New

Inside Out
Intermediate
Companion

Italian Edition

Sue Kay, Vaughan Jones & Jill Leatherbarrow

Welcome to the New Inside Out Intermediate Companion!

What information does the New Inside Out Companion give you?

• a summary of key words and phrases from each unit of New Inside Out Intermediate Student’s Book
• pronunciation of the key words and phrases
• translations of the key words and phrases
• sample sentences showing the words and phrases in context
• a summary of the Grammar Extra Reference from New Inside Out Intermediate Student’s Book

Abbreviations used in the Companion

(art) article (phr v) phrasal verb (m) masculine

(v) verb (pron) pronoun (pl n) plural noun
(v*) irregular verb (prep) preposition (adv) adverb
(adj) adjective (det) determiner (conj) conjunction
(n) noun (f) feminine

Vowels and dipHthongs Consonants

/p/ pen /pen/ /s/ snake /sneɪk/

/ɑː/ calm start /kɑːm stɑːt/
/ɪ/ big fish /bɪː fɪʃ/ /b/ bad /bæd/ /z/ noise /noɪz/
/ɒ/ hot spot /hɒt spɒt/
/iː/ green beans /griːn biːnz/ /t/ tea /tiː/ /ʃ/ shop /ʃɒp/
/ɪɘ/ ear /ɪɘ/
/U/ should look /ʃʊd lʊk/ /d/ dog /dɒg/ /ʒ/ measure /meʒɘr/
/eɪ/ face /feɪs/
/uː/ blue moon /bluː muːn/ /tʃ/ church /tʃɜːtʃ/ /m/ make /meɪk/
/ʊɘ/ pure /pjʊɘ̈/
/e/ ten eggs /ten egz/ /dʒ/ jazz /dʒæz/ /n/ nine /naɪn/
/ɔɪ/ boy /bɔɪ/
/ɘ/ about mother /ɘbaʊt mʌðɘ/ /k/ cost /kɑst/ /ŋ/ sing /sɪŋ/
/ɘʊ/ nose /nɘʊz/
/ɜː/ learn words /lɜːn wɜːdz/ /g/ girl /gɜːl/ /h/ house /haʊs/
/eɘ/ hair /heɘ/
/ɔː/ short talk /ʃɔːt tɔːk/ /f/ far / fɑːr/ /l/ leg /leg/
/aɪ/ eye /aɪ/
/æ/ fat cat /fæt kæt/ /v/ voice /voɪs/ /r/ red /red/
/aʊ/ mouth /maʊɵ/
/ʌ/ must come /mʌst kʌm/ /ɵ/ thin /ɵɪn/ /w/ wet /wet/
/ð/ then / ðen/ /j/ yes /jes/
Unit 1
Friends (page 4)
admire (v) /ədˈmaɪə/ ammirare Which famous person do you admire most?
anonymously (adv) /əˈnɒnɪməsli/  anonimamente If you give something anonymously, you give it without telling people
who you are.
average (adj) /ˈæv(ə)rɪʤ/ medio/a How many numbers does the average young person have on their
mobile phone?
on average /ˌɒn ˈæv(ə)rɪʤ/ in media On average, how many friends do young people communicate
regularly with online?
brief (adj) /briːf/ The breve film La Vie en Rose reminded David how brief life can be.
brush (against) (v) /brʌʃ (əˈgənst)/ sfiorare If something brushes against you, you feel it touch your body.
confide (v) /kənˈfaɪd/ fidarsi di If you confide in someone, you tell them your private thoughts and
feelings.
dinner party (n) /ˈdɪnə ˌpɑːti/ cena con gli amici A dinner party is a nice meal for several guests that is eaten in the
evening at a friend’s home.
dive (off) (v) /daɪv (ɒf)/ saltare da If you dive off something, you move suddenly from it towards the
ground.
dream dinner party/holiday etc /ˌdriːm ˈdɪnə pɑːti/ˈhɒlɪdeɪ/ cena dei tuoi sogni Your dream dinner party is one where you invite all your favourite
people.
English-speaking (adj) /ˈɪŋglɪʃˌspiːkɪŋ/ The anglofono/a United States and Australia are English-speaking countries.
fall in love /ˌfɔːl ɪn ˈlʌv/ innamorarsi La Vie en Rose reminded David how wonderful it is to fall in love.
fear (n) /fɪə/ paura My greatest fear is standing on stage in front of thousands of people
and forgetting what to say!
funeral (n) /ˈfjuːnrəl/ funerale A funeral is a ceremony for someone who has died.
gift (n) /gɪft/ regalo A “gift” is another word for a “present”.
graduate (v) /ˈgrædʒueɪt/ When laurearsi Will and Tina graduated from university, they went their separate
ways.
guilty pleasure /ˌgɪlti ˈpleʒə/ piacere proibito A guilty pleasure is one you enjoy but feel slightly ashamed of.
improve (v) /ɪmˈpruːv/ Technology migliorare has improved the world in some ways, but not in others.

1
About you: Q & A (page 5)
just taking it easy /ˌʤʌst ˌteɪkɪŋ ɪt ˈiːzi/ soltanto prendersela comoda “What are you doing this weekend?” “Just relaxing and taking it easy.”
keep busy /ˌkiːp ˈbɪzi/ essere indaffarati If you keep busy, you always have something to do.
lifestyle (n) /ˈlaɪfˌstaɪl/ stile di vita Will earns much more money than Tina so they have very different lifestyles.
a living (n) /ə ˈlɪvɪŋ/ sostenimento “What do you do for a living?” “I’m a doctor.”
local (adj) /ˈləʊkl/ locale She was looking for someone to share the house and put an
advertisement in the local newspaper.
memory (n) /ˈmem(ə)ri/ ricordo Your earliest memory is the first thing you remember doing as a child.
mortal (adj) /ˈmɔːrtl/ All mortale human beings are mortal – we are all going to die.
the ocean (AmE) /ˌðiː ˈəʊʃn/ oceano “The ocean” is an American expression that means the same as the
British expression “the sea”.
realise (v) /ˈrɪəlaɪz/ capire, rendersi conto David was happiest before he realised his family were all mortal.
receive (v) /rɪˈsiːv/ ricevere Do you prefer giving or receiving gifts?
remind (v) /rɪˈmaɪnd/ The ricordare a, far ricordare a film reminded David of how brief life is.
rent (v) /rent/ Tina affittare and Will rented the same house.
replace (v) /rɪˈpleɪs/ Technology sostituire has replaced a lot of face-to-face interaction.
research (TS) (n) /rɪˈsɜːʧ; ˈriːsɜːʧ/ ricercha Hi, Carole, can I ask you a question for some research we’re doing?
satisfaction (n) /ˌsætɪsˈfækʃn/ soddisfazione I don’t earn a lot but I get a lot of satisfaction from my job.
share (v) /ʃeə/ condividere We shared the same house for nearly three years.
on stage /ˌɒn ˈsteɪʤ/ sul palco When an actor is on stage, he or she is performing in a theatre in front
of an audience.
straightaway (adv) /ˌstreɪtəˈweɪ/ subito If something happens straightaway, it happens immediately.
stressed (adj) /strest/ Does stressata technology make us happier or more stressed?
be supposed to be doing sth /bɪ səˌpəʊzd tə bɪ ˈduːɪŋ dover fare qualcosa I’m sorry, I’ve forgotten what I’m supposed to be doing.
ˌsʌmθɪŋ/
survey (v) /ˈsɜːveɪ/ sondaggio If you do a survey, you ask a lot of people their opinion about something.
topic (n) /ˈtɒpɪk/ tema A topic is a subject you talk or write about.
untidy (adj) /ʌnˈtaɪdi/ Tina disordinato was very untidy – I don’t think she knew where we kept the vacuum
cleaner!
Adverbs of frequency/Adverb phrases of frequency (page 7)
all the time /ˌɔːl ðə ˈtaɪm/ tutto il tempo Sharon texts all the time.
always /ˈɔːlweɪz/ She’s sempre always online chatting with friends.
every day/week/weekend /ˌevri ˈdeɪ/ˈwiːk/ˈwiːkend/ ogni giorno/ settimana / fine She calls me on Skype from Australia every weekend.
settimana

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from time to time /frəm ˌtaɪm tə ˈtaɪm/ Adam ogni tanto texts from time to time, but not very often.
never /ˈnevə/ Sharon mai never sends emails.
normally /ˈnɔːml(ə)i/ di solito Carole normally uses the telephone.
not very often /ˌnɒt very ˈɒfn/ Sharon non molto spesso doesn’t speak on the phone very often.
now and again /ˌnaʊ ən əˈgen/ di tanto in tanto Now and again she uses Skype.
occasionally /əˈkeɪʒnəli/ Adam occasionalmente texts occasionally, but not very often.
once/twice/three times etc /ˌwʌns/ˌtwaɪs/ˌθriː taɪmz una /due / tre volte al giorno He checks his emails twice a day.
a day/week /ə ˈdeɪ/ˈwiːk/ settimana
rarely /ˈreəli/ raramente I rarely write letters nowadays.
regularly /ˈregjʊləli/ A regolarmente lot of young people regularly use messaging.
usually /ˈjuːʒʊəli/ di solito How do you usually contact your friends?

Communication and Technology (Keeping in touch) (page 6)

chat (with) (v) /ʧæt (wɪð) / chattare con Sharon is always online and chats with friends every evening.
check your email /ˌʧek jər ˈiːmeɪl/ controllare la posta How often do you check your email?
elettronica
close friendship (n) /ˌkləʊs ˈfrendʃɪp/ amicizia stretta A close friendship is one in which two people know each other very well.
communicate (v) /kəˈmjuːnɪkeɪt/ Nowadays comunicare a lot of people communicate regularly online.
contact (v) /ˈkɒntækt/ contattare How do you usually contact your friends – by phone, email or text?
email (n) /ˈiːmeɪl/ posta elettronica How often do you check your email?
face-to-face (adv) /ˌfeɪs tə ˈfeɪs/ Do a tu per tu, di persona you prefer communicating online or face to face?
face-to-face interaction /ˌfeɪs tə ˌfeɪs ɪntərˈækʃn/ Technology
interazione personale has replaced a lot of face-to-face interaction.
letter (n) /ˈletə/ lettera Carole rarely writes letters nowadays.
(online) messaging (n) / (ɒnlaɪn) ˈmesɪʤɪŋ/ Sharon messaggi on-line uses online messaging to chat with her friends.
mobile phone (n) /ˌməʊbaɪl ˈfəʊn/ cellulare How many numbers do you have on your mobile phone?
online (adv) /ɒnˈlaɪn/ on-line Do men or women spend most time online?
by phone/email/text /ˌbaɪ ˈfəʊn/ˈiːmeɪl/ˈtekst/ per telefono, posta How do you usually contact your friends – by phone, email or text?
elettronica o messaggio
pick up the phone /ˌpɪk ʌp ðə ˈfəʊn/ per telefono Carole usually contacts her friends by picking up the phone.
Skype (n) /ˈskaɪpi/ Skype Skype is a technology that allows you to use your computer like a
telephone.
social networking (TS) /ˌsəʊʃl ˈnetwɜːkɪŋ/ rete di contatti Facebook and myspace are social networking sites.

3
text (n) /tekst/ messaggio How many texts do you get a day?
text (v) /tekst/ scrivere messaggi Adam texts from time to time but usually uses the phone.

Friendship expressions
become close friends /bɪˌkʌm kləʊs ˈfrendz/ We diventare grandi amici had a lot in common and quickly became close friends.
click (straightaway) (v) /klɪk (streɪtəweɪ) / andare subito d’accordo We clicked straightaway and I told Will he could move in.
come from different /ˌkʌm frəm ˌdɪfrənt provenire da retroterra If two people come from different backgrounds, they have very different
backgrounds ˈbækgraʊndz/ culturali differenti lifestyles.
drift apart /ˌdrɪft əˈpɑːt/ Their separarsi, perdersi di vista lifestyles are very different now and they’ve drifted apart.
fall out (phr v) /ˌfɔːl ˈaʊt/ litigare If two people fall out, they have an argument.
get on well (together) /ˌget ɒn ˈwel (təgeðə) / stare bene insieme We get on well together and are close friends.
go your separate ways /ˌgəʊ jə ˌseprət ˈweɪz/ prendere ognuno la propria After university, they went their separate ways.
strada
have a lot in common /ˌhæv ə ˌlɒt ɪn ˈkɒmən/ avere molto in comune We have one thing in common – we’re both crazy about football.
have your ups and downs /ˌhæv jər ˌʌps ən ˈdaʊnz/ avere alti e bassi Everyone has ups and downs – good moments and bad moments.
hit it off /ˌhɪt ɪt ˈɒf/ When intendersela alla perfezione two people hit it off, they like each other a lot.
be opposites (TS) /biː ˈɒpəzɪts/ Despite essere uno il contrario being friends, Antonia and Jackie are opposites in many ways.
dell’altro
She’ll/He’ll always be there /ˌʃiːl/ˌhiːl ɔːlweɪz bɪ ˈðeə Although
Sarà sempre pronto/a ad our lifestyles are different, Tina will always be there for me.
for me. fə miː/ aiutarmi me.

Meeting friends unexpectedly

Greetings
How are things? /ˌhaʊ ə ˈθɪŋ/ Come vanno le cose? “How are things?” “Fine.”
How’s it going? ˌhaʊz ɪt ˈgəʊɪŋ/ Come va? “How’s it going?” “Not bad.”
How’s life? /ˌhaʊz ˈlaɪf/ Come va la vita? “How’s life?” “Great, thanks!”

Saying things are OK

Fine. /faɪn/ Bene. “How are things?” “Fine.”
Great! /greɪt/ Alla grande! “How’s life?” “Great!”
Not bad. /ˌnɒt ˈbæd/ Non c’è male. “How’s it going?” “Not bad.”

4
Asking for news
What are you up to these days? /ˌwɒt ə juː ˈʌp tuː ðiːz deɪz/ Cosa stai facendo in questi “What are you up to these days?” “Oh, keeping busy, you know.”
giorni?
What have you been up /ˌwɒt əv jə bɪn ˈʌp tuː Cos’hai fatto ultimamente? “What have you been up to lately?” “Not a lot, really.”
to lately? leɪtli/

Saying you’re in a hurry

Better get back to the office. /ˌbetə get ˌbæk tə ðiː ˈɒfɪs/ È meglio che torni in ufficio. Better get back to the office. See you.
I’m afraid I can’t stop. /ˌaɪm əˌfreɪd aɪ kɑːnt ˈstɒp/ Mi spiace ma non posso I’m afraid I can’t stop. Take care.
trattenermi.
Look, I must dash. /ˌlʊk aɪ ˌmʌst ˈdæʃ/ Senti, devo scappare. Look, I must dash – I’ll give you a call.

Goodbyes
I’ll give you a call. /ɑl ˌgɪv juː ə ˈkɔːl/ Look,
Ti telefono. I must dash – I’ll give you a call.
See you. /ˈsiː ˌjuː/ Ci vediamo. Better get back to the office. See you.
Take care. /ˌteɪk ˈkeə/ Ci vediamo. I’m afraid I can’t stop. Take care.

Unit 2

attack (v) /əˈtæk/ The attaccare dog ran towards Jake and tried to attack him.
awesome (adj) (TS) /ˈɔːs(ə)m/ Something grandioso/a that is awesome is very enjoyable or exciting.
bark (v) (TS) /bɑːk/ abbaiare An enormous dog ran towards me, barking like mad.
best-equipped (adj) /ˌbestɪˈkwɪpt/ The il più fornito/a best-equipped sports shop is the one that sells the most equipment.
book (v) /bʊk/ prenotare I called the skydiving centre and booked my first jump.
bump into sb (phr v) /ˈbʌmp ˌɪntə sʌmbədi/ While
incorrere, incontrare per caso I was walking to work, I bumped into an old friend.
cloudless (adj) /ˈklaʊdləs/ sereno A cloudless day is fine and sunny with no clouds.
collide (with) (v) /kəˈlaɪd (wɪð) / A sbattere contro skydiver collided with Mike’s parachute and he fell and hit the ground.
disaster struck /dɪˈzɑːstə ˌstrʌk/ il/la verificarsi un disastro Disaster struck on Mike’s 1040th jump when he had a serious accident.

drive into sth (phr v) /ˌdraɪv ˈɪntə sʌmθɪŋ/ The

andare a sbattere addosso a car appeared out of nowhere and I nearly drove into it!
fancy (v) /ˈfænsi/ sentirsi attratt da If you fancy someone, you think that they are very attractive.

