Basic Geometry

Introduction :

The word geometry is a Greek for – geos meaning earth and metron meaning measure.

In geometry there are only four imaginary items or simple ideas, upon which everything else is built:
Point, Line, Plane and Space.

Basic Definition in Geometry

Dimensions:

Definition: The dimension can be defined as the magnitude of some parameter in a particular direction
(especially length or width or height).

Point :

Definition: Points are the basis of Geometry. The most important thing to remember about a point is
that it has absolutely zero dimensions . It means that they have no length, no width, no depth.
It is simply a location , a dot .

Space :

Definition: Space is a set of all points .

Plane:

Definition: A plane is an imaginary flat surface that is infinitely large and with zero thickness. A plane
has length and width, but no height, and extends infinitely on all sides.
Line:
Definition: A line is a one-dimensional figure. That is, a line has length, but no width or height. .
Basically, a line is made up of an infinite number of points.

Points that line on the same line are called "collinear points."

Two points are needed to define a line.

We write the name of a line passing through two different points A and B as "line AB" or AB .

Line Segments:

Definition: We may think of a line segment as a "straight" line that we might draw with a ruler on a
piece of paper. A line segment does not extend forever, but has two distinct endpoints. We write the
name of a line segment with endpoints A and B as "line segment AB" .

Property Two line segments that have the same length are called congruent segments. This ≡
symbol is used to show congruence. AB ≡CD
Additional Information:

If C is between A and B and on line segment AB,

then AC + CB = AB.

Angle:

Definition : When the two lines or two segment of lines intersect or meet at a point than they form an
Angle.

The representation of angle can given as following way

1. X
2. ∟B
3. ∟ CBA

● The angle can be measured in terms of either Degree or Radian.

● The number of degrees or radians tells us how wide open the angle is.
● Degrees are marked with ' º ' and radian with 'c' Normally c is skipped. (examples 1, 2 can be
given here)

Properties
Whenever we draw try to draw an angle, we never get a single angle. We always get more than one
angle.
For example in the above figure, note that whenever try to draw ∟ABC, we get two angles say x and y.

Formula :

The Relation between the Degree and Radian: If an angle measured in degree is D and in radian is
R, then the relation between D and R is given by

180 0 π
D= X R or R= 0
XD
π 180

Example:
1) If Degree is used for measurement, it is written as:

∟ X = 300

2) If Radian is used for measurement, it is written as:

π
∟X=
6

3) If an angle measure in degree is 45 0 .then what is value in radian.

π
we know that R= XD
1800

→ π
R= 0
X 450
180

π
→ R=
4
More about Angles:

Additional Information:

1) The side of the angle from where the measurement is started is called the initial side, and the
side where it ends is called the terminal side.
When measuring angles ,we usually go Counterclockwise as shown in below figure. (can the arrow
head be prominent)
2) In one full rotation, the measure of the angle is 360 degree.

In the N number of rotations, the total measured angle is given by

= N X 360

Example : If the total angle measured is the 800 degree, then find the number of rotations .

Solution: Let N be the number of rotations needed to achieve 800 degree.

Since 1 rotation corresponds to 360 degree,
N rotations would correspond to : N X 360
Equating this to 800, we get:
N X 360 = 800

800 2
N= = 2 rotations
360 9
Quiz Time

1 . How many angles are formed in the given figure.

2. Convert the following

1. 450 0 into Radian
7π
2. into Degree
9

3 . If the measure of an angle is 1 degree, then it corresponds to how many number of

rotations ?
Classification of the Angle:

Angles are classified as follows:

Acute angle:

Definition: If the angle measure less than 900 , it is called Acute angle.

∟AOB < 90 degree

Right Angle:

Definition: If an angle measures 900 , it is called right angle.

∟AOB = 90 degree

Obtuse Angle:
Definition: An angle measures greater than 900 it is called Obtuse angle.

∟ AOB > 90 degree

Straight Angle:

Definition: An angle measures 180 degree, it is called Straight Angle.

∟ AOB = 180 degree

Reflex Angle:

Definition: An angle measures greater than 180, it is called Reflex Angle.

Full Angle :
Definition: An angle measures 360 degree, it is called Full Angle.
QUIZ Time
(1) Which of the following is a measure of an acute angle ?
(a) 120 degree
(b) 90 degree
(c ) 89 degree
(d) 91 degree

(2) If a line is perpendicular to another , then which is the type of angle formed between the
lines?
(a) Acute angle
(b) Obtuse angle
(c ) Right angle
(d) Straight angle

(3) Which of the following represents reflex angle?

