Transverse and Longitudinal Vibration

Kt=transverse direction spring stiffness of the shaft

= Static deflection due to weight of the body
x= Displacement of body from mean position after time t
m=Mass of body =W/g

The equation of motion becomes:

𝑚𝑥̈ + 𝑘𝑡 𝑥 = 0
𝑘𝑡
𝑥̈ + 𝑥 = 0
𝑚
𝑊 3𝐸𝐼𝑊 3𝐸𝐼
Where, 𝑘𝑡 = = =
𝛿 𝑊𝐿3 𝐿3

3𝐸𝐼
3𝐸𝐼 3𝐸𝐼𝑔 𝑔
𝜔𝑛 = √ 𝐿𝑚 = √𝑚𝐿3 = √ 𝑊𝐿3 = √𝛿
3

1 𝑔
𝑓𝑛 = 2𝜋 √𝛿
Kl=longitudinal direction spring stiffness of the shaft
= Static deflection due to weight of the body
y= Displacement of body from mean position after time t
m=Mass of body =W/g

The equation of motion becomes:

𝑚𝑦̈ + 𝑘𝑙 𝑦 = 0
𝑘𝑙
𝑦̈ + 𝑦 = 0
𝑚
𝑊 𝑊𝐸𝐴 𝐸𝐴
Where, 𝑘𝑙 = 𝛿
= 𝑊𝐿
= 𝐿

𝐸𝐴
𝐴𝐸 𝐴𝐸𝑔 𝑔
𝜔𝑛 = √ 𝑚
𝐿
= √𝑚𝐿 = √ 𝑊𝐿 = √𝛿

1 𝑔 0.4985
𝑓𝑛 = √ =
2𝜋 𝛿 √𝛿
Free natural Frequency of free transverse vibrations due to uniformly distributed
load acting over a simply supported shaft:

y1 = Static deflection at the middle of the shaft

a1 = Amplitude of vibration at the middle of the shaft, and
w1 = uniformly distributed load/unit static deflection at the middle of the shaft = w/y1

Now, consider a small section of the shaft at a distance x from A and length x.

y = Static deflection at a distance x from A, and

a = Amplitude of its vibration at a distance x from A.

Work done on the small section x is

1 1𝑤 1 𝑎1
= 𝑤1 𝑎1 𝛿𝑥 × 𝑎 = 𝑎1 𝛿𝑥 × 𝑎 = × 𝑤 × × 𝑎 × 𝛿𝑥
2 2 𝑦1 2 𝑦1
Since the maximum potential energy at the extreme position is equal to the amount of work done to move
the beam from the mean position to one of its extreme positions.
Maximum potential energy at the extreme position
𝑙
1 𝑎1
=∫ × 𝑤 × × 𝑎 × 𝑑𝑥
0 2 𝑦1
It can be assumed that the shape of a vibrating shaft is similar to the static deflection curve of a beam,
𝑎1 𝑎
= = constant (c)
𝑦1 𝑦
𝑎1 𝑎
∴ = c and = c
𝑦1 𝑦
∴ 𝑎 = 𝑦𝑐
Now, the maximum potential energy at the extreme position
 𝑙1 1 𝑙
= ∫0 2 × 𝑤 × 𝑐 × 𝑦𝑐 × 𝑑𝑥 = 2 𝑤𝑐 2 ∫0 𝑦𝑑𝑥 …. (1)

Since the maximum velocity at the mean position is a.

Maximum kinetic energy at the mean position
𝑙1 𝑤 1𝑤 𝑙
= ∫0 2 . 𝑔 . 𝑑𝑥. (𝜔𝑎)2 = 2 𝑔 𝜔2 𝑐 2 ∫0 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 …….. (2)

Then, maximum potential energy at the extreme position is equal to the maximum kinetic energy of the
mean position, so equation (1) = eqn(2)
1 2 𝑙 1𝑤 2 2 𝑙 2
𝑤𝑐 ∫ 𝑦𝑑𝑥 = 𝜔 𝑐 ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥
2 0 2𝑔 0
𝑙
𝑔 ∫0 𝑦𝑑𝑥
⇒ 𝜔2 = 𝑙
∫0 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥

𝑙
𝑔 ∫0 𝑦𝑑𝑥
⇒𝜔=√ 𝑙 …….(3)
∫0 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥

Now, bending moment at a distance x from A for the uniformly distributed load of a simply supported
beam is:
𝑑 2 𝑦 𝑤𝑙 𝑤𝑥 2
𝐵. 𝑀. = 𝐸𝐼 = 𝑥 −
𝑑𝑥 2 2 2
𝑑𝑦 𝑤𝑙 2 𝑤𝑥 3
⇒ 𝐸𝐼 = 𝑥 − +𝐶
𝑑𝑥 4 6

𝑤𝑙 3 𝑤𝑥 4
⇒ 𝐸𝐼𝑦 = 𝑥 − + 𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷
12 24
At x=0, y=0, D=0
𝑤𝑙 4 𝑤𝑙 4
At x=l, y=0, 𝐶 × 𝑙 = − +
12 24

𝑤𝑙 3
𝐶=−
24
𝑤
∴ 𝑦 = − 24𝐸𝐼 (𝑥 4 − 2𝑙𝑥 3 + 𝑙 3 𝑥) …… (4)