5
female-only (adj) (TS) /ˌfiːmeɪlˈəʊnli/ per sole donne Female-only courses are designed to encourage women to start rock
climbing.
for charity /fə ˈʧærəti/ per beneficenza If you do something for charity, you do it to make money for an
organization that helps people.
free-fall(v) /ˈfriːˌfɔːl/ essere in caduta libera Mike experienced a rush of adrenalin when he was free-falling.
gallop (v) /ˈgæləp/ galoppare When a horse gallops, it runs very fast.
go down (phr v) /ˌgəʊ ˈdaʊn/ The tramontare sun goes down at the end of the day.
heavily (adv) (TS) /ˈhevɪli/ pesantemente If you fall heavily, you hit the ground very hard when you fall.
be hooked (on sth) /bɪ ˈhʊkt ɒn/ essere un appassionato di Mike is hooked on skydiving and can’t live without it.
jump (n) /ʤʌmp/ salto, lancio From the first skydiving jump, Mike was hooked.
kick-off (n) /ˈkɪkˌɒf/ The calcio d’inizio kick-off in football or rugby is the moment when the match starts.
knock sb over (phr v) /ˌnɒk sʌmbədi ˈəʊvə/ A cozzare contro player from the other team knocked Andy over and he fell heavily.
motivation (n) /ˌməʊtɪˈveɪʃn/ motivazione, stimolo Mike’s only motivation to get better was so that he could start skydiving
again.
my mind went blank /maɪ ˌmaɪnd went ˈblæŋk/ restare interdetto/a If your mind goes blank, you are unable to remember or think about
anything.
nine-to-five day (n) /ˌnaɪntəˌfaɪv ˈdeɪ/ giornata dalle nove alle A nine-to-five day is a typical day at work for people who work in offices.
cinque
No way! /ˌnəʊ ˈweɪ/ Assolutamente no! “Would you like to do a parachute jump?” “No way! I’m too frightened!”
nothing else mattered /ˌnʌθɪŋ els ˈmætəd/ non importare nient’altro Skydiving became my reason for living – nothing else mattered.
roller coaster (n) /ˌrəʊlə ˈkəʊstə/ montagne russe A roller-coaster is a large structure at a fair that you have fast rides on.
runway (n) /ˈrʌnweɪ/ pista di decollo o atterraggio A runway is a long road used by planes to land and take off.
rush of adrenalin (n) /ˌrʌʃ əv əˈdrenəlɪn/ scarica di adrenalina Mike experienced a rush of adrenalin when he was free-falling.
show off (phr v) (TS) /ˌʃəʊ ˈɒf/ mettersi in mostra (TS) If you show off, you behave in a way that attracts people’s attention and
makes them admire you.
sign (v) /saɪn/ firmare If you sign a document, you write your name on it using a pen.
slow down (phr v) (TS) /ˌsləʊ ˈdaʊn/ rallentare Cindy started to slow down, ready to turn off the motorway.
be suspended in the air (TS) /bɪ səˌspendɪd ɪn ðiː ˈeə/ sospeso in aria “Hangtime” is when you jump and try to stay suspended in the air for as
long as possible.
tiny (adj) /ˈtaɪni/ minuscolo Five of us walked to the runway and got into a tiny plane.
traffic jam (n) /ˈtræfɪk ˌʤæm/ ingorgo stradale I often get stuck in traffic jams on the way to work.
training (n) /ˈtreɪnɪŋ/ allenamento We had a day’s training before doing our first jump.
turn off (phr v) (TS) /ˌtɜːn ˈɒf/ spegnere Cindy started to slow down, ready to turn off the motorway.

6
Adjectives
angry /ˈæŋgri/ She arrabbiato/a was angry when he arrived half an hour late.
astonished /əˈstɒnɪʃt/ attonito/a When you are astonished, you feel extremely surprised.
boiling /ˈbɔɪlɪŋ/ bollente “It’s hot in here.” “Hot? It’s absolutely boiling!”
cold /kəʊld/ freddo/a “It’s cold in here.” “Cold? It’s absolutely freezing!”
dirty /ˈdɜːti/ sporco/a His clothes weren’t just dirty – they were absolutely filthy!
exciting /ɪkˈsaɪtɪŋ/ emotionante For Mike, skydiving is more than exciting, it’s absolutely thrilling.
exhausted /ɪgˈzɔːstɪd/ esausto/a When you are exhausted, you feel extremely tired.
fascinating /ˈfæsɪneɪtɪŋ/ affascinante She’s a very interesting person to talk to – fascinating, in fact.
filthy /ˈfɪlθi/ lercio/a, lurido/a His clothes weren’t just dirty – they were really filthy!
freezing /ˈfriːzɪŋ/ gelido/a “It’s cold in here.” “Cold? It’s absolutely freezing!”
frightened /ˈfraɪtnd/ Whenspaventato/a Jake saw the dog, he wasn’t just frightened, he was terrified!
funny /ˈfʌni/ divertente “It was a funny film.” “Funny? It was hilarious!”
furious /ˈfjʊəriəs/ Shefurioso/a was furious that he forgot to phone her.
gorgeous /ˈgɔːʤəs/ magnifico/a “She’s a pretty girl, isn’t she?” “Pretty? She’s absolutely gorgeous!”
hilarious /hɪˈleəriəs/ esilarante “It was a funny film.” “Funny? It was hilarious!”
hot /hɒt/ caldo/a “It’s hot in here.” “Hot? It’s absolutely boiling!”
interesting /ˈɪntrəstɪŋ/ She’s
interessante a very interesting person to talk to – fascinating, in fact.
pretty /ˈprɪti/ carino/a “She’s a pretty girl, isn’t she?” “Pretty? She’s absolutely gorgeous!”
surprised /səˈpraɪzd/ sorpreso/a I didn’t think I would pass the exam so I was surprised to get 70%.
terrified /ˈterəfaɪd/ When
terrorizzato/a Jake saw the dog, he wasn’t just frightened, he was terrified!
thrilling /ˈθrɪlɪŋ/ sensazionale For Mike, skydiving is more than exciting, it’s absolutely thrilling.
tired /ˈtaɪəd/ When stanco/a you are exhausted, you feel extremely tired.

Complaints/Injuries
a bag of ice /ə ˌbæg əv ˈaɪs/ borsa del ghiaccio You’d better put a bag of ice on that black eye.
a black eye /ə ˈblæk ˌaɪ/ The un occhio nero ball hit me in the face and I got a black eye.
blisters (n pl) /ˈblɪstəz/ We’d vescica walked 25 kilometres and had terrible blisters on our feet.
a broken arm/leg/thumb etc /ə ˌbrəʊkn ˈɑːm/ˈleg/ˈθʌm/ un braccio/gamba/pollice I got a broken thumb playing tennis.
rotto/a
cream /kriːm/ crema Put some cream on your nose – it’s really red.
cramp (n) /kræmp/ People crampo often get cramp when they haven’t drunk enough liquid.
hurt your back/arm/foot etc /ˌhɜːt jə ˈbæk/ˈɑːm/ˈfʊt/ She
far male la schiena hurt her back lifting some heavy boxes.

7
keep your leg up /ˌkiːp jə ˈleg ʌp/ tener sollevate le gambe If you’ve got a twisted ankle, you should lie down and keep your leg up.
lie down /ˌlaɪ ˈdaʊn/ sdraiarsi If you’ve got a twisted ankle, you should lie down and keep your leg up.
plaster /ˈplɑːstə/ cerotto You need to put some plasters on those blisters.
be stung (by a wasp) /bɪ ˈstʌŋ (baɪ ə wɒsp) / essere punto da una vespa If you’re stung by a wasp, you should put some ice on the sting.
sunburn (n) /ˈsʌnˌbɜːn/ scottatura di sole You’ve got sunburn – your nose is really red!
swollen (adj) /ˈswəʊlən/ gonfio/a My wrist is swollen – I think I’ve twisted it.
a twisted ankle /ə ˌtwɪstɪd ˈæŋkl/ Andy una caviglia slogata fell heavily on his leg and had a twisted ankle.

Sports
athletics (n) /æθˈletɪks/ atletica Athletics are sports events such as running races, jumping and throwing
things.
badminton (n) /ˈbædmɪntən/ badminton Badminton is a game in which two or four players hit a shuttlecock
across a net.
baseball (n) /ˈbeɪsˌbɔːl/ baseball Baseball is a very popular sport in the USA, but not very popular in the UK.
basketball (n) /ˈbɑːskɪtˌbɔːl/ pallacanestro Basketball is a game for two teams who get points by throwing a ball
through a net.
boxing (n) /ˈbɒksɪŋ/ pugilato Boxing is a very dangerous sport.
bungee jumping (n) /ˈbʌnʤiː ˌʤʌmpɪŋ/ bungee jumping Bungee jumping is a sport in which you jump from a high place attached
to a long piece of rubber.
cycling (n) /ˈsaɪklɪŋ/ andare in bicicletta I enjoy cycling and love watching the Tour de France.
fishing (n) /ˈfɪʃɪŋ/ pescare Fishing is a peaceful and relaxing sport.
football (n) /ˈfʊtbɔːl/ calcio Do you have a favourite football team?
golf (n) /gɒlf/ golf Golf is a sport in which you try to hit a small white ball into a hole, using
a stick.
horse-riding (n) /ˈhɔːsˌraɪdɪŋ/ ippica, equitazione Do you agree that horse-riding is more popular with girls?
ice hockey (n) /ˈaɪs ˌhɒki/ hockey su ghiaccio Ice hockey is a sport played on ice in which two teams try to hit an
object into the other team’s net.
judo (n) /ˈʤuːdəʊ/ judo Judo is a sport in which you use your body to try to throw your
opponent to the ground.
karate (n) /kəˈrɑːti/ karate Karate is a sport from Japan in which people hit each other using their
hands, feet, arms and legs.
kite surfing (n) /ˈkaɪt ˌsɜːfɪŋ/ Toby
kite surf says that kite surfing is the most exciting thing he’s ever done.
rock climbing (n) /ˈrɒk ˌklaɪmɪŋ/ arrampicata sportiva Rock climbing can be dangerous so you must have the right equipment.

8
rugby (n) /ˈrʌgbi/ rugby Rugby is a team sport that is played with a ball shaped like an egg.
running (n) /ˈrʌnɪŋ/ correre Running is a popular way to keep fit.
sailing (n) /ˈseɪlɪŋ/ fare vela Sailing is the sport of travelling across water in a boat.
scuba diving (n) /ˈskuːbə ˌdaɪvɪŋ/ immersioni Scuba diving is the activity of swimming under water with a container of
air on your back and a tube for breathing through.
skating (n) /ˈskeɪtɪŋ/ pattinare Skating is an activity in which you move quickly over a surface using
special footwear called skates.
skiing (n) /ˈskiːɪŋ/ sciare Skiing is the sport of moving over snow using special footwear called skis.
skydiving (n) /ˈskaɪˌdaɪvɪŋ/ paracadutismo Skydiving is a sport in which you jump from a plane using a parachute.

snowboarding (n) /ˈsnəʊˌbɔːdɪŋ/ snowboard Snowboarding is a sport in which you move over the snow using a
special board.
surfing (n) /ˈsɜːfɪŋ/ surf Surfing is a sport in which you move over waves on the sea using a
special board.
swimming (n) /ˈswɪmɪŋ/ nuotare Swimming after work helps me relax.
table tennis (n) /ˈteɪbl ˌtenɪs/ ping-pong Table tennis is a sport in which players hit a small white ball over a net in
the middle of a table.
tennis (n) /ˈtenɪs/ tennis Rafael Nadal and Roger Federer are both famous tennis players.
volleyball (n) /ˈvɒliˌbɔːl/ pallavolo Volleyball is a sport in which two teams hit a ball to each other over a
high net.
windsurfing (n) /ˈwɪndˌsɜːfɪŋ/ windsurf Windsurfing is a sport in which you move across water standing on a flat
board with a sail.

Unit 3

appalled (adj) /əˈpɔːld/ When inorridito/a, sgomento/a Bill proposed to Ruth on the radio, his mother was shocked and
appalled.
be like chalk and cheese /bi laɪk ˌʧɔːk ən ˈʧiːz/ essere come il giorno e la Ben and Tony are very different – in fact they’re like chalk and cheese.
notte
carry around /ˌkæri əˈraʊnd/ A portare con sé lot of people carry photos around of their family.
challenge (v) /ˈʧælənʤ/ mettere in dubbio; sfidare If you challenge someone’s opinions, you do not always accept or agree
with them.

9
frown (at sb) (v) /fraʊn (ət sʌmbədi) / guardare in cagnesco When you frown at someone, you look at them as if you are annoyed.
get a story (TS) /ˌget ə ˈstɔːri/ avere qualcosa da scrivere The tabloid press have been waiting for us to split so they can get a story.
lovers (n pl) /ˈlʌvəz/ Two amanti lovers are two people who have a romantic or sexual relationship.
/ˌmeɪk sʌmbədiz ˌlaɪf ˈhel/
make sb’s life hell (TS) rendere la vita di q.cno un The tabloid press wouldn’t leave us alone and made our lives hell!
inferno
mess about (phr v) /ˌmes əˈbaʊt/ bighellonare When you mess about, you behave in a silly way.
precious (adj) /ˈpreʃəs/ This prezioso/a, perfetto/a photo is precious because it reminds me of why I’m sponsoring
Amanda.
run a competition /ˌrʌn ə ˌkɒmpəˈtɪʃn/ trasmettere un programma A radio station was running a competition called “Two Strangers and a
Wedding”.
sponsor (v) /ˈspɒnsə/ finanziare, sostenere Debra is sponsoring a child in India through Action Aid.
economicamente
spot (v) (TS) /spɒt/ riconoscere, individuare Clare spotted Stan at the airport immediately – he looked just like his photo.
stare (at) (v) (TS) /steə(r) (ət) / fissare, squadrare Ruth and Bill can’t walk down the street without people staring at them.
tabloid press (n) (TS) /ˌtæblɔɪd ˈpres/ The stampa scandalistica tabloid press are newspapers that are not very serious.
tension /ˈtenʃn/ tensione Chris and his girlfriend were playing the part of lovers so there was a lot
of tension on the set.

Adjectives of Character
ambitious /æmˈbɪʃəs/ Someoneambizioso/a who is ambitious wants to be successful.
amusing /əˈmjuːzɪŋ/ Someone
divertente who is amusing makes you laugh.
arrogant /ˈærəgənt/ Someonearrogante who is arrogant thinks they are better or more important than
other people.
artistic /ɑːˈtɪstɪk/ artistico/a Artistic people are creative and sensitive.
big-headed /ˌbɪgˈhedɪd/ presuntuoso/a “Big-headed” is a word that means the same as “arrogant”.
bossy /ˈbɒsi/ Someone autoritario/a who is bossy likes telling other people what to do.
broad-minded /ˌbrɔːd ˈmaɪndɪd/ Someone
di larghe vedute who is broad-minded accepts different opinions and ways of
behaving.
cheerful /ˈʧɪəfl/ Someone allegro/a who is cheerful is usually in a good mood.
confident /ˈkɒnfɪd(ə)nt/ Someone
sicuro/a di sé who is confident believes in themselves and is not nervous or
frightened.
considerate /kənˈsɪd(ə)rət/ rispettoso/a Someone who is considerate thinks about what other people want or feel.
controlling /kənˈtrəʊlɪŋ/ Someone
dominante who is controlling likes to control or dominate situations.

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creative /kriˈeɪtɪv/ Someone
creativo/a who is creative has imagination and new ideas.
demanding /dɪˈmɑːndɪŋ/ Someone
esigente who is demanding needs a lot of attention.
down-to-earth /ˌdaʊntuˈɜːθ/ Someone
concreto/a who is down-to-earth is practical and realistic.
dull /dʌl/ Someone noioso/a who is dull is not very interesting.
easygoing /ˌiːziˈgəʊɪŋ/ Someone
sciolto/a who is easygoing is relaxed and calm.
faithful /ˈfeɪθfl/ Someonefedele who is faithful supports their partner and does not have
relationships with anyone else.
generous /ˈʤenərəs/ generoso/a Someone who is generous happily gives other people their time or money.
hardworking /ˌhɑːdˈwɜːkɪŋ/ Someone
lavoratore who is hardworking works hard to achieve things.
helpful /ˈhelpfl/ Someonedisponibile who is helpful is ready to help other people.
impractical /ɪmˈpræktɪkl/ maldestro/a Someone who is impractical is not sensible or good at doing practical things.
independent /ˌɪndɪˈpendənt/ Someone
indipendente who is independent prefers to do things by themselves.
kind /kaɪnd/ Someone gentile who is kind behaves in a way that shows you care about other
people.
loyal /ˈlɔɪəl/ fedele “Loyal” is a word that means the same as “faithful”.
mean /miːn/ Someone sgarbato/a who is mean is unkind or unpleasant.
miserable /ˈmɪz(ə)rəbl/ Someone
triste, infelice who is miserable is unhappy or always in a bad mood.
modest /ˈmɒdɪst/ Someonemodesto/a who is modest does not tell other people about their abilities
or achievements.
narrow-minded /ˌnærəʊˈmaɪndɪd/ Someone
di vedute ristrette, ottuso/a who is narrow-minded does not accept different opinions or
ways of behaving.
optimistic ottimista
/ˌɒptɪˈmɪstɪk/ Someone who is optimistic is cheerful and thinks that good things will
happen.
outgoing espansivo/a
/ˌaʊtˈgəʊɪŋ/ Someone who is outgoing is friendly and likes meeting other people.
polite /pəˈlaɪt/ Someoneeducato/a who is polite behaves towards other people in a pleasant way
that does not offend them.
practical pratico/a
/ˈpræktɪkl/ Someone who is practical makes sensible decisions or choices.
realistic realista
/ˌrɪəˈlɪstɪk/ Someone who is realistic accepts and understands things as they are.
relaxed rilassato/a
/rɪˈlækst/ Someone who is relaxed does not easily get upset or annoyed.
reliable affidabile
/rɪˈlaɪəbl/ Someone who is reliable does what they say they will do.
romantic romantico/a
/rəʊˈmæntɪk/ Someone who is romantic believes that things are better or more
exciting than they are.
rude /ruːd/ Someone grezzo/a who is rude says or does things that offend other people.

11
self-assured /ˌselfəˈʃɔːd/ sicuro di sé “Self-assured” is a word that means the same as “confident”.
self-centred /ˌselfˈsentəd/ Someone
egocentrico/a who is self-centred is only interested in themselves and does
not think of other people.
selfish /ˈselfɪʃ/ egocentrico/a, egoista “Selfish” is a word that means the same as “self-centred”.
sensitive sensibile
/ˈsensətɪv/ Someone who is sensitive is aware of the needs of other people.
serious serio/a
/ˈsɪəriəs/ Someone who is serious thinks carefully about things and does not
laugh much.
shy /ʃaɪ/ Someone timido/a who is shy feels nervous or embarrassed when they are with
other people.
sociable /ˈsəʊʃəbl/ socievole “Sociable” is a word that means the same as “outgoing”.
talkative loquace
/ˈtɔːkətɪv/ Someone who is talkative likes talking a lot.
thoughtful premuroso/a
/ˈθɔːtfl/ Someone who is thoughtful thinks carefully about what other people
want or need.
thoughtless /ˈθɔːtləs/ indifferente “Thoughtless” means the opposite of “thoughtful”.
tolerant tollerante
/ˈtɒlərənt/ Someone who is tolerant is willing to accept different ways of behaving
or thinking.
trustworthy di parola
/ˈtrʌstwɜːði/ Someone who is trustworthy can be trusted to do what they say they
will do.
unfaithful infedele
/ʌnˈfeɪθfl/ Someone who is unfaithful does not always support their partner and
has relationships with other people.
unfriendly poco amichevole, gentile
/ʌnˈfrendli/ Someone who is unfriendly does not like other people or want to help
them.
unrealistic illuso/a
/ˌʌnrɪəˈlɪstɪk/ Someone who is unrealistic does not accept or understand things as
they are.
unreliable inaffidabile
/ʌnrɪˈlaɪəbl/ Someone who is unreliable does not do what they say they will do.

unselfish altruista
/ʌnˈselfɪʃ/ Someone who is unselfish thinks of other people rather than themselves.
witty spiritoso/a
/ˈwɪti/ Someone who is witty says amusing things and makes people laugh.

