Srisailam Todeti M AY 2020

Applications Engineer
 1.5 HOUR

1. EW Test and Evaluation Process

2. Modern EW Technology Requirements

• High Density Environment
• High Fidelity Environment
• High AoA Quality
• Scalability
• Scenario Complexity

3. Multi-Emitter Scenario Generation Software

4. Conclusion

EW Threat Simulation Solutions 2

EW Threat Simulation Solutions 3
 R&D System Integration Hardware in the Installed System Test Open Air Range Reprogramming Lab Operational
Lab Lab Loop Facility Verification

System Prime & sub Primes and MoD labs MoD T&E facilities MoD test ranges MoD reprograming ▪ Flight line
simulation contractor labs ▪ Jammer effectiveness ▪ Installed receiver, ▪ Jammer labs and onboard
▪ Predicted ▪ Receiver & ▪ Technique evaluation jammer & processor effectiveness & ▪ Create/Validate ▪ Operational
system processor & optimization performance suitability Mission Data Files verification
performance performance ▪ Effectiveness in a high ▪ Full EOB ▪ Tactics ▪ Verify / QA the ▪ Pre-mission
via digital ▪ Component density environment performance ▪ In-flight receiver & software check
modeling compatibility evaluation and processor ▪ Maintenance
algorithm verification effectiveness &
suitability

EW Threat Simulation Solutions 4

REAL WORLD RF ELECTRONIC WARFARE SIMULATION LAB

>>

EW Threat Simulation Solutions 5

G A I N I N G V A L U E I N T & E S I M U L AT I O N The most value is gained:
flexible, productive and realistic.

High
Medium

So much time is Paying for realism twice.

spent in debugging Waste is found in over-
and customizing the featured products with too
end goal is lost in the much flexibility.
T&E instrumentation.
Low

Cost
EW Threat Simulation Solutions 6
 Pulse Density (pps)
106

105

Low Low 104

Frequency Atmospheric Low PRF Better Range
RADARs Attenuation 103

102

High High Good for 101

Frequency Atmospheric High PRF Doppler

RADARs Attenuation measurements
Acq, Grnd Cntrl Intercept
Fire Control
Early Warning

Comprise frequency band VHF UHF L S C X Ku

between Range & Doppler A B C D E F G H I J
measurements Frequency Bands

C-Band

EW Threat Simulation Solutions 7

A R E AL I S T I C E W S C E N AR I O
Early warning (VHF - S-
band)

Engagement, f ire control

• Higher frequencies are used for Active Missile (C – Ku band)

Seekers and Small Apertures on UAVs

• Most of the Threats are between 2 to 18GHz

• Doppler shift is inversely proportional to RADAR

wavelength

Easy to distinguish
Shorter λ Greater δf from Carrier’s PN &
Main Lobe Clutter

EW Threat Simulation Solutions 8

 S O R T I N G T H R E AT S B A S E D O N A O A

• Each incoming RF pulse is parameterized by

EW Rx into PDW (ToA, freq, AoA, PW, MoP)

• DF method is used to sort RADAR threats

based on AoA → Adds the AoA to PDW

• AoA is a primary sorting parameter (along

with frequency)

• AoA change depends on Velocities and

Ranges of the Platforms

• At long ranges, AoA changes slowly and at

short ranges, changes quickly (Ex: Fast Jets)

EW Threat Simulation Solutions 9

 1.5 HOUR

1. EW Test and Evaluation Process

2. Modern EW Technology Requirements

• High Density Environment
• High Fidelity Environment
• High AoA Quality
• Scalability
• Scenario Complexity

3. Multi-Emitter Scenario Generation Software

4. Conclusion

EW Threat Simulation Solutions 10

• 1 to 10 million pulses-per-second
• Agile amplitude range
• Agile frequency switching
• AoA
• Interferers
• Hours-long scenarios simulating EOB
• Adaptivity: change the threats in response to positive tracking and/or jamming from the EW
system under test

EW Threat Simulation Solutions 11

• Gaming area: 2D? 3D? Duration? Number of players? Terrain? Atmospheric?
• What simulation granularity/resolution to use?
• Worded differently, what ∆t should be used in the simulation?

