PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

1978 | Professor Khalid Shakir

References
1. Design of Prestressed Concrete Structures.
By T.Y. Lin
2. Practical Prestressed Concrete Design
By B.J. Bell
3. Practical Prestressed Concrete
By H.K. Preston
4. Prestressed Concrete Structures
By A. E. Komendand
5. Fundamentals of Prestressed Concrete Design
By PCI (Prestressed Concrete Institute)
 Prestressed Concrete 2

Definition
A prestressed concrete member is one in which the concrete is subjected to an external
compressive force of forces that will produce a useful stress distribution before the
working (service live load) is applied.

General Principles of Prestressed Concrete

Apply “P” prestressing force concentric with max “e”

 Prestressed Concrete 3

If service live load not applied

Example

A. If the beam is unreinforced, find top and bottom fiber stresses.

WDL  0.25 0.752500  468.75kg / m
A  2575  1875cm2
1
I  25753  878906cm4
12
I  878906  23437cm4  S
C 37.5
1
MDL  468.757.5  3296kg .m
2

8
1
MLL  15007.5  10547kg .m
2

8
M M
ftop  DL  LL
S S
3296100 10547100
 
23437 23437
 14.06  45.00  59.06 kg / cm2
fbot  14.06  45.00  59.06 kg / cm2
If fc  350 kg / cm2
Allowable tension in concrete  3 fc English (ACI)
 0.795 fc Metric
 0.795 350  14.87
Mg=Moment due to gravity load DL
Ms=Moment due to service load LL
 Prestressed Concrete 4

Mg  Ms
Stress Distribution Due to
S

B. What prestressing force is required to make the bottom fiber stress equal to zero
under full load?

emax  37.5  5  32.5cm

Stress distribution under full load

P P e M  Ms
   g 0
A S S
P 32.5P
   59.06  0
1875 23437.5
P  30760 kg

At Transfer (Not including service load)

i.e. before time dependent prestress losses

fc  Specified compressive strength of concrete.

fci  The compressive strength at initial of prestressing.

fc  0.45 fc at service load 




 see section 18.4 ACI 318-7
fci  0.6 fci at prestessing 



 Prestressed Concrete 5

fti  3 fci English

 0.795 fci Metric

Stress distribution at transfer

C. If also top fiber tension must be zero at transfer

P P e M  Ms
   g  0 bottom fiber at service load
A S S
P Pe M
   g 0 top fiber at transfer
A S S
both e and P are unknowns
P Pe
   59.06  0
1875 23437.5
P Pe
   14.06  0
1875 23437.5

P  42187 kg
e  20.31cm

Example
A simply supported prestressed rectangular beam with cross section 20cm×60cm and
spanning 6m, carrying a uniform load of 2Tons, compute the required prestressing force
for:

A. Bottom fiber stress=0 under full load with max “e”

B. Also top fiber stresses =0 under DL + prestressing force (at transfer).
Take c.g.s=5cm
 Prestressed Concrete 6

A.
emax  30  5  25 cm
WDL  0.200.602500  300 kg / m
A  1200 cm2
I  121 bh3  121 2060  360000 cm4
3

360000
S I   12000 cm3
C 30
Mg  18 3006  1350 kg.m
2

Ms  18 20006  9000 kg.m

2

Stress distribution under full load

P P e M  Ms
   g 0
A S S
P 25P 1350  9000
   100  0
1200 12000 12000
P  29571.43kg
B.

P Pe M
   g 0
A S S
P P e M  Ms
   g 0
A S S
P Pe 1350
   100  0 1
1200 12000 12000
P Pe 1350  9000
   100  0 2
1200 1200 12000
 Prestressed Concrete 7

Prestressed vs. Reinforced Concrete

1. High strength steel and concrete can be economically utilized.
2. In prestressed concrete, cracks in concrete eliminated.
3. Prestressed concrete more suitable for structures of long spans and those carrying
heavy loads, principally because of high strength of material employed.
4. Under the dead load, the deflection is reduced owing to the cambering effect of
prestress (useful in long bridges and cantilever structures)

Classifications and Types

a. Externally or internally prestressed
Externally, prestressed by jacking against abutment.
This can’t be accomplished in practice because even if abutment is favorable
shrinkage and creep in concrete may completely offset the strain.

b. Linear or circular prestressing

 Linear prestressing used for beams and slabs it can be curved.
 Circular used for round tanks and silos.
c. Pre-tensioning and post tensioning

Prestressing Tendons
Section 3.5.5 page 11 ACI-77
 Pre-tensioning tendons (prestressed reinforcement wires, bars or strands)
tensioned before the concrete is placed.
Used in prestressing plants where permanent beds are provided for such
tensioning
 Prestressed Concrete 8

 Post tensioning tendons tensioned after the concrete has hardened.

d. End-anchored or non end-anchored tendons

 End-anchored: used in post tensioning, the tendons are anchored at their

ends by means of mechanical devices to transmit the prestress force to the
concrete.
 Non-end anchored: used in pre-tensioned where the tendons have their
prestress has transmitted to the concrete by bond action near the ends.
e. Bonded or unbonded tendons

 Bonded: denote those bonded throughout their length to the surrounding

concrete. Non-end anchored are necessarily bonded ones.
 End-anchored tendons may be either bonded or unbounded to the concrete
by grouting.
f. Precast, cast-in place (in situ), and composite construction
 Percasting, involves the placing of concrete away from its final position, this
permits better control on mass production and it is economical.
 Cast in place requires more formworks.
 Composite, to precast part of a member, erect it and cast the remaining in
place.
g. Partial and full prestressing
 Full prestressing: the member is designed so that under working load
(service load) there are no tensile stresses in it.
 Partial prestressing: tension is produced under working load
Additional mild steel bars are frequently provided to reinforce the tensile
zone. Used for roofs where the full LL will never be reached.
 Prestressed Concrete 9

Stages of Loading
1. Initial stage
The member is under prestress but is not
subjected to any superimposed external load.
Based on fci (superimposed dead load, such as
flooring and due to live load)
2. Intermediate stage
During transportation and erection.
3. Final stage
When the actual working load come on the structure.

Common Types of End-Anchorage

1. Freyssinet system
2. C.C.L system (Cable Cover Limited system)
3. Prescon system

Materials for Prestressed Concrete

A. Steel
1. Types
 Wire strands of 7 wire type, the center wire enclosed tightly by 6
helically placed outer wires, with a pitch of 12 to 16 times the
nominal diameter of strand, standard diameter from 6 to 12 mm.
 Prestressing wire, diameter from 0.5 mm to 0.7 mm made from cold
drawing of high carbon steel (just like individual wire of strand).
 Steel Bars, high strength alloy steel available from 18 mm to 36 mm
used for post tensioning.
2. Tensile Strength
Observe that:
a. All types of steel have the same Modulus of Elasticity (E)
b. No definite yield point for high strength steel, hence, the 1% strain under the
load has been selected arbitrarily as the yield strength for design purposes.
 Prestressed Concrete 10

B. Concrete
For most works

fc  350 kg / cm2

 5000 psi

Reasons for Using High Strength Concrete

1. Has a higher (E), means a reduction in initial elastic strain under application of
prestress force.


E high
2. In post tensioning, high bearing stress needed at end anchorage.
 Prestressed Concrete 11

3. In pre-tensioning, high bond offered.

4. A smaller cross section area can be used to carry a given load.

Why High Strength Steel must be used?

a. Using ordinary steel
fs  20000 psi , for grade 40 and 50
 1400 kg / cm2
E  2106 kg / cm2
fs
Allowable strain in steel s 
E
1400
  7104
210 6

Strain due to creep and shrinkage in concrete  8104

Therefore, the low prestress force obtained by using ordinary steel is quickly lost
due to shrinkage and creep.
b. Using high strength steel
fs  10500 kg / cm2
fs 10500
s    52.4104
E 210 6

Losses due to shrinkage and creep  8104

Available strain  52.4104  8104

 44.5104

Available stress  s  E
 44.5104 2106
 8900 kg / cm2

10500  8900
% of losses  100  15.2%
10500

i.e. when mild steel us used, all stress is lost, but when high strength steel is used, only
15.2% of stress is lost.
 Prestressed Concrete 12

Losses in Prestressing Forces

Losses in prestressing forces generally vary from 15-20%.