Family
aunt (n) /aːnt/ zia Your aunt is the sister of your mother or father.
boyfriend (n) /ˈbɔɪˌfrend/ fidanzato Liz’s new boyfriend is called John.
brother (n) /ˈbrʌðə/ fratello Do you have any brothers or sisters?

12
brother/mother-in-law etc (n) /ˈbrʌðə/ˈmʌðə ɪnˌlɔː/ cognata / suocera etc. Your brother/mother-in-law is the brother/mother of your husband or wife.
child (n)/children (pl) /ʧaɪld/ˈʧɪldrən/ bambino/a; bambini Some people name their children after famous people.
cousin (n) /ˈkʌzn/ cugino/a Your cousins are the children of your aunt or uncle.
daughter (n) /ˈdɔːtə/ figlia (n) Madonna named her daughter Lourdes, after the town in France.
ex-boyfriend/wife etc (n) /ˌeksˈ bɔɪfrend/ˈwaɪf / ex-fidanzato, ex-moglie Your ex-boyfriend is the boy or man you used to go out with.
Your ex-wife is the woman you are divorced from.
father (n) /ˈfaːðə/ padre Your father is your male parent.
girlfriend (n) /ˈgɜːlˌfrend/ fidanzata Chris’s girlfriend is an actor too.
grandchild/grandparents etc (n) /ˈgrænˌ ʧaɪld/ nipote; nonnoi Your grandchild is the child of your son or daughter.
ˈgrænˌ peərənts/ Your grandparents are the parents of your mother or father.
great-aunt/grandfather etc (n) /ˌgreɪt ˈaːnt/ˈgrænfaːðə/ prozia / trisavolo Your great-aunt/grandfather is the aunt/grandfather of your mother
or father.
half-brother/sister (n) /ˌhaːfˈˈbrʌðə/ˈsɪstə / fratellastro/sorellastra A half-brother/sister is a brother/sister who has either the same mother
or the same father as you.
husband (n) /ˈhʌzbənd/ marito Your husband is the man you are married to.
mother (n) /ˈmʌðə/ madre Your mother is your female parent.
nephew (n) /ˈnefjuː/ nipote Your nephew is a son of your brother or sister.
niece (n) /niːs/ nipote Your niece is a daughter of your brother or sister.
only child (n) /ˌəʊnli ˈʧaɪld / figlio/a unico/a An only child does not have brothers or sisters.
parents (n pl) /ˈpeərənts/ Teenagers genitori often have problems with their parents.
partner (n) /ˈpaːtnə/ compagno/a, convivente Your partner is the person you live with but who you are not married to.
relative (n) /ˈrelətɪv/ parente Your relatives are the people in your family.
second husband/wife (n) secondo/a marito/a
/ˌsekəndˈhʌzbənd /ˈwaɪf/ She’s been married before – Dave’s her second husband.
single parent (n) /ˌsɪŋgl ˈpeərənt / genitore solo A single parent looks after their children alone and has no partner.
sister (n) /ˈsɪstə/ sorella Do you have any brothers or sisters?
son (n) /sʌn/ David figlio and Victoria Beckham named their son Brooklyn after an area in
New York.
stepfather/stepmother etc (n) /ˈstepˌfaːðə/ˌmʌðə / patrigno, padre adottivo Your stepfather is your mother’s second husband.
matrigna, madre adottiva Your stepmother is your father’s second wife.
(identical) twin (n) /twɪn/ gemelli monozigoti Ben and Tony are identical twins.
uncle (n) /ˈʌŋkl/ zio Your uncle is the brother of your father or mother.
wife (n) /ˈwaɪf/ moglie Your wife is the woman you are married to.

13
Relationships
deserve someone special /dɪˌzɜːv sʌmwʌn ˈspeʃl/ Liz meritare una persona speciale is so lovely – she deserves someone special.
discuss things /dɪsˈkʌs θɪŋz/ discutere i problemi In a relationship, it’s important to discuss things.
get in touch /ˌget ɪn ˈtʌʧ/ venire in contatto Clare and Stan got in touch through an online dating site.
get married /ˌget ˈmærɪd/ sposarsi My mother-in-law hasn’t spoken to us since the day we got married!
give each other space /ˌgɪv iːʧ ˌʌðə ˈspeɪs/ lasciarsi spazio If partners give each other space, they allow each other to have some
reciprocamente freedom and time alone.
go your separate ways /ˌgəʊ jə ˌseprət ˈweɪz/ andare ognuno per la Couples soon go their separate ways if they don’t have anything in
propria strada common.
be looking for Mr Right (TS) /bi ˌlʊkɪŋ fə ˌmɪstə ˈraɪt/ aspettare il principe azzurro Clare is still single and looking for Mr Right.
love at first sight /ˌlʌv ət fɜːst ˈsaɪt/ Do amore a prima vista you believe in love at first sight?
the man/woman of your /ðə ˌmæn/ˌwʊmən əv jə When l’uomo dei suoi sogni Clare got in touch with Stan, she thought she had found the man
dreams ˈdriːmz/ of her dreams.
sb’s new man/woman /ˌsʌmbədɪz njuː ˈmæn/ What il nuovo marito di Liz do you think of John, Liz’s new man?
ˈwʊmən/
online dating site /ˌɒnlaɪn ˈdeɪtɪŋ saɪt sito di incontri on-line Clare and Stan got in touch through an online dating site.
propose (to sb) /prəˈpəʊz (tə sʌmbədɪ) / chiedere di a qualcuno di Bill proposed to Ruth on the radio, with 50,000 people listening!
sposarsi
split up (phr v) /ˌsplɪt ˈʌp/ lasciarsi We didn’t have much in common and split up after 6 months.
There was no real spark. (TS) /ðeə wəz ˌnəʊ ˌrɪəl ˈspɑːk Their
Non c’era una vera intesa. relationship didn’t work out – there was no real spark.
be together for /bi təˌgeðə fə ˌsɪks essere insieme da sei mesi/un We’ve been together for a year and are having a party to celebrate.
6 months/a year etc ˈmʌnθs/ə ˈjɪə/ anno ecc

Unit 4

candelabra (n pl) /ˌkændəˈlɑːbrə/ candelabri In the 18th century craftsmen used candelabra to light up their workshops.
cardboard (n) /ˈkɑːdbɔːd/ Nowadayscartapesta the life-like statues are made of cardboard.
change your mind (TS) /ˌʧeɪnʤ jə ˈmaɪnd/ cambiare idea “Where’s Suzy?” “Oh, she changed her mind at the last minute.”
craftsman (n) /ˈkrɑːftsmən/ artigiano Craftsmen are people who make beautiful or practical objects using their
hands.
Do you fancy ...? /ˌduː jə ˈfænsi/ Hai voglia di…? “Do you fancy coming to the cinema?” “Yes, good idea.”

14
dumplings (n pl) (TS) /ˈdʌmplɪŋz/ palline di pasta Dumplings are small pieces of cooked food made from flour and water.
get down to sth (phr v) /ˌget ˈdaʊn tə sʌmθɪŋ/ At
mettersi a far q.csa con night people get down to some serious celebrating.
impegno
get over sth (phr v) /ˌget ˈəʊvə sʌmθɪŋ/ riprendersi da It will take me weeks to get over Las Fallas but I’ve had the time of my life.
high heels (n pl) (TS) /ˌhaɪ ˈhiːlz/ Paul tacchi alti dressed up as Marilyn Monroe and wore lipstick and high heels!
life-like (adj) /ˈlaɪfˌlaɪk/ che sembra vivo Life-like statues were dressed up to look like well-known local characters.
light up (phr v) /ˌlaɪt ˈʌp/ illuminare In the 18th century craftsmen used candelabra to light up their workshops.
lipstick (n) (TS) /ˈlɪpˌstɪk/ rossetto Lipstick is a coloured substance that women put on their lips.
the locals (n pl) /ðə ˈləʊklz/ gli autoctoni “The locals” are the people who actually live in a city or area.
workshop (n) /ˈwɜːkˌʃɒp/ laboratorio, bottega In the 18th century craftsmen used candelabra to light up their workshops.
be worth $200,000 /bi ˌwɜːθ tuː ˌhʌndrəd Some
valere $200,000 of the statues are worth $200,000.
ˌθaʊzənd ˈjʊərəʊz/

Collocations with make & do

do some decorating /ˌduː səm ˈdekəreɪtɪŋ/ They’re
decorare; imbiancare, doing some decorating in the new house.
tappezzare
do a degree /ˌduː ə dɪˈgriː/ She laurearsi did a degree in French and Spanish.
do some exercise /ˌduː səm ˈeksəsaɪz/ esercitarsi You should do more exercise.
do your homework /ˌduː jə ˈhəʊmwɜːk/ fare i compiti I do my homework every evening after school.
do the ironing /ˌduː ðiː ˈaɪənɪŋ/ stirare I hate doing the ironing!
do a job /ˌduː ə ˈʤɒb/ fare un lavoro What sort of job does he do?
do some research /ˌduː səm rɪˈsɜːʧ/ˈriːsɜːʧ/ fare ricerca At the moment she’s doing some research at the university.
do some skiing /ˌduː səm ˈskiːɪŋ/ fare un po’di sci We thought we’d do some skiing over Christmas.
make arrangements /ˌmeɪk əˈreɪnʤmənts/ They’re organizzare making arrangements for a party.
make a comment /ˌmeɪk ə ˈkɒment/ fare un commento Could I just make a quick comment?
make a decision /ˌmeɪk ə dɪˈsɪʒn/ prendere una decisione Come on! It’s time to make a decision.
make an excuse /ˌmeɪk ən ɪkˈskjuːs/ She inventare una scusa made an excuse about why she couldn’t come.
make a mistake /ˌmeɪk ə mɪˈsteɪk/ sbagliarsi Everyone makes mistakes from time to time.
make money /ˌmeɪk ˈmʌni/ far soldi It’s important to some people to make a lot of money.
make a noise /ˌmeɪk ə ˈnɔɪz/ Stop fare rumore making a noise!
make a profit /ˌmeɪk ə ˈprɒfɪt/ The guadagnare company made a good profit this year.
make progress /ˌmeɪk ˈprəʊgres/ The fare progressi children are all making good progress.
make something clear /ˌmeɪk sʌmθɪŋ ˈklɪə/ mettere in chiaro Make it clear that you want your guests to dress up.

15
make a suggestion /ˌmeɪk ə səˈʤesʧ(ə)n/ fare un suggerimento Could I make a suggestion, please?
make sure /ˌmeɪk ˈʃʊə/ assicurarsi di qualcosa Make sure that there’s enough space for people to dance.

Festivals
bonfire (n) /ˈbɒnfaɪə/ To falò celebrate the end of winter, they burnt candelabra on bonfires.
brass band (n) /ˌbrɑːs ˈbænd/ fanfara A brass band wakes everyone up in the mornings!
burn down (phr v) /ˌbɜːn ˈdaʊn/ When finire di bruciare the last statue burns down the party is over.
buzzing (adj) /ˈbʌzɪŋ/ The rumoroso/a; fremente city is alive and buzzing all week.
celebrate (v) /ˈseləbreɪt/ celebrate (n) How do you celebrate New Year?
celebrations (n pl) (TS) /ˌseləˈbreɪʃənz/ festeggiamenti Chinese New Year celebrations go on for about three days.
the Chinese New Year (n) /ðə ˌʧaɪniːz njuː ˈjɪə/ capodanno cinese The Chinese New Year usually takes place in early February.
decorate (v) /ˈdekəreɪt/ decorare Children decorate the statue of the Virgin Mary with flowers.
decorations (n pl) /ˌdekəˈreɪʃənz/ decorazioni Chinese people put red paper decorations on the walls.
/ə dɪsˌpleɪ əv ˈfaɪəwɜːks/
a display of fireworks (n) fuochi d’artificio There is a display of fireworks in the park at midnight.
dress (sth) up (phr v) /ˌdres (sʌmθɪŋ) ˈʌp/ The essere vestiti statues were dressed up to look like unpopular local characters.
/ðiː ˌɜːli ˌaʊəz əv ðə ˈmɔːnɪŋ/ fino alle prime luci dell’alba People carry on eating and drinking until the early hours of the morning.
the early hours of the morning
a family dinner (n) (TS) /ə ˌfæm(ə)li ˈdɪnə/ On una cena / un pranzo coi New Year’s Eve we have a big family dinner.
parenti
fill up (phr v) /ˌfɪl ˈʌp/ The riempirsi bars fill up at night and people carry on eating and drinking.
firecrackers (n pl) /ˈfaɪəˌkrækəz/ petardi Firecrackers are fireworks that make a lot of loud noises.
fireworks (n pl) /ˈfaɪəˌwɜːks/ fuochi d’artificio Fireworks are things that explode and produce coloured lights and
noises at parties or festivals.
flower parade (n) /ˈflaʊə pəˌreɪd/ sfilata dei fiori For many people the highlight of the festival is the flower parade.
frighten away bad luck /ˌfraɪtən əˌweɪ bæd ˈlʌk/ scacciare la sfortuna Red is the colour that frightens away bad luck.
go off (phr v) /ˌgəʊ ˈɒf/ scoppiare Firecrackers go off every second or two.
go on for a day/week etc /ˌgəʊ ɒn fər ə ˈdeɪ/ˈwiːk/ Las durare un gionro / una Fallas, Valencia’s famous festival, goes on for a week.
settimana etc.
go up in flames /gəʊ ˌʌp ɪn ˈfleɪmz/ All bruciare the statues go up in flames before the end of the festival.
highlight (n) /ˈhaɪˌlaɪt/ l’apice For many people the highlight of the festival is the flower parade.
join in (phr v) /ˌʤɔɪn ˈɪn/ partecipare Everybody joins in the preparations for the festival.
keep up with sb (phr v) /ˌkiːp ˈʌp wɪð sʌmbədi/ After stare al passo con, tener only an hour’s sleep it’s difficult for guests to keep up with the
testa a Valencians.
look forward to (phr v) /ˌlʊk ˈfɔːwəd tuː/ non vedere l’ora di Valencians really look forward to Las Fallas, which takes place in March.

16
make New Year’s Resolutions /ˌmeɪk njuː jɪəz fare un proposito per il He made a New Year’s Resolution to stop smoking.
(TS) /ˌrezəˈluːʃənz/ nuovo anno
New Year (n) /ˌnjuː ˈjɪə/ capodanno In Europe we celebrate New Year on 1st January.
New Year’s Eve (n) /ˌnjuː jɪəz ˈiːv/ The vigilia di capodanno 31st December is New Year’s Eve.
organise (v) /ˈɔːgənaɪz/ organizzare It takes a year to organise Las Fallas.
outfit (n) /ˈaʊtfɪt/ vestito I usually try on several outfits before I go to a party.
prepare (for sth) (TS) /prɪˈpeə/ prepararsi per Everybody spends the month before the Chinese New Year preparing for it.
procession (n) /prəˈseʃn/ processione A procession of 200,000 children march into the city centre.
public holiday (n) /ˌpʌblɪk ˈhɒlɪdeɪ/ giorno festivo A public holiday is a day when people do not work.
put on a party /ˌpʊt ɒn ə ˈpɑːti/ The fare una bella festa Valencians really know how to put on a party.
reach its climax /ˌriːʧ ɪts ˈklaɪmæks/ The raggiunge l’apice festival reaches its climax on 19th March when the statues are burnt.
sb’s wishes come true (TS) /sʌmbədiz ˌwɪʃəz kʌm ˈtruː/ realizzarsi (di desiderio) If your wishes come true, the things you hope for actually come true.
serious celebrating /ˌsɪəriəs ˈseləbreɪtɪŋ/ The grandi festeggiamenti bars fill up and people get down to some serious celebrating.
a shower of explosions (n) /ə ˌʃaʊə əv ɪkˈspləʊʒənz/ pioggia di fuochi artificiali Fireworks go off and midnight passes in a shower of explosions.
spectacular (adj) /spekˈtækjələ/ The spettacolare fireworks display is absolutely spectacular!
sweep away the bad luck (TS) /ˌswiːp əweɪ ðə ˌbæd ˈlʌk/ spazzar via la sfortuna Chinese people clean their houses to sweep away the bad luck.
have the time of your life /hæv ðə ˌtaɪm əv jə ˈlaɪf/ passare il momento più bello I really enjoyed the festival – in fact, I had the time of my life!
della propria vita
traditional dress (n) /trəˌdɪʃn(ə)l ˈdres/ A abiti tradizionali procession of 200,000 children, all wearing traditional dress, march
into the city centre.
try on (phr v) (phr v) /ˌtraɪ ˈɒn/ provare I usually try on several outfits before I go to a party.
turn (the music) down (phr v) /ˌtɜːn (ðə mjuːzɪk) ˈdaʊn/ The
abbassare la musica music’s too loud. Could you turn it down?

Parties
atmosphere (n) /ˈætməsfɪə/ atmosfera It’s important to create a good atmosphere for a party.
balloon (n) /bəˈluːn/ palloncino Balloons and candles add to the party atmosphere.
candle (n) /ˈkændl/ candela Balloons and candles add to the party atmosphere.
clear up (the mess) (phr v) /ˌklɪər ˈʌp (ðə mes) / riordinare I hate clearing up the mess after a party.
delegate (v) /ˈdeləgeɪt/ delegare Delegate jobs – you can’t do everything yourself!
fairy lights (n pl) /ˈfeəri ˌlaɪts/ lampioncini Fairy lights are small lights used to decorate something.
fancy dress (n) /ˌfænsi ˈdres/ Paul costume dressed up in fancy dress as Marilyn Monroe.
fancy dress party (n) /ˌfænsi ˈdres pɑːti/ festa in maschera A fancy dress party is one where everyone has to dress up.
farewell/leaving party (n) /feəˈwel/ˈliːvɪŋ ˌpɑːti/ festa d’addio A farewell/leaving party is one that takes place to say goodbye to someone.