• For each ∆t, how many pulses to be streamed depends on EW receiver sensitivity, PW,
PRI, and number of emitters
• For each ∆t, will our interface to simulation assets keep up with the desired pulse density?
Do PDWs need to be duplicated with AoA shifts?

EW Threat Simulation Solutions 12

 Requirement Example
• Plays PDWs streams • Create scenarios lasting hours or longer
• Power: precisely controlling 1-way range • 𝑃𝑆𝑢𝑡 =
𝑃𝑡 𝐺𝑡𝐺𝑠𝑢𝑡𝜆2
equation to EW SUT (polarization, range, 4𝜋 3 𝑅2
kinematics, threat Tx, EW SUT Rx)
• Modulation: simulating the threat’s output • Chirp deviation, Barker chip width
waveforms
• SPURS, harmonics, images: the EW receiver
will try classify all spurious content from 2-18 • Less than -70 dBc
GHz
• Timing resolution: Creating precise pulse • ~2 ns timing resolution for adjusting PRI and
widths, PRFs, and DTOA is very important. pulse width
• Switching speed: creating maximum pulse • Switching speeds of ~ 200 ns
density with the minimum number of signal
generators
• Create Angle of Arrival (AoA) • Multi-source synchronization for <10 ps DTOA,
ₒ
<1 phase, <.1 dB amplitude

EW Threat Simulation Solutions 13

• What is pulse-on-pulse?

• Pulse collisions depend not only on number of emitters but also on their PRFs, PWs and therefore duty cycles.

vs

EW Threat Simulation Solutions 14

 S I G N A L G E N E R AT I O N

Signal Synthesis
• Traditional PLL-based VSG
• Multiple PLL VSGs required

Modern DDS Source

• Single DDS source required

EW Threat Simulation Solutions 15

D I G I T AL S I G N AL S Y N T H E S I S

• Phase Repeatable: When frequencies are

changed, the ability to recollect the phase at
the frequency to continue generating signals
at the appropriate phase. It is important to
simulate Doppler RADARs as they measure
doppler shift based on deviation in phase

• Phase Continuous: Ability to change the

frequency while maintaining phase. It is
important to simulate multiple threats from a
Single Generator

EW Threat Simulation Solutions 16

W AV E F O R M D I V E R S I T Y A C R O S S M U L T I P L E B A N D S

Baseband IQ
Bandwidth 1.5 GHz 1.5 GHz

7 GHz

Traditional vector source is limited by Modern agile source with vector adapter
baseband memory

EW Threat Simulation Solutions 17

 1.5 HOUR

1. EW Test and Evaluation Process

2. Modern EW Technology Requirements

• High Density Environment
• High Fidelity Environment
• High AoA Quality
• Scalability
• Scenario Complexity

3. Multi-Emitter Scenario Generation Software

4. Conclusion

EW Threat Simulation Solutions 18

T O S I M U L AT E T H E T R U E R A D A R S C A N S

EW Threat Simulation Solutions 19

AT T E N U AT I O N A P P R O A C H E S

Mechanical
Baseband Analog IQ
Attenuator

Changes power with base band IQ on a pulse by pulse basis

Electronic
Baseband Digital IQ
Attenuator

Changes power with output electronic attenuator on a pulse by pulse basis

EW Threat Simulation Solutions 20

 T R A D I T I O N A L S I G N A L G E N E R AT O R S

• Either too slow or not spectrally sufficient due to DAC or signal chain distortions
• Often posses slow switching attenuators that cannot keep up with amplitude update rates or no
way to scale amplitudes other than by sample scaling (limited by SINAD of DAC)

Threat or Spur?