It is a well-established fact that the initial prestressing force applied to the concrete
elements undergoes a progressive process of reduction over a period of approximately 5
years. Consequently it is important to determine the level of prestressing force at each
loading stage, from the stage of transfer of the prestressing force to the concrete, to the
various stages of prestressing available at service load, up to the ultimate. Essentially the
reduction in the prestressing force can be grouped into two categories:

1. Immediate elastic loss during the fabrication or construction processes, including:

1.1. Elastic shortening of the concrete
1.2. Anchorage losses (losses due to slip of steel strands)
1.3. Frictional losses
2. Time dependent losses
2.1. Creep under sustained load
2.2. Shrinkage of concrete
2.3. Relaxation of stress in steel

Loss of Prestress
a. Elastic shortening
1. Pre-tensioning

s c

fselastic  sE s
 c E s

fc
 Es
Ec
 n fc
Pi
fs elastic  n
A

“A” may be Ag or AT
Ag  gross area
AT  transformed area
 Prestressed Concrete 13

Eccentric tendon
fs elastic  nfc
fc  fc1  fc 2
Pi
fc1 
A
P  e  c1
fc 2  i
I

Example
A straight pre-tensioned concrete member 12m long with cross section of 40×40cm, is
concentrically prestressed with 8cm2 of steel wires which are anchored to the bulk head
with a stress of 10500 kg/cm2. If Ec  0.35106 kg / cm2
E s  2.1106 kg / cm2

Compute the loss of prestress due to elastic shortening at the transfer of prestress.

Es 2.1106
n  6
E c 0.35106

Pi
fs elastic  n
A
610500 8
  315kg / cm2
4040

315
%of loss  100  3%
10500

If more exact solution is desired use

AT  4040  6* 8  1648 cm2

* n=6, or (n-1) for more exact calculations

810500
fs elastic  6  305 kg / cm2
1648

305
%of loss  100  2.9%
10500

2. Post-tensioning
fs  0
 Prestressed Concrete 14

Pi (2)
fs(1)  n
A
fs(2)  0

Pi (2)  Pi (3)
fs(1)  n
A
Pi (3)
fs(2)  n
A
fs(3)  0

Average loss= ½ of maximum

Note:

If all strands are tensioned at one time, there will be no loss due to elastic shortening,
because the shortening will occur as the jack force is applied and before the prestressing
force is measured.

If strands are tensioned sequentially, the loss in the first will be maximum and the average
loss will be equal to ½ of maximum for all strands.

Example
A straight post-tensioned concrete member 12m long with cross section of 40cm×40cm is
concentrically prestressed with 8cm2 of steel. Assume that the 8cm2 of steel is made up of
4 tendons with 2 cm2 per tendon. The tendons are tensioned one after another to the
stress of 10500 kg/cm2.

Compute the loss of prestress due to the elastic shortening of concrete.

Pi2  Pi3  Pi4

fs1  n
A
10500 6
 6  236.25kg / cm2
4040
Pi 3  Pi4
fs2  n  
A
10500 4
 6  157.5kg / cm2
4040

Pi4
fs3  n
A
105002
 6  78.78 kg / cm2
4040
fs4  0
 Prestressed Concrete 15

Average loss
 21 fs1 fs1 is maximum
 21 236.25  118.25kg / cm2

b. Slip at the Anchorage

The slight inward movement of the tendon as the wedges “seat” themselves.

This only occurs on post-tensioning.

L
fsslip  Es
L

L to be determined from test.

Note: Percent of loss will be more for short members.

c. Friction Losses

Friction between the tendon and the conduit in post –tensioned member divided into two
parts.

1. Curvature friction: due to intentional bends in the tension profile.

2. Wobble friction
Local irregularity in the duct, due to unintentional variation of the tendon from its
intended profile. This is the result of the accidental or unavoidable misalignment,
since ducts cannot be perfectly held in place.
The force at the jacking end of the tendon, Po , required to produce the force Px at
any point x along the tendon, can be found from
Po  Px eKL

Where e  base of natural logarithms

L  tendon length from jacking end to point x.
  angular change of tendon from jacking end to point x, radians.
 Prestressed Concrete 16

k  wobble friction coefficient; lb per lb pre ft

  curvature friction coefficient

d. Shrinkage of concrete
fsshrink  shrink E s
shrink  0.0002  0.0007 Depends on water content
A typical value of 0.0003 may be used
e. Relaxation of steel
The decrease of stress at constant strain.
To be specific, if a length of high-strength prestressing steel is stressed to a sizable
fraction of its yield strength (say 80 to 90 percent) and held at a constant strain
(e.g. between immovable jaws), the steel stress fs will gradually decrease from its
initial value fsi .
The amount of relaxation varies, depending on type and grade of steel. However, a
satisfactory estimate can be obtained from an equation which was derived from
more than 400 relaxation tests of up to nine years duration:
fs log t  fsi 
 1   0.55
fsi 10  fy 
Where fs is the steel stress t hours after the application of the initial stress fsi , and
log t is to the base 10. It is seen that the relaxation is greater the larger the initial
stress relative to the yield stress fy. thus, it is seen that there is no stress relaxation
if fsi  0.55 fy .
f. Creep of concrete

Definition

A time dependent deformation resulting from the presence of stress, and equal to
elastic shortening times creep coefficient.

cc  creep coefficient
t  unit coefficient
nfc  elastic shortening
cc  Ec  t

fs creep  cc nfc

 Ec  t nfc
Es
 Ec  t  fc
Ec
 t fc E s
 Prestressed Concrete 17

Compressive Strength
cc t 106 per psi
Psi Kg/cm2
3000 210 3.1 1.00
4000 280 2.9 0.80
6000 420 2.4 0.55
8000 560 2.0 0.40

Creep in pretension is more than that in post-tension, because transfer of prestress

usually takes place earlier.

