges (V)
    0-10V signals. 0 0.00-1.25
    Separated into discrete
    states with 1.25V 1 1.25-2.50
    increments. 2 2.50-3.75
    Analog quantization size: 3 3.75-5.00
    Q=(Vmax-Vmin)/N = (10V 4 5.00-6.25
    – 0V)/8 = 1.25V
    5 6.25-7.50
    6 7.50-8.75
    7 8.75-10.0
    A/D Conversion Basics: Quantization

    Quantization is to convert the


    input voltage range into Q=2N
    Volt
    bands to encode a continuous
    analog signal to discrete digital
    levels.

    Quantization Interval:
    Vru  Vrl
    Time V 
    Q
    Quantization Error:
    V
    emax
    
    2Q
    q

    6
    A/D Conversion Basics: Quantization
    saturation error

    Quantization error

    7
    A/D Conversion Basics: Resolution
    • Related to input range, typically
    • Lowest bit determines resolution
    • Resolution: smallest analog change resulting from changing one
    bit
    • Since the output of an A/D converter changes in discrete steps,
    there is a resolution error (uncertainty), known as a
    quantization error.
    • The quantization error is ±0.5 LSB. In input units, this is
    expressed as
    Vru -Vrl
    input resolution error   0.5 N volts
    • For an 8-bit converter 2
    Vru -Vrl
    input resolutionerror   0.5 8
     0.002(Vru -Vrl ) volts
    2
    • For a 12-bit converter
    Vru -Vrl
    input resolutionerror   0.5 12
     0.0001(Vru -Vrl ) volts
    2
    8
    Estimating digital output of DAC

    • To calculate the output of simple ADC use the


    following eq:
    Where:
    Vi: input voltage
    Vrl: lower range voltage
    Vru: upper range voltage
    N: number of bits
    int: rounding the number to the nearest integer
    • To calculate the output of 2s’complement ADC use the
    following eq:
    Simple ADC

    • Example : a 4-bit ADC has input range of 0-10 volt. Calculate the digital
    output for the input voltage of 6.115?

    • Sol:
    6.115 − 0 4
    𝐷0 = 𝑖𝑛𝑡 2 = 𝑖𝑛𝑡 9.78 = 10
    10 − 0
    2’s complement ADC

    • Example: a 12-bit ADC with 2’s complement output has an input range -
    10 to +10. calculate the digital output when the input voltage is -11, -5,
    0, 6.115 and 12 volt?

    Solution:
    A/D Converter Types

    • Flash ADC
    • Digital ramp ADC
    • Successive Approximation ADC
    Flash Analog to Digital Converter
    Fast – but more expensive :
    Single cycle - Uses many Comparators in parallel with
    different reference voltages
    Analog
    • 2N-1 comparators for N-bits
    • Each reference voltage
    equivalent to a quantization
    level Digital
    • Encoding logic produces
    word

    Figure 9.45 Parallel, simultaneous, or flash A/D conversion.


    13
    Diagram of a flash ADC [1]

    AD/DA (v.5b) 14
    How Flash Works
    • As the analog input voltage exceeds the reference voltage at each
    comparator, the comparator outputs will sequentially saturate to a
    high state.
    • The priority encoder generates a binary number based on the
    highest-order active input, ignoring all other active inputs.
    Type 4 ADC : Flash ADC (cont’d)

    • Very fast for high quality audio and video.


    • Very expensive for wide bits conversion.
    • Sample and hold circuit usually NOT required.
    • The number of comparators needed is 2N-1 which
    grows rapidly with the number of bits
    • E.g. for 4-bit, 15 comparators;
    • for 6-bit, 63 comparators.

    AD/DA (v.5b) 16
    Digital ramp ADC
    • One of the simplest solution to solve the problem of flash ADC (the number of the comparators)
    is to use digital-ramp ADC and this consist of DAC, binary counter and one comparator, see fig
    Digital ramp ADC
    • the clock to increment the counter one step at a time until VAX >=VA. It is called a digital-
    ramp ADC because the wave form at VAX is a step-by-step ramp. The comparator output
    serves as the active-LOW end-of conversion signal. the operation of ramp ADC proceeds
    as follows
    • 1. A START pulse is applied to reset the counter. The HIGH at START also inhibits clock
    pulse form passing through the AND gate into the counter.
    • 2. With all 0’s at its input, the DAC’s output will be VAX = 0V.
    • 3. Since VA > VAX, the comparator output, EOC, will be HIGH.
    • 4. When START returns LOW, the AND gate let the clock pulses get through to the
    counter.
    • 5. As the counter advances, VAX increases one step at a time.
    • 6. This continues until VAX > VA. Then EOC will go LOW so that the counter will stop
    counting.
    • 7. The conversion process is now complete as signaled by the HIGH-to- LOW transition at
    EOC, and the contents of the counter are the digital representation of VA.
    Digital ramp ADC
    Problem: Assume the 10-bit ramp ADC has the following values, clock
    frequency = 1 MHz and with F.S. (full scale) output = 10.23 V.
    Determine
    a. The digital equivalent obtained for VA = 3.728 V.
    b. The conversion time.
    c. The resolution error of this converter.
    Solution
    a. D0=int(3.728/10.23)*2^10=373
    d. Tc= 373*1/1M=373usec
    c. Re=±.5*10.23/2^10=4.9mv
    Digital ramp ADC
    Note:
    1. from this problem we realized that the conversion time depend on the steps that the counter should
    count to reach the input voltage (the worst case, Va=Full scale).
    2. Even that, it still the cheapest ADC
    Successive-Approximation ADC
    Successive-Approximation ADC
    Successive-Approximation ADC (conversion
    time)

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