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get people in the mood /get ˌpiːpl ɪn ðə ˈmuːd/ mettere nel giusto stato Soft lighting helps to get people in the mood for a party.
d’animo
golden rule (n) /ˌgəʊldən ˈruːl/ le regole d’oro What are the three golden rules for organising a party?
host (n) /həʊst/ l’ospite The host is the person who organises a party.
housewarming party (n) /ˌhaʊswɔːmɪŋ ˈpɑːti/ festa inauguraleA housewarming party is one that people have when they have just
moved into a new house.
ice-breaker (n) /ˈaɪs ˌbreɪkə/ un gesto per rompere il An ice-breaker is something that encourages people to be friendly to
ghiaccio each other.
light-bulbs (n pl) /ˈlaɪtˌbʌlbz/ lampadine Before the party, push back the furniture and change a few light bulbs.
the mess (n) /ðə ˈmes/ il disordine I hate clearing up the mess after a party.
meet and greet /ˌmiːt ən ˈgriːt/ accogliere e salutare It’s important to have someone to meet and greet the new guests.
mingle (with) (v) /ˈmɪŋgl (wɪð) / unirsi a If you mingle with other people, you go and talk to them.
mix (v) (TS) /mɪks/ She sentirsi a proprio agio was happy that everyone mixed so well at her party.
mixer (n) /ˈmɪksə/ persona brillante Invite some good mixers who’ll mingle with the other guests.
party animal (n) /ˈpɑːti ˌænɪml/ animale da discoteca Invite some party animals who’ll get the dancing started.
party clothes (n pl) /ˈpɑːti ˌkləʊðz/ Nobody vestiti per una festa wants to be dressed as a gorilla when everyone else is in
glamorous party clothes.
push back /ˌpʊʃ ˈbæk/ spostare Push back the furniture to make space for the dancing.
run out of sth (phr v) /ˌrʌn ˈaʊt əv sʌmθɪŋ/ restare senza Make sure you don’t run out of food and drink.

send invitations /ˌsend ɪnvɪˈteɪʃənz/ spedire gli inviti If you want your guests to dress up, make it clear when you send invitations.
soft lighting (n) /ˌsɒft ˈlaɪtɪŋ/ luce soffusa Soft lighting helps to create a party atmosphere.
stock up (on) (phr v) /ˌstɒk ˈʌp (ɒn) / rifornirsi di Stock up on chopped carrots for the vegetarians!
theme (n) /θiːm/ The tema theme of the party was that everyone dressed up as something
beginning with the letter “M”.
throw a party /ˌθrəʊ ə ˈpɑːti/ What dare una festa are the golden rules for throwing a party?
a warm welcome (n) /ə ˌwɔːm ˈwelkəm/ calda accoglienza A warm welcome makes your guests feel special.

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Unit 5

adventurous (adj) (TS) /ədˈvenʧ(ə)rəs/ avventuroso/a I’m not as adventurous as you and I haven’t travelled as much.
ant (n) /ænt/ formica An ant is a small insect that lives in a large group.
a balanced view (n) /ə ˌbælənst ˈvjuː/ A giusto rapporto happy childhood gives you a balanced view of food.
caterpillar (n) /ˈkætəˌpɪlə/ While bruco Mark was in Africa he ate caterpillars.
childhood (n) /ˈʧaɪldˌhʊd/ infanzia Your childhood is the period of your life when you are a child.
chop (v) (TS) /ʧɒp/ tritare Julio used to chop vegetables in the kitchen.
cobra (n) /ˈkəʊbrə/ cobra A cobra is a large poisonous snake.
cockroach (n) /ˈkɒkrəʊʧ/ scarafaggio When Mark was in Indonesia he ate roasted cockroaches as a main course.
consumer (n) /kənˈsjːmə/ The consumatore Swiss are the world’s biggest chocolate consumers.
experiment (with) (v) /ɪkˈsperɪmənt (wɪð) / Emma
sperimentare con Bunton’s family used to experiment with food.
a good source of ... (TS) /ə ˌgʊd ˈsɔːs əv/ buona fonte di Insects are a good source of protein and minerals.
grasshopper (n) /ˈgrɑːsˌhɒpə/ cavalletta Mark ate lots of fried grasshoppers in Thailand.
grow up /ˌgrəʊ ˈʌp/ crescere When I was growing up, we all used to eat round a table.
lifetime (n) /ˈlaɪfˌtaɪm/ The vita average person will consume 10,000 chocolate bars in a lifetime.
per capita (adj) /ˌpə ˈkæpɪtə/ The pro capite Swiss are the world’s biggest per capita chocolate consumers.
shoot (v) (TS) /ʃuːt/ The girare shower scene in Psycho took seven days to shoot.
treat (n) /triːt/ piacere Restaurants were a treat for Emma when she was growing up.

Food
Fish
anchovies (n) /ˈænʧəvɪz/ acciughe Anchovies are small fish that taste of salt.
cod (n) /kɒd/ merluzzo Cod is a common type of white fish.
hake (n) /heɪk/ nasello Hake is a large fish eaten as food.
lobster (n) /ˈlɒbstə/ aragosta Lobster is a type of seafood with a long body, eight legs and two large
claws.
mussels (n) /ˈmʌsəlz/ cozze Mussels are a type of seafood consisting of a soft body inside a hard
black shell.
prawns (n) /prɔːnz/ gamberetti Prawns are small and pink and are a type of seafood.
salmon (n) /ˈsæmən/ salmone Salmon is a common type of fish with pink flesh.
sardines (n) /sɑːˈdiːnz/ sardine Sardines are small silver fish that people often buy in tins.

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trout (n) /traʊt/ trota A trout is a fish commonly eaten in food that lives in rivers or lakes.
tuna (n) /ˈtjuːnə/ tonno Tuna is a large fish that people often buy in tins.

Fruit
apple (n) /ˈæpl/ mela An apple is a hard round fruit with green, red or yellow skin.
cherry (n) /ˈʧeri/ ciliegia A cherry is a small round red or or black fruit.
fig (n) /fɪg/ fico A fig is a soft fruit with purple or green skin and a lot of seeds inside.
grapefruit (n) /ˈgreɪpˌfruːt/ pompelmo A grapefruit is a fruit with yellow skin that looks like an orange.
lime (n) /laɪm/ cedro A lime is a fruit with green skin that looks like a lemon.
mango (n) /ˈmæŋgəʊ/ mango A mango is a tropical fruit with red or green skin that is yellow inside.
melon (n) /ˈmelən/ melone A melon is a large round fruit with yellow or green skin and orange,
green or white flesh inside.
orange (n) /ˈɒrɪnʤ/ arancia An orange is a common round fruit with orange skin.
peach (n) /piːʧ/ pesca A peach is a fruit with furry yellowish-pink skin.
plum (n) /plʌm/ prugna A plum is a small round fruit with purple, red or yellow skin.
raspberry (n) /ˈrɑːzˌbəri/ lampone A raspberry is a small soft red fruit that grows on a bush.
strawberry (n) /ˈstrɔːˌb(ə)ri/ fragola A strawberry is a small soft red fruit with a lot of very small seeds on its skin.

Meat
bacon (n) /ˈbeɪkən/ pancetta Bacon is meat from a pig that British people sometimes eat for breakfast.
chicken (n) (TS) /ˈʧɪkɪn/ pollo Cobra tastes meaty – a bit like chicken.
lamb (n) /læm/ agnello Lamb is the meat from a young sheep.
sausages (n) /ˈsɒsɪʤəz/ salsicce Sausages consist of a long thin tube of skin containing small pieces of meat.
turkey (n) /ˈtɜːki/ tacchino Turkey is white meat that is similar to chicken.
veal (n) /viːl/ vitello Veal is the meat from a young cow.

Vegetables
aubergine (n) /ˈəʊbəˌʒiːn/ melanzana Aubergines are long vegetables with purple skin.
bean (n) /biːn/ There fagiolo are many different types of beans including green beans and
soya beans.
cabbage (n) /ˈkæbɪʤ/ cavolo A cabbage is a hard round vegetable with large green leaves.
carrot (n) /ˈkærət/ carota A carrot is a long thin orange vegetable.
cauliflower (n) /ˈkɒliˌflaʊə/ cavolfiore A cauliflower is a vegetable with a hard, round white part in the centre
of green leaves.

20
celery (n) /ˈseləri/ sedano Celery is a long thin green vegetable, usually eaten raw in salads.
courgette (n) /kɔːˈʒet/ zucchina A courgette is a long vegetable with dark green skin that looks like a
cucumber.
cucumber (n) /ˈkjuːkʌmbə/ cetriolo A cucumber is a long thin vegetable with green skin and is white inside,
often eaten in salads.
garlic (n) /ˈgɑːlɪk/ aglio Garlic is a round white vegetable with strong flavour that is often added
to food.
leek (n) /liːk/ porro A leek is a long thin vegetable that is white at one end with green
leaves at the other.
lettuce (n) /ˈletɪs/ lattuga A lettuce is a vegetable with large thin green leaves, eaten raw in salads.
mushroom (n) /ˈmʌʃˌruːm/ fungo A mushroom is grey or brown vegetable with a round top and a short stem.
olive (n) /ˈɒlɪv/ oliva Olives are small and black or green – they are eaten raw or used for
their oil.
onion (n) /ˈʌnjən/ cipolla An onion is a round vegetable with thin brown skin that tastes and
smells very strong.
pepper (n) /ˈpepə/ peperone A pepper is a red, green or yellow vegetable with small white seeds inside.
potato (n) /pəˈteɪtəʊ/ patata Potatoes are common vegetables that are cooked in many different ways
and often eaten as chips.
radish (n) /ˈrædɪʃ/ rapanello A radish is a small pink or purple vegetable, eaten raw in salads.
spinach (n) /ˈspɪnɪʤ/ spinacio Spinach is a vegetable with dark green leaves that are cooked or eaten
raw in salads.
tomato (n) /təˈmɑːtəʊ/ pomodoro A tomato is round and red and often eaten in salads.

Other
antioxidant (n) (TS) /ˌæntiˈɒksɪd(ə)nt/ antiossidante Chocolate contains antioxidants which protect the body against cancer.
bake (v) /beɪk/ cuocere nel forno When you bake something, you put it in the oven.
biscuit (n) /ˈbɪskɪt/ biscotto I often have a cup of tea with a biscuit as a snack.
bottled (adj) /ˈbɒtld/ A imbottigliato lot of people drink bottled water nowadays.
bread (n) /bred/ pane I usually have bread and jam for breakfast.
burger and chips /ˌbɜːgə ən ˈʧɪps/ hamburger e patatine Kids love eating burgers and chips.
caffeine (n) /ˈkæfiːn/ caffeina Chocolate contains caffeine.
chocolate-covered (adj) (TS) /ˈʧɒklətˌkʌvəd/ ricoperto di cioccolato Have you ever eaten chocolate-covered peanuts?
cocoa (n) /ˈkəʊkəʊ/ White cacao chocolate doesn’t contain any cocoa.

21
cooked (adj) /kʊkt/ cotto/a Do you prefer raw or cooked vegetables?
crème caramel (n) /ˌkrem kærəˈmel/ crème caramel Crème caramel is a sweet food made from cream, eggs and sugar.
crisp (n) /krɪsp/ patatine fritte Don’t eat too many crisps – they’re bad for you.
curry (n) /ˈkʌri/ curry Curry is a hot, spicy dish from India.
dark chocolate (n) /ˌdɑːk ˈʧɒklət/ cioccolato fondente Dark chocolate is healthier than milk chocolate.
deep-fry (v) /ˌdiːpˈfraɪ/ friggere When you deep-fry something, you cook it in a lot of hot oil.
dish (n) (TS) /dɪʃ/ piatto Mark has tasted many unusual dishes from around the world.
draught (adj) /drɑːft/ Do alla spina you prefer bottled or draught beer?
egg (n) /eg/ uovo Bacon and eggs is a traditional British breakfast.
fast food (n) /ˈfɑːst ˌfuːd/ fast food Fast food is food such as burgers and chips.
feast (n) (TS) /fiːst/ pranzo; banchetto Mark had a feast of insects when he was in Indonesia.
flavour (n) /ˈfleɪvə/ What’s gusto your favourite ice-cream flavour?
fresh (adj) /freʃ/ fresco/a I prefer eating fresh fish to frozen fish.
frozen (adj) /ˈfrəʊzn/ congelato/a I prefer eating fresh fish to frozen fish.
fry (v) /fraɪ/ friggere When you fry something, you cook it in hot oil.
main course (n) (TS) /ˈmeɪn ˌkɔːs/ portata principale When Mark was in Indonesia he ate roasted cockroaches as a main course.
mild (adj) /maɪld/ dolce, leggero/a “Mild” is a word that means the opposite of “strong”.
milk chocolate (n) /ˌmɪlk ˈʧɒklət/ A cioccolato al latte lot of milk chocolate contains very little cocoa.
mineral (n) (TS) /ˈmɪn(ə)rəl/ minerali Insects are a good source of protein and minerals.
over-cooked (adj) /ˌəʊvəʊˈkʊkt/ stracotto Vegetables that are over-cooked don’t have much flavour.
peas (n) /piːz/ pisello Peas are very small round green vegetables.
popcorn (n) (TS) /ˈpɒpˌkɔːn/ popcorn I love eating popcorn at the cinema.
protein (n) (TS) /ˈprəʊtiːn/ proteina Insects are a good source of protein and minerals.
raw (adj) /rɔː/ crudo/a Raw meat or fish has not been cooked.
red (meat) (n) /red (miːt) / carne rossa Beef is a type of red meat.
rice (n) /raɪs/ riso Most Indian and Chinese dishes contain rice.
roast (v) /rəʊst/ arrostire When you roast something, you cover it with oil and cook it in the oven.
salt (n) /sɔːlt/ sale Eating too much salt is bad for you.
salted peanuts (n) /ˌsɔːltəd ˈpiːnʌts/ arachidi salate Salted peanuts are crunchy and salty.
seafood (n) /ˈsiːˌfuːd/ Lobster pesce; frutti di mare and mussels are types of seafood.
strong (adj) /strɒŋ/ Do forte you like strong, black coffee?
sugar (n) /ˈʃʊgə/ Too zucchero much sugar is bad for you.
syrup (n) /ˈsɪrəp/ sciroppo Chocolate syrup was used for blood in the shower scene in Psycho.

22
tinned (adj) /tɪnd/ inscatolato/a Tinned food is food that you buy in a tin.
tray dinner (n) /ˌtreɪ ˈdɪnə/ On pasto su un vassoio Saturday we had a tray dinner in front of the TV as a treat.
vitamin (n) /ˈvɪtəmɪn/ vitamina Fruit and vegetables contain important vitamins.
weak (adj) /wiːk/ leggero/a I prefer my coffee weak, with lots of milk.
white (meat) (n) /waɪt (miːt) / carne bianca Chicken and turkey are types of white meat.
white chocolate (n) /ˌwaɪt ˈʧɒklət/ cioccolato bianco White chocolate doesn’t contain any cocoa.

Partitives
a bar of chocolate/soap /ə ˌbɑːr əv ˈʧɒklət/ˈsəʊp/ una tavoletta di cioccolato/
una saponetta
a bowl of fruit/sugar /ə ˌbəʊl əv ˈfruːt/ˈʃʊgə/ una coppetta di frutta/
zucchero
a box of chocolates/matches /ə ˌbɒks əv ˈʧɒkləts/ˈmæʧɪz/ una scatola di cioccolatini/di
fiammiferi
a bunch of bananas/flowers /ə ˌbʌnʧ əv bəˈnaːnəz/ˈflaʊəz/ un casco di banane/ mazzo di
fiori
a jar of honey/instant coffee /ə ˌʤɑːr əv ˈhʌni/ɪnstənt ˈkɒfi/ un vaso di miele/ di caffè
istantaneo
a packet of cigarettes/crisps /ə ˌpækɪt əv sɪgəˈrets/ˈkrɪsps/ un pacchetto di sigarette/ di
patatine
Taste and Texture
Taste
bitter (adj) /ˈbɪtə/ amaro/a; aspro/a Lemons have a bitter taste.
bland (adj) /blænd/ Something
insipido/a that is bland doesn’t have much taste.
delicious (adj) /dɪˈlɪʃəs/ delizioso/a Cobra is a little tough and chewy, but delicious.
disgusting (adj) /dɪsˈgʌstɪŋ/ Something
disgustoso/a that tastes disgusting has a taste that you really dislike.
fishy (adj) (TS) /ˈfɪʃi/ che sa di pesce “Does Cobra taste fishy?” “No, it tastes meaty.”
fruity (adj) /ˈfruːti/ There’s
fruttato/a a rich liquid inside the cockroaches that tastes sweet and fruity.
meaty (adj) /ˈmiːti/ che sa di carne “Does Cobra taste fishy?” “No, it tastes meaty.”
revolting (adj) /rɪˈvəʊltɪŋ/ rivoltante “Revolting” is a word that means the same as “disgusting”.
salty (adj) /ˈsɔːlti/ salato/a Something that is salty tastes of salt.
spicy (adj) /ˈspaɪsi/ speziato/a Curry is a hot, spicy dish.

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sweet (adj) /swiːt/ dolce Children often like sweet food.
tasty (adj) /ˈteɪsti/ saporito/a Fried grasshoppers are really crisp and tasty.

Texture
chewy (adj) /ˈʧuːi/ gommoso/a Cobra is a little tough and chewy, but delicious.
crisp (adj) /krɪsp/ friabile Fried grasshoppers are really crisp and tasty.
crunchy (adj) /ˈkrʌnʧi/ croccante Roasted cockroaches are really crunchy on the outside.
dry (adj) /draɪ/ secco/a Do you prefer dry or sweet wine?
greasy (adj) /ˈgriːsi/ Something
unto/a, grasso/a that tastes greasy has been cooked in too much oil.
tough (adj) /tʌf/ Something
coriaceo/a that is tough is difficult to chew.