Summary of Losses
Pre-tensioned Beam Post-tensioned Beam
Before transfer Shrinkage 3%

At transfer Elastic strain 3% Elastic strain 1%

Anchor slip 2%
Friction 2%
After transfer Shrinkage 4% Shrinkage 4%
Creep 7% Creep 4%
Steel relaxation 3% Steel relaxation 3%
Total 20% 16%

:‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ‬
.‫ ﻭﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻧﻜﺮﻳﺖ ﺃﻗﺪﻡ ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﻗﻞ ﺍﻟﺰﺣﻒ‬٬‫ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻧﻜﺮﻳﺖ ﺃﺣﺴﻦ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺰﺣﻒ ﺃﻗﻞ‬
‫ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﻓﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﻳﺘﺤﺮﻙ‬٬‫ﺍﻥ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻞ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺰﺣﻒ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‬
‫ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺍﻳﺔ‬.‫ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﺗﺆﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻧﻘﺼﺎﻥ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺑﺄﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬.‫ﺑﺄﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺻﻞ‬
.‫ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺰﺣﻒ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﺎﻟﻲ ﻭﺑﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻓﺎﻥ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﺳﺮﻉ‬٬‫ﺳﺮﻳﻌﺔ ﺛﻢ ﺗﺨﻒ‬
‫ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺗﺴﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﻏﺎﺕ‬hyd. products ‫ﺑﻤﺮﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﻷﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﻮﻟﺪ‬
.‫ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﻣﻤﺎ ﺗﺼﻌﺐ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻳﻘﻠﻞ ﺍﻟﺰﺣﻒ‬

Note:
Creep in pretension is more than that in post-tension, because transfer of prestress
usually takes place earlier.
 Prestressed Concrete 18

Analysis and Design

Analysis
To determine the stresses in steel and concrete when the shape and size of a section are
already given or assumed.

Design
To determine a suitable section for a given loading and stresses.

Analysis of Sections for Flexure

The effect of bending moment is considered now; shear and bond will be treated later.

1. Stresses in concrete and steel due to prestress

Pi
fc 
Ac  nAs
fs  nfc
fs  fsi fs

Example 1
A pretensioned member has a section of 20cm×30cm. it is concentrically prestressed with
5 cm2 of high tensile steel wire, which is anchored to the bulk head to a unit stress of
10000 kg/cm2, assuming that n=6.

Compute the stresses in the concrete and steel immediately after transfer.

Pi
fc 
Ac  nAs
510000
  79.365kg / cm2
2030  6 5

fs  nfc  679.365  476.19kg / cm2

fs  fsi fs
 10000  476.19  9523.81kg / cm2

Example 2
A pretensioned member has a section 20×30 cm. it is eccentrically prestressed with 5 cm2
high tensile steel wires which are anchored to the bulk head at a unit stress of 10000
kg/cm2. The c.g.s. is 10 cm above the bottom fiber. Assume that n=6.

Compute the stresses in the concrete and steel immediately after transfer.
 Prestressed Concrete 19

A(transfromed area)  20 30  25  625cm2

60015  2510
c2   14.8 cm
625
c1  15.2 cm

2015.2 2014.8
3 3

 254.8
2
I 
3 3
 45600 cm 4

Pc  10000 5  50000kg
A  2030  25  625cm2

P P ec1 50000 500004.815.2

fct      0
A I 625 45600
P P ec2
fcb   
A I
50000 500004.814.8
   157.89 kg / cm2
625 45600
P P e e
fcs   
A I
50000 500004.84.8
   105.26 kg / cm2
625 45600

fs  nfcs  6105.26  631.56 kg / cm2

fse  fsi fs
 10000  631.56  9368.44 kg / cm2

Computing e, A and I

1. In post-tensioning, I f tendon is grouted (bonded) use transformed section,

otherwise use net section.
2. In pretension use transformed section.
However, it is satisfactory to use gross area if holes are not quite large.
 Prestressed Concrete 20

Example
A post-tensioned beam has a mid span cross section as shown. It is prestressed with 5 cm2
of steel to an initial stress of 10000 kg/cm2 immediately after transfer the stress is reduced
by 5% owing to anchorage and slip.

Compute the stresses in the concrete at transfer before grouting the tendon.

Solution

Since the tendon is unbounded use net section.

A  2030  57.5  562.5cm2

7.557.5
y  0.5 cm
562.5
I  121 2030  20300.5  121 57.5  57.5(8)2
3 2 3

 42574.22 cm4
P  5100000.95  47500 kg

P P ect 47500 47500814.5

fct     
A I 562.5 42574.22
 84.44  129.42  44.98 kg / cm2

P P ecb
fcb   
A I
47500815.5
 84.44   222.79 kg / cm2
42574.22
4750088
fcs  84.44   155.84 kg / cm2
42574.22
fs  nfcs  6155.84  935.04 kg / cm2
fse  100000.95  935.04  8564.96 kg / cm2

8564.96
% of total loss  1 100  15%
10000
 Prestressed Concrete 21

Example
Compute the top and bottom fiber stresses immediately after anchoring and before
grouting. Assume diameter of conduit is 5 cm.

Base your calculation on:

a. Gross area
b. Net area
c. Transformed area (when grouted).

And compare the results.

Prestressing steel
3 cables 2.25cm
fpu  20000 kg / cm2
fs  14000 kg / cm2  fs 0.7 fpu 

Results
fct kg / cm2  fcb kg / cm2 
Gross area +64.67 -282.08
Net area +56.49 -290.49
Transformed area +51.96 -268.05
 Prestressed Concrete 22

a. Using gross area

A  1718.75cm2
y  41.33cm
5010 12.516.17 12.5 28.83
3 3 3

 50031.17 
2
I 
12 3 3
3012.5
3

 37535.08  2  361 18.75 2.5  23.44 25.33 

2 3 2

12  
 2  361 8.7512.5  54.6824.66 
3 2

 
I  1132000 cm 4

P  140003.976 3  166992kg
P P ec1 166992 166992 30.33 36.17
fct     
A I 1718.75 113200
 194.022kg / cm 2

P P ec2 166992 166992 30.33 41.33

fcb     
A I 1718.75 113200
 282.08 kg / cm 2
 Prestressed Concrete 23

b. Using net area

Area of conduits  3 4 5

2

 58.9cm2
A  1718.75 58.9
 1659.85cm2
y  42.41cm
 50103  12.525.093 12.529.913
2

I   50030.09   
 12  3 3

3012.5
3

 37536.16
2

12
 2  361 18.752.5  23.4424.25 
3 2

 
 2  361 8.7512.5  54.6825.74 
3 2

 
 2.5
4

19.63527.41
2

4
 2.5
4

19.63531.41
2

4
 2.5
4

19.63535.41
2

4
I  1171521 cm4
 Prestressed Concrete 24

P P ec1
fct   
A I
166992 166992 31.41 35.09
   56.49 kg / cm2
1659.85 1171521
166992 166992 31.41 42.41
fcb    290.49 kg / cm2
1659.85 1171521

c. Using transformed section

Assume n=6
As  3 4 2.25  3.976 cm2
2

A  1738.63cm2
y  40.983cm2
5010 12.526.517
3 3

 50031.517 
2
I
12 3
12.528.483 3012.5
3 3

 37534.733
2
 
3 12
 2  361 18.752.5  23.4425.68 
3 2

 
 2  361 8.7512.5  54.6824.316 
3 2

 
 19.8829.983
2

I  1246488.5cm4
 Prestressed Concrete 25

166992 166992 30.245 36.517

fct    51.96 kg / cm2
1738.63 1246488.5
166992 166992 30.245 40.983
fcb    262.05kg / cm2
1738.63 1246488.5
2. Stresses in concrete and steel due to working load

P P ec1 P  ec 
f1Pi   i    i 1  21 
A I A  r 
P P ec2 P ec 
f2Pi   i    i 1  22 
A I A  r 

Including the weight of the beam

Mg c1
f1gi  f1Pi 
I Initial stage
Mg c2
f2gi  f2Pi 
I

Now let Pi  Pe (effective)

Mg c1
f1ge  f1Pe 
I
Mg c2
f2ge  f2Pe 
I

Include the service load

Mg c1
Ms c1
f1 s  f1Pe  
I I
Mc Mc
f2 s  f2Pe  g 2  s 2
I I
 Prestressed Concrete 26

P  ec  c
f1 s   e 1  21   1 Mg  Ms 
A  r  I
final stage
P ec  c
f2 s   e 1  22   2 Mg  Ms 
A  r  I
Pe  effective load=fse  As

Location of Kern Points

Kern points are the limiting points inside which the prestress force resultant may be
applied without causing any tension anywhere in the cross section.

