Content: Direct Variation

DISCUSSION:

A variable y varies directly as variable x if and only if ¿ kx . The

constant is called the variation constant or the constant of proportionality. If
we know one pair of values that varies directly, then we can find k. Once k is
known, we can write the equation of variation and use it to determine other
values.
In the same manner, that a variable y varies directly as the square of x
is expressed as y  kx .
2

Direct variation is also related to proportion. Let (x 1,y1) and (x2, y2) be
y1
k
any two solutions for y  kx , then
y1  kx 1 or x1
y  kx2
. Similarly you have 2
y2 y1 y2 y1 y2
k 
or x 2 . Since we can equate x1 and x2 k
to , it follows that x1 x2
.

Activity 1:

Direction: Write an equation for the following statements:

1. The length L of a person’s shadow at a given time varies directly as the

height h of that
person.
2. The cost of electricity C varies directly as the number of kilowatt-hour
consumption I.
3. The volume V of a cylinder varies directly as its height h.
4. The weight W of an object is directly proportional to its mass m
5.The area A of a triangle is proportional to its height h.

1|Page
 DISCUSSION:

Examples:

1. If y varies directly as x and that y  32 when x  4 . Find the variation

constant and the equation of variation.
Solution:

Express the statement “y varies directly as x”, as y  kx . Substituting

the given values in the equation, you have:

32  k (4)

32
k
4

k 8

The variation constant is 8 and the equation of variation is given by:

y  8x

2. Find the equation of variation when y varies directly as x and y  7 when

x  25 .

Solution:
y  kx

7  k (25) Substitute the given.

7
k
25 or

k  0.28
Therefore, the equation of the variation is
7
y x
25 or y  0.28 x

2|Page
 DISCUSSION:

3. x varies directly as y . If x  35 when y  7 , what is the value of y when x  25 ?

The problem states that x  ky , substitute the first values of y and x

respectively to get k , you have:
35  k (7)
35
k
7
k 5

Hence the equation of the variation: x  5 y

Solving for y when x  25 ,
25  5y
25
y
5
y5

4. Find the constant of variation and the equation of variation. If y varies

directly as x , and y  15 when x  3 .
Solution:

The problem states that y  kx . Substitute the values to solve for k ,

you have
15  k (3)
15
k
3
k 5

Hence, the equation of the variation: y  5 x

3|Page
Activity 2:

Directions: Find an equation where y varies directly as x.

1. y = 28 when x = 7
2. y = 30 when x = 8
3. y = 0.7 when x = 0.4
4. y = 0.8 when x = 0.5
5. y = 400 when x = 125
6. y = 630 when x = 175
7. y = 200 when x = 300
8. y = 1 and x = 2
9. y = 48 and x = 6
10. y = 10 and x = 24

Activity 3:

Direction: Solve for each of the following. Use any method. y varies directly
as x. find the values as indicated.

1. If y = 12 when x = 4, find y when x = 12

2. If y = -81 when x = 9, find y when x = 7

3. If y  3 when x  4 , find x when y  2

4. If y = 3 when x = 10, find x when y = 1.2

5. If y = 2.5 when x = 7.25, find y when x = 4.75

4|Page
 Content: Inverse Variation

DISCUSSION:

Inverse variation occurs whenever a situation produces pairs of numbers,

whose product is constant. Here, the time varies inversely as the speed:

rt  10 (a constant)

k
y
The statement, “ y is inversely proportional to x ,” translates to x , where k
is the proportionality constant or constant of variation.

Examples:

1. Find the equation and solve for k: y varies inversely as x and y  6 when x  18 .

k
y
Solution: The relation y varies inversely as x translates to x . Substitute the
values to find k:

k
y
x
k
6
18
k  (6)(18)
k  108

108
y
The equation of variation: x

5|Page
 DISCUSSION:

Find the constant of variation and the equation of the variation: y varies inversely as x ,
given that y  24 and x  0.3 .
k
y
Solution: The relation y varies inversely as x translates to x . Substitute the values to find k:

k
y
x
k
24 
0.3
k  (24)(0.3)
k  7.2
7.2
y
The constant of variation is 7.2 and the equation of variation is x
3. y varies inversely as x. If y  2 when x  4 , find the value of x when y  1 .
k
y
Solution: The relation y varies inversely as x translates to x . Substitute the values to find k:

k
y
x
k
2
4
k  (2)(4)
k 8
8
y
The constant of variation is 8, the equation of variation is x
To find x when y  1 :
8
y
x
8
1
x
x  (8)(1)
x 8
6|Page
Activity 1:

Direction: Find an equation of variation where y varies inversely as x.