Unit 6

casual (adj) /ˈkæʒuəl/ sciolto/a; informale A casual attitude is one that is not very strict.
category (n) /ˈkætəg(ə)ri/ Des categoria writes a list of things to do and then organises them into categories.
a chain of supermarkets /ə ˌʧeɪn əv ˈsuːpəmɑːkɪts/ catena di supermercati Julie Rost is chief executive of a chain of supermarkets.
a comfort (n) /ə ˈkʌmfət/ una comodità Lists are a comfort to me because I feel I won’t forget things.
complain (v) /kəmˈpleɪn/ lamentarsi I am writing to complain about the damage caused by your company
when they delivered my sofa.
confirm (v) /kənˈfɜːm/ We confermare would be grateful if you could confirm your reservation in writing.
damage (n) /ˈdæmɪʤ/ danno I am writing to complain about the damage caused by your company
when they delivered my sofa.
disastrous (adj) /dɪˈzɑːstrəs/ disastroso/a Disastrous results are results that are very bad.
dividing wall (n) /dɪˌvaɪdɪŋ ˈwɔːl/ An parete divisoria open-plan office is an office without dividing walls.
downside (n) /ˈdaʊnˌsaɪd/ The lato negativo downside of working from home is that I have to phone somebody
if I want a chat.
effectively (adv) /ɪˈfektɪvli/ What proficuamente time of day do you work most effectively?
global warming (n) /ˌgləʊbl ˈwɔːmɪŋ/ riscaldamento globale Global warming is damaging the environment.
grab (v) /græb/ afferrare He grabbed an envelope and scribbled a list on it.
high-powered (adj) /ˈhaɪˌpaʊəd/ impegnativo/a A high-powered job is one in which you have a responsible position and
are very busy.

24
irregular (adj) /ɪˈregjʊlə/ di straordinario I don’t mind working irregular hours as I love my job.
list-maker (n) /ˈlɪstˌmeɪkə/ There chi compila liste are two types of list-makers: those who make orderly lists and
those who write them in a panic!
orderly (adj) /ˈɔːdəli/ ordinato/a An orderly list is neat and well-arranged.
personal organiser (n) /ˌpɜːsnəl ˈɔːgənaɪzə/ agenda A personal organiser is a book, like a diary, in which you write
appointments.
rigid (adj) /ˈrɪʤɪd/ rigido/a A rigid attitude is the opposite of a casual attitude.
scribble (v) /ˈskrɪbl/ scribacchiare He grabbed an envelope and scribbled a list on it.
service-oriented (adj) /ˈsɜːvɪsˌɔːrientɪd/ attento al servizio Service-oriented people are people who are interested in customers and
their needs.
set in (phr v) /ˌset ˈɪn/ scoppiare Some people wait until panic sets in before making a list.
set to work on sth /ˌset tə ˈwɜːk ɒn sʌmθɪŋ/ Type
mettersi a lavorare a A makes lists and calmly sets to work on them.
qualcosa
sigh with relief /ˌsaɪ wɪð rɪˈliːf/ Type sospirare di sollievo B sighs with relief when they have written a list, and then loses it!
stress level (n) /ˈstress ˌlevl/ livello di stress People with a casual attitude to time-keeping usually have low stress levels.
take pride in sth /ˌteɪk ˈpraɪd ɪn sʌmθɪŋ/ aver cura di Flight attendants should take pride in their appearance.
at the top of the agenda /ət ðə ˌtɒp əv ðiː əˈʤendə/ The
in cima all’agenda Global Earth Party puts the environment at the top of the agenda.

Business Letters
apply (for) (v) /əˈplaɪ (fɔː)/ fare domanda per un I would like to apply for the position of IT assistant.
impiego
attend (v) /əˈtend/ fare (un colloquio) I would be pleased to attend an interview at any time convenient to you.
enclose (v) /ɪnˈkləʊz/ allegare I enclose my curriculum vitae for your attention.
for your attention /fə ˌjɔː əˈtenʃn/ alla Sua attenzione I enclose my curriculum vitae for your attention.
in response to /ɪn rɪˈspɒns tuː/ in risposta a I am writing in response to your advertisement in The Guardian.
I look forward to hearing /aɪ ˌlʊk ˌfɔːwəd tə ˈhɪərɪŋ aspetto Vostre notizie I look forward to hearing from you as soon as possible.
from you. frɒm juː/
I would be pleased to ... /ˌaɪ wʊd bi ˈpliːzd tuː/ sarò lieto di… I would be pleased to attend an interview at any time convenient to you.
I would like to apply for ... /ˌaɪ wʊd ˌlaɪk tuː əˈplaɪ fɔː/ vorrei chiedere il posto I would like to apply for the position of IT assistant.

Phrasal verbs
calm sb down /ˌkɑːm sʌmbədi ˈdaʊn/ calmare Making lists is relaxing – it calms you down.
come up with sth /ˌkʌm ˈʌp wɪð sʌmθɪŋ/ A
inventare couple of years Jane Levy came up with a new system.

25
cross sth off /ˌkrɒs sʌmθɪŋ ˈɒf/ depennare qualcosa If you cross something off a list, you delete it.
get by /ˌget ˈbaɪ/ andare avanti Few people with high-powered jobs get by without lists.
put (sth) off /pʊt (sʌmθɪŋ) ˈɒf/ rinviare If you put something off, you delay it.
rely on /rɪˈlaɪ ɒn/ A fare affidamento su lot of people rely on personal organisers in order not to forget things.

Time Expressions
be ahead of schedule /biː əˌhed əv ˈʃedjuːl/ essere ïn anticipo sulla If you are ahead of schedule, you are making good time.
tabella di marcia
Better late than never /ˌbetə ˌleɪt ðən ˈnevə/ Meglio tardi che mai. “Better late than never” is a proverb meaning that it is better to do
something late than not at all.
the day after tomorrow /ðə ˌdeɪ ˌɑːftə təˈmɒrəʊ/ Todaydopodomani is Monday – the day after tomorrow is Wednesday.
the day before yesterday /ðə ˌdeɪ bɪˌfɔː ˈjestədeɪ/ Today
l’altroieri is Monday – the day before yesterday was Saturday.
The early bird catches the ./ðiː ˌɜːli bɜːd ˌkæʧəz ðə/ Chi dorme non piglia pesci. “The early bird catches the worm” is a proverb
worm ˈwɜːm meaning that you do more if you get up early.
have time to spare /hæv ˌtaɪm tə ˈspə/ aver tempo da vendere If you have time to spare, you have enough time left to do something.
in good time /ɪn ˌgʊd ˈtaɪm/ essere in anticipo If you are in good time, you are early.
in time for /ɪn ˈtaɪm fɔː/ in tempo per We arrived just in time for the beginning of the meeting.
in two/three days’ time /ɪn ˌtuː/ˌθriː deɪz ˈtaɪm/ nel giro di due o tre giorni I’ll give you a call in two or three days’ time.
kill time /ˌkɪl ˈtaɪm/ ammazzare il tempo I arrived early at the airport so killed time by having a cup of coffee.
leave something until the last /ˌliːv sʌmθɪŋ ʌntɪl ðə ˌlɑːst fare le cose all’ultimo minuto Leaving things until the last minute makes you feel stressed.
minute /ˈmɪnɪt/
be making good time /bi ˌmeɪkɪŋ gʊd ˈtaɪm/ lavorare in fretta If you are making good time, you are ahead of schedule.
meet deadlines /ˌmiːt ˈdedlaɪnz/ rispettare una scadenza I prefer to meet deadlines in good time.
the (Sunday) after next /ðə (ˌmʌndeɪ) ɑːftə ˈnekst/ domenica prossima We’re having a barbecue the Sunday after next.
not have much time left /ˌnɒt hæv mʌʧ ˈtaɪm left/ non rimane molto tempo Hurry up! We haven’t got much time left.
one at a time /ˌwʌn ət ə ˈtaɪm/ uno alla volta Stop pushing, children! One at a time through the door.
prioritise (v) /praɪˈɒrɪtaɪz/ dare la giusta priorità If you prioritise things, you put them in order of importance or in the
order in which they need to be done.
promptly (adv) /ˈprɒmptli/ subito If you do something promptly, you do it immediately.
punctual (adj) /ˈpʌŋkʧuəl/ puntuale If you are punctual, you always arrive on time for meetings or other
appointments.
repeatedly (adv) /rɪˈpiːtɪdli/ ripetutamenete If you do something repeatedly, you do it time and time again.
be ruled by the clock /bi ˌruːld baɪ ðə ˈklɒk/ regolarsi in base all’orologio I love being on holiday – I hate being ruled by the clock.

26
be running out of time /bi ˌrʌnɪŋ aʊt əv ˈtaɪm/ non aver quasi più tempo If you are running out of time, you do not have much time left to do
something.
There’s no time like /ðeəz nəʊ ˌtaɪm laɪk ðə Chi ha tempo non aspetti “There’s no time like the present” is a proverb meaning that the best
the present. ˈprezənt/ tempo. time to do something is now.
time and time again /ˌtaɪm ən ˌtaɪm əˈgen/ The mille volte Global Earth Party have asked the government the same question
time and time again.
time flies /ˌtaɪm ˈflaɪz/ il tempo vola If time flies, it goes very quickly.
time-keeping (n) /ˈtaɪmˌkiːpɪŋ/ organizzazione del tempo If you have a healthy attitude to time-keeping, you do things on time
but your life is not ruled by the clock.
time-saving /ˈtaɪmˌseɪvɪŋ/ The utile per risparmiare tempo article on p. 50 is about time-saving tips that help you not to
waste time.
waste precious time /ˌweɪst preʃəs ˈtaɪm/ sprecare tempo prezioso Jane used to write lists, forget where she put them, and then waste
precious time looking for them!
the weekend before last /ðə ˌwiːkend bɪfɔː ˈlɑːst/ il fine settimana scorso We went to Paris for two days the weekend before last.

Work
extra pay (n) /ˌekstrə ˈpeɪ/ paga extra Unfortunately we don’t get extra pay for working overtime.
flexible hours (n pl) /ˌfleksəbl ˈaʊəz/ orario flessibile If you work flexible hours, you can start and finish work when you like.
have a break /ˌhæv ə ˈbreɪk/ When fare una pausa you’re working to a deadline, you can’t always find time to have
a break.
head office (n) (TS) /ˌhed ˈɒfɪs/ sede principale He works for an American law firm whose head office is in Washington DC.
the lunch hour (n) /ðə ˈlʌnʧ aʊə/ ora di pranzo Sometimes I’m so busy I work right through the lunch hour.
newsroom (n) (TS) /ˈnjuːzruːm/ redazione A newsroom is an office where journalists work.
open-plan office (n) /ˌəʊpənplæn ˈɒfɪs/ ufficio senza pareti divisorie Open-plan offices can be very noisy.
qualifications (n pl) /ˌkwɒlɪfɪˈkeɪʃənz/ competenza You don’t have to have any particular qualifications for this job.
shift (n) /ʃɪft/ turno di notte I hate working the night shift!
training course (n) /ˈtreɪnɪŋ ˌkɔːs/ corso di preparazione You have to go on a training course to be a train driver.
work overtime /ˌwɜːk ˈəʊvətaɪm/ lavoro straordinario Unfortunately we don’t get extra pay for working overtime.
work to a deadline /ˌwɜːk tuː ə ˈdedlaɪn/ lavorare con una scadenta When you’re working to a deadline, you can’t always find time to have
a break.
work unsociable hours /ˌwɜːk ʌnsəʊʃəbl ˈaʊəz/ lavorare ad ore impossibili I often work unsociable hours – at nights or at weekends.

27
Review B

all-night (adj) /ˌɔːlˈnaɪt/ che dura tutta la notte At the Oyster Festival there’s a party in the evening, with all-night dancing.
ancient times (n pl) / ˈeɪnʃ(ə)nt ˌtaɪmz/ The
tempi remoti Midsummer festival dates from ancient times.
colourful (adj) / ˈkʌləfl/ sgargiante Everybody wears colourful clothes and fancy dress.
dessert (n) /dɪˈzɜːt/ dolce A dessert is a main dish eaten after the main part of a meal.
get together (phr v) /ˌget təˈgeðə/ On riunirsi Midsummer morning, people get together and dance around a
wooden pole.
herring (n) / ˈherɪŋ/ aringa A herring is a long thin silver fish that lives in the sea.
hold a festival /ˌhəʊld ə ˈfestɪvl/ organizzare un festival For four days every year, Galway holds its International Oyster Festival.
non-stop (adj) / ˌnɒnˈstɒp/ The ininterrotto festival is a long weekend of non-stop entertainment.
oyster (n) / ˈɔɪstə/ ostrica An oyster is a type of seafood with a rough shell that is usually eaten raw.
pole (n) /pəʊl/ On palo Midsummer morning, people get together and dance around a
wooden pole.
settler (n) /ˈsetlə/ colono Mardi Gras has been celebrated for centuries since French settlers first
came to the USA.
wild flowers (n pl) /ˌwaɪld ˈflaʊəz/ fiori selvatici There are wild flowers everywhere at midsummer and the sun never sets.

Unit 7

according to /əˈkɔːdɪŋ tuː/ secondo According to financial observers the central bank will reduce interest
rates by 1%.
asthma (n) /ˈæsmə/ asma Asthma is a medical condition that makes it difficult to breathe.
break down (phr v) /ˌbreɪk ˈdaʊn/ crollare He broke down and cried when he was sentenced to seven years in jail.
bully (n) /ˈbʊli/ Pia’s zotico, arrogante previous boss was a real bully.
claim (v) /kleɪm/ piangere Burglar Frank Gort broke down and cried, claiming seven was his unlucky
number!
cry (v) /kraɪ/ sostenere He broke down and cried when he was sentenced to seven years in jail.

28
dislocated (adj) /ˈdɪsləkeɪtəd/ slogato, lussato If part of your body is dislocated, the bone is not in its normal position.
divorce proceedings (n pl) /dɪˈvɔːs prəˌsiːdɪŋz/ causa di divorzio Divorce proceedings are the legal processes that take place when a
couple divorce.
exhaustion (n) /ɪgˈzɔːsʧən/ Doctors esaurimento are treating the film star for “exhaustion” at a rehabilitation
centre.
hailstorm (n) (TS) /ˈheɪlˌstɔːm/ grandinata A hailstorm is a storm in which balls of ice fall from the sky.
hostage (n) /ˈhɒstɪʤ/ ostaggio Kidnappers released the hostages last night.
interest rate (n) /ˈɪntrəst ˌreɪt/ According tasso d’interesse to financial observers the central bank will reduce interest
rates by 1%.
kidnapper (n) /ˈkɪdnæpə/ sequestratore Kidnappers are criminals who take other people away illegally, often for
money.
long-awaited (adj) /ˈlɒŋ əˌweɪtəd/ atteso da tempo The record company has finally released the singer’s long-awaited album.
nomination (n) /ˌnɒmɪˈneɪʃn/ The candidatura Oscar committee has announced the Oscar nominations.
observer (n) /əbˈzɜːvə/ osservatore Financial observers are experts in finance whose opinions are broadcast
or published.
personalised registration /ˌpɜːsnəlaɪzd ˌreʤɪˈstreɪʃn targa personalizzata A personalised registration number on a car is one that has your name
number (n) nʌmbə/ or initials on it.
piercing (n) (TS) /ˈpɪəsɪŋ/ The piercing headmistress said that Paula knew that piercing was against the
school rules.
promotion (n) /prəˈməʊʃn/ promozione She worked really hard at her job and got a promotion.
rave reviews (n pl) /ˌreɪv rɪˈvjuːz/ articoli entusiastici Rave reviews are reports in a newspaper that say that a CD or film is
extremely good.
release (v) /rɪˈliːs/ mettere in commercio When a record company releases an album, it makes it available for
people to buy.
relieved (adj) /rɪˈliːvd/ The sollevato/a hostages are on their way home to their relieved families.
retire (v) /rɪˈtaɪə/ Pia andare in pensione has been a lot happier since her previous boss retired.
starvation diet (n) /stɑːˈveɪʃn ˌdaɪət/ dieta estrema A starvation diet is one in which people eat very little in order to lose
weight quickly.
stressful (adj) /ˈstresfl/ stressante Sorry I haven’t replied sooner, but work’s been really stressful.
take pity on sb /ˌteɪk ˈpɪti ɒn sʌmbədi/ compatire If you take pity on someone, you feel sorry for them.
the slow lane (n) /ðə ˈsləʊ ˌleɪn/ corsia a scorrimento lento The slow lane of a motorway is the one used by vehicles travelling at a
slower speed.

29
troubled (adj) /ˈtrʌbld/ Someone turbato/a who is troubled is very upset or worried because they have a
lot of problems.
water hydrant (n) /ˈwɔːtə ˌhaɪdrənt/ idrante A water hydrant is an upright water pipe in the street.
wheelchair (n) /ˈwiːlˌʧeə/ sedia a rotelle A wheelchair is a chair with large wheels used by someone who cannot walk.