Load at kern point k1

Bottom fiber stress f2 ,

P Pk c
f2    1 2  0
A I
P k c 
  1  1 2 2   0
A  r 

k1c2
1 0
r2
r2
k1 
c2

Load at kern point k2

Bottom fiber stress f1 ,

P Pk c
f1    2 1  0
A I
P k c 
  1  2 2 1 
A  r 
r2
k2 
c1
 Prestressed Concrete 27

Example
A prestress concrete beam is of rectangular box section, the depth being 75cm and
breadth is 40cm, the thickness of flanges and webs are 12cm and 8cm respectively. The
section is post-tensioned by straight high tensile steel wires of total area As cm2 equally
divided between top and bottom flanges and
placed on the centerline of the flanges. The wires
are initially stressed to 8500 kg/cm2 and the total
loss of prestress may be taken as 15%.

The beam is required to carry a uniformly

distributed load of 450 kg/m in addition to its own
self weight over a span of 15m.

If the concrete stresses are not to exceed 175

kg/cm2 in compression and 10 kg/cm2 in tension
(during the prestressing operation and working
load). Calculate the max and min area of steel
which may be used.

Solution

Ag  1776 cm2
I  1140948 cm4

1. Initial stage
0
Mg c1
f1gi  f1Pi 
I
f1gi  f1Pi
P  ec 
  i 1  21  , e0
A  r 
P
f1gi   i
A

8500 As
175 
1776
175 4.79 As
36.53 As
 36.53  As
2. Final stage
 Prestressed Concrete 28

P e  ec1  c1
f1 s   1  2  Mg  Ms  top fiber
A  r I
Pe ec  c
f2 s   1  22   2 Mg  Ms  bottom fiber
A  r  I
a. Top fiber
Mg  Ms  25143.75kg.m
0.858500As 37.5
175   25143.75100
1776 1140948
175 4.06As  82.64
92.36 4.06As
22.75 As
22.75  As
b. Bottom fiber
10 4.06 As  82.64
17.85 As
17.85 As
17.85  As  22.75

Example
A Double T concrete beam is prestressed with 2 strands each 4cm2. Determine the max
allowable service load the span is 12m. fse  13000 kg / cm2
fc  400 kg / cm2

Ans. ws=1792.39 kg/m

 Prestressed Concrete 29

Solution

A  11010  2 4010  1100  800  1900cm2

1100 45  80020
y  34.47 cm
1900

I  121 11010  1101010.53  2 121  10 40  40 10 14.47 
3 2 3 2

 
 131135.65  274171.38
 405307cm4
Allowable stresses

fcs  0.45 fc  0.45400  180 kg / cm2

fct  1.59 fc  1.59 400  31.8 kg / cm2
I 405307
r2    213.32 cm2
A 1900
Pe  81300  104000 kg
wg  19000.25  475kg / m

Mg  18 47512  8550 kg.m

2

 855000 kg.cm

a.

P ec  c
f2 s   e 1  22   2 Mg  Ms 
A  r  I
104000  29.4734.47  34.47
31.8   1   855000  Ms 
1900  213.32  405307
Ms  3227394 kg.cm
Ms  18 w s 2
32273.94  18 144w s
w s  1972.9 kg / m
 Prestressed Concrete 30

b.
P  ec  c
f1 s   e 1  21  1 Mg  Ms 
A  r  I
104000  29.4715.53 15.53
180   1   855000  Ms 
1900  213.32  405307
Ms  5479030.7 kg.m
1
54790.30  w 12
2

8
w s  3043 kg / m

Max service load ws=1972.9 kg/m

Example
A simply supported prestressed T-beam with straight tendons having a span 10m.
Determine the maximum allowable service load. The total loss may be taken as 15%.
fc  400 kg / cm2
fci  300 kg / cm2

Locating c.g y
5010  500,  5  2500
4015  600,  30  1800
Ag  1100 20500
20500
y  18.64 cm
1100
Computing moment of inertia I
5010  501013.64  4166.67 93024.8
1 3 2
12

1540  401511.36  80000  77429.76

1 3 2
12

I  254621.33cm4
 Prestressed Concrete 31

wg  11000.25  275kg / m
Mg  18 27510  3437.5kg.m
2

Allowable stresses (from ACI code, chapter 18)

1. Initial stage
fci  300 kg / cm2
fci  0.6 fci  0.6300  180kg / cm2
fti  3 fc English
=0.795 fc Metric
=0.795 300  13.77kg / cm2
2. Final stage
fcs  0.45 fc  0.45 400  180kg / cm2
fts  6 fc English
 1.59 fc Metric
=1.59 400  31.8 kg / cm2
B.S.S.
6000 psi in pretension
4500 psi in post-tension

Pe
R  effectivness ratio 
Pi
 Prestressed Concrete 32

Top fiber
P  ec  c
f1 s   e 1  21  1 Mg  Ms 
A  r  I
c
fcs  R fti  1 Mg  Ms 
I
18.64
180  11.7  3437.5100  Ms 
254621.23
Ms  2274860 kg.cm
 22749 kg.m 1
Bottom fiber
P ec  c
f2 s   e 1  22   2 Mg  Ms 
A  r  I
c
fts  0.85 fci  2 Mg  Ms 
I
31.36
31.8  153  3437.5100  Ms 
254621.23
Ms  1156697kg.cm
 11567kg.m 2
Ms  smaller of 1 and 2
Ms  18 w s 2
115678
ws   925kg / m
10
2
 Prestressed Concrete 33

Example
Analyze the T-beam shown at both the initial and final stage. The beam is to carry a
superimposed load of 500 kg/m and spanning 8m.

