ANSWERS TO EXERCISES

ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 1.1

1. a) 1, cos 0° b) 0,1, cos 0°

3
c) -7, 0, 1, cos 0° d) −7, − 0.75, 0, 1, 5 , 3.142, cos 0°
3
e) −√3 , 𝑒 f) −7, −√3, − 0.75, 0, 1, 𝑒, , 3.142, cos 0°
5

2. a) [4 , ∞) b) (−∞ , 9)
c) (−2 , 3) d) [10 , 20]

ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 1.2

1. a) 2 b) 9
4
c) 1 d) 3

2. a) 9 b) 2𝑛
27
c) 2 d) 5
e) 𝑏(1 − 𝑏)

3
3. a) b) −5
2
1
c) −7 d) 3
e) 210 f) 63
1
g) 2, −6 h) − 2 , 2

4. a) 1 , −2 b) 1, −1
c) 0, −2 d) 3, −1

7
6. a) 14 − 8√3 b) (√7 + √5)
2
3√𝑥−10+𝑥 11 √5
c) d) − − 5√2 −
25−𝑥 4 4

7. a) 1 b) −1, 2
1
c) 11 d) 0, 2
1
9√𝑛
8. a) 𝑙𝑜𝑔6 𝑝2 𝑞 3 b) 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 𝑚3
𝑟3𝑡 (3𝑣+𝑤)𝑒 2
c) 𝑙𝑜𝑔√ d) 𝑙𝑛
𝑠 𝑣𝑤

1
9. a) 2.2155 b) 3, 3
c) 2 d) 8, 128

1
10. a) 𝑥 = 4, 𝑦 = 1 b) 𝑥=
64
, 𝑦=4

295
ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 1.3

1. a) 4 + 5𝑖 b) −3 + √2𝑖
c) 𝑎 + 4𝑎𝑖 d) 3 − 3√2𝑖

2. a) 𝑖 b) 𝑖
c) −1 d) 𝑖
e) −5 − 10𝑖 f) −2 + 2𝑖
g) −5 + 4𝑖

3. a) 5 + 3𝑖 b) −10 + 6𝑖
−1 + 7𝑖 10 − 4𝑖
16 + 11𝑖 −5 − 10𝑖
c) 4
2𝑖
5

1 1 1 2
4. a) − 4𝑖 b) − 5 − 5 𝑖
4
1 2 1 1
c) − 5 + 5 𝑖 d) + 2𝑖
2

5
5. a) + 3𝑖 b) 4 + 3𝑖 and 3 + 4𝑖
4
5
c) −1 − 2 𝑖

3 11
6. − 2 + 𝑖
2

7.

7
8. a) 𝑥 = ±√2 𝑖 b) 𝑥 = 1 ± 2𝑖
c) 𝑥 = 3𝑖

9. 𝑦 = 1

10. 𝑎 = 30, 𝑏 = 10

296
ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 2.1

1.
Expression Polynomial? Degree Leading Monomial/binomial/trinomial
(Yes/No) coefficient
3 3
a) √5 Yes 0 √5 Monomial
b) √11𝑥 −1 + 6𝑥 2 − 3 No - - -
3
c) 5𝑥 − 7𝑥 2 − √𝑥 No - - -
d) 13𝑥 + 4𝑥 − 3𝑥 4
2 Yes 4 −3 trinomial
1 3 Yes 3 1 binomial
e) 5
𝑥 − 3𝑥 2
5

2. a) 12𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + 21 b) 4𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 − 33
c) 16𝑥 3 + 76𝑥 2 + 120𝑥 + 63 d) 24𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 − 70𝑥

6𝑥 4 +3𝑥 3 −5𝑥−1 29−26𝑥

3. = (6𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 15) +
𝑥 2 +𝑥−2 𝑥 2 +𝑥−2

4. a) 𝑄(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 3
𝑅(𝑥) = 8

b) 𝑄(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 5
𝑅(𝑥) = 19

9 1
c) 𝑄(𝑥) = 4𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 2 𝑥 + 4
27
𝑅(𝑥) = −
4

ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 2.2

1. 𝑠 =−8
2. 𝑎 = 7 , 𝑏 = −4
5
3. 𝑅(𝑥) = − 3 𝑥 − 1
4. a) No b) Yes
5. 3
6. 𝑝 = 3, 𝑞 = −3
7. 𝑎 = 3, 𝑏 = 1, 𝑐 = −10, 𝑑 = −8

ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 2.3

1. No
2. 𝑃(𝑥) = (2𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 2)
1
3. a) 𝑥 = −3, ,3
2
3
b) 𝑥 = 2 , 1 + √6 , 1 − √6

297
 3 √5 3 √5
c) 𝑥 = 1 , − + 𝑖 , − 2 − 2 𝑖
2 2
1
d) 𝑥 = −4, − 2 , 1, 2

4. a) 𝑘 = 3, 𝑟 = −3
1
b) 𝑓(𝑥) = (2𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 3); 𝑥 = 2 , −1 + √2 𝑖, −1 − √2 𝑖,

5. a) 𝑎 = 12, 𝑏 = 9
b) 𝑃(𝑥) = (𝑥 − 2)(2𝑥 − 1)2
1
c) 𝑥 = ,2
2

6. 1 − 𝑖, −1

7. a) 𝑘 = 3
b) Remainder is −24
c) 3𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 2 = (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1)(3𝑥 − 2)

8. 𝑛 = 2, 𝑃(𝑥) = (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 2)

ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 3.1

−1 8 −6 18 9
1.a) [ 0 12] b) [ −2 10 4] c) Not possible
−22 17 −17 30 33

18 6 0
2. [ ]
−3 −1 0

3. 𝑥 = 2

−15 18 −2 −4
4. a) [ ] b) [ ]
11 −23 1 2

5. 𝑛 = 5

6. DIY

ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 3.2

1. |𝐴| = 11 , |𝐵| = 9 , |𝐴𝐵| = 99

2. a) |𝑃| = 21
b) |𝑄| = 20
c) |𝑃 − 𝑄| = −24

3. a) 𝑥 = −2
b) 𝑥 = −5 , 3

298
4. a) 𝑘 = ±1
b) |𝑀𝑇 | = 5
c) |𝑀4 | = 625

5. |3𝐴𝐵 5 𝐶 𝑇 | = 864

ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 3.3

3 −2
1. a) [ ]
5 −4
0 4 −12
b) [ 0 −4 8 ]
−1 0 1

2. a) does not exist

2
−1 3 0
1
b) 0 3
0
2 1
[ 0 5]
5
−1 −1 4
3. 𝐴−1 = [−1 −2 5 ]
1 1 −3

4. 𝑥 = 3, 𝑦 = 11
1
𝐴−1 = (6𝐼 − 𝐴)
11
5 2
𝐴−1 = [ 11 11]
−3 1
11 11

17 −19
5. [ 3 3 ]
−12 18

3 1 0
6. [−1 3 −1]
−1 −1 1

7. a) 𝑎 = −4, 𝑏 = 2
−6 4 −11
b) [ 3 −2 6 ]
−2 1 −3

16 0 0
8. a) [ 0 16 0]
0 0 16

299
 3 3 −1
16 16 4
3 −1
b) 0
16 16
−1 1
[4 0 ]
4

c) 𝑥 = 11, 𝑦 = 4, 𝑧 = −7

ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 3.4

1. a) 4𝑥 + 𝑦 = 2
2𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 𝑧 = −1
11𝑥 + 5𝑦 − 𝑧 = 3
b) −1
−2 −1 1
c) [ 9 4 −4 ]
23 9 −10
d) 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 2, 𝑧 = 7

0 0 1
3 1 −9
2. b) [ 5 5 5
]
1 0 −1
23
c) 𝑥 = −1, 𝑦 = 5 , 𝑧 = 5
3. a) 𝑥 = 1 , 𝑦 = −2 , 𝑧 = 3
1
b) 𝑥 = 3 , 𝑦 = − 2 , 𝑧 = 4

4. 𝑥 = 1 , 𝑦 = 2 , 𝑧 = 0

5. a) 𝑥 = −2 , 𝑦 = 3 and 𝑧 = 4
b) = 3 , 𝑦 = −2 and 𝑧 = 2
c) = −2 , 𝑦 = 5⁄2 and 𝑧 = 3⁄2

ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 3.5

1. The three numbers are 2, 4 and 8.

Smallest number = 2, largest number = 8

2. Roses = 12, Daisies = 15

3. 3 carrot cakes, 4 cheese cakes and 14 chocolate cakes

4. Company A = 𝑅𝑀29400 , company B = 𝑅𝑀4800 , company C = 𝑅𝑀800

5. Chicken sandwich = 𝑅𝑀10 , tuna sandwich = 𝑅𝑀8 , egg sandwich = 𝑅𝑀5

300
6.a)
3𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 2.24
𝑥 + 𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 2.08
2𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 1.51
b) = 330𝑔 , 𝑦 = 400𝑔 , 𝑧 = 450𝑔

7. a)
𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 85
2𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 142
2𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 107
b) theatre RM 22, dance RM 35, music RM 28
c) RM 148

8. 20% solution-50 gallons, 60% solution -40 gallons, 80% solution-20 gallons

9. 𝑦 = −2𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 1

ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 4.1

1a) |𝑠| = √40 b) |𝑡| = 8 c) |v| = √14

⃗
p 〈5,9,−4〉
2) ŝ = |p⃗| =
√122

⃗
v 〈3,−1,7〉
3) â = |v⃗| =
√59

−p⃗ 〈−1,−4,2〉
4) q̂ = |p
⃗|
=
√21

5a) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
OA = 〈1,1,1〉 b) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
OG = 〈2,4,1〉

ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 4.2

1 a) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
AC b) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
AD c) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
BA ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
d) 6AC

2) 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 2 and 𝑥 = 4, 𝑦 = 1/8

3 a) a − 5b = 〈48,29, −6〉 b) |a| = √61 c) |a − b| = √261

1
4) ⃗⃗⃗⃗
SQ = −n
⃗ +m
⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
PR = m⃗⃗⃗ + n
⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
PT = n⃗ +2m⃗⃗⃗

5) 𝑚 = 1 ± √10

⃗ = 〈4, −12,6〉
6) u

301
 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = 15
7 a) |OP b)𝑝 = 11, 𝑞 = 10.5

〈−5,−11,3〉
8 a) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
AB = 〈−5, −11,3〉 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = √155
b) |AB c) ĉ =
√155

〈6,−9,3〉 〈−8,16,4〉
9 a) v
⃗ = b) u
⃗ =
√14 √21

〈0,10,9〉
10 a) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
PQ = 〈7,7, −1〉 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
QR = 〈−2, −7,5〉 b) p +̂
q+r=
√181

1 9 3
c) ⃗⃗⃗⃗
OS = 〈− 2 , 2 . 2〉

ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 4.3

1) a) -15 b) 2
2) a) -31 b) |𝐩| = 3; |𝐪| = √109 c) 171.79°
3) 𝐚 ⋅ 𝐛 = 0
4) 𝛼 = ±2
5) 200

ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 4.4

1) a) 〈−12, −11, −9〉 b) 〈12,11,9〉 Relationship: 𝐩 × 𝐪 = −(𝐪 × 𝐩)

−25 −15 −5
2) 〈 , , 〉
√35 √35 √35
r r r
3) a) (m2 − 18m + 45)i + (8m2 − 24m)j + (−m3 + 10m2 − 21m)k b) m=3
4) 15.39 unit2
5) 𝛼 = 3

ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 4.5

1) a) Vector equation : 〈𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧〉 = 〈2, −1,3〉 + 𝑡〈−1,5,0〉

b) Parametric equation : 𝑥 = 2 − 𝑡 , 𝑦 = −1 + 5𝑡 , 𝑧 = 3
𝑥−2 𝑦+4 𝑧−6
2) 𝑡 = 3
= 7
= 2
3) Does not lie on the straight line