Celebrities
the attention /ðiː əˈtenʃn/ interesse, attenzione Celebrities should change their job if they don’t enjoy the attention.
celebrity (n) /səˈlebrəti/ celebrità Kate Moss and Nicole Kidman are both well-known celebrities.
chase (v) /ʧeɪs/ A inseguire female photographer was chasing Kate Moss in New York and fell over
a water hydrant!
cooperate (v) (TS) /kəʊˈɒpəreɪt/ collaborare Many celebrities refuse to cooperate with the paparazzi.
definitive (adj) (TS) /dɪˈfɪnətɪv/ Nowadays il / la migliore there are more paparazzi than ever, all trying to get the
definitive celebrity photo.
desperate (adj) /ˈdesprət/ senza speranza di … I’m desperate to become rich and famous. I’d do anything to be a celebrity.
draw the line (TS) /ˌdrɔː ðə ˈlaɪn/ porre dei limiti If you draw the line in a situation, you decide what is acceptable and
what is not.
follow (v) (TS) /ˈfɒləʊ/ seguire In an interview she complained that the paparazzi followed her everywhere.
get a shot (TS) /ˌget ə ˈʃɒt/ Nicole scattare una foto Kidman always agrees to smile for the camera so the paparazzi
get their shot.
glamorous (adj) /ˈglæmərəs/ People affascinante are obsessed with the glamorous lifestyles of celebrities.
gossip (n) /ˈgɒsɪp/ pettegolezzo Do you enjoy reading gossip about famous people?
hypocritical (adj) /ˌhɪpəˈkrɪtɪkl/ ipocrita Jack thinks that some celebrities are hypocritical – they want publicity
but don’t like being chased by the paparazzi.
be increasingly obsessed /ˌbiː ɪnˌkriːsɪŋli əbˈsest/ Society
sempre più ossessionato/a is increasingly obsessed with celebrities.
insensitive (adj) /ɪnˈsensətɪv/ The insensibile paparazzi are not completely insensitive – they try not to involve
children.
invade sb’s privacy /ɪnˌveɪd sʌmbədiz ˈprɪvəsi/ violare l’intimità di qualcuno If you invade someone’s privacy, you refuse to leave them alone.
leave sb alone /ˌliːv sʌmbədi əˈləʊn/ Once lasciar solo qualcuno the paparazzi get their shot of a celebrity, they then leave them
alone.
paparazzi (n pl) /ˌpæpəˈrætsi/ paparazzi Paparazzi are photographers who take photos of celebrities as their job.
photogenic (adj) /ˌfəʊtəʊˈʤenɪk/ Someone fotogenico/a who is photogenic looks good in photographs.
be photographed /bi ˈfəʊtəgrɑːft/ Do essere fotografato you think celebrities enjoy being photographed by the paparazzi?
photographer (n) (TS) /fəˈtɒgrəfə/ fotografo Paparazzi are photographers who take photos of celebrities as their job.

30
play the game (TS) /ˌpleɪ ðə ˈgeɪm/ Nicolestare al gioco plays the game and always agrees to smile for the camera.
the press /ˌðə ˈpres/ la stampa “The press” is an expression meaning newspapers and magazines.
private life (n) ˈpraɪvət ˌlaɪf/ vita privata My boss was a real bully, but apparently she was unhappy in her private life.
reason with sb (v) (TS) /ˈriːzn ˌwɪð sʌmbədi/ ragionare con We try to reason with the celebrities and explain that we don’t want to
upset them.
smile for the camera /ˌsmaɪl fə ðə ˈkæmrə/ sorridere verso l’obiettivo Everyone smile for the camera, please!
swear (v) (TS) /sweə/ maledire Celebrities often shout and swear at the paparazzi.
take photos of /ˌteɪk ˈfəʊtəʊz əv/ fotografare It’s not OK when paparazzi take photos of celebrities’ children.
unflattering (adj) /ʌnˈflæt(ə)rɪŋ/ poco lusinghiero/a Unflattering photos of celebrities show they’re not perfect.
upset (v) /ʌpˈset/ We disturbare try to reason with the celebrities and explain that we don’t want to
upset them.

Crime
arrest (v) /əˈrest/ Sanders arrestare was arrested after ringing the FBI to ask if he was still on its
“wanted” list!
burglar (n) /ˈbɜːglə/ scassinatore A burglar is someone who steals things from people’s houses.
catch criminals /ˌkæʧ ˈkrɪmɪnəlz/ Police
catturare i malviventi officers fight crime and try to catch criminals.
commit a crime /ˌkəmɪt ə ˈkraɪm/ People
commettere un crimine on a “wanted” list have committed crimes but haven’t been
arrested yet.
convicted thief (n) /kənˌvɪktɪd ˈθiːf/ colpevole di furto, Convicted thief, Cass Mei, escaped from guards at the prison hospital.
condannato per furto
court (n) /kɔːt/ A corte, tribunale judge is someone who sentences criminals in court.
a dramatic chase /ə drəˌmæʧɪk ˈʧeɪs/ Police
un drammatico inseguimento cars were involved in a dramatic chase along the motorway.
escape (n) /ɪsˈkeɪp/ fuga Prison authorities were embarrassed by the escape of convicted thief,
Cass Mei.
escape from jail /ɪsˌkeɪp frəm ˈʤeɪl/ evadere dal carcere A fugitive is someone who has escaped from jail.
escort sb off the motorway /esˌkɔːt sʌmbədi ɒf ðə An
scortare fuori dall’autostrada 85-year-old man was escorted off the M4 motorway because he was
ˈməʊtəweɪ/ riding in a wheelchair!
fight crime /ˌfaɪt ˈkraɪm/ Police combattere il crimine officers fight crime and try to catch criminals.
fugitive (n) /ˈfjuːʤətɪv/ evaso A fugitive is someone who has escaped from jail and is hiding from the
police.
guard (n) /gɑːd/ guardia He escaped from guards at the prison hospital.
in jail /ˌɪn ˈʤeɪl/ The di carcere judge sentenced him to seven years in jail.

31
judge (n) /ʤʌʤ/ giudice A judge is someone who sentences criminals in court.
kidnap (v) /ˈkɪdnæp/ rapire The notice in the back of the car said, “Help us, we have been kidnapped.”
patrol (v) /pəˈtrəʊl/ Traffic pattugliare police are police who patrol roads and motorways.
police car (n) /pəˈliːs ˌkɑː/ auto della polizia Police cars were involved in a dramatic chase along the motorway.
police officer (n) /pəˈliːs ˌɒfɪsə/ agente di polizia Police officers fight crime and try to catch criminals.
police station (n) /pəˈliːs ˌsteɪʃn/ A stazione di polizia TV set was stolen from a Liverpool police station while officers were
out fighting crime!
prison authorities (n pl) /ˈprɪzn ɔːˌθɒrətɪz/ il direttore del carcere Prison authorities were embarrassed by the escape of convicted thief,
Cass Mei.
prison hospital (n) /ˌprɪzn ˈhɒspɪtl/ ospedale della prigione He escaped from guards at the prison hospital.
sentence (v) /ˈsentəns/ giudicare A judge is someone who sentences criminals in court.
shoplifting (n) /ˈʃɒpˌlɪftɪŋ/ taccheggio Shoplifting is the crime of stealing things from shops or supermarkets.
steal (v) /stiːl/ rubare A convicted thief is someone who has stolen something and been
sentenced in court.
traffic police (n) /ˈtræfɪk pəˌliːs/ agenti che controllano il Traffic police are police who patrol roads and motorways.
traffico stradale
“wanted” list (n) /ˈwɒntəd ˌlɪst/ People
lista dei ricercati on a “wanted” list have committed crimes
but haven’t been arrested yet.

News/Headlines
not available for comment (TS) /nɒt əˌveɪləbl fə ˈkɒment/ The
non disponibile per Minister is out of the country and not available for comment.
dichiarazioni
bar (v) /bɑː/ squalificare, escludere He was barred from the Olympics after failing a drugs test.
break out (phr v) (TS) /ˌbreɪk ˈaʊt/ scoppiare An argument broke out amongst the delegates.
(missing) cash probe (n) / (mɪsɪŋ) ˈkæʃ ˌprəʊb/ indagini per peculato A missing cash probe is an investigation that takes place when a large
amount of money is missing.
delegate (n) (TS) /ˈdeləgət/ delegato/a A delegate is someone who is chosen to represent a group of other
people at a meeting.
freak storm/accident etc (adj) /ˌfriːk ˈstɔːm/ˈæksɪdənt/ tempesta/ incidente A freak storm or accident is one that is very unusual.
eccezionale
hit (v) /hɪt/ danneggiare Freak storm hits harvest.
jobless (adj) /ˈʤɒbləs/ disoccupato/a “Jobless” means the same as “unemployed”.
minister (n) /ˈmɪnɪstə/ The ministro minister quit his job after an investigation into missing money.

32
the mysterious disappearance /ðə mɪsˌtɪəriəs la misteriosa scomparsa di … An investigation was ordered into the mysterious
of ... dɪsəˈpɪərəns əv/ disappearance of a large amount of money.
the opposition (n) (TS) /ðiː ˌɒpəˈzɪʃn/ l’opposizione The opposition has called for the government to provide more jobs in
the area.
order an investigation (TS) /ˌɔːdə ən ɪnˌvestɪˈgeɪʃn/ disporre delle indagini An investigation was ordered into the mysterious disappearance of a
large amount of money.
peace talks/negotiations (n pl) /ˈpiːs ˌtɔːks/ negoziato di pace Peace talks end in row.
nɪˌgəʊʃiˌeɪʃənz/
quit (v) /kwɪt/ lasciare If you quit your job, you resign.
resign (v) /rɪˈzaɪn/ licenziarsi If you resign from your job, you stop doing it.
row (n) /raʊ/ rissa A “row” is another word for an “argument”.
soar (v) /sɔː/ innalzarsi, spiccare il volo If figures or interest rates soar, they increase very quickly.
spokesman (n) (TS) /ˈspəʊksmən/ portavoce A spokesman for the Minister said he was unavailable for comment.
the unemployed /ðiː ˌʌnɪmˈplɔɪd/ isoccupati “The unemployed” are all the people without work.
wed (v) /wed/ sposarsi “Wed” is a word often used in newspaper headlines meaning “to get
married”.

Useful phrases (Personal news)

How exciting/annoying etc! /ˌhaʊ ɪkˈsaɪtɪŋ/əˈnɔɪɪŋ/ Che bello/scocciatura! “My car’s broken down again.” “How annoying!”
Oh, congratulations! /ˌəʊ kənˌgræʧʊˈleɪʃənz/ Congratulazioni “My wife’s just had a baby.” “Oh, congratulations!”
Oh, I’m sorry to hear that. /ˌəʊ aɪm ˈsɒri tə ˌhɪər ðæt/ Mi dispiace sentire questo. “Shirley and I have split up.” “Oh, I’m sorry to hear that.”
Oh no. That’s terrible! /əʊ ˌnəʊ ðæts ˈterəbl/ È terribile! “I’ve failed all my exams.” “Oh no, that’s terrible!”
Well done! /ˌwel ˈdʌn/ Bravo/a! “I’ve passed all my exams.” “Well done!”

Unit 8

airborne (adj) /ˈeəˌbɔːn/ decollato/a By the time the plane was airborne, I’d forgotten England even existed.
to sb’s amazement /te ˌsʌmbədɪz əˈmeɪzmənt/ con sorpresa di To Nick’s amazement, the man offered him $2,000 for the motorbike.
animal feed (n) /ˈænɪml ˌfiːd/ cibo per animali Animal feed is food given to animals.
armrest (n) /ˈɑːmˌrest/ The bracciolo seat was uncomfortable because the armrest was broken.
back-street (adj) /ˈbækˌstriːt/ periferico/a He bought the second-hand bike from a back-street garage in Miami.

33
bike (v) /baɪk/ andare in bici I biked over to my dad’s flat and asked to borrow some cash.
broaden (v) /ˈbrɔːdn/ Travel ampliare broadens your experience of the world.
a broken heart (n) /ə ˌbrəʊkn ˈhɑːt/ il cuore spezzato If you have a broken heart, you are very upset because someone you
love has left you.
cork (n) /kɔːk/ sughero Cork is the substance used for making corks that block the top of bottles.
cross (v) /krɒs/ Nick attraversare wanted to cross the United States from east to west by motorbike.
diamond (n) /ˈdaɪəmənd/ diamante A diamond is a hard, clear colourless stone used in expensive jewellery.
dynamite fishing (n) /ˈdaɪnəmaɪt ˌfɪʃɪŋ/ pescare con la dinamite Dynamite fishing damages the environment.
emotionally blackmail /ɪˌməʊʃnəli ˈblækmeɪl/ ricattare emotivamente If you emotionally blackmail someone, you persuade them to do
something by making them feel guilty.
engraved (adj) (TS) /ɪnˈgreɪvd/ inciso/a Engraved under the seat were the words: “To Elvis. Love James Dean.”
flock to (v) /ˈflɒk ˌtuː/ Tourists affollarsi flock to Bondi Beach from all over the world.
hang out (phr v) /ˌhæŋ ˈaʊt/ divertirsi Bondi Beach is the place where beautiful young people go to hang out.
the heart and soul of /ðə ˌhɑːt ən ˈsəʊl əv/ il cuore e l’anima Bondi Beach is the heart and soul of Sydney’s beach community.
hellish (adj) /ˈhelɪʃ/ infernale After three hellish days and nights, I realised I was close to losing my head.
inscription (n) /ɪnˈskrɪpʃn/ scritta Engraved under the seat was the inscription: “To Elvis. Love James Dean.”
lend (v) /lend/ prestare He emotionally blackmailed his dad into lending him some cash.
light up (phr v) /ˌlaɪt ˈʌp/ As accendersi the plane takes off, the seat belt signs light up.
lose your head /ˌluːz jə ˈhed/ perdere la testa After three hellish days and nights, I realised I was close to losing my head.
meaningless (adj) /ˈmiːnɪŋləs/ insignificante From the moment I boarded the flight, life in England became meaningless.
oil (n) /ɔɪl/ Which petrolio countries are big exporters of oil?
overnight (adv) /ˌəʊvəˈnaɪt/ The durante la notte young mechanic told Nick to leave the bike overnight.
the guy/girl in question /ðə ˌgaɪ/ˌgɜːl ɪn ˈkwesʧən/ il ragazzo/la ragazza in It seemed that the guy in question was going to show up in London soon.
questione
run out of luck/steam etc /ˌrʌn ˌaʊt əv ˈlʌk/ˈstiːm/ avere un colpo di sfortuna He ran out of luck when the motorbike broke down five kilometres from
Atlanta.
second-hand (adj) /ˈsekəndˌhænd/ di seconda mano He bought the second-hand bike from a back-street garage in Miami.
a serious girlfriend /ə ˌsɪəriəs ˈgɜːlfrend/ fidanzata A serious girlfriend is a girl a girl you have a long relationship with.
show up (phr v) /ˌʃəʊ ˈʌp/ The farsi vedere idea of the Belgian guy showing up drove Alex mad.
stop off (phr v) /ˌstɒp ˈɒf/ fermarsi Conrad stopped off in Singapore for a day or two.
sun lounger (n) /ˈsʌn ˌlaʊnʤə/ There sedie a sdraio are sun loungers for hire on the beach.
suntan (n) /ˈsʌnˌtæn/ Do tintarella you enjoy lying on the beach and getting a suntan?
switch off (phr v) /ˌswɪʧ ˈɒf/ svanire If your problems are switched off, you have forgotten about them.

34
take a break /ˌteɪk ə ˈbreɪk / She prendere una pausa decided to take a break from her career and went to Australia for a
year.
take precedence over /ˌteɪk ˈpresɪdəns əʊvə/ avere la precedenza su Broken armrests took precedence over broken hearts.
trawling net (n) /ˈtrɔːlɪŋ ˌnet/ The rete a strascico white sands and coral gardens have never been damaged by
trawling nets.
the underside (n) /ˌðiː ˈʌndəsaɪd/ parte inferiore “The underside” is a formal expression meaning “under”.

Fixed Expressions
it’s all or nothing /ɪts ˌɔːl ɔː ˈnʌθɪŋ/ o tutto o niente I don’t eat chocolate at all for weeks, then I eat three bars in a day –
it’s all or nothing with me.
clean and tidy /ˌkliːn ən ˈtaɪdi/ pulito e ordinato She’s always vacuuming – she likes the house clean and tidy.
come and go /ˌkʌm ən ˈgəʊ/ The andare e venire kids come and go and treat this house as a hotel.
give or take ... /ˌgɪv ɔː ˈteɪk/ They più o meno live 100 km from here – give or take a few kilometres.
hit the road /ˌhɪt ðə ˈrəʊd/ mettersi per strada When you hit the road, you start a journey by car or motorbike.
make a deal /ˌmeɪk ə ˈdiːl/ The concludere un affare mechanic laughed and said, “That’s the worst deal you’ll ever make,
boy!”
It’s now or never. /ɪts ˌnaʊ ɔː ˈnevə/ Nick Ora o mai più. finally decided it was now or never to make his dream trip.
peace and quiet /ˌpiːs ən ˈkwaɪət/ quiete e riposo I like spending time on my own and having some peace and quiet.
be soft in the head /bi ˌsɒft ɪn ðə ˈhed/ mancare una rotella If someone is soft in the head, they are slightly crazy.
sooner or later /ˌsuːnə ɔː ˈleɪtə/ prima o poi Sooner or later you’ll have to tell them the truth.
I can take it or leave it. /aɪ kən ˌteɪk ɪt ɔː ˈliːv ɪt/ Mi è indifferente. I don’t particularly like watching TV. I can take it or leave it.

Description
attractive (adj) /əˈtræktɪv/ Portinatxaffascinante is one of Ibiza’s most attractive beaches.
built up skyline (TS) /ˌbɪltʌp ˈskaɪlaɪn/ orizzonte urbano A built-up skyline is one that consists of high-rise buildings seen against
the sky.
canopy (n) /ˈkænəpi/ baldacchino; tettoia; volta A canopy is a lot of leaves and branches that form a cover high above
the ground.
delightful (adj) /dɪˈlaɪtfl/ delizioso/a Ibiza has lots of delightful hidden coves at the foot of towering cliffs.
hidden (from) (adj) /ˈhɪdn (frəm) / The nascosto/a lagoon is hidden from the sea by a high, curving wall of rock.
inland (adj) /ˈɪnˌlænd/ continentale; imteriore “Inland” means the opposite of “on the coast”.
overlooking (adj) /ˌəʊvəˈlʊkɪŋ/ che guarda verso The most spectacular views can be seen from the cliffs overlooking the bay.
packed with /ˈpækt ˌwɪð/ There disseminato di are long, sandy beaches, packed with bars and watersport.