1. y = 25 when x = 3

2. y = 7 when x = 10

3. y = 42 when x = 25

4. y = 0.4 when x = 0.6

5. y = 45 when x = 2

Activity 2:

Direction: In each of the following, find the constant of variation and then
solve for the indicated variable.

1. y varies inversely as x. If y = 3 when x = 4, find y when x = 6.

2. If w varies inversely as y. If w = 2 when y = 3, find w when y = 6.

3. If y varies inversely as x, and y is 10 when x = 5, find y when x = 7.

4. If w varies inversely as x and is 10 when x = 5 find w when x = 3.

5. If y varies inversely as x and y = 10 when x = 5, find y when x = 15.

7|Page
 Content: Joint Variation

DISCUSSION:

a
 The statement “a varies jointly as b and c” means a = kbc or k = where k is the
bc
constant of variation.

Examples:
1. Find the equation of variation where a varies jointly as b and c, and a – 36 when
b=3 and c=4.
Solution:
a = kbc
36 = k (3)(4)
36=12k
36
k=
12
k=3
Therefore, the required equation of variation is a=3bc.
2. z varies jointly as x and y. if z = 16 when x = 4 and y=6, find the constant of
variation and the equation of the relation.
z = kxy
16 = k (4)(6)
16=24k
16
k=
24
2
k=
3
2
The equation of the variation is z = xy .
3

8|Page
Activity 1:

Directions: Translate each statement into mathematical statement. Use k as

the constant of variation.

1. P varies jointly as q and r .

2. V varies jointly with l , w and h .
3. The area A of a parallelogram varies jointly as the base b and

altitude h .

4. The volume of a cylinder V varies jointly as its height h and the

square of the radius r .

5. The heat H produced by an electric lamp varies jointly as the

resistance R and the square of the current c .

Activity 2:

Directions: Solve for the value of the constant of variation k, then find the
missing value.

1. z varies jointly as x and y and z = 62 when x = 5 and y = 6.

a. find z when x = 7 and y = 8

b. find x when z = 72 and y = 4

c. find y when z = 82 and x = 4

2. z varies jointly as x and y . If z  3 when x  3 and y  15 , find z

when x  6 and y  9 .

3. z varies jointly as the square root of the product x and y . If z  3

when x  3 and y  12 , find x when z  6 and y  8 .

9|Page
 Content: Combined Variation

DISCUSSION:

 Combined variation is another physical relationship among variables. This is the

kind of variation that involves both the direct and inverse variations.
kx zy
 The statement “z varies directly as x and inversely as y” means z= or k =
y x
where k is the constant of variation.
Examples:
1. If z varies directly as x and inversely as y, and z = 9 when
x = 6 and y = 2, find z when x = 8 and y = 12.

Solution:
kx
z
The equation is y

Substituting the given values:

k6
9
2
9
k
3
k 3
(3)(8)
z
12
z2

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 DISCUSSION:

2. x varies directly as y and inversely as z . If x  15 when y  20 and z  40 , find x

when y  12 and z  20 .

ky
x
Solution: The equation is z

Substituting the given values to find k where x  15 when y  20 and z  40 ,

k 20
15 
40
(15)(40)
k
20
k  30

To find x when y  12 and z  20

ky
x
Using the equation z
(30)(12)
x
20
x  18

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Activity 1:

Directions: Using k as the constant of variation, write the equation of variation

for each of the following.

1. W varies jointly as the square of a and c and inversely as b.

2. The electrical resistance (R) of a wire varies directly as its length ( l )

and inversely as the square of its diameter (d).

3. The acceleration A of a moving object varies directly as the distance

d it travels and varies inversely as the square of the time t it travels.

4. The heat H produced by an electric lamp varies jointly as the

resistance R and the square of the current C.

5. The kinetic energy E of a moving object varies jointly as the mass m

of the object and the square of the velocity v.

Activity 2:

Direction: Solve the following

1. If r varies directly as s and inversely as the square of u, then r = 2

when s = 18 and u = 2. Find:

a. r when u = 3 and s = 27.

b. s when u = 2 and r = 4
c. u when r = 1 and s = 36

2. p varies directly as q and the square of r and inversely as s.

a. write the equation of the relation

b. find k when p = 40, q = 5, r = 4 and s = 6
c. find p when q = 8, r = 6 and s = 9
d. find s when p = 10, q = 5 and r = 2.