Signal

-40 dB
Signal
Spur Spur

EW Threat Simulation Solutions 22

 M O D E R N S I G N A L G E N E R AT O R

• Keep up with multi-emitter scan patterns

• Spectrally sufficient even at low power levels

Signal

-40 dB
Signal
Spur Spur

EW Threat Simulation Solutions 23

 1.5 HOUR

1. EW Test and Evaluation Process

2. Modern EW Technology Requirements

• High Density Environment
• High Fidelity Environment
• High AoA Quality
• Scalability
• Scenario Complexity

3. Multi-Emitter Scenario Generation Software

4. Conclusion

EW Threat Simulation Solutions 24

H I G H AO A Q U AL I T Y

Amplitude Comparison Phase

Monopulse TDOA Interferometry

EW Threat Simulation Solutions 25

I N D E P E N D E N C E O F AO A VAR I AB L E S

Uncorrected

Amplitude

Variance
Variance

Frequency Frequency

EW Threat Simulation Solutions 26

 • Interdependency: Correcting Amplitude changes Phase
I N D E P E N D E N C E O F AO A VAR I AB L E S
• Make these variables as independent as possible
Corrected
• Pin Diode Versus Step Attenuator: Which one is better?

Amplitude

Variance
Frequency Variance Frequency

PIN Diode changes

Impacts Phase due to Continuous & difficult
impedance for o/p
impedance mismatch to correct
power control

Step attenuator affect Finite number of

Easy to correct
Phase very little states

EW Threat Simulation Solutions 27

 UXG
Vector
Vector
Adapter
COMMON MODE DRIFT UXG
Vector
Vector
Adapter
UXG
Vector
Vector
Adapter
UXG
Vector
Vector
SharedUXG
DDS Adapter
reference clock
Analog and UXG
fast hopping LO Vector
Vector
Adapter
UXG
Vector
Vector
Advantages with Symmetric Architecture Adapter
• Any drift in the clock, each port will drift similarly and UXG
resulting AoA will remain correct Vector
Vector
Adapter
• AoA quality control with Symmetric Architecture UXG
Vector
Vector
Temperature stability also matters..! Adapter

EW Threat Simulation Solutions 28

 1.5 HOUR

1. EW Test and Evaluation Process

2. Modern EW Technology Requirements

• High Density Environment
• High Fidelity Environment
• High AoA Quality
• Scalability
• Scenario Complexity

3. Multi-Emitter Scenario Generation Software

4. Conclusion

EW Threat Simulation Solutions 29

M O D U L AR AR C H I T E C T U R E

UXG Agile Signal N5193A UXG

Fast
Generator for
DDS Multiply Switching common DDS
Output reference clock and
Shared DDS Clk

as the agile LO

Local Oscillator
Configured as Fast
Switching LO
Fast
Up
DDS Digital IQ Switching
Convertor
Output

IQ Data N5194A UXG

UXG Vector Adapter
Vector Adapter
EW Threat Simulation Solutions 30
M O D U L AR AR C H I T E C T U R E AL L O W S AD D I T I O N O F M O R E V E C T O R AD AP T E R S

EW Threat Simulation Solutions 31

M O D E R N AN G L E O F AR R I VAL P O R T G R O U P UXG
Vector

UXG
Vector
Single Channel, 08-Port System
UXG
Vector

UXG
Vector
UXG
Analog UXG
Vector

UXG
Vector
Analog UXG provides Shared
UXG
DDS reference clock and fast Vector
hopping LO
UXG
Vector

UXG Vector Adapters

EW Threat Simulation Solutions 32

M U L T I - C H A N N E L C O N F I G U R AT I O N

Rx0
Two Channel, 08-Port System
Rx1

Rx2

Rx3

Rx4

Rx5

Rx6

Rx7

EW Threat Simulation Solutions 33

 M U L T I - C H A N N E L + M U L T I - P O R T C O N F I G U R AT I O N

Three Channel, 08-Port System

Channel 1

Channel 2
SUT

Channel 3

3 Pulses at Same Time at 4 Ports

EW Threat Simulation Solutions 34
 1.5 HOUR

1. EW Test and Evaluation Process

2. Modern EW Technology Requirements

• High Density Environment
• High Fidelity Environment
• High AoA Quality
• Scalability
• Scenario Complexity