4) a) Vector equation: 〈x, y, z〉 ⋅ 〈3, −4,6〉 = 2

Cartesian equation: 3x − 4y + 6z = 2

b) Vector equation: 〈x, y, z〉 ⋅ 〈−4, −1, −11〉 = −51

Cartesian equation: −4x − y − 11z = −51

c) Vector equation: 〈x, y, z〉 ⋅ 〈2, −3,5〉 = 4

Cartesian equation: 2x − 3y + 5z = 4

5) Vector equation: 〈x, y, z〉 ⋅ 〈−1,2, −2〉 = 3

302
ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 4.6
1.
1
a) Parallel lines, 𝑘 = 4
b) Intersecting lines at (13, −18, −9), angle 166.10°
c) Skew lines

2. a) 𝐹(1, 5, 8) b) 7.874 units

𝑥−3 𝑦−2 𝑧−1

c) = = .
−2 3 7

3. (1, 3, 3)

4. Intersect, (−5, −6,13)

5. 𝑥 = 𝑡, 𝑦 = 2 − 2𝑡, 𝑧 = 𝑡

6. 𝑥 = −2 − 6𝑡, 𝑦 = −1 − 2𝑡, 𝑧=𝑡

7. 61.09°

ANSWER TO EXERCISE 5.1

1. a) A function b) Not a function

c) A function d) Not a function

2. a) 𝐷: {−2, −1, 0, 1}; 𝑅: {0, 1, 4} b) 𝐷: {−3, 2, 3}; 𝑅: {6, 9, 10}

c) 𝐷: (−∞, ∞); 𝑅: (−∞, ∞) d) 𝐷: {2}; 𝑅: (−∞, ∞)

3. a) 𝑓(𝑥 − 2) = (𝑥 − 2)2 + 1 b) 3𝑓(√𝑥 − 2) = 3(𝑥 − 1)

1 1 d) 𝑥 = 1
c) 𝑓 (ℎ) − ℎ + 1 = ℎ2 − ℎ + 2

4. a) 𝑥 = −1 b) 𝑥 = 1

ANSWER TO EXERCISE 5.2

1. a) Shift 𝑓(𝑥) 2 unit to the right and 5 units upward

b) Shift 𝑓(𝑥) 4 units to the left and 1 unit downward
c) Shift 𝑓(𝑥) 4 units to the left and 2 units downward

d) Step 1 → Shift right 4 units

Step 2 → Reflect about the 𝑥-axis

303
 Step 3 → Shift up 2 units
1
e) Step 1 → Shift left unit
2

Step 2 → Compress horizontally by factor of 2

Step 3 → Reflect about the 𝑦-axis
Step 4 → Shift up 3 units

2. a)
𝐷: (−∞, ∞);
𝑅: [5, ∞)

b)
𝐷: (−∞, ∞);
𝑅: (−∞, ∞)

c)
3
𝐷: [− , ∞) ;
2
𝑅: [−2, ∞)

d)
𝐷: (−∞, 3) ∪ (3, ∞);
𝑅: (−∞, 2) ∪ (2, ∞)

304
 e)
1
𝐷: (−∞, ) ;
2
𝑅: (−∞, ∞)

3.

𝐷: (−∞, −5) ∪ [−4, −2) ∪ (−2, 2) ∪(2, 4) ∪ [5, ∞);

𝑅: {−3} ∪ [−2, 4]

ANSWER TO EXERCISE 5.3

1. a) 𝑔(𝑥) = {(1,0), (2,1), (3,2), (4,3)} b) 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 1

2. a) 𝑝 = 5 & − 1; 𝑟 = 25 b) 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 1, 𝑥 = 3
c) 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) = {(2,1), (4,9), (6, 25), (8, 49)}

1
3. a) 𝑥 = − 2 & 1 b) 𝑥 = 3 & − 1

c) 𝑥 = 4 & 0

1−𝑥
4. a) (𝑓 + ℎ)(𝑥) = √𝑥 + 𝑥−2

305
 𝑓 √ 𝑥
b) (𝑔) (𝑥) = (𝑥−2)(𝑥−1)

1−𝑥
c) (𝑓 ∘ ℎ)(𝑥) = √𝑥−2

d) (𝑓 ∘ 𝑔)(𝑥) = √(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 1)