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 Content: Integral Exponents
DISCUSSION:

 For all real numbers a, and integers m and n, the following laws of exponent applies to
expressions having the same base:
a. Multiplication:
am · a n = a m + n
b. Powers of Power
(am)n = amn.
Examples:

1. 32 · 33 = 32 + 3 Add the exponents

=3 5

= 3·3·3·3·3 35 in factored form

= 243
2. (2 )
3 2
= 23(2) Get the product of the exponents
=2 6

= 2·2·2·2·2·2 26 in factored form

= 16
3. a · a
4 -3
= a4 + (-3) Add exponents
= a1 or a
4. 3p2q · 2p3q2 = 6p2+3q1+2 Add exponents of the same base
= 6 p5q3
5. (a5b3)2 = a10b6 Get the product of the exponents

Division:
am ÷ a n = a m - n

Examples:

1. 75 ÷ 73 = 75 – 3 Subtract the exponent

= 72 Express as factors
= 7·7
= 49 The quotient

2. 12a6 ÷ 4a-3 = 3a6 – (-3) Divide the numerical coefficients and

= 3a9 subtract the exponents.

3. x5y4 ÷ x3y =x5 – 3 y4 – 1 Subtract the exponents of

= x2y3 expressions having the same base.

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Activity 1: Is the Formula Effective?

Directions: Evaluate the following:

1. 42 · 43 6. (22)3

2. 5 · 52 7. (32)2 · 43

3. 24 · 23 · 32 · 34 8. (22)2 · (3)2

4. 102 · 103 9. (4 · 2)3

5. (6)(62)(62) 10. 102 · 53

Activity 2:

Direction: Find the quotient:

1. 105 ÷ 103 6. r7 ÷ r6

2. 93 ÷ 9 7. 14a10 ÷ 2a-5

3. 52 ÷ 5-2 8. 18x6y3 ÷ 3x3y

4. 7-1 ÷ 7-2 9. 15x3y4 ÷ 5x3y

5. 45 ÷ 4 10. 24a7b5 c3 ÷ 4a3b3c3

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 Content: Zero and Negative Exponents

DISCUSSION:

 The Zero Exponent

For any real number a where a  0, a0 = 1

Use the above definition to simplify each expression.

1. 170 = 1 any number whose exponent is 0 is equal to 1.
2. 6x0 = 6(1) = 6 In 6x0, the exponent 0 applies only to x.
3. (a3b2)0 = (1)(1) = 1 Distributive property
4. –3y0 = -3(y0)
= -3(1) = -3 In -3y0, the exponent 0 applies only to y.

 Negative Exponents

For any nonzero real number a and whole number n,

1
a−n=
an

and a-n is the multiplicative inverse/ reciprocal of an.

Examples:

Simplify the following expressions.

(Note: To simplify will mean to write the expression with positive exponents)

1
1. y-5 = you get the reciprocal
y5
1 1 1
2. 4-2 = 5
  you get the reciprocal and simplify
4 (4)(4) 16
1 1 1
3. (-3)-3 =   you get the reciprocal and simplify
( 3) 3
( 3)( 3)(3) 27

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 3
2 1 1 1 Get the reciprocal to have a
4.     
3  2
3
 2  2  2  8 positive exponent, simplify then
     
 3  3  3  27 divide.
 3
8 27 27 To divide fractions, get the
1 1  reciprocal and proceed to
27 8 8 multiplication.
1 2 The exponent –3 applies only to
5. 2x-3 = 2  3
 3
x x the variable x, and not to the
coefficient 2.

Caution: The expression 4w-2 and (4w)-2 are not the same. Do you see why?
1 4
6. 4w-2 = 4  2
 2
w w
1 1 1
7. (4w)-2 = 2
 
( 4 w) (4 w)(4 w) 16 w 2

Suppose that a variable with a negative exponent appears in the

denominator of an expression.

1 1
8. 2
 Change the negative exponent in
a 1 the denominator to positive
a2 exponent.
a2 1
1  a2 To divide, get the reciprocal of 2
1 a
and multiply.

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Activity 1:

Directions: Simplify each expression.

1. 250 6. x0y
2. (m4n4)0 7. (xyz)0
3. 8m0 8. 10000
4. –7t0 9. (ab)0
5. pq0 10. –5a0

Activity 2:

Direction: Simplify each of the following expressions.

