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    Tutorial 4: UEMK 4253 Petroleum Chemistry and Petrochemicals

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    Fong Cai Ying
    The document discusses various processes in petrochemical production. It summarizes: 1) The production of maleic anhydride from n-butane using a circulating fluidized bed reactor and vanadium phosphorous oxide catalyst. It undergoes selective oxidation and insertion of oxygen. 2) Styrene production via dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene in multiple radial bed reactors using steam and proprietary catalysts, as shown in the Monsanto process diagram. 3) Alkylation of benzene with ethylene using aluminum chloride catalyst and alternative zeolite-based processes. Styrene can also be made via dehydrogenation, cyclodimerization, or oxidative coupling of to

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    Tutorial 4: UEMK 4253 Petroleum Chemistry and Petrochemicals

    Uploaded by

    Fong Cai Ying
    56 views13 pages
    The document discusses various processes in petrochemical production. It summarizes: 1) The production of maleic anhydride from n-butane using a circulating fluidized bed reactor and vanadium phosphorous oxide catalyst. It undergoes selective oxidation and insertion of oxygen. 2) Styrene production via dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene in multiple radial bed reactors using steam and proprietary catalysts, as shown in the Monsanto process diagram. 3) Alkylation of benzene with ethylene using aluminum chloride catalyst and alternative zeolite-based processes. Styrene can also be made via dehydrogenation, cyclodimerization, or oxidative coupling of to

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    The document discusses various processes in petrochemical production. It summarizes: 1) The production of maleic anhydride from n-butane using a circulating fluidized bed reactor and vanadium phosphorous oxide catalyst. It undergoes selective oxidation and insertion of oxygen. 2) Styrene production via dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene in multiple radial bed reactors using steam and proprietary catalysts, as shown in the Monsanto process diagram. 3) Alkylation of benzene with ethylene using aluminum chloride catalyst and alternative zeolite-based processes. Styrene can also be made via dehydrogenation, cyclodimerization, or oxidative coupling of to

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    56 views13 pages

    Tutorial 4: UEMK 4253 Petroleum Chemistry and Petrochemicals

    Uploaded by

    Fong Cai Ying
    The document discusses various processes in petrochemical production. It summarizes: 1) The production of maleic anhydride from n-butane using a circulating fluidized bed reactor and vanadium phosphorous oxide catalyst. It undergoes selective oxidation and insertion of oxygen. 2) Styrene production via dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene in multiple radial bed reactors using steam and proprietary catalysts, as shown in the Monsanto process diagram. 3) Alkylation of benzene with ethylene using aluminum chloride catalyst and alternative zeolite-based processes. Styrene can also be made via dehydrogenation, cyclodimerization, or oxidative coupling of to

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    Tutorial 4

    UEMK 4253 Petroleum Chemistry and Petrochemicals


    1) The schematic diagram below shows the production of maleic anhydride viaC4
    hydrocarbon. Answer the following questions based on the given information.
    i) Which type of reactor being used for the above process?
    Circulating fluidized bed-reactor
    ii) Name the developed catalyst for the above mentioned process.
    Vanadium phosphorous oxides, (VO)2P2O7
    iii) Briefly outline the mechanism involved in the above process.
    • The selective oxidation of n-butane to maleic anhydride
    involves a redox mechanism.
    • The removal of eight hydrogen atoms as water.
    • The insertion of three oxygen atoms into the butane
    molecule.
    (iv) List out 2 other feedstock that could be employed in the production of maleic
    anhydride.
    n-Butene
    Benzene

    (v) What is the principal use of maleic anhydride?


    Synthesis of unsaturated polyester resins.
    These resins are used to fabricate glass-fiber reinforced materials.
    2) (a) Styrene (vinylbenzene) is a liquid (b.p. 145.2°C) that polymerizes easily
    when initiated by a free radical or when exposed to light. Answer the following
    questions based on the given information.