3. Multi-Emitter Scenario Generation Software

4. Conclusion

EW Threat Simulation Solutions 35

R E Q U I R E M E N T S F O R R E A L I S T I C T H R E AT - E M I T T E R S

Pulse Phase Trend

• IQ/Vector signal generators should be used to
create complex diverse threat signals
No modulation on
• Any MOP: CW, FMCW, LFM chirp, Barker, pulse (MOP)
NLFM chirp, user defined-frequency and phase
modulation
• Pulse shaping including: Rise time, fall-time,
Linear FM chirp
overshoot and other imperfections
MOP
• Wideband modulation (QPSK, QAM etc) for
interferes like LTE and 5G signals

Non-linear FM chirp
MOP

EW Threat Simulation Solutions 36

H O W P D W ’ S A R E D I F F E R E N T T H A N I Q W AV E F O R M S

Frequency Band Map

Pulse Start Time (s)

Power Level(dB)
Frequency(Hz)

Phase Control

Waveform Id
Marker Mask
Band Adjust
Pulse Mode
Phase(deg)
Operation

Markers
1 0 1.94334950921E+10 COH 82.15309223 -14.86058665 CW 0x0 CW 17 0x0 A
0 1.0000000000E-04 1.61745945542E+10 COH 122.6602626 -5.91860809 CW 0x1 CW 15 0x1 A
0 2.0000000000E-04 8.84065280879E+09 COH 296.0744915 -4.010433411 CW 0x2 CW 13 0x2 A
0 3.0000000000E-04 1.39453080346E+10 COH 246.9612856 -9.2085698 CW 0x3 CW 12 0x3 A
0 4.0000000000E-04 1.12879000190E+10 COH 329.4808209 -17.03086039 CW 0x4 CW 11 0x4 A
0 5.0000000000E-04 1.29317587739E+10 COH 253.1369458 -8.913706511 CW 0x5 CW 10 0x5 A
0 6.0000000000E-04 1.58743551671E+10 COH 132.515016 -16.49047367 CW 0x6 CW 13 0x6 A
0 7.0000000000E-04 1.37306401516E+10 COH 245.6228863 -8.171463112 CW 0x7 CW 11 0x7 A
0 8.0000000000E-04 1.46044066912E+10 COH 79.60814054 -16.89505959 CW 0x8 CW 14 0x8 A
0 9.0000000000E-04 5.97336163343E+09 COH 167.394585 -1.528317682 CW 0x0 CW 17 0x0 A
0 1.0000000000E-03 1.03134425679E+09 COH 346.2784529 -12.02466241 CW 0x1 CW 13 0x1 A
0 1.1000000000E-03 1.84338321345E+10 COH 74.13140628 -18.67882226 CW 0x2 CW 10 0x2 A
0 1.2000000000E-03 6.87439397145E+09 COH 201.4485592 -19.22564593 CW 0x3 CW 18 0x3 A
0 1.3000000000E-03 8.40474423146E+09 COH 154.2111116 -12.7385926 CW 0x4 CW 14 0x4 A
0 1.4000000000E-03 1.61901457554E+10 COH 335.8113833 -16.10917784 CW 0x5 CW 12 0x5 A
0 1.5000000000E-03 1.69270694880E+10 COH 51.29263464 -8.496477939 CW 0x6 CW 16 0x6 A
0 1.6000000000E-03 1.92348434863E+10 COH 206.5774952 -0.607526953 CW 0x7 CW 16 0x7 A

• IQ data pair for each sample point 0

2
1.7000000000E-03
1.8000000000E-03
1.21679246000E+10
1.31681802210E+10
COH
COH
28.55732618
124.3296724
-7.521686607
-9.461517836
CW
CW
0x8
0x1
CW
CW
13
12
0x8
0x1
A
A

• Widely used in AWG’s and vector signal generators • Much more efficient way to describe pulsed signals
• General-purpose: can describe any waveform and with greatly reduced data set
modulation type. • UXG offers 2 ways to use the PDW list
• Point to IQ file
EW Threat Simulation Solutions 37
Scenario: 5 seconds of simple pulsed radar signals frequency hopping over a 5 GHz bandwidth
range with variable amplitude centered in Ku Band. The pulse density is 100,000 pulses/second.