1. a-10 6. 10x-5

2. 2-4 7. (2y)-4

3. (-4)-2 8. –5t-2

5 −2 1
4.
() 2 9.
( )
x−4

2
5. 3w-4 10.
( )
3 a−2

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 Content: Radicals

DISCUSSION:

n
 In the radical expressions √x we shall call n the index. The exponent of x in
1
n
this expression is 1. √x can be transformed as the rational expression x n

1
n
and vice versa. Notice that in the rational expression x , the denominator n of
the exponent is the index and the numerator 1 is the index of the radical
n
expression √ x .
 You can use this knowledge to write expressions involving rational exponents as
radicals and vice versa.

Writing Rational Expressions in Radical Form:

1

If n is a positive integer, x  x .
n n

Examples:

Write each rational expression in radical form.

1) 25 2 = 25 The denominator is the index. If

the index is 2, there is no need of
writing.
1 The denominator is 3 and so
3
2) 8 3
= 8 the index is 3.
1
4
81 The denominator is 4
3) 81 4
=
and so the index is 4.

18 | P a g e
 m
m
If is any rational number where n  0, x n  n x m  ( n x ) m .
n

Examples:

Write each rational expression in radical form.

m
3
Here we use a  a , which is
n n m
1) a  5 a3
5
generally the preferred form in this
situation.
3
The exponent applies to mn
2)  mn  4  4  mn   4 m3n3 because of the parenthesis.
3

5 Note that the exponent

3) 2y 6  26 y 5 applies only to the variable y.

5 Now the exponent

4)  24  6  6  2y   6 32y 5
5
applies to 2y because of the
parenthesis.
Writing Radical Expressions in Exponential Form:
1

In writing radical expressions in exponential form such as x  x , where n n

n is a positive integer, the index is the denominator while the exponent is the numerator.

Examples:

Write each radical expressions in exponential form.

5 5
1) x 3) 2a
2) 4
x3 4) 5 y   3

Solutions:
1
5
x x 5 The index is 5 and the exponent is 1.
1) =
3 The index is 4 and the exponent is 3.
2)
4
x3 = x4
1

3)
5
2a =  2a 5 The index is 5 and the exponent is 1.

 
3
3
4) 5 y = 5 y 2 The index is 2 and the exponent is 3. Five
is not included in the parenthesis so the fractional
exponent is only for y.

19 | P a g e
 Activity 1:

A. Write each radical expressions in radical form.

3 3

1) a
4
6)  2y  4
5 3

7) 9
2
2) m 6

2 3

8) 2 y
4
3) 2x 3

2 3

4) 3x 9) 16
5 4

2 2

5)  3x  5 10) 8
3

B. Write in exponential form

5
1. 7a 6) 32r 10 s15

2)
3
27p6 7) 64x 2

3)
4
81x 8 y 16 8)
5
32y 5

4) 25w 4 9) 121

3
5) 8m6 n9 10)
3
64

20 | P a g e
 Content: Operations on Radicals

DISCUSSION:

A. Addition/Subtraction of Radical Expressions

1. Simplify all radicals.
DISCUSSION:
2. Combine like radicals by combining the coefficients of the radical term.
3. Perform the operation (either addition or subtraction)

a √n x+ b √n x =(a+ b) √n x

Illustrative Examples:
1. √ 2+ √ 2=( 1+1 ) √ 2=2 √ 2
2. 6 √ 11−2 √ 11=( 6−2 ) √ 11=4 √ 11
3. 3. 4 √3 10+ 4 √3 10=( 4+ 4 ) √3 10=8 √3 10
4. 6 √ 2 + 3 √5 +2 √2 +5 √5
Solution:
= (6 √2 +2 √2 ) + (3 √5 +6 √5 ) Group similar radicals.
=8 √2 +9 √5 Add the coefficients of similar
radicals.

You cannot add the coefficients of different radicand

5. 6 √ 27 - 2 √ 75
Solution:

=6 √ 9⋅3 - 2 √ 25⋅3 Factor each radicand

= 6(3 √3 ) - 2(5 √3 ) Simplify

= 18 √3 10 √3 Add the coefficients and annex

their common radical factor

21 | P a g e
Activity 1:

Why
are
Oysters greedy?

Perform and Simplify the following radicals. Write the letter in the box above its
correct answer. Keep working and you will discover the answer the questions.