(a) 180
(b) 150
(c ) 210
(d) 170

(4) Which of the following type of the angle, has the greatest angular measurement?
(a) Acute angle
(b) Right angle
(c ) Obtuse angle
(d) Reflex angle
The relationships between the lines
Co planer Lines
Definition: The Co planer lines are the lines that lies in the same plane.

In the above figure, lines l, m and n are the co planer lines.

Identical Lines :
Definition: The identical lines are lines that coincide with each other. In fact, they are the same
lines .

Intersecting Lines:
Definition: The term “intersecting” is used when lines line segments meet and share a common
point. The point that they share is called the point of intersection. We also say that these lines
intersect.

Example: In the diagram below, line AB and line GH intersect at point D:

Additional Information:Two different lines intersect in at most one point.

Parallel Lines:
Definition: Two lines in the same plane which never intersect are called parallel lines.

We say that two line segments are parallel if the lines that they lie on are parallel.
If line m is parallel to line n, we represent this as m || n .
When two line segments DC and AB lie on parallel lines, we represent this as segment DC || segment
AB.
Example: Lines m and n below are parallel.

Additional Information:
Transitivity of parallelism theorem : If line AB || CD and line CD || EF then line AB || EF .

Perpendicular lines:
Definition: Perpendicular lines intersect each other in a special way, forming a right angle between
them.

We write this as PQ ┴ MN

Skew Lines:
Definition: Like parallel lines, skew lines never touch, but unlike parallel lines, skew lines do not lie
in the same plane.

In above figure the line LM and CD are skew lines . Note that LM and CD are the non co planer lines.

Transversal line:
Definition: Transversal is a line that intersect two other coplanar lines.
Bisector of a line segment:

Definition: A line which cuts a line segment into two equal parts is called Bisector.

Perpendicular Bisector of a line segment:

Definition: A line which cuts a line segment into two equal parts at 900 , is called Perpendicular
Bisector.
QUIZ Time

In the given figure, suppose the lines AB and CD never meet each other then fill the following.

(1) AB and CD are .....

(a) Intersecting lines
(b) Parallel lines Correct
(c )Perpendicular lines
(d) Skew lines
(2) AB and MN are ..........
(a) Intersecting lines Correct
(b) Parallel lines
(c )Perpendicular lines
(d) Skew lines
(3 ) MN is a ...........
(a) a Transversal Correct
(b) a Parallel line
(c )a Perpendicular line
(d) a Skew line
(4) CD and EF are ..........
(a) Intersecting lines
(b) Parallel lines
(c )Perpendicular lines Correct
(d) Skew lines
The relation between the Angles
Congruent angles:
Definition Two angles that have the same measure are called congruent angles.

here if the ∟X = ∟Y then Both are congruent angles.

Supplementary Angles:
Definition Two angles are called supplementary if their measures add up to 180º .

In above figure 120 and 60 angles are supplementary because 120º + 60º = 180º .

Example: If the following two angles are supplementary , then find the value of the x.

Solution:
Given that two angles are supplementary .
So their sum will be 180º

So 70º + (x+ 65)º = 180º

==> xº + 135º = 180º
 x = 45

so the value of x is 45º.

Adjacent angles :

Definition: The two angles are called as an adjacent angles if they do not overlap each other and
share a common side and the vertex.

Linear pair
Definition: The two supplementary adjacent angles, whose non common sides form a line, is called a
Linear pair.

Example: In the above figure if the angle x is three times that of angle y, find the value of x
and y.

Solution:
In above figure we know both angle are supplementary angles
so the sum of these two angles x + y = 180 .......(1)
the angle x is 3 times of y
So we can this as x = 3y ...........(2)
put the x value in the equation in the (1)

3y +y = 180
4 y = 180
y = 45
Substituting the value of y in the (2)
x = 3 X 45
x = 135
So the value of x = 135 and y = 45.

Complementary Angles:
Definition: Two angles are called complementary if their measures add up to 90 .

Vertical Angle:

Definition: The vertical angles are pairs of angles formed by two intersecting lines. The vertical
angles are congruent(equal).

In the above figure, a and c are vertical angles pairs,

b and d are the other vertical angle pairs.

a ≡c and b≡d

Note that: The angle (a, d), (a, b) , (b, c) and (c, d) forms the linear pairs of the supplementary angles.
Example: Two lines intersect as shown in the figure. If the angle a = b+ 10, then find the other
angles in the figure.

Solution:

Given :
a = b +10 .............(1)
From the figure
a + b = 180 ( since the two angles form a linear pair ) .................(2)

So substitute the value of a in (2)

b + 10 + b =180
2 b +10 = 180
2b = 170
b = 85

From (1)
a = 85 + 10
a = 95
from figure
a=d (vertical angles )
b=c (vertical angles )
So
d =95
c = 85

the value of a = 85 , b = 95 ,c = 85 and d = 95

Angles around a Point :

Property: The angles around a point will always add up to 360 degree .
Example If a – b = 60 then find the value of the a and b .