IQ Based PDW Based

• IQ waveform (no sequencing/DDS) • Pulse Descriptor Words
• 1 sample = 4 bytes • 1 PDW = 8 Bytes
• AWG sample rate: 12 Gsa/sec • UXG PDW rate: 100k PDW/sec
• Memory required: • Memory required:
• (4 bytes)*(12 Gsa/sec)* 5 sec = • (8 bytes)*(100k PDW/sec) *5 sec =

240 Gbytes! 4 Mbytes!

60,000x less
memory!!
EW Threat Simulation Solutions 38
AD D S M O R E C APAB I L I T Y T O AN AL O G U X G
• UXG Vector Adapter generates signal according
N5193A UXG to IQ PDW and upconverts with the UXG as agile
6 GHz OUT fast hopping LO
• The IQ System allows 1.6 GHz of modulation
BW for non-linear MOP, arbitrary waveforms and
digital comms. signals
RF OUT
6 GHz IN
LO IN
6 GHz 1.8 GHz 8-18 GHz N5194A UXG Vector Adapter
Clock 1.6 GHz BW LO
Pulse
DDS Electronic
Agile Up .05 - 20 GHz
Based Amp Attenuator
DAC Converter Modulator RF OUT
Bank

IQ Data
PDW Controlled
EW Threat Simulation Solutions 39
 1.5 HOUR

1. EW Test and Evaluation Process

2. Modern EW Technology Requirements

• High Density Environment
• High Fidelity Environment
• High AoA Quality
• Scalability
• Scenario Complexity

3. Multi-Emitter Scenario Generation

4. Conclusion

EW Threat Simulation Solutions 40

P R E - S C R I P T E D S C E N A R I O G E N E R AT I O N

Pre-scripted Scenario Threat Generation (Radar) System Under Test (SUT)

EW Threat Simulation Solutions 41

 D Y N AM I C R E AL - T I M E C O N T R O L W I T H H U M AN - I N - T H E - L O O P

• Closed loop testing with

hardware in the loop Human-in-the loop Analysis
and scenario
• Non-deterministic
control
• Latency of less than 100 ms

Scenario UXG Agile Signal Sources

SUT
EW Threat Simulation Solutions 42
M U L T I - E M I T T E R S C E N A R I O G E N E R AT I O N

PDW RF

Multi-Emitter Scenario UXG Agile Signal Sources SUT Testing

• Flexible and scalable architecture • Threat identification, prioritization
Generation (MESG)*
• Upgrade/Add more at any time and classification
• PC based pre-scripted software
• Reconfigurable multi-channel/multi- • Threat de-interleaving and sorting
• Create a hierarchy of platforms,
port configurations • Subsystem interface
emitters, modes, and waveforms
management Subsystem threat
correlation
• Electronic countermeasures
Note: Keysight N7660C Multi-Emitter Scenario Generation software is subject to
ITAR export control: International Traffic in Arms Regulations
EW Threat Simulation Solutions 43
 M U L T I - E M I T T E R S C E N A R I O G E N E R AT I O N

Multi-emitter Types
• Pre-scripted scenario generation for LAN or on each platform
SSD Streaming
• Multiple Emitters and Emitter Types on each
Jammer
platform SU
Ship T Time Domain View
• Automatically interleaved with dropped pulse
reports
• Define Antenna Scan Patterns for each mode Platform
• Radiation Pattern Waypoints
• Antenna Scan Types
• Antenna Properties Multi-platform example
• Connect multiple UXGs to increase channel with 3D Rotational View
increase (ie, pulse on pulse), pulse density or
AoA simulations Truck
• Automatically compute AoA and Kinematics Dropped pulse reports
• Legacy Threat Simulation
3D visualization to verify
scan pattern
*Subject to ITAR 44
EW Threat Simulation Solutions
 Scale simulation by
adding multiple platforms,
multiple emitters/platform
Platform and/or multiple
modes/emitter
• Platform Type
• Waypoints import and Kinematics
Emitter
• Emitter Frequency, Amplitude, Phase