Now,
𝑙 𝑙 𝑤
∫0 𝑦𝑑𝑥=∫0 − 24𝐸𝐼 (𝑥 4 − 2𝑙𝑥 3 + 𝑙 3 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑙 𝑙 𝑙
𝑤 𝑥5 𝑤 𝑥4 𝑤 3 𝑥2
=− ] + 𝑙 ] − 𝑙 ]
24𝐸𝐼 5 0 12𝐸𝐼 4 0 24𝐸𝐼 2 0
𝑤 𝑤 5 𝑤 5
=− 𝑙5 + 𝑙 − 𝑙
120𝐸𝐼 48𝐸𝐼 48𝐸𝐼
 𝑤𝑙 5
=−
120𝐸𝐼
Again,
𝑙 𝑙 𝑤2
∫0 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥=∫0 24×24×𝐸2 𝐼2 (𝑥 4 − 2𝑙𝑥 3 + 𝑙 3 𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥
𝑙
𝑤2
=∫ 2 𝐼2
(𝑥 8 − 4𝑙𝑥 7 + 4𝑙 2 𝑥 6 + 2𝑙 3 𝑥 5 − 4𝑙 4 𝑥 4 + 𝑙 6 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥
0 24 × 24 × 𝐸
𝑙
𝑤2 𝑥9 𝑥8 2
𝑥7 3
𝑥6 4
𝑥5 6
𝑥3
= ( − 4𝑙 + 4𝑙 + 2𝑙 − 4𝑙 + 𝑙 )
24 × 24 × 𝐸 2 𝐼2 9 8 7 6 5 3 0

𝑤2 𝑙9 𝑙8 2
𝑙7 3
𝑙6 4
𝑙5 6
𝑙3
= ( − 4𝑙 + 4𝑙 + 2𝑙 − 4𝑙 +𝑙 )
24 × 24 × 𝐸 2 𝐼2 9 8 7 6 5 3

𝑤2 𝑙9 𝑙8 2
𝑙7 3
𝑙6 4
𝑙5 6
𝑙3
= ( − 4𝑙 + 4𝑙 + 2𝑙 − 4𝑙 + 𝑙 )
24 × 24 × 𝐸 2 𝐼2 9 8 7 6 5 3

𝑤2 𝑙9 𝑙8 2
𝑙7 3
𝑙6 4
𝑙5 6
𝑙3
= ( − 𝑙 + 4𝑙 +𝑙 − 4𝑙 +𝑙 )
24 × 24 × 𝐸 2 𝐼 2 9 2 7 3 5 3

𝑤 2 × 𝑙 9 (2 × 7 × 5 − 9 × 7 × 5 + 4 × 9 × 2 × 5 + 3 × 2 × 7 × 5 − 4 × 9 × 2 × 7 + 3 × 2 × 7 × 5)
=
576 × 𝐸 2 𝐼2 × 9 × 2 × 7 × 5
𝑤 2 × 𝑙 9 (70 − 315 + 360 + 210 − 504 + 210)
=
576 × 𝐸 2 𝐼2 × 630
𝑤 2 × 𝑙 9 × 31
=
576 × 𝐸 2 𝐼2 × 630
We know from Eqn.(3),

𝑙
𝑔 ∫ 𝑦𝑑𝑥
⇒ 𝜔 = √ 𝑙0
∫0 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥

Therefore,

𝑤𝑙 5
𝑔 120𝐸𝐼
=√
𝑤 2 × 𝑙 9 × 31
576 × 𝐸 2 𝐼2 × 630

𝑔𝑤𝑙 5 × 576 × 𝐸 2 𝐼2 × 630

=√
𝑤 2 × 𝑙 9 × 31 × 120 × 𝐸𝐼

3024 × 𝑔 𝐸𝐼
=√
31 × 𝑤𝑙 4
 𝑔 𝐸𝐼
= √𝜋 4
𝑤𝑙 4

𝐸𝐼𝑔
= 𝜋 2√
𝑤𝑙 4

1 2 𝐸𝐼𝑔
𝑓𝑛 = 𝜋 √ 4
2𝜋 𝑤𝑙

𝜋 𝐸𝐼𝑔
𝑓𝑛 = √
2 𝑤𝑙 4

We know from deflection Eqn. 4,

𝑤
∴𝑦=− (𝑥 4 − 2𝑙𝑥 3 + 𝑙 3 𝑥)
24𝐸𝐼
At x=l/2, y is maximum static deflection denoted by s and value is:
𝑤𝑙 4 1 1 1
𝛿𝑠 = − ( − + )
24𝐸𝐼 16 4 2
𝑤𝑙 4 5
𝛿𝑠 = − ( )
24𝐸𝐼 16
5𝑤𝑙 4
𝛿𝑠 = −
384𝐸𝐼
Now,

𝜋 𝐸𝐼𝑔 × 5𝑤𝑙 4
𝑓𝑛 = √ 4
2 𝑤𝑙 × 𝛿𝑠 × 384 × 𝐸𝐼

𝜋 5𝑔
𝑓𝑛 = √
2 384𝛿𝑠

0.5614
𝑓𝑛 = Hz
√𝛿𝑠