The area of prestressed steel is 2.4 cm2 with fc  400 kg / cm2
fci  300 kg / cm2
fpu  14000 kg / cm2
fsi  0.7 fpu  9800 kg / cm2
Allowable stresses kg / cm2 
fcs  0.45400  180
fts  1.59 400  31.8
fci  0.6300  180
fti  0.795 300  13.77

Locating y

5010  500,  5  2500

4010  400,  30  12000
Ag  900 14500
14500
y  16.11cm
900
Computing I

5010  501011.11  61716

1 3 2
12

1040  401013.89  130506

1 3 2
12

I  192222cm4
 Prestressed Concrete 34

r 2  I / A  192222 900  213.58 cm2

wg  9000.25  225kg / m
ws  500 kg / m
Mg  18 2258  1800 kg.m
2

Ms  18 5008  4000 kg.m

2

P  ec  c
f1gi   i 1  21  Mg 1
A  r  I
98002.4  23.8916.11 180010016.11
 1  
900  213.58  192222
 5.87 kg / cm2  fti OK
P ec  c
f2gi   i 1  22   Mg 2
A  r  I
98002.4  23.8933.89  180010033.89
 1  
900  213.58  192222
 93.46 kg / cm2  fci OK
P  ec  c
f1 s   e 1  21  1 Mg  Ms 
A  r  I
98002.40.85  23.8916.11 16.11
 1   1800  4000100
900 213.58  192222
 30.79 kg / cm 180 OK
P ec  c
f2 s   e 1  22   2 Mg  Ms 
A  r  I
98002.40.85  23.8933.89  33.89
 1   1005800
900 213.58  192222
 4.16 kg / cm2
 Prestressed Concrete 35

Design for Flexure

1. Beam with variable eccentricity

 M   
f1  1  R  fti  g  
 S1  
 Mg
 and f are dealt with as absolute values
 M   S
f2  1  R  fci  g 
 S2 


f1r  fti f1  fcs
 M 
 fti 1  R  fti  g   fcs
 S1 
 M M 
 fti  fti  g  R fti  R g   fcs
 S 1 S  1

Mg Mg
 fti  fti   R fti  R  fcs
S1 S1
Mg
 R fti 1  R   fcs
S1
 Prestressed Concrete 36

f2 r  fts  fci f2

 M 
 fts  fci 1  R  fci  g 
 S2 
 M M 
 fts  fci  fci  g  R fti  R g 
 S 2 S  2

Mg Mg
 fts  fci  fci   R fti  R
S2 S2
Mg
 fts 1  R   R fci
S2
Ms
S1 
f1r
Ms
S1 
Mg
R fti 1  R   fcs
S1
 M 
S1 R fti 1  R  g  fcs   Ms
 S1 
 
S1R fti 1  R Mg  S1 fcs  Ms
S1 R fti  fcs   Ms  1  R Mg

Ms  1  R Mg
S1  fcs is substituted -ve
R fti  fcs
Ms
S2 
f2 r
Ms
S2 
M
fts 1  R  g  R fci
S2
 M 
S2  fts 1  R  g  R fci   Ms
 S2 
 
 S f 1  R M  S R f   M
 2 ts g 2 ci  s

S2  fts  R fci   Ms  1  R Mg

Ms  1  R Mg
S2 
fts  R fci
 Prestressed Concrete 37

Summary of Design Steps

Given

 Live load plus additional dead load=ws

 Span
 Allowable stresses, both initial and service (final)
 R

Assume weight of section

Compute the min required S1 and S2

Ms  1  R Mg
S1 
R fti  fcs
Ms  1  R Mg
S2 
fts  R fti

The greater value will control.

Select the required section based on the larges S>

Compute new Ag , I , S1 , S2 and checked assumed weight of section with the selected
section.

Compute fcent.

c1
fcent  fti 
h i
 ft  fci 
Pi  fcent  Ag
Pi
As 
fs
fs  0.7 fpu
S1 M
e
P2
 fti  fcent   g
Pi
 Prestressed Concrete 38

Example
Design a simply supported double tee concrete foot bridge 15m long and 2.5m wide is to
carry a LL of 750 kg/m with fc  300 kg / cm2
i

fc  400 kg / cm2

fpu  16000 kg / cm2
R  0.85

Solution

fci  0.6 fci  0.6300  180 kg / cm2

fti  0.795 fci  0.795 300  13.77 kg / cm2
fcs  0.45 fc  0.45400  180 kg / cm2
fts  1.59 fc  1.59 400  31.8 kg / cm2

Assumed weight of section=1200 kg/m

Mg  18 120015  33750kg .m
2

wLL  7502.50  1875kg / m

Ms  18 187515  52734 kg .m
2

Ms  1  R Ms
S1 
R fti  fcs
52734  1 0.85 33750
 100
0.8513.77  180
 30149 cm3
Ms  1  R Mg
S2 
fts R fci
52734  0.15 33750
 100
31.8  0.85180
 31275
 Prestressed Concrete 39

Checking the overhang (ACI 8.10)

overhang  8 thickness
55  810  80 OK

Locating c.g. y

25010  2500;  5  12500

21555  1650;  375  61875
4150 74375
74375
c1   17.92 cm
4150

Moment of inertia I

25010
3
1
12  20833
250012.92
2
 417316
2 121 1555
3
 415938
165047.08  27.5  632938
2

I  1486658 cm4

1486658
S1   82961cm3 , required 30149
17.92
1486658
S2   31577 cm3 , required 31275
47.08

The selected section is OK

Checking the weight of the section

 Prestressed Concrete 40

wg  41500.25  1037.5kg / m
 1200 kg / m (assumed)

Checking deflection (ACI 9.5.4 P31)

L 1500
allowable    4.17 cm
360 360
1875
1500
4
5
5w  4
100
actual    0.4 cm OK
384EI 3842.1106 1486658

c1
fcent  fti   ft  fci 
h i
17.92
 13.77  13.77  180   39.65kg / cm2
65

Pi  39.65 4150  164547.5kg

Pi
As 
fs
fs  0.7 fpu  0.716000
164547.5
As   14.69 cm2
0.716000
S M
e  1  fti  fcent   g
Pi Pi
S1  82961cm3

Mg  18 1037.515  29180 kg.m

2

82961 29.180100
e 13.77  39.65 
164547.5 164547.5
 44.66 cm

Checking stresses

If Pi , As and e are slightly changed due to practical reasons the stresses under initial and
final stages must be checked. However, in this example all values are kept the same.

P  ec  M
f1gi   i 1  21   g
A  r  S1
164547.5 44.66 17.92 29180 100
  1  
4150  358.23  82960
 13.60  fti  13.77 OK
 Prestressed Concrete 41

P ec  M
f2gi   i 1  22   g
A  r  S2
164547.5 44.66 47.08 29180 100
 1  
4150 358.23  31577
 179.96 kg / cm2  fci  180kg / cm2 OK

P e  ec1  Mg  Ms
f1 s   1  2  
A  r S1
0.85164597.5 44.66 17.92 29180 52734
 1   100
4150 358.23  82960
 57.54 kg / cm2  fcs  180 kg / cm2 OK

P e  ec2  Mg  Ms
f2 s   1  2  
A r S2
0.85164547.5 44.66 47.08 29180 52734
 1  
4150 358.23  31577
 29.9 kg / cm2  fts  31.8 kg / cm2 OK

Beams with Constant Eccentricity

The preceding analysis based on

1. Condition at the max moment section.

2. Effect of beam DL moment is immediately superimposed on the effect of
prestressing.

However Mg is becoming smaller and equal to zero at end, hence if Pi and e were
constant, the stress limits fti and fci would be exceeded.
For pre-tensioning were Pi and e are constants, the condition at support will
govern.
 Prestressed Concrete 42

=0 at support
P  ec  M
fti   i 1  21   g
A  r  S1
f1r  R fti  fcs
f2 r  fts  R fci
Mg  Ms
S1 
f1r
Mg  Ms
S2 
f2 r

c1
fcent  fti 
h i
 ft  fci  the same value as for the variable eccentriciy
Pi  fcent  Ag

Find e

From top fiber

P  ec 
fti   i 1  21 
A  r 
P P ec
  i  i 21
A Ar
Pe
  fcent  i
S1
 Prestressed Concrete 43

Pi e
 fti  fcent
S1
S
e  1  fti  fcent 
Pi
S1
e  ft  fcent 
Pi i
fcent value taken -ve

Or from bottom fiber

S2
e
Pi
 fcent  fci 

Example: Constant Eccentricity

Redesign the foot bridge on the basis of constant eccentricity.