1−√𝑥
e) (ℎ ∘ 𝑓)(𝑥) =
√𝑥−2

ANSWER TO EXERCISE 5.4

1. a) One-to-one b) One-to-one
c) Not one-to-one d) One-to-one

2. 𝐷𝑔 : {4, 5, 6, 7, 8}; 𝑅𝑔 : {−1, 0, 1, 2, 3}

3. a) One-to-one; 𝑓 −1 = 𝑥 2 + 1

2
b) One-to-one; 𝑓 −1 = 1 + 1−𝑥

Graphs of function and its inverse coincide on each other

Not one-to-one; 𝑥1 = 𝑥2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 − 𝑥2 + 2

Not one-to-one; 𝑥1 = 𝑥2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 − 𝑥2 − 1

306
ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 6.1

1. a) i. 𝜋 , ii. 0.16 b) i. −
𝜋
, ii. −1.57
𝜋
c) i. 220 , ii. 0.01 2437𝜋
d) i. 60000 , ii. 0.13
20 2

2. a) 90° b) 401.1° c) 120.3° d) −19.1°

3. a) 𝜃 = 4𝜋 b) 𝑟 = 3 c) 𝑠 = 2𝜋 d) 𝑠 =
25𝜋
3 6
𝜋
e) 𝜃 = f) 𝑟 = 6
2

ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 6.2

1. a) ii. 40° (Q II) iii. (−0.766, 0.643); −0.8

b) ii. 69.8° (Q II) iii. (−0.345,0.938); −2.7
c) ii. 45° (Q III) √2 √2
iii. (− 2 , − 2 ) ; 1
d) ii. 42° (Q II) iii. (−0.743,0.669); −9
e) ii. 89.98° (Q III) iii. (−0.000, 0.999); undefined

2
2. a) −1 b) −1 c) −
√3

√5 2 √5
3. a) i. Yes! ii. QI iii. sin 𝜃 = ; cos 𝜃 = 3; tan 𝜃 = ;
3 2
3 3 2
csc 𝜃 = ; sec 𝜃 = 2; cot 𝜃 =
√5 √5

√7 3 √7
b) i. Yes! ii. QII iii. sin 𝜃 = ; cos 𝜃 = − 4; tan 𝜃 = −
4 3
4 4 −3
csc 𝜃 = ; sec 𝜃 = −3; cot 𝜃 =
√7 √7

4. 1
−
√5

ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 6.3

√6−√2
1. a) tan 15° = 2 − √3 b) sin 105° = 4

√3 √3
c) tan 210° = 3
d) cos 330° =
2

56 9
2. a) cos(𝐴 + 𝐵) = − b) tan2 𝐵 = 16
65
4 5
c) cos(−𝐵) = − 5 d) sec 𝐵 = − 4
24 119
3. a) sin 2𝐴 = 25 b) cos 2𝐵 = − 169
−√2−√6 −√6+√2 4−√6+√2
4. a) sin 255° = b) cos 255° = c) cos 127.5° = −√
4 4 8
3
9. 𝑥 = − 10

307
ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 6.4

1. a) 𝑥 = 26.74° , 153.26° . b) 𝜃 = 0.927 rad, 4.069 rad c) 𝑥 = ±101.54°

2. 𝑥 = 60° , 120° , 240° , 300° .
3. 𝑥 = 60° , 90° , 270° , 300° .
𝜋
4. 𝑥 = 𝜋, 2 .
5. 𝑥 = −161.57° , −111.8° , 18.43° , 68.2° .
6. a) 𝑥 = 27.23° , 117.23° , 207.23° , 297.23° .
b) 𝑥 = 33.57° , 146.43° , 222.69° , 317.31° .
c) 𝑥 = 0° , 180° , 360° .
d) 𝑥 = 15° , 45° , 75° , 135° , 195° , 225° , 255° , 315° .

ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 6.5

1.  𝐵𝐶𝐴 = 62.63° and 117.37°

2.  P = 49.91° ,  Q = 95.09° and PR = 10.42 cm or
 P = 130.09° ,  Q = 14.91° and PR = 2.69 cm.
3. AC = 14.43 units
4. XY =3 cm or 5 cm
5. 10.65 units2
6. 𝐾𝐿𝑀 = 81.72°
7. KL = 8.06 km
8. 71.45°
9. 83.84 unit2
10. 6.5 unit2

308