Solution:
From the figure,
90 + 120 + (a + b )= 360 ( angles around point will always add up to 360 )
a + b = 360 – 120 – 90
a + b = 150 .............(1)
It is given that
a – b = 60 ................(2)
add (1) and (2)
so 2a = 210
a = 105
Substitute the value of a in (1)
105 + b = 150
b = 150 – 105
b = 45

So the value of a = 105 and b = 45

Angle bisector

Definition The line which divide the angle into two equal parts, is called Angle Bisector.

In the above figure, YW is the angle bisector of ∟ZYX. Hence ∟ZYW ≡ ∟WYX
Quiz Time

1. The congruent angles are characterized by ......

(a) Unequal angle
(b)Equal angle
(c)Can't say

2. Which of the following are supplementary angles

(I) 45 and 45
(II) 150 and 30
(III) 90 and 90
(IV) 89 and 1
(1) I , IV
(2) II,III
(3) I,II,III
(4) all

3. Compare the following

If P & Q are supplementary angles and R & S are the Complementary angles
Column A = P + Q
Column B = R + S

( a) Column A is greater than Column B

(b) Column B is greater than Column A
(c ) Column A is equal to Column B
(d) Relation can't determined from the given information

4 . What are the vertical angles in the following figure .

(a) a & 100

(b) b & c
(c ) a & b
(d) b & 100
5 What is value of x?

(a) 50
(b) 60
(c ) 70
(d ) 80

6 If the x – y = 30 , then find the value of x and y .

(a) 100 , 70
(b) 90 , 60
(c) 70 , 40
(d) 70 , 100
Angles formed by Parallel lines and Transversal line
Introduction When a transversal line cuts parallel lines, they form several congruent angles and
several supplementary angles.

In the figure given below, line 'm' and 'n' are the parallel lines and line 'l' is transversal to the lines 'm'
and 'n'.

Note that: 1) (a, c), (b, d), (p, r) and (q,s) are the pair of vertically opposite angles.
2) (a, b), (b, c), (c, d), (a, d), (p, q), (q, r), (r, s) and (p, s) are the linear pairs.
3) Moreover, observe that (d, p), (c, q), (a, s) and (b, r) are the pairs of supplementary angles.

Let us consider the different pairs of the angles.

Corresponding pairs of angles:

Definition: If the two or more parallel lines are cut by a transversal line, then corresponding pairs
of angles are formed and they are congruent.

In the above figure,

Corresponding angle pairs are (a , p) , (b, q), (c, r) and (d, s).

Also, a = p, b = q, c = r, d = s

Alternate Interior Angles :

Definition: If the two parallel lines are cut by a transversal line, the two nonadjacent interior angles
on the opposite side of the transversal are called Alternate Interior Angles. Alternate Interior
Angles are congruent.

In the above figure

Alternate Interior Angle pairs are (d, q) and (c, p)

Also, d = q and c = p
Alternate Exterior Angles :

Definition: If the two parallel lines are cut by a transversal line, the two non adjacent exterior
angles on opposite side of the transversal are called Alternate Exterior Angles . Alternate Exterior
Angles are congruent.

In the above figure,

Alternate Exterior Angles pairs are (a, r) and (b, s).

Also, a = r and b =s

Example :
(I) Identify a pair of adjacent angles.

Explanation:
Adjacent angles are
● RKV and EKR
● EKR and LKE
● LKE and LKV
● VKL and RKV

(II) Name a pair of Vertical angles, Complementary angles ,Supplementary angles

Explanation:
Vertical angles
• CFM & PFQ
• QFC & MFQ

Complementary Angles
• MCF & DFM

Supplementary Angle
• CMF & QFC
• QFC & PFQ
(III) In the figure lines P and Q are parallel to each other. Lines R and S are transversal lines.
Angle n and r measures 60 degree and 45 degree respectively. Find the all other angles
mentioned in the figure.

Solution:
Given : n = 60 , r = 45
In the above figure
n = m = 60 ( vertical angles )
m = f = 60( alternate interior angles)
e + f = 180 ( linear pair )
e = 180 – 60 = 120
e = c = 120( vertical angles)
n = d = 60 ( alternate exterior angles )
e = ( q +r) = 120 ( alternate interior angles)
q = 120 – 45 = 75
k = (q+ r) = 120 ( vertical angles)
q = g = 75 ( alternate interior angles)
a = g = 75( vertical angles )
p + g = 180 ( linear pair)
p = 180 – 75 = 105
p = b = 105 ( vertical angles )
Quiz time

Q1. In the following figure if AC||PR and the Line “ MS “ is an Angle bisector of ∟ BNQ then
find the value of ∟ NBA = ? and ∟ CBN = ? .