35
popular with tourists /ˌpɒpjʊlə wɪð ˈtʊərɪsts/ popolare fra i turisti Bondi beach is popular with tourists and with local people.
sandy (adj) /ˈsændi/ The di sabbia sandy beaches are surrounded by pine forests.
scatter (v) /ˈskætə/ costellare “Freshwater falls scatter the island” means they are all over the island.
spectacular view (n) /spekˌtækjʊlə ˈvjuː/ panorama spettacolare The most spectacular views can be seen from the cliffs overlooking the bay.
strangely coloured (adj) /ˌstreɪnʤli ˈkʌləd/ There dai colori strani are strangely coloured birds and monkeys in the trees.
stretch (for ) (v) /streʧ (fɔː)/ The estendersi per white sands of Bondi Beach stretch for roughly a kilometre.
surrounded by (adj) /səˈraʊndəd ˌbaɪ/ An circondato/a da island is an area of land surrounded by sea.
untouched (adj) /ʌnˈtʌʧt/ intatto/a Some of the plants have been untouched for a thousand years.
wonderful scenery (TS) /ˌwʌndəfl ˈsiːnəri/ Suzi magnifico scenario stared out of the window at the wonderful scenery.

Location
ancient ruins (n pl) /ˌeɪnʃənt ˈruːɪnz/ antiche rovine Ancient ruins are parts of very old buildings.
bay (n) /beɪ/ baia A bay is an area of the coast where the land curves inwards.
cliff (n) /klɪf/ scogliera Cliffs are very steep rocks, often overlooking the sea.
coastal path (n) /ˈkəʊstl ˌpɑːθ/ lungomare A coastal path is a path that people can walk along and look at the sea.
coral gardens (n pl) /ˈkɒrəl ˌgɑːdənz/ The scogliera corallina white sands and coral gardens are unspoilt by human activity.
cove (n) /kəʊv/ insenatura A cove is a small area of sea that is partly surrounded by land.
desert (n) (TS) /ˈdezət/ The deserto weather in a desert is usually hot and windy.
freshwater falls (n pl) /ˌfreʃwɔːtə ˈfɔːlz/ cascate di acqua dolce Freshwater falls are found in different parts of the island.
headland (n) /ˈhedˌlənd/ promontorio Bondi Beach stretches for a kilometre between two headlands.
high-rise building (n) /ˌhaɪraɪz ˈbɪldɪŋ/ edifici elevati In photo b) you can see a lot of high-rise buildings.
island (n) /ˈaɪlənd/ isola An island is an area of land surrounded by sea.
jungle (n) /ˈʤʌŋgl/ The giungla freshwater falls are surrounded not by forests, but by jungle.
lagoon (n) /ləˈguːn/ laguna A lagoon is an area of sea separated from the rest of the sea by sand or
rocks.
lake (n) /leɪk/ Toronto lago is a big city in Canada built by Lake Ontario.
pine forest (n) /ˈpaɪn ˌfɒrɪst/ The foreste di pini sandy beaches are surrounded by pine forests.
resort (n) (TS) /rɪˈzɔːt/ luogo di villeggiatura; A resort is a town or village where people go on holiday.
villaggio turistico
snow-capped mountains (n pl) /ˌsnəʊkæpt ˈmaʊntənz/ cime innevate We could see the snow-capped mountains of the Himalayas in the distance.
temple (n) /ˈtempl/ tempio You can see Buddhist temples in photo d).
wall of rock /ˌwɔːl əv ˈrɒk/ The parete di roccia lagoon is hidden from the sea by a high, curving wall of rock.

36
waterfall (n) /ˈwɔːtəˌfɔːl/ cascata A waterfall is a place where water flows over the edge of a cliff or rock.
white sands (n pl) /ˌwaɪt ˈsændz/ The
sabbia bianca white sands of Bondi Beach stretch for roughly a kilometre.

Unit 9

appeal (to) (v) /əˈpiːl tʊ/ piacere a I think Jane Austen’s novels probably appeal more to women.
attach importance to sth /əˌtæʧ ɪmˈpɔːtəns tʊ/ dare importanza a Women attach greater importance to birthdays than men.
attract (v) /əˈtrækt/ attrarre Have you ever lied about your age to attract somebody?
class (n) (U) /klɑːs/ At ceto sociale the end of the story love overcomes differences in class.
compared with /kəmˈpeəd wɪð/ Three rispetto a out of four women buy new clothes to attract somebody,
compared with one in five men.
cross paths /ˌkrɒs ˈpɑːθs/ le strade di due persone si If two people cross paths, they meet.
incrociano
delighted (adj) /dɪˈlaɪtɪd/ deliziato/a Mrs Bennet is delighted when Mr Bingley is attracted to one of her
daughters.
despise (v) /dɪˈspaɪz/ detestare If you despise someone, you strongly dislike them.
diet (v) /ˈdaɪət/ essere a dieta If you diet, you eat less to lose weight.
eligible (adj) /ˈelɪʤəbl/ desiderato/a Mrs Bennet wants to find wealthy husbands for her eligible daughters.
enormous (adj) /ɪˈnɔːməs/ Something enorme that is enormous is extremely big.
estate (n) /ɪˈsteɪt/ tenuta An estate is a very large area of land that belongs to one person.
executioner (n) /ˌeksɪˈkjuːʃnə/ boia An executioner is someone whose job is to kill criminals.
fate (n) /feɪt/ fato Fate is the power that is supposed to control people’s lives.
be in favour of /ˌbiː ɪn ˈfeɪvər əv/ essere a favore di Men are more in favour of marriage than women.
gradually (adv) /ˈgræʤuəli/ gradualmente Mr Darcy gradually grows more interested in Elizabeth.
grow interested /ˌgrəʊ ˈɪntrəstɪd/ interessarsi di At first he considers her inferior but then grows more interested in her.
handsome (adj) /ˈhænsəm/ bello/a A handsome man is good-looking.
hilarious (adj) /hɪˈleəriəs/ Something esilarante that is hilarious is extremely funny.
I don’t care. /aɪ ˌdəʊnt ˈkeə/ Non m’importa. “How do you feel if your partner forgets your birthday?” “I don’t care.”
infatuated (adj) /ɪnˈfæʧueɪtɪd/ Someone infatuato/a who is infatuated is in love with another person even though
they may not know that person well.

37
inferior (to) (adj) /ɪnˈfɪəriə/ inferiore a If you think someone is socially inferior to you, you think they are not as
wealthy or important as you.
knock a few years off /ˌnɒk ə fjuː ˈjɪəz ɒf/ togliersi qualche anno If you knock a few years off your age, you lie and say you are younger
than you are.
lie (v) /laɪ/ People mentire sometimes lie about their age to try to attract a partner.
live up to sth /ˌlɪv ˈʌp tʊ sʌmθɪŋ/ Tom essere all’altezza di Hanks said he felt confident that he lived up to his reputation as
“Mr Nice Guy”.
Mr Nice Guy (n) /ˌmɪstə ˈnaɪs gaɪ/ “Bravo Ragazzo” “Mr Nice Guy” is an expression for a man who is always kind and thinks
of other people.
neighbouring (adj) /ˈneɪbərɪŋ/ vicino/a “Neighbouring” is a word meaning “near the place where you live”.
overcome (v) /ˌəʊvəˈkʌm/ At superare, vincere the end of the story love overcomes differences in class.
prejudice (n) /ˈpreʤʊdɪs/ pregiudizio A prejudice is an unreasonable feeling of not liking someone or something.
pride (n) /praɪd/ orgoglio Pride is a feeling of pleasure and satisfaction about something you have
achieved.
put on (a few kilos) /ˌpʊt ˈɒn (ə fjuː kiːləʊz) / metter su qualche chilo If you put on a few kilos, you gain a few kilos in weight.
rebellious (adj) /rɪˈbeljəs/ Someone ribelle who is rebellious does not accept authority or accepted rules.
relate (to) (v) /rɪˈleɪt tʊ/ identificarsi con; accettare I found the characters irritating and silly, and couldn’t relate to them at all.
save the planet /ˌseɪv ðə ˈplænɪt/ salvare il pianeta If you want to save the planet, you want to help the environment by
reducing pollution.
significant (adj) /sɪgˈnɪfɪkənt/ significativo/a A significant number of men and women admitted they had lied about
their age.
similarly (adv) /ˈsɪmələli/ similmente “Similarly” is a word that means “in the same way”.
solar-powered (adj) /ˈsəʊlə ˌpaʊəd/ a energia solare A machine that is solar-powered gets its energy from the sun.
spider (n) /ˈspaɪdə/ ragno Help! There’s an enormous spider in the bath.
take an instant dislike /ˌteɪk ən ˌɪnstənt Elizabeth sentire un’immediata takes an instant dislike to Darcy
dɪsˈlaɪkɪŋ/ antipatia per because she thinks he is superior.
take risks /ˌteɪk ˈrɪsks/ correre rischi I don’t take risks – I always read books by authors I know.
wait ages /ˌweɪt ˈeɪʤəz/ aspettare secoli “You’re late!” “I’m sorry, I had to wait ages for a bus.”
wealthy (adj) /ˈwelθi/ Someone ricco/a who is wealthy has a lot of money.
witty (adj) /ˈwɪti/ Something brillante that is witty is clever in an amusing way.

38
Adjectives ending in –ed
annoyed /əˈnɔɪd/ contrariato/a If you feel annoyed, you feel slightly angry.
bored /bɔːd/ The annoiato/a film was too long and we got bored.
challenged /ˈʧælɪnʤd/ inquieto/a If you feel challenged, you feel slightly worried or frightened of
something difficult.
confused /kənˈfjuːzd/ confuso/a If you feel confused, you don’t know what to think or feel.
excited /ɪkˈsaɪtɪd/ emozionato I get really excited when one of my favourite authors brings out a new
book.
exhausted /ɪgˈzɔːstɪd/ esausto/a If you feel exhausted, you feel very tired.
fascinated /ˈfæsɪneɪtɪd/ affascinato/a I’m fascinated by biographies of famous people.
inspired /ɪnˈspaɪəd/ ispirato/a If you feel inspired to do something, you really want to do it.
interested /ˈɪntrəstɪd/ interessato/a Some people are more interested in films than books.
relaxed /rɪˈlækst/ We rilassato/a feel nice and relaxed after the holiday.
tired /ˈtaɪəd/ stanco/a I usually feel tired after a day at work.
worried /ˈwʌrid/ preoccupato/a What are you so worried about?

Adjectives ending in –ing

annoying /əˈnɔɪɪŋ/ Something
fastidioso/a that is annoying makes you feel slightly angry.
boring /ˈbɔːrɪŋ/ noioso/a I read the first page and if it’s boring, I don’t buy the book.
challenging /ˈʧælɪnʤɪŋ/ Something
arduo/a that is challenging is difficult to achieve.
confusing /kənˈfjuːzɪŋ/ Something
confuso/a that is confusing is difficult to understand.
engaging /ɪnˈgeɪʤɪŋ/ seducente Characters who are engaging are attractive and easy to like.
exciting /ɪkˈsaɪtɪŋ/ The emozionante book was really exciting – I couldn’t put it down.
exhausting /ɪgˈzɔːstɪŋ/ Something
molto stancante that is exhausting makes you feel very tired.
fascinating /ˈfæsɪneɪtɪŋ/ Something
affascinante that is fascinating is extremely interesting.
gripping /ˈgrɪpɪŋ/ The avvincente book wasn’t just exciting – it was gripping!
inspiring /ɪnˈspaɪrɪŋ/ ispiratore/ispiratrice I find strong women in history particularly inspiring.
interesting /ˈɪntrəstɪŋ/ interessante What I find interesting in a book is the relationships between the characters.
relaxing /rɪˈlæksɪŋ/ rilassante Reading a book in a hot bath is very relaxing.
thought-provoking /ˈθɔːtprəˌvəʊkɪŋ/ Something
provocatorio/a that is thought-provoking is stimulating and intriguing.
tiring /ˈtaɪrɪŋ/ Something
pesante that is tiring makes you feel tired.
worrying /ˈwʌriɪŋ/ Something
preoccupante that is worrying makes you feel worried.

39
Books
author (n) /ˈɔːθə/ scrittore Who’s your favourite author?
autobiography (n) /ˌɔːtəʊbaɪˈɒgrəfi/ autobiografia An autobiography is a book that a person writes about their own life.
bestseller (n) /ˌbestˈselə/ bestseller A bestseller is a book that sells a lot of copies.
biography (n) /baɪˈɒgrəfi/ biografia A biography is a book about a person’s life written by someone else.
book review (n) /ˈbʊk rɪˌvjuː/ recensione Book reviews are articles written by a journalist about new books.
can’t put it down /ˌkɑːnt ˌpʊt ɪt ˈdaʊn/ Thenon potevo smettere di book was gripping – I just couldn’t put it down!
leggere
chapter (n) /ˈʧæptə/ capitolo Books are divided into chapters.
(central/main) character (n) / (sentrəl/meɪn) ˈkærəktə/ The
personaggio principale central female character in Pride and Prejudice is Elizabeth Bennet.
cover (n) /ˈkʌvə/ copertina If the cover of a book looks interesting, I buy it.
difficult to get into /ˌdɪfɪklt tʊ get ˈɪntʊ/ The
ostico/a book was a bit difficult to get into at first, but I ended up really
enjoying it.
fantasy (n) /ˈfæntəsi/ fantastico/a A fantasy book is a book about an imaginary world.
fiction (n) /ˈfɪkʃn/ romanzi I never read fiction but I love biographies.
novel (n) /ˈnɒvl/ romanzo Pride and Prejudice is a classic romantic novel.
paperback (n) /ˈpeɪpəˌbæk/ tascabile A paperback is a book with a soft cover.
plot (n) /plɒt/ The trama plot of a story is the things that happen during the story.
revolve around (phr v) /rɪˈvɒlv əˌraʊnd/ The svilupparsi intorno a storyline of Pride and Prejudice revolves around Mr and Mrs Bennet
and their daughters.
romantic novel (n) /rəʊˌmæntɪk ˈnɒvl/ romanzo romantico Pride and Prejudice is a classic romantic novel.
science fiction (n) /ˌsaɪəns ˈfɪkʃn/ fantascienza Science fiction is books and films about imaginary future events and
characters.
be set in /bi ˈset ɪn/ essere ambientato in/a Pride and Prejudice is set in England in the early 19th century.
short story (n) /ˌʃɔːt ˈstɔːri/ storia breve, racconto A short story is a short piece of fiction.
the story unfolds /ðə ˌstɔːri ʌnˈfəʊldz/ la storia si dipana As the story unfolds true love overcomes all obstacles.
storyline (n) /ˈstɔːriˌlaɪn/ The trama “storyline” is a word that means the same as “plot”.
take place /ˌteɪk ˈpleɪs/ svolgersi Pride and Prejudice takes place in England in the early 19th century.
well written (adj) /ˌwelˈrɪtn/ ben scritto Jane Austen’s novels are all very well written.

Films
acting (n) /ˈæktɪŋ/ The recitazione acting in the film was brilliant.
action film (n) /ˈækʃn ˌfɪlm/ film d’azione An action film is one in which there are a lot of interesting, exciting events.

40
be based on /bi ˈbeɪst ɒn/ essere basato su Forrest Gump is based on a true story.
comedy (n) /ˈkɒmədi/ film comico A comedy is a film that makes you laugh.
direct (v) /dɪˈrekt/ girare I can’t remember who directed Forrest Gump.
director (n) /dɪˈrektə/ The regista film won six Oscars, including best director.
ending (n) /ˈendɪŋ/ Does finale the film have a happy or sad ending?
footage (n) (TS) /ˈfʊtɪʤ/ spezzone di film Forrest Gump contains black and white footage from the 60s.
gangster film (n) /ˈgæŋstə ˌfɪlm/ film di gangster A gangster film is about the activities of gangs of criminals.
a hit (n) /ə ˈhɪt/ The un successo film was a real hit and won six Oscars.
horror film (n) /ˈhɒrə ˌfɪlm/ film dell’orrore A horror film is a film that is intended to frighten people.
leading actor (n) /ˌliːdɪŋ ˈæktə/ The attore protagonista leading actor in Forrest Gump is Tom Hanks.
love story (n) /ˈlʌv ˌstɔːri/ storia d’amore A love story is about a romantic relationship between two people.
make you cry /ˌmeɪk jʊ ˈkraɪ/ far piangere “The film made you cry, didn’t it?” “No, it didn’t, I’ve got a cold.”
musical (n) /ˈmjuːzɪkl/ musical A musical is a film that contains a lot of songs.
photography (n) /fəˈtɒgrəfi/ The fotografia photography is the photographs and images that are shown during
a film.
play the part of /ˌpleɪ ðə ˈpɑːt əv/ Tom recitare il ruolo di Hanks also plays the part of the executioner in The Green Mile.
premier (n) /ˈpremiə/ prima The premier of a film is the occasion on which it is shown for the first time.
romantic comedy (n) /rəʊˌmæntɪk ˈkɒmədi/ commedia romantica A romantic comedy is a film about a romance that is also amusing.
science fiction film (n) /ˌsaɪəns ˈfɪkʃn fɪlm/ film di fantascienza A science fiction film is about imaginary future events and characters.
soundtrack (n) /ˈsaʊndˌtræk/ The colonna sonora soundtrack is the music that accompanies a film.
special effects (n pl) /ˌspeʃl ɪˈfekts/ The effetti speciali special effects are all done using computers.
spy film (n) /ˈspaɪ ˌfɪlm/ film di spionaggio A spy film is about people who find out secret information about a
country or organisation.
subtitles (n pl) /ˈsʌbˌtaɪtəlz/ The sottotitoli subtitles are the words appearing at the bottom of a screen to
translate what people are saying in a foreign film.
a (sentimental) tearjerker (n) /ə (sentɪmentl) ˈtɪəˌʤɜːkə/ un filmone strappalacrime A sentimental tearjerker is a film that makes you cry.
thriller (n) /ˈθrɪlə/ thriller A thriller is a film about something exciting or dangerous, such as a crime.
war film (n) /ˈwɔː ˌfɪlm/ film di guerra War films are about war.
western (n) /ˈwestən/ western A western is a film about cowboys.
win (six) Oscars /ˌwɪn (sɪks) ˈɒskəz/ vincere (sei volte) l’oscar Forrest Gump was a very successful film that won six Oscars.