We need to assume a larger section

Let wg  1300 kg / m
Mg  18 130015  36563kg .m
2

Ms  52734 kg.m
Mg  Ms 36563  52734
S1   100  46582cm3
R fti  fcs 0.8513.77  180
Mg  Ms 36563  52734
S2   100  48321cm3
fts  R fci 31.8  0.85180

Locating c.g. y
 Prestressed Concrete 44

25010  2500;  5  12500

22062  2480;  41  104680
4980 114180
c1  22.93cm
c2  49.07 cm

Computing I

25010
3
1
12  20833
250017.93
3
 803712
248049.07 31  809782
2

I  2428754 cm4

I 2428754
S1    105920 cm3
c1 22.93
I 2428754
S2    49496 cm3
c2 49.07

Checking wg

wg  49800.25  1245kg / m

Computing Pi

c1
fcent  fti 
h i
 ft  fci 
22.93
 13.77  13.77  180   47.94kg / cm2
72
Pi  fcent  Ag
 47.94 4980  238741kg
238741
As   21.32 cm2
0.716000

12 mm strand, As  0.98 cm2

Use 2212 mm starnds
 220.98  21.56 cm2

NOTE: Area of strand depends on the stress, for high strength As  0.98 cm2
 Prestressed Concrete 45

S1
e  ft  fcent 
Pi i
105920
 13.77  47.94  27.38cm
238741

Or from bottom fiber

S2
e
Pi
 fcent  fci 
49496
 47.94  180  27.38cm
238741

Tendon Profile
Case (a) with no transverse loading applied; the resultant of internal forces will coincide
with Pi.

۷
 Prestressed Concrete 46

Mg
Case (b) when Mg applied, the resultant will move upward an amount of .
Pi

Mg  Ms
Case (c) when Mg  Ms applied the resultant will move upward by .
Pe

From case (c) the upper limit of Pe when f2 s  fts

Pe Pe y1c2
fts   
A Ar 2
Ar 2  Pe 
y1   fts  
Pe c2 A
r 2  fts A 
y1    1
c2  Pe 
 Prestressed Concrete 47

From case (b) to find the location of Pi so that top fiber stress will be fti

P Pi y2 c1
fti   i 
A Ar 2
Ar 2  Pi 
y2   fti  
Pi c1 A
r 2  fti A 
y2    1
c1  Pi 

Note that ideally the upper and lower locations of the steel centroid will coincide (the full
efficiency of the cross section be obtained this optimum condition isobtained at only one
cross section.
 Prestressed Concrete 48

Indication of the Adequacy and Economy of Design

A moment diagram produced by the tendon is directly drawn from c.g.s. profile, then
deflection is computed from B.M.
 Prestressed Concrete 49

Example
A concrete beam 10m long, simply supported, is post tensioned with 8 cm2 of high tensile
steel to an initial prestress of 1000 kg/cm2 immediately after prestressing. Compute the
initial deflection at midspan due to prestress and the beam own weight. Assuming
Ec  0.28106 kg / cm2 , estimate the deflection after 8 months assuming a creep
coefficient of c2  1.8 and an effective prestress of 8500 kg/cm2 at that time.

w2
MCL  Pi h 
8
8Pi h
w
2

Pi  810000  80000kg
wg  3045 0.25  337.5kg / m
 3.375kg / m

5w  4 Mo  2 5wg 
4

CL   
384EI 8EI 384EI
5 8Pi h  4 Pi y1  2 5wg 
4

    
384  2 EI 8EI 384EI
1000
4
5 88000017
  
384 1000
2
30453
0.28106 
12
53.3751000
4


30453
384 0.28106 
12
 2.221  0.705 0.689  0.827cm
 Prestressed Concrete 50

The initial deflection should be modified by two factors:

1. Loss of prestress, tends to decrease the deflection.

2. Creep effect, tends to increase deflection after 3 months.
fse  8500 kg / cm2
fsi  10000 kg / cm2
 8500 
  2.221  0.705  0.689  1.80
 10000 
 1.079 cm
 Prestressed Concrete 51

Flexure Analysis of Composite Section

Stresses, due to

1. Pi
2. Pi  Mg
3. Pe  Mg
4. M f (weight of flange)
5. Ms
6. Pe ,Mg ,Mf , and Ms
Mf c
ft 
I

If required to find Ms for given permissible stress

 Prestressed Concrete 52

Constant Eccentricity Variable Eccentricity

At top of composite M  M f  Ms 1  R Mg  M f  Ms
fr  g fr 
S1( c ) S1( c )
At top of stem
f1r 
Mg  M f  Ms 1  RMg  Mf  Ms
f1r 
Ic / c Ic / c
At bottom of stem Mg  M f  Ms 1  R Mg  M f  Ms
f2 r  f2 r 
S2( c ) S2( c )
 Prestressed Concrete 53

Example
A double Tee unit 15cm wide by 50cm deep has the properties:

A  2460 cm2
I  506353cm4
c1  14.76 cm
fc  450 kg / cm2
span  10 m
with constant eccentricity

Find the properties of this section when combined with a 5cm structural topping of 210
kg/cm2 concrete.

Also find the maximum superimposed moment which the composite section can carry
under the following condition

Pi  84 Ton
c.g.s  10 cm above the bottom fiber
R=0.85

Solution

I
S
c
506353
S1   34305.76 cm3
14.76
506353
S2   14368.7 cm3
35.24
wg  0.252460  615kg / m
Mg  18 61510  7687.5kg.m
2
 Prestressed Concrete 54

P  ec  M
f1ge   e 1  21  g
A  r  S1
0.8584000  25.24 14.76 7687.5 100
 1    1.09 kg / cm2
2460 205.83  34305.76
P ec  M
f2ge   e 1  22   g
A  r  S2

w f  15050.25  187.5kg / m
M f  18 187.510  2343.75kg.m
2

Mf 2343.75100
f1 f    6.83 kg / cm2
S1 34305.76
Mf 2343.75100
f2 f    16.31 kg / cm2
S2 14305.76

Allowable stresses

0.45210  94.5kg / cm2

0.45 450  202.5kg / cm2
1.59 450  33.73kg / cm2
 Prestressed Concrete 55

Locating y

2460; 14.76  5  48609.60

750; 2.5  1875.00
3210 50484.60
50484.60
y  15.73cm
3210

Ic.g.c  506353  246015.73 14.76

2

 121 1505  75015.73 2.5

3 2

 64150 cm4
I
S1   40782.26 cm3
c1
I
S2   16335.75cm3
c2

1. For top of topping

Mg  M f  Ms
f1r 
S1c
2343.75  7687.5100  Ms
94.5 
40782.26
Ms  28507 kg.cm

2. For top of double Tee

Mg  M f  Ms
f1r 
Ic C
7687.5  2343.75100  Ms
202.5 5.74 
641505 10.73
Ms  107604 kg.m
 Prestressed Concrete 56

3. At bottom fiber
Mg  M f  Ms
f2 r 
S2c
7687.5  2343.75100  Ms
84.63  33.73 
16335.75
Ms  9304 kg.m

Max. Ms  9304 kg.m

Homework
The midspan section of a composite beam is shown. The precast stem 30cm wide by 90cm
deep is post tensioned with an initial force of 250Tons, the effective prestress after losses
is taken as 220Tons. Moment due to weight of that precast section is 28000kg.m at
midspan. After it is erected in place a top slab of 15cm by 90cm wide is to be casted in-
place producing a moment of 14000kg.m. After the slab has hardened, the composite is to
carry a max service load moment of 76000kg.m. Compute the stress in the section at
various stages.

