Forces On The Reciprocating Parts of An Engine

Balancing of Reciprocating Parts
Forces on the Reciprocating Parts of an Engine:
Fig. 1 Motion of a crank and connecting rod of a reciprocating Fig.1. Forces on the reciprocating Partsof
steam engine an Engine
𝑥 = 𝑃′ 𝑃 = 𝑂𝑃′ − 𝑂𝑃 = (𝑃′ 𝐶 ′ + 𝐶 ′ 𝑂) − (𝑃𝑄 + 𝑄𝑂) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝑥
𝑣𝑝 = = . =𝜔
= (𝑙 + 𝑟) − (𝑙 cos 𝜑 + 𝑟 cos 𝜃) 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝜃
= 𝑟[(1 − cos 𝜃) + 𝑛(1 − cos 𝜑)] sin 2𝜃
sin 𝜃 = 𝜔𝑟 (sin 𝜃 + )
Now, sin 𝜑 = , we can also write 2𝑛
𝑛
1
𝑑𝑣𝑝 𝑑𝑣𝑝 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝑣𝑝
𝑎𝑝 = = . =𝜔
1 sin2 𝜃 2 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝜃
(1
cos 𝜑 = − sin2 𝜑)2
= (1 − ) cos 2𝜃
𝑛2 = 𝜔2 𝑟 [cos 𝜃 + ]
sin2 𝜃 𝑛
⇒ 1 − cos 𝜑 =
2𝑛2
sin2 𝜃
∴ 𝑥 = 𝑟[(1 − cos 𝜃) +
2𝑛
Fig. 2 Reciprocating Engine Mechanism

FR = Force required to accelerate the reciprocating parts,
FI = Inertia force due to reciprocating parts
FN = Force on the sides of the cylinder walls or normal force acting on the cross-head guides, and
FB = Force acting on the crankshaft bearing or main bearing.
Since F and Fl are equal in magnitude but opposite in direction, therefore they balance each other. The horizontal
component of F (i.e. FBH) acting along the line of reciprocation is also equal and opposite to Fl. This force F = FU is
an unbalanced force or shaking force and required to be properly balanced.
The force on the sides of the cylinder walls (FN) and the vertical component of FV (i.e. FBV) are equal and
opposite and thus form a shaking couple of magnitude FN  x or FBV  x.
From above we see that the effect of the reciprocating parts is to produce a shaking force and a shaking couple.
Since the shaking force and a shaking couple vary in magnitude and direction during the engine cycle, therefore
they cause very objectionable vibrations. Thus, the purpose of balancing the reciprocating masses is to eliminate
the shaking force and a shaking couple. In most of the mechanisms, we can reduce the shaking force and a shaking
couple by adding appropriate balancing mass, but it is usually not practical to eliminate them
completely. In other words, the reciprocating masses are only partially balanced.
Primary and Secondary Unbalanced Forces of Reciprocating Masses:
m = Mass of the reciprocating parts

l = Length of the connecting rod PC
r = Radius of the crank OC
 = Angle of inclination of the crank with the line of stroke PO
 = Angular speed of the crank
n = 𝑙
Ratio of length of the connecting rod to the crank radius =
𝑟
We know,
cos 2𝜃
𝑎𝑅 = 𝜔2 𝑟 (cos 𝜃 + )
𝑛
The inertia force:
cos 2𝜃
𝐹𝐼 = 𝐹𝑅 = 𝑚𝜔2 𝑟 (cos 𝜃 + )
𝑛
Therefore, the unbalanced force is:
cos 2𝜃 cos 2𝜃
𝐹𝑈 = 𝑚𝜔2 𝑟 (cos 𝜃 + ) = 𝑚𝜔2 𝑟 cos 𝜃 + 𝑚𝜔2 𝑟
𝑛 𝑛
𝐹𝑃 = 𝑚𝜔2 𝑟 cos 𝜃 Primary Unbalanced Force
Maximum PUF when =00 and 1800
𝐹𝑃 (𝑚𝑎𝑥) = 𝑚𝜔2 𝑟
cos 2𝜃
𝐹𝑆 = 𝑚𝜔2 𝑟 Secondary Unbalanced force
𝑛
Maximum SUF when =00, 900, 1800 and 3600.
cos 2𝜃
𝐹𝑆 = 𝑚𝜔2 𝑟 𝑛
FS=(1/n). FP
FS is small in moderate speed compare to the primary unbalanced force.
Partial Balancing of Unbalanced Primary Force in Reciprocating Engine:
𝑚𝜔2 𝑟 cos 𝜃 = 𝐵𝜔2 𝑏 cos 𝜃