41
Music
album (n) /ˈælbəm/ What’s album your favourite track on the album?
band (n) /bænd/ gruppo Who’s your favourite band?
blues (n) /bluːz/ blues Blues is a type of slow, sad music that originally comes from the southern US.
classical (adj) /ˈklæsɪkl/ classico/a Do you prefer classical or pop music?
dance (n) /dɑːns/ dance Dance music is very popular.
gig (n) /gɪg/ concerto A gig is a public performance of popular music.
hip-hop (n) /ˈhɪpˌhɒp/ hip-hop Hip-hop is a type of music that uses rap combined with musical instruments.
lyrics (n pl) /ˈlɪrɪks/ The testo lyrics are the words of a song.
opera (n) /ˈɒp(ə)rə/ opera An opera is a type of play that is sung to classical music.
orchestra (n) /ˈɔːkɪstrə/ orchestra An orchestra is a large group of musicians who play classical music on
different instruments.
perform live /ˌpəfɔːm ˈlaɪv/ suonare dal vivo We saw the band performing live at Wembley – they were brilliant.
reggae (n) /ˈregeɪ/ reggae Reggae is a type of music that developed in Jamaica in the 1960s.
stereo system (n) /ˈsteriəʊ ˌsɪstəm/ The
impianto stereo sound’s not very good – I think there’s a problem with the stereo
system.
techno (n) /ˈteknəʊ/ techno I can’t stand all that techno stuff – I like it when you can hear the lyrics!
track (n) /træk/ The brano, pezzo album is made up of twelve tracks.

Review C

abandon (v) /əˈbændən/ The abbandonare stolen car was found abandoned several miles away.
account (n) /əˈkaʊnt/ conto I’d like to put £100 into my bank account.
alarmed (adj) /əˈlɑːmd/ allarmato “Alarmed” is a word that means frightened and worried.
armed police (n) /ˌɑːmd pəˈliːs/ agenti armati Armed police are police who are carrying guns.
cabin (n) /ˈkæbɪn/ capanna A cabin is a small wooden building like a hut.
caller (n) (TS) /ˈkɔːlə/ chiamante A caller is someone who uses the telephone to contact someone.
cashier (n) /kæˈʃɪə/ cassiere A cashier is someone whose job is to give or receive money in a bank.
cause a sensation /ˌkɔːz ə senˈseɪʃn/ dare scandalo If you cause a sensation, you do something unusual or shocking.
co-host (n) /ˈkəʊˌhəʊst/ The co-presentatore co-hosts of a programme are the people who work together to
present it.

42
congratulate (v) /kənˈgræʧʊleɪt/ fare i complimenti I want to congratulate Mika for saying what most of America is thinking.
courage (n) (TS) /ˈkʌrɪʤ/ coraggio You rock, Mika! It takes courage to do what you did.
cover (v) /ˈkʌvə/ fare la cronaca di Brzezinski explained that she didn’t want to cover such a trivial topic.
deposit (n) /dɪˈpɒzɪt/ deposito A deposit is an amount of money that you put into your bank account.
driving offence (n) /ˈdraɪvɪŋ əˌfens/ infrazione stradale A driving offence is something illegal that you do when you are driving.
emotional (adj) /ɪˈməʊʃn(ə)l/ turbato/a Someone who is feeling emotional is feeling upset or angry.
give sb a call (TS) /ˌgɪv sʌmbədi e ˈkɔːl/ Dan chiamare per telefono Rivero invited listeners to give the radio station a call.
at gunpoint /ˌət ˈgʌnpɔɪnt/ a mamo arnata If someone is robbed at gunpoint, they are robbed while someone points
a gun at them.
hand (v) /hænd/ porgere If you hand someone something, you give it to them.
have had enough of sth (TS) /həv ˌhæd ɪˈnʌf əv sʌmθɪŋ/ averne abbastanza di We’ve had enough of hearing about these.
heiress (n) /ˈeəres/ ereditiera An heiress is a woman who will receive money or property when
another person dies.
interrupt (v) /ˌɪntəˈrʌpt/ interrompere Mika’s male co-host, Joe Scarborough, made mocking comments and
interrupted her.
joke (n) /ʤəʊk/ scherzo Kronau claimed the incident was an innocent joke.
lead story (n) (TS) /ˌliːd ˈstɔːri/ notizia principale Mika thought the Paris Hilton story was too trivial to be the lead story.
message (n) (AmE) (TS) /ˈmesɪʤ/ messaggio “Message” is an American English word meaning an “advertisement”.
mocking (adj) /ˈmɒkɪŋ/ ironico/a Mika’s male co-host, Joe Scarborough, made mocking comments and
interrupted her.
newsreader (n) /ˈnjuːzˌriːdə/ legge il telegiornale Mika Brzezinski works as a newsreader for the MSNBC TV station.
next up (TS) /ˌnekst ˈʌp/ Thanks ora for your call, Luke. Next up we have Maria.
on the line (TS) /ˌɒn ðə ˈlaɪn/ Thanks, in linea Maria. We now have Jason on the line. Jason?
presenter (n) (TS) /prɪˈzentə/ presentatore Many Americans wish there were more presenters like Mika.
priceless (adj) /ˈpraɪsləs/ Something inestimabile that is priceless is worth a lot of money.
property (n) /ˈprɒpəti/ beni Your property are the things that belong to you.
questioning (n) /ˈkwesʧ(ə)nɪŋ/ The interrogatorio suspects were taken to the police station for questioning.
read out (phr v) /ˌriːd ˈaʊt/ leggere She caused a sensation when she refused to read out the station’s lead story.
refusal (TS) /rɪˈfjuːzl/ rifiuto Callers phoned in to talk about Mika Brzezinski’s refusal to cover the
Paris Hilton story.
be released from jail /bi rɪˌliːst frəm ˈʤeɪl/ Sheessere rilasciato dal carcere was released from jail after serving twenty-two days for a driving
offence.
respectfully (adv) /rɪˈspektf(ə)li/ rispettosamente Mika was not treated respectfully by her co-hosts.

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robbery (n) /ˈrɒbəri/ furto Anyone with information about the robbery should call the police.
run a story /ˌrʌn ə ˈstɔːri/ dare una notizia If a newspaper, TV station etc runs a story, they give information about
a news item.
script (n) /skrɪpt/ The copione, sceneggiatura script is the written words the presenter must read out.
serve (twenty-two days) (v) /sɜːv (twenti tuː deɪz) / Paris
scontare Hilton served twenty-two days in jail for a driving offence.
sexist (adj) /ˈseksɪst/ sessista Sexist comments show that you think men and women should be
treated in a different way.
shred (v) /ʃred/ fare a pezzi “Shred” is a word meaning “tear up”.
support (n) /səˈpɔːt / supporto Mika’s co-hosts gave her no support at all.
suspect (n) /ˈsʌspekt/ sospetto A suspect is someone who is suspected of committing a crime.
take a stand (TS) /ˌteɪk ə ˈstænd/ prendere le distanze da If you take a stand about something, you refuse to do it because you
qualcosa think it is wrong.
tear up (phr v) /ˌteər ˈʌp/ strappare Mika tore the script up but was immediately handed a new copy.
trace a call /ˌtreɪs ə ˈkɔːl/ rintracciare l’origine di una If police trace a call, they use electronic equipment to find out where a
telefonata telephone call was made.
trial (n) /ˈtraɪəl/ After processo a long trial, he was sentenced to five years in jail.
trivial (adj) /ˈtrɪviəl/ volgare Mika thought the Paris Hilton story was too trivial to be the lead story.
You rock! (TS) /ˌjuː ˈrɒk/ “Sei forte!” “You rock!” is an informal expression used to
show approval or support for someone.

Unit 10

audition (n) /ɔːˈdɪʃn/ At concerto the weekends Hayley goes to auditions.

awkward (adj) /ˈɔːkwəd/ imbarazzante Some lies are designed to avoid unpleasant or awkward truths.
beg (v) (TS) /beg/ chiedere, pregare I was useless at the piano and my teacher begged my parents to stop
sending me.
can’t help yourself /kɑːnt ˈhelp jəself/ non riuscire a If you can’t help yourself, you cannot stop doing something.
cool sb down (phr v) /ˌkuːl sʌmbədi ˈdaʊn/ The rinfrescare pocket fan cools you down when it’s really hot.
be designed to /bi dɪˈzaɪnd tuː/ servire a Some lies are designed to avoid unpleasant or awkward truths.
detrimental (adj) /ˌdetrɪˈmentl/ Something dannoso/a that has a detrimental effect has a negative effect.
dilemma (n) (TS) /daɪˈlemə/ dilemma A dilemma is a difficult problem or situation.
do something against your will /ˌduː sʌmθɪŋ əˌgenst jə ˈwɪl/ fare qualcosa contro la Hayley’s mum says she is not forcing Hayley to do anything against her will.
propria volontà

44
do/have whatever it takes /ˌduː/ˌhæv wɒtˌevə ɪt ˈteɪks/
avere tutto quello che ci Rachel thinks her daughter has what it takes to be a film star.
vuole per
drop sb off (phr v) (TS) /ˌdrɒp sʌmbədi ˈɒf/ lasciare Ryan didn’t want his friends to see his parents drop him off at the gym.
dye (v) /daɪ/ tingere If you dye your hair, you change its colour.
eyesight (n) /ˈaɪˌsaɪt/ vista Eating carrots improves your eyesight and you’ll be able to see in the dark!
fan (n) /fæn/ A ventaglio; ventilatore pocket fan is a fan that sprays water in your face when it’s hot.
follow-up (adj) (TS) /ˈfɒləʊˌʌp/ di continuazione I hope we can come back in ten years’ time and do a follow-up story
when Hayley’s a star.
gadget (n) /ˈgæʤɪt/ accessorio A gadget is a small piece of equipment that does something useful.
handle (n) /ˈhændl/ The manico spider catcher is round with a long handle.
head massager (n) /ˌhed ˈmæsɑːʒə/ The massaggiatesta head massager looks like a spider with long legs.
ice cube (n) (TS) /ˈaɪs ˌkjuːb/ cubetto di ghiaccio You could describe an iceberg as an enormous ice cube!
kick-boxing (n) (TS) /ˈkɪkˌbɒksɪŋ/ kick-boxing Kick-boxing is one of the martial arts.
light the gas /ˌlaɪt ðə ˈgæs/ accendere il gas It’s a plastic gadget used for lighting the gas on the cooker.
martial arts (n) /mɑːʃl ˈɑːts/ arti marziali Martial arts are sports such as judo or karate.
massage (v) /ˈmæsɑːʒ/ massaggiare If you massage part of your body, you rub it gently.
mental discipline (n) (TS) /ˌmentl ˈdɪsəplɪn/ autodisciplina Mental discipline is the ability to make yourself do things that are difficult.
nutritious (adj) /njuːˈtrɪʃəs/ nutriente Food that is nutritious is good for you.
originate (v) /əˈrɪʤəneɪt/ nascere Some white lies originate from the need to encourage children to eat
properly.
peel (v) /piːl/ sbucciare If you peel a piece of fruit, you remove the skin on the outside of it.
recharge (v) /riːˈʧɑːʤ/ The ricaricare battery’s low on my phone – I need to recharge it.
scary (adj) (TS) /ˈskeəri/ Something spaventoso/a that is scary is frightening.
self-confidence (n) (TS) /ˌselfˈkɒnfɪdəns/ fiducia in se stessi Martial arts help you to defend yourself and learn self-confidence.
spray (v) /spreɪ/ The spruzzare pocket fan sprays water in your face when it’s hot.
stainless steel (n) /ˌsteɪnləs ˈstiːl/ acciaio inossidabile Stainless steel has been treated to prevent rust forming on its surface.
straighten your hair /ˌstreɪtn jə ˈheə/ stirare i capelli If you straighten your hair, you make it straight and not wavy or curly.
unblock (v) /ʌnˈblɒk/ sturare If you unblock something, you remove something from it so that liquid
can flow through it.
useless (adj) (TS) /ˈjuːsləs/ incapace If you are useless at something, you are not good at it.
be worth doing /bi ˌwɜːθ ˈduːɪŋ/ vale la pena farlo If a white lie helps a child to eat properly it’s worth telling.

45
Childhood
back off (phr v) (TS) /ˌbæk ˈɒf/ tirarsi indietro Do you think pushy parents should back off and leave their children alone?
benefit (v) /ˈbenɪfɪt/ Psychologists far bene believe many white lies may actually benefit children.
bib (n) /bɪb/ bavaglino A bib is a piece of cloth that protects babies’ clothes when they are eating.
bring sb up (phr v) /ˌbrɪŋ sʌmbədi ˈʌp/ allevare, crescere Some parents have problems bringing their children up.
care for (phr v) /ˈkeə ˌfɔː/ aver cura di Your parents are the people who care for you when you are a child.
a child star (n) (TS) /ə ˌʧaɪld ˈstɑː/ bambino prodigio Being a child star can be an isolating experience.
creative (adj) /kriːˈeɪtɪv/ Someone creativo/a who is creative has a lot of imagination and unusual ideas.
curl (v) /kɜːl/ mosso/a, riccio/a If you eat your crusts, your hair will curl.
deprive sb of a normal /dɪˌpraɪv sʌmbədi əv ə privare qualcuno di Do you worry that you’re depriving Hayley of a normal childhood?
childhood ˌnɔːml ˈʧaɪldʊd/ un’infanzia normale
develop language skills /dɪˌveləp ˈlæŋgwɪʤ skɪlz/ When
sviluppare ablità linguistiche children develop language skills, they learn to talk, and read and
write.
dummy (n) /ˈdʌmi/ succhiotto A dummy is an object you put in a baby’s mouth to stop it crying.
eat up (phr v) /ˌiːt ˈʌp/ mangiare Some white lies encourage children to eat up their vegetables.
eat your crusts /ˌiːt jə ˈkrʌsts/ fetta di pane tostato If you eat your crusts, your hair will curl.
educational (adj) /ˌedjʊˈkeɪʃn(ə)l/ Something
educativo/a that is educational helps people to learn.
excitement (n) /ɪkˈsaɪtmənt/ eccitazione Father Christmas brings fun and excitement to children at Christmas.
fall off (phr v) /ˌfɔːl ˈɒf/ cadere da If you’re not careful you’ll fall off that wall.
Father Christmas (n) /ˌfɑːðə ˈkrɪsməs/ Babbo Natale Father Christmas is part of the magic of Christmas for many children.
fulfil your potential /fʊlˌfɪl jɔː ˈpətenʃl/ sviluppare appieno il proprio Hayley’s mum thinks she’s special and wants to help her fulfil her potential.
potenziale
get square eyes /get ˌskweə ˈaɪz/ venire gli occhi quadrati If I think my child’s watched enough television, I tell him he’ll get square
eyes.
guilty (adj) /ˈgɪlti/ colpevole Should parents feel guilty for not being 100% truthful with their children?
isolating (adj) /ˈaɪsəleɪtɪŋ/ di isolamento An isolating experience makes you feel as if you are alone.
be keen for sb to do sth (TS) /bi ˌkiːn fə sʌmbədi tə volere assolutamente che Ryan’s mother was keen for him to learn the piano.
ˈduː sʌmθɪŋ/ qualcuno faccia qualcosa
know when there is something /ˌnəʊ wen ðeər ɪz ˌsʌmθɪŋ sapere quando c’è q.csa che Mums know when something is wrong even if you don’t tell them.
wrong ˈrɒŋ/ non va
liberal (adj) /ˈlɪb(ə)rəl/ liberale Liberal parents give their children freedom.
lie (v) /laɪ/ mentire Parents often lie to their children to encourage them to do things that
are good for them.
look after (phr v) /ˌlʊk ˈɑːftə/ badare a Who looked after you when your parents were out?

46
magic (n) /ˈmæʤɪk/ magia Father Christmas is part of the magic of Christmas for many children.
magical (adj) /ˈmæʤɪkl/ The magico/a story of the tooth fairy makes the world a more magical place for
children.
myth (n) /mɪθ/ Some leggenda myths were created to improve children’s behaviour.
nanny (n) /ˈnæni/ bambinaia A nanny is someone adults employ to look after their children.
naughty (adj) /ˈnɔːti/ Parents disobbediente, cattivo/a get angry with their children when they are naughty.
your nose will grow /jɔː ˈnəʊz wɪl ˌgrəʊ/ ti cresce il naso Some people say that if you tell a lie, your nose will grow.
obsessed (adj) /ɒbˈsest/ ossessionato/a Hayley’s father, George, thinks his wife is obsessed and not reasonable.
pillow (n) /ˈpɪləʊ/ Parents cuscino tell their children that if they put a tooth under their pillow, the
tooth fairy will take it.
potential (n) (TS) /pəˈtenʃl/ A potenziale child’s potential is its ability do develop particular skills.
pressure (n) /ˈpreʃə/ pressione I want Hayley to grow up like a normal child – there’s too much pressure
in the film world.
protect a child’s innocence /prəˌtekt ə ˌʧaɪldz ˈɪnəsens/ preservare l’innocenza dei Some white lies protect a child’s innocence.
bambini
pull a face /ˌpʊl ə ˈfeɪs/ fare smorfie If you pull a face, you put a silly or rude expression on your face.
pushy parent (n) /ˌpʊʃi ˈpeərənt/ genitore arrivista, assillante Pushy parents are parents who are very ambitious for their children.
see in the dark /ˌsiː ɪn ðə ˈdɑːk/ Parents vedere al buio sometimes tell their children that eating carrots will help them
see in the dark.
a stage in life /ə ˌsteɪʤ ɪn ˈlaɪf/ una fase della vita Some white lies make the world more magical and help children through
a stage in their life.
stay on the line /ˌsteɪ ɒn ðə ˈlaɪn/ restare in linea If you’re phoning your friends, don’t stay on the line too long.
stimulate the brain/ /ˌstɪmjʊleɪt ðə ˈbreɪn/ stimolare la mente/ If you stimulate a child’s brain or imagination, you help them be more
imagination ˌɪmæʤɪˈneɪʃn/ l’immaginazione creative.
strict (adj) /strɪkt/ severo/a Don’t be too strict – you have to let your children play and have friends.
take the easy route /ˌteɪk ðiː ˈiːzi ruːt/ prendere la strada più facile Some parents think it’s wrong to take the easy route and tell a lie.
tell a lie /ˌtel ə ˈlaɪ/ mentire Most parents tell their children lies.
tell off (phr v) /ˌtel ˈɒf/ sgridare