Given:

Pi  250T
Pe  220T
Mg  28000kg.m
M f  14000 kg.m
Ms  76000 kg.m

Required: stresses at various stages.

 Prestressed Concrete 57

Flexural Strength Analysis

Ultimate Analysis

Under Reinforced Beam

Aps  area of prestressing steel

C T
0.85 fcba  Aps fpu
Aps fpu
a
0.85 fcb

 a
Mu  T d  
 2
 Aps fpu 
 Aps fpu d  
 1.7 fcb 
 A fp 
 Aps fpu d 1  0.59 ps u 
 bd fc 

Aps
Let p 
bd

 fp 
Mu  Aps fpu d 1  0.59 p u 
 fc 
 fp 
Mu   Aps fpu d 1  0.59p u 
 fc 
 Prestressed Concrete 58

c  
 s sc
a a
d
1 1
a
1
s  s  sc 
a
d
1

Where 1  0.85 for fc  280 kg / cm2 , decrease by 0.05 for every 70kg/cm2 above
280kg/cm2.

Over Reinforced Beam

0.003 su  sc


a a
d
1 1
a
d
1
su  0.003  sc
a
1

Aps fps
a
0.85 fcb

fps is the calculated stress.

If exceeds 0.003, the beam is over reinforced, that is crushing of the concrete will occur
before the steel reaches its tensile strength. In this case stress in steel is fps is less than fpu
and it is unknown. The beam strength (ultimate) is found by successive trials:
 Prestressed Concrete 59

a. Assume steel stress fps , read su from stress-strain curve.

Aps fps
b. Find a 
0.85 fcb
a
d
1
c. Compute su  0.003  sc
a
1

If this value differ from the one found from graph, use the new su read the
corresponding fps from the graph and repeat until adequate convergence is
obtained.
d. The ultimate moment
 a
Mu  Aps fps d  
 2
This procedure is valid for bonded beam.

ACI Commentary Procedure

1. Rectangular beam
fp
A. If p s  0.3 (under reinforced beam)
fc
Aps
Where 0.3 = the reinforcing index, p 
0.85 fcb
 Ap fp 
Mu  0.9 Aps fps d 1  0.59 s s 
 bd fc 
 fp 
Mu  0.9 Aps fps d 1  0.59p s 
 f  c

If stress-strain diagram is not available use the following procedure,

a. For bonded member

 fp 
fps  fpu 1  0.50p u 
 fc 
b. For unbonded member
fc
fps  fse  10000  English
100p
fc
fps  fse  703  Metric
100p
But not more than fpu or fse  4220 (Metric)
fse is the effective prestress
 Prestressed Concrete 60

fps
B. If p  0.3 (over reinforced beam)
fc
Mu  0.25 fcbd 2 
2. T-Beam
A. If N.A. falls inside the flange, the analysis is similar for rectangular beam, that is
usually when the flange thickness hf is:
fp
hf  1.4 dp s
fc
B. If N.A. falls outside the flange, the analysis will be similar to a T-beam of an ordinary
reinforced concrete. This is usually where the flange thickness hf is:
fp
hf  1.4 dp s
fc

And according to the following procedure

fps
a. If pw  0.3 (under reinforced)
fc
Apw
fpw 
bw d

Apf fps  0.85 fcb  bw hf

Apw fps  0.85 fcbw a

  a  h 
Mu    Apw fps d    Apf fps d  f 

  2  2 

0.85 fcb  bw hf

Apf 
fps
Apw  Aps  Apf
Apw fps
a
0.85 fcbw

  Ap fp   h 
Mu  0.9  Apw fps d 1  0.59 w s   0.85 fcb  bw hf d  f 
  fcbw d   2 

fps
b. If pw  0.3 (over reinforced)
fc
 Prestressed Concrete 61

  h 
Mu   0.25 fcbd 2  0.85 fcb  bw hf d  f 
  2 


According to ACI code, to control cracking in members with unbonded tendons, some
bonded reinforcement should be added uniformly distributed over tension zone near the
extreme tensile fiber, the minimum amount of such reinforcement is the largest of:

Nc
As 
0.5 fy
As  0.0004 A

Where Nc = the tension force in the concrete at load D+0.1L

A= the area of that part of the cross section between the flexure tension face
and the center of gravity of the gross cross section.
Fy is not to exceed 60 ksi.

Example
A post tensioned bonded strands of strength
fpu  20000 kg / cm2 and fc  450 kg / cm2 compute the
strength of the beam for the following cases:
1. Aps  5 cm2
2. Aps  10 cm2
3. Aps  15 cm2

Solution
1. Aps  5 cm2
Aps 5
p    2.5103
bd 4040
 fp 
fps  fpu 1  0.5p u 
 fc 
 20000 
 200001 0.52.5103    18889 kg / cm
2
 450 
 Prestressed Concrete 62

fps 18889
1.4d p  1.4402.5103   5.87  10cm
fc 450
N.A. falls inside the flange
fp 18889
p s  2.5103   0.10  0.3
fc 450
The beam is under reinforced
 fp 
Mu   Aps fps d 1  0.59p s 
 fc 
 18889 
 0.9518889 401 0.59 2.5 103  
 450 
 3189511kg.cm
2. Aps  10 cm2
p  6103
fps  17778 kg / cm2
fps
1.4p d  11.06 cm  10 cm
fc
N.A. falls below the flange; T-beam analysis is used.
Checking whether it is over reinforced or under reinforced,
Ap
pw  w
bw d
Ap fp  0.85 fcb  bw hf
f s

0.85 450 50  1510

Apf   7.53cm2
17778
Apw  Aps  Apf  10  7.53  2.47cm2
fps 2.47 17778
pw     0.16  0.30
fc 1540 450
The beam is under reinforced,
  fp   h 
Mu    Apw fps d 1  0.59pw s   0.85 fcb  bw hf d  f 
  fc   2 
2.4717778 401 0.59 0.16 
 
 0.90  
0.85 450 50  1510 40 10 
 
 2 
Mu  5648653kg.cm
3. Aps  15 cm2
 Prestressed Concrete 63

p  7.5103
fps  16667kg / cm2
fps
1.4p  15.56  10 cm
fc
N.A. fall below the flange
Apf  8.03 cm2
Apw  Aps  Apf  15  8.03  6.97 cm2
fps 6.97 16667
pw    0.43  0.30
fc 1540 450
The beam is over reinforced
  h 
Mu   0.25 fcbw d 2  0.85 fcb  bw hf d  f 
  2 

  10 
 0.90  0.25 45015 402  0.85 450 50 15 10 40 
  2 
 6647063kg.cm

Example
A double T-concrete beam is prestressed with bonded strands of total area of 8cm2.
Determine the ultimate strength (moment). fpu  18000kg / cm2
fc  400 kg / cm2