H. 5 - 18 5 + 4 5 - 5 5 E. 4 7 + 7

R. 35 - 6 5 I. 7 10 + 90

1
T. 27 - 3 3 F. 3 2 - 2 32
3

1
S. 2 27 - 3 48 + 75 Y. 4 27 + 5 7 - 2 48
5

20 5
L. 3
16  3 3 54 A. 
2 4

35
-23 -185 57 43+57 2 335 - 65 57

_ _ _
-53 -185 57 1132 1132 -52 1010 -53 -185

22 | P a g e
 Content: Operations on Radicals

DISCUSSION:

A. Multiplication of Radical Expressions

B.1 Same Index
1. Multiply the coefficients.
2. Multiply the radicands.
3. Simplify the radical.
Note: You may simplify the radical again once you have found the product.

?? ?? ??
? ?? ? ?? = ? ????

Illustrative Examples:
1. ?? 2??? 3? = ? 6
2. (5? 2)(3? 6) = 15? 12 = 15? 4? 3 = 15?2?? 3 = 30? 3
3. ? 5??? 15?? = ? 5?? • 15 = ? 75?? = ? 25 • 3?? = 5? 3??
4. ? ???4? ??- 8? 3? = 4? ??2 - 8? 3?? = 4?? - 8? 3??
5. (? 2 - 5)2 = (? 2)2 - 2?5??? 2? + 52 = 2 - 10? 2 + 25 = 27 - 10? 2
B.2 Different Indices
1. When the indices differ, multiply the radicals with the help of rational exponents.
2. Express the exponents as similar fractions
??
3. Rewrite it into the form ? ???? as a single expression.
4. Then, perform the operation and simplify.

Illustrative Examples:
1 1 5 6
3 6
1. ? 5 • ? 5 = 52 • 53 = 56 = ? 55 = ? 3125
1 1 2 3
3 6 6 6
2. ? 3 • ? 2 = 33 • 22 = 36 • 36 = ? 32 • 33 = ? 9 • 8 = ? 72
1 1 4 3
3 4 12 12 12
3. ? 2 • ? 4 = 23 • 44 = 212 • 412 = ? 24 • 43 = ? 16 • 64 = ? 1024
1 1 7
4. ? 3 • ? 3 = 34+3 = 312 = ? 2187
4 3 12

23 | P a g e
Activity 1:

Perform the indicated operations. Simplify all answers as completely as

possible.
A.
_ __ _ __
1. 311 6. 5 45
_ _ __ _ _ __
2. 3513 7. 2610
_ _ _ _ _
3. 6 24 8. 3 5 6
__ __ __ __
4. 18 32 9. 24 28

_ _
5. (-42 )2 10. ( 35 )2

Content: Operations on Radicals

24 | P a g e
 DISCUSSION:

 Division of Radicals
Example 1. Simplify: 72
6
Solution: You are given two solutions:
__
a. Simplify 72. b. Make one radical expression
___ __ __ __
72 = 36 2 72 = 72
6 6 6 6
_ __
= 62 Rationalize = 12
6 _ _
_ _ = 4 3
= 62 . 6 _
6 6 = 23
__
= 612
6
__
= 12
_ _
= 4 3
_
= 23
Example 2. 6b7_
30ab
___
Solution: 6b7__ = 6b7 Reduce
30ab 30ab

b6
= 5a
_
= b6
5a

= b3
5a
__
= b3 . 5a
5a 5a
__
= b35a
5a

Rationalizing binomial denominators

The principle used to remove such radicals is the familiar factoring

25 | P a g e
equation. If a or b is square root, and the denominator is a + b, multiply the
numerator and the denominator by a – b and if a or b is a square root and the
denominator is a + b, multiply the numerator and the denominator by a – b. (a +
b) (a – b) = a2- b2
Example 4. ___20___
10 + 6
__ _
Solution: ___20___ = ___20___ . 10 - 6
10 + 6 10 + 6 10 - 6
__ _
= 20(10 - 6)
10 – 6
__ _
= 20(10 - 6 )
4
__ __ _ _
= 5(10 - 6) or 510 - 56

Example 6. 2  32
_ _ _
Solution: 2  32 = __2__
32
26 | P a g e

= 21/2 Change the radicals to fractional exponent.

21/3
Example 8. Perform: 2  (2 + 3)
_ _ _
Solution: 2  (2 + 3) = __2__ rewrite the expression
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2 + 3
28 | P a g e
 Activity 1:

.A.Divide
Divideand
and simplify
simplify
__ __
1. 618  1240
__ __
2. 819  438
_ _
3. 203  53
_ _
4. 426  36
__ _
5. -420  2
6. 4 27  3 2

7. __1__
2 + 5
8. __1__
3 - 11

9. __3__
3 – 1

29 | P a g e