    Reaction

    Schematic diagram of the Monsanto/Lummus Crest styrene plant.


    i) Name the process involve as shown in the above reaction
    Dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene to styrene
    ii) Outline the optimum reaction conditions for the above process.
    Temperature : 600–700°C
    Pressure : At or below atmospheric pressure.
    Catalysts : Oxides of Fe, Cr, Si, Co, Zn, or their mixtures can
    be used for the dehydrogenation reaction.
    iii) Briefly explain a complete process as shown in the schematic
    diagram of the Monsanto/Lummus Crest styrene plant.
    •Dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene to styrene occurs over a wide
    variety of metal oxide catalysts.
    •Fresh ethylbenzene with recycled unconverted ethylbenzene are
    mixed with superheated steam.
    •The steam acts as a heating medium and as a diluent.
    •The endothermic reaction is carried out in multiple radial bed
    reactors filled with proprietary catalysts.
    •Radial beds minimize pressure drops across the reactor.
    •Yields could be predicted, and with the help of an optimizer, the
    best operating conditions can be found.
    b) Styrene-Butadiene Rubber (SBR) and Nitrile Rubber (NBR) are the
    most widely used synthetic rubber. What are the properties
    possessed by the synthetic rubber that slowly promoting the
    substitution of natural rubber?
    • Synthetic rubbers (elastomers) are long-chain polymers with
    special chemical and physical as well as mechanical properties.
    • These materials have chemical stability, high abrasion resistance,
    strength, and good dimensional stability.
    • Many of these properties are imparted to the original polymer
    through crosslinking agents and additives.
    • An important property of elastomeric materials is their ability to
    be stretched at least twice their original length and to return
    back to nearly their original length when released.
    3) a) The following reaction shows the catalyzed alkylation of
    benzene with ethylene. Answer the following questions
    based on the given information.

    Catalyzed alkylation of benzene with ethylene

    (i) What is the most common catalyst used in the above reaction?
    AlCl3-HCl
    (ii) What is the disadvantage of the above catalysed reaction?
    Requires the disposal of aluminium chloride waste.
    (iii) Suggest an alternative process that can perform better than the
    above catalysed reaction.
    Vapor phase Badger process
    • A zeolite-based process using vapour phase alkylation, offering higher
    yields and purity.
    • It can accept dilute ethylene streams such as those produced from FCC
    off gas.
    • More recently, liquid phase processes using zeolite catalysts have been
    introduced.
    • These latest technologies offer low benzene-to-ethylene ratios, which
    reduces the size of equipment, and lowers the production of
    byproducts.
    (b)
    (i) Name FOUR common processes used in the synthesis of styrene.
    1. Dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene
    2. Monsanto/Lummus Crest process
    3. Cyclodimerization of butadiene
    4. Oxidative coupling of toluene
    (ii) Among the FOUR common processes used in the synthesis of
    styrene, which process is the least favoured in industry? Why?
    Oxidative coupling of toluene
    1. High temperatures are needed for this reaction
    2. The yields are low
    3. The byproduct (benzene) is toxic
    c) Styrene-Butadiene Rubber (SBR) and Nitrile Rubber (NBR) are
    the most widely used synthetic rubber. What are the properties
    possessed by the synthetic rubber that slowly promoting the
    substitution of natural rubber?
    •Synthetic rubbers (elastomers) are long-chain polymers with
    special chemical and physical as well as mechanical properties.
    •These materials have chemical stability, high abrasion
    resistance, strength, and good dimensional stability.
    •Many of these properties are imparted to the original polymer
    through crosslinking agents and additives.
    •An important property of elastomeric materials is their ability
    to be stretched at least twice their original length and to return
    back to nearly their original length when released.
    Any inquiries regarding tutorial 4 ONLY, please
    contact me via:
    ✓ WBLE
    ✓Email: azlyana@utar.edu.my
    ✓Whatapps: 012-9659386

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