Also work the problem if Aps  20 cm2

 Prestressed Concrete 64

Solution
1. Aps  8 cm2
Aps
p 
bd
8
  1.6103
110 45
 fp 
fps  fpu 1  0.50p u 
 f  
c

 18000 
 180001  0.501.6103  
 400 
 17235.4 kg / cm2
fps 17235.4
1.4d p  1.4451.6103   4.34 cm  hf
fc 400

N.A. falls inside the flange; rectangular analysis required.

fps 17235.4
p  1.6103   0.07  0.3
fc 400

Under reinforced analysis,

 fp 
Mu  0.9 Aps fps d 1  0.59p s 
 fc 
 0.9817235.4451 0.59 0.07
 5353639 kg.cm

2. Aps  20 cm2

Aps 20
p    4103
bd 110 45
 fp 
fps  fpu 1  0.59p u 
 fc 
 18000 
 180001 0.59 4103  
 400 
 16088.4 kg / cm2

fps 16088.4
1.4d p  7.4454103   10.135cm  hf
fc 400

N.A. falls outside the flange; T-beam analysis required.

 Prestressed Concrete 65

Apw
pw 
bw d
Apf fps  0.85 fcb  bw hf
0.85 400110  21010
Apf   19 cm2
16088.4
Apw  Aps  Apf  20  19  1 cm2

Apw 1
pw    0.00222
bw d 1045
fp 16088.4
pw  s  0.00222  0.089  0.3
fc 400

Under reinforced beam

  fp   h 
Mu    Apw fps d 1  0.59pw s   0.85 fcb  bw hf d  f 
 fc   2 

 0.9 116088.41 0.59 0.089  0.85 400 110 10 10 45 5
 12253719.24kg .cm
 Prestressed Concrete 66

Shear in Prestressed Beams

There are two factors that reduce the diagonal tension in prestressed beam.

Shear is a tension failure.

Allowable tension=8kg/cm2 crack occurs. i.e. diagonal tension

1. From combining the longitudinal compressive force with shear stress.

a. In ordinary R.C. beams

b. In prestressed beams
 Prestressed Concrete 67

2. From slope of the tendon

Vc is shear carried by concrete

V  Vp Vc

Applying of proper factor of safety for diagonal tensile stresses at service load
doesn’t ensure an adequate factor of safety against failure for the following reasons:

 If “C ” is reduced or “  ” increased, “t1” will increase (in case the beam is

overloaded)
 If “C ” is increased the component of the tension will not be increased.

Therefore the diagonal tension will be based on factored load instead of service
load.

At load near failure, a prestressed beam usually is extensively cracked and behaves
like an ordinary reinforced beam therefore many of the procedure for R.C. beam
will be applied for prestressed concrete beam.

Shear stress at factored load

Vu
u 
bw d
bw d  web area
  0.85
d  0.8h
 Prestressed Concrete 68

Spacing of vertical web reinforcement

Av fy
S
u  c bw
c  Shear carried by concrete at factored load.

Min amount of web reinforcement,

Aps fpu S d
Av   
80 fy d bw

A maximum spacing of ¾h and not more than 60cm.

 Prestressed Concrete 69

Limiting Stresses
Reference PCI design handbook

1. Initial condition at transfer

Compression 0.6 fci Kg/cm2 f ci  0.6 fci 

Tension 12.5 Kg/cm2 f ti  0.795 fci 

2. Final condition “Service Load”
Compression +210 Kg/cm2 f cs  0.45 fc

Tension -30 Kg/cm2 f ts  1.59 fc 

Concrete cube strength
At transfer 350 Kg/cm2 f 
ci

After transfer 420 Kg/cm2  fc

Prestressing
One ½” 7 wire strand grade 270

Min breaking load 18500kg

Due to initial conditions limitations, use jacking force 62% of 18500kg (allowable 70%) or
about 11.5 Tons per strand.

Prestressing force at release and after 10% losses=10350kg per strand.

Prestressing force at final condition and after 22% losses=8970kg per strand.

Properties of Section

Precast Composite
A 1161 cm2
S2 4687 cm3 5393 cm3
S1 11733 cm3 14561 cm3
c2 25 cm 27.73 cm
c1 10 cm 10.27 cm

Loading
Loading kg/m2 kg/cm
1 Own weight 230 2.76
2 4 cm screed 96 1.15
3 Water proofing 20 0.24
4 5 cm mud 85 1.02
5 Live load 150 1.8
 Prestressed Concrete 70

 Loads 1 and 2 act on the precast section

 Loads 3, 4 and 5 with assumed 3cm effective screed.
 All loads act on the main span and cantilever.

On erected precast TT
Neglect the effect of small cantilever being a minor one.
w  2.76  1.15  1.8  5.71kg / cm

Moment at cantilever

130
2

M  5.71  48249.5kg.cm
2
Maximum moment on main span

w
2
  a   a
2 2
M
8
5.71
903 643
2 2

8773
2

 402702.73kg.cm
  a2 
Acting at distance x  1  2 
2   
 374 cm to the right of R1
Stresses

A. At cantilever
28970 2897016.25 48249.5
fb    
1161 4687 4687
 89.93kg / cm 2
OK
28970 2897016.25 48249.5
ft    
1161 11733 11733
 13.5kg / cm 2
OK
B. At main span
 Prestressed Concrete 71

28970 2897016.25 402703.73

fb    
1161 4687 4687
 8.28 kg / cm 2
OK
28970 2897016.25 402703.73
ft    
1161 11733 11733
 24.93kg / cm 2
OK

On Composite Section

w  2.76  1.15  0.24  1.02  1.8

 6.97 kg / cm

Moment at cantilever

130
2

M  6.97
2
 58896.5kg.cm
Maximum moment on main span

6.97
903 643
2 2
M
8773
2

 491565kg.cm

Stresses at cantilever

28970 2897016.25 5889.5

fb    
1161 4687 5393
 88.57 kg / cm OK
2

28970 2897016.25 5889.5

ft    
1161 11733 14561
 13.43kg / cm 2
OK

The eccentricity of the strands is 16.25cm fixed throughout the length of the element.
 Prestressed Concrete 72

Checking Conditions at Transfer

A. End condition; Mgi  0

210350 21035016.25
fb  f2Pi   
1161 6487
 89.59 kg / cm OK
2

210350 21035016.25
ft  f1Pi   
1161 11733
 10.86 kg / cm OK
2

B. At midspan
2.76925
2

B.M. due to own weight 

8
 295190 kg.cm
295190
fb  89.59 
4687
 26.61kg / cm2 OK
295190
ft  10.86 
11733
 14.3kg / cm2 OK

Checking Ultimate Strength

5.17
903 643
2 2
MD 
8773
2

 364618 kg.cm
 Prestressed Concrete 73

1.8
903 643
2 2
ML 
8773
2

 126946 kg.cm

U  1.4MD  1.7ML
 726274 kg.cm
As  2.45cm2
0.85 fcb 1 t
As 
fy
 12.02 cm2  As (Actual)
As fy
a=  1.29 cm
0.85 fcb

 1.29 
Mu  0.921850029.25  
 2 
 952546.5kg.cm
Mu
 1.31  1.0 OK
U
 Prestressed Concrete 74

on
Prestressed Concrete 75
Prestressed Concrete 76
Prestressed Concrete 77