𝑚𝜔2 𝑟 = 𝐵𝜔2 𝑏
𝑚𝑟 = 𝐵𝑏
But the vertical component of the centrifugal force due to revolving mass 𝐵𝜔2 𝑏 sin 𝜃 will be unbalanced.
And if =900 it will be maximum and equal to primary unbalanced force.
So, it is better to balance partially rather than full.

If the fraction c of mass m is balanced by the counter mass B,
𝑐𝑚𝑟 = 𝐵𝑏
So, unbalanced force in the line of stroke is,

𝑚𝜔2 𝑟 cos 𝜃 − 𝐵𝜔2 𝑏 cos 𝜃
= 𝑚𝜔2 𝑟 cos 𝜃 − 𝑐𝑚𝜔2 𝑟 cos 𝜃
= (1 − 𝑐)𝑚𝜔2 𝑟 cos 𝜃
Now, unbalanced force in the perpendicular line of stroke is,
𝑐𝑚𝜔2 𝑟 sin 𝜃
So, the resultant unbalanced force,
√[(1 − 𝑐)𝑚𝜔 2 𝑟 cos 𝜃]2 + (𝑐𝑚𝜔 2 𝑟 sin 𝜃)2
= 𝑚𝜔2 𝑟√(1 − 𝑐 )2 cos2 𝜃 + 𝑐 2 sin2 𝜃
If the total revolving mass m1 and partial reciprocation mass cm are balanced, we can write
B.b=m1r+cmr
Partial Balancing of locomotive engines:
Two types normally.
1. Inside cylinder locomotives ; and
2. Outside cylinder locomotives.
In the inside cylinder locomotives, the two cylinders are placed in between the planes of two driving wheels as
shown in figure; whereas in the outside cylinder locomotives, the two cylinders are placed outside the driving
wheels, one on each side of the driving wheel as shown in figure.
Variation of tractive force:

The resultant unbalanced force due to the two cylinders along the line of stroke is known as tractive
force.
Swaying Couple:
Hammer blow: The maximum amount of unbalanced force along the perpendicular to the line of
stroke.
That is 𝑩𝝎𝟐 𝒃
Now if P is the static wheel load i.e. downward pressure on the rail, then net pressure on the rail is
= 𝑃 ± 𝐵𝜔2 𝑏 , if this value is negative, the wheel will lifted from the rail
Now, the limiting speed is
𝑃 − 𝐵𝜔2 𝑏 = 0
𝑃
⇒𝜔=√
𝐵𝑏

Forces On The Reciprocating Parts of An Engine

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Balancing of Reciprocating Parts

Forces on the Reciprocating Parts of an Engine:

Fig. 2 Reciprocating Engine Mechanism

Primary and Secondary Unbalanced Forces of Reciprocating Masses:

m = Mass of the reciprocating parts

𝐹𝑃 = 𝑚𝜔2 𝑟 cos 𝜃 Primary Unbalanced Force

Maximum PUF when =00 and 1800

Maximum SUF when =00, 900, 1800 and 3600.

𝑚𝜔2 𝑟 cos 𝜃 = 𝐵𝜔2 𝑏 cos 𝜃

So, it is better to balance partially rather than full.

So, unbalanced force in the line of stroke is,

So, the resultant unbalanced force,

√[(1 − 𝑐)𝑚𝜔 2 𝑟 cos 𝜃]2 + (𝑐𝑚𝜔 2 𝑟 sin 𝜃)2

= 𝑚𝜔2 𝑟√(1 − 𝑐 )2 cos2 𝜃 + 𝑐 2 sin2 𝜃

Variation of tractive force:

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