Mode
• Antenna Radiation and Scan Patterns
• Polarization
• Antenna Boresites
Waveform
• PRI, Frequency Agility, Repeats
Pulse
• Pulse Width, MOP, IQ Import

EW Threat Simulation Solutions 45

 2-Port AoA Scenario Custom waypoints import

• Automatically computes AoA and

Kinematics of SUT and other
Platforms in scenario
• Simulated by changing power
levels, Doppler frequencies and
signal phases between UXG ports

Waypoints table

EW Threat Simulation Solutions 46

• Add multiple modes per emitter
• Define Antenna Scan Patterns for each mode
• Radiation Pattern
• Antenna Scan Types
• Antenna Properties

• Define Waveform PRI and Pulse for each mode

EW Threat Simulation Solutions 47

• Waveform Parameters • Pulse Parameters
• PRI • Pulse Width
• PRI with stagger • Pulse Width with stagger
• Frequency Agility • Modulation
• Barker
• Custom BPSK
• IQ Import
• FM Chirp

EW Threat Simulation Solutions 48

• Automatically interleaves all
platform information into PDW files
and generates dropped pulse
reports based on user defied
priorities
• Control pulse density and
dropped pulses by changing pulse
parameters (PRI, Pulse Start, etc)
• Scale UXG outputs to increase Dropped Pulses Control over pulse density
pulse and/or channel density optimization

EW Threat Simulation Solutions 49

 (PRE-RECORDED)

Example

• Multiple emitters (04) are placed on a

Single Platform

• Single UXG generating Multiple Emitters

- 02 no’s of Search Emitters with
Circular Antenna scan pattern
- 02 no’s of Track Emitters with
Bidirectional Raster Antenna scan
pattern

EW Threat Simulation Solutions 50

(PRE-RECORDED)

Example

• Two port AoA simulation

• Two UXG’s assigned to Two

Antenna ports of SUT

• Single Emitter with “Lobe-on-

Target” Antenna scan pattern

• SUT with “Conical Antenna scan

pattern”

• Way point list data (07 points)

applied to Platform

EW Threat Simulation Solutions 51

 (PRE-RECORDED)

Example

• Four port AoA simulation

• Four UXG’s assigned to four

ports of SUT

• Multiple Platforms (06)

• Multiple Emitters (08)

EW Threat Simulation Solutions 52

E N A B L I N G T E C H N O L O G I E S F O R H I G H F I D E L I T Y S I M U L AT I O N

nanoFET MMIC High

Switches & Performance
Attenuators DAC / DDS

EW Threat Simulation Solutions 53

 U X G B A S E D P L AT F O R M

✓High Fidelity and Density Simulation

• DDS Phase coherent and Phase continuous switching

✓Open Architecture
• “PDW to RF Transducer”
• Create multi-emitter scenarios with many different scenario
generation tools
• Legacy systems and source compatibility

✓Variable and Scalable

• Scale and calibrate many UXGs for high channel and port counts
• Reconfigurable for changing requirements

✓High Performance COTS

• Instrument grade, warranted specs
• Integrated racks include system level calibration and thermal
control
• Not a “one off” custom system
• Start testing sooner with quicker delivery and less maintenance

EW Threat Simulation Solutions 54

 M O D E R N I Z I N G E W T H R E AT S I M U L AT I O N W I T H N E W D D S S O U R C E S A N D M E S G S W

• High Density Environment • High AoA Quality

• DDS for precise phase and frequency control • Independence of AoA variables
• High Fidelity Environment • Modular Design
• DDS for clean intra-pulse modulation • Temperature Stability
• Agile Electronic Power Control for Antenna • Scenario Complexity
Scans • PDW vs IQ
• Scalability through Modular Architecture • Multi-Emitter Scenario Generation SW
• Shared PDW Generator • Pre-scripted scenarios
• Shared DDS Clock • Simple to complex situations
• Pulse-by-pulse arbitration • Now with support for N5194A Vector UXG
Adapter

EW Threat Simulation Solutions 55

EW Threat Simulation Solutions 56
W W W. KE Y S IG HT.CO M/ F IND/ E W

EW Threat Simulation Solutions 57