1.2 Automatic Load Frequency Control: Department of Electrical Engineering, S.I.E.T, Dhenkanal
1.2 Automatic Load Frequency Control: Department of Electrical Engineering, S.I.E.T, Dhenkanal
1.2 Automatic Load Frequency Control: Department of Electrical Engineering, S.I.E.T, Dhenkanal
PROPOTIONAL BLOCK
ERROR OUTPUT
SIGNAL SIGNAL
PLANT TRANSFER
∑ ∑ FUNCTION
INTEGRAL BLOCK
DERIVATIVE BLOCK
frequency sensor measures the frequency error Δf and this error signal is fed into
the integrator. The input to the integrator is called the Area Control Error (ACE). The
ACE is the change in area frequency, which when used in an integral-control loop,
forces the s steady-state frequency error to zero. The integrator produces a real-power
command signal and is u(t) given by
u(t )= K i∫ e( τ )dτ
Fig. 1.2 Comparison of terminal voltage with different type of proportional controller
1.5Cuckoo’s search
Cuckoo search idealized such breeding behaviour, and thus can be applied for various
optimization problems. It seems that it can outperform other met heuristic algorithms
in applications.
Each egg in a nest represents a solution, and a cuckoo egg represents a new solution.
The aim is to use the new and potentially better solutions (cuckoos) to replace a not-
so-good solution in the nests. In the simplest form, each nest has one egg. The
algorithm can be extended to more complicated cases in which each nest has multiple
eggs representing a set of solutions.
1. Each cuckoo lays one egg at a time, and dumps its egg in a randomly chosen
nest;
2. The best nests with high quality of eggs will carry over to the next generation;
3. The number of available host’s nests is fixed, and the egg laid by a cuckoo is
In addition, Yang and Deb discovered that the random-walk style search is better
performed by Levy flights rather than simple random walk.
1.6Thesis Outline
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, S.I.E.T, DHENKANAL 5
The outline of this thesis is as follows:
Algorithm to analysis the performance of the ALFC system by tuning the controlled
parameters of the PI and I controller.
Chapter 4: It analyses of the results obtained for the ALFC system by tuning the PI and
I controller to determine the performance of the studied system.
1.7 Summary
In this chapter, the project and the key notes are discussed which will be
described in detail in the later chapters. The Cuckoo search is used in the project thus
its successful tuning is the basic step for the success of the project. Its tuning results
are discussed in chapter 3.