. (1) 45 , 90
(2) 45 ,135
(3) 90 ,90
(4) 30 ,150

Q2. Find the value of the r and s in the following figure.

1. r = 60 , s= 120
2. r = 120 ,s = 60
3. r = 30 , s = 150
4. r = 150 ,s = 30

Q.3 If LU || AK , ∟ UTZ = 110 ,then ∟TZK = ?

1. 110
2. 120
3. 70
4. 90
Solved Examples

Example 1 : John walks on the circular path in counterclockwise direction . After completing
three rotations, he walks an additional 75 degree. Find the total number of rotations completed
by him and the total angle covered .

Solution:

Given : John has completed 3 rotations and 75 degree

First, we have to find the number of rotations corresponding to 75 degree.

We know that 360° corresponds to 1 rotation

So, 75° corresponds to: 75 x 1 / 360 = 5/24 rotations.

5 5
So total no of rotation = 3 + = 3
24 24

The angle covered in 3 rotation = 3 X 360 = 1080

The total angle covered = 1080 + 75 = 1155

Example 2 . Find the value of the x in the degree as well as radian in the following figure.

Solution:
0
180
Radian to degree conversion is given by D= XR
π
π
R=
3
180 0 π
Hence D = X = 60
π 3

From figure ,
π
x + 70 + = 180
3
x + 70 + 60 = 180
x = 180 – 130 = 50
x = 50

π
Degree to radian conversion is given by R= XD
1800
D = 50

π
R= 0
X 500
180

5π
=
18
5π
Hence the value of x in degree = 50 and in radian =
18

Example 3. If MS|| KL || NT , PC and RC are angular bisector of angles SPQ and QRT
respectively, ∟PQC = 70 then find the following angles
1. ∟CPQ = ?
2. ∟LCR = ?
3. ∟CRT = ?

Solution:

From the figure ,

MPQ = PQC = 70 ( Alternate Interior angles)
QPM + SPQ = 180 ( Linear pair)
SPQ = 180 – 70 = 110
Since PC is angular bisector of SPQ ,
110
SPC = CPQ = = 55
2
CPQ = 55

PQC = QRT = 70 ( Corresponding angles)

Since RC is a angular bisector of angle QRT ,
70
QRC = CRT = = 35
2

CRT = RCQ = 35 ( Alternate interior angles)

RCQ + LCR = 180 ( linear pair)
LCR = 180 – 35 = 145
LCR = 145

Example 4 : If the two angles x and y are complementary angles and the difference of their
measures is 20 degree, then what is the measures of the angles x & y.

Solution:
Since the angle x and y are complementary angles,
x + y = 90. ..........(1)

Given that the difference of their measures is 20,

We can write ,
x – y = 20 --------(2)

Adding (1) and (2),

2x = 90 + 20
x = 110 over 2
x = 55

substitute the value of x in (1)

55 + y = 90
y = 90 – 55 = 35

Hence the value of x and y is 55 and 35 respectively.

Example 5 : What is the value of x and y , if x – y = 20 .

Explanation:
Given :
x – y = 20 --------------(1)
By applying the concept of the Angle around the point ,

2x + 10 + 90 + y + 100 = 360
2x + y + 200 = 360
2x + y = 360 – 160
2x + y = 160 ----------(2)
Adding equation (1) and (2) ,

3x = 180
x = 60

Substitute the value of the x in (1),

60 – y = 20
y = 40
Hence the value of x = 60 & y = 40
Review test
Q1. What is the value of x?

(a) 70
(b) 60
(c ) 65
(d) 55

Q2. If P and Q are two supplementary angles, and their difference is measure by 50 degree.
What is measure of the angles P and Q?
1. 130 , 50
2. 125, 55
3. 105,75
4. 115,55

Q3. In the given figure, lines MN & PQ intersect at O. What is measures of x ?

1. 70
2. 60
3. 40
4. 30

Q4. In the given figure , MN || AB , PCA = 40 & NQR = 75 , what is value of the x and y.

1. 75 , 75
2. 65,75
3. 65,65
4. 40,75

Q5. The measure of an angle one radian is equal to the ........ Degree.
1. 1800
180 0
2.
π
π
3. 0
180
0
4. 1
Q6. Find the ∟NOM in the following figure if MN || AB and ∟BMN = ∟BAN = 30 degree.

1. 100
2. 120
3. 130
4. 150

Q.7 What is the value of x and y ?

1. 45, 45
2. 60, 30
3. 65, 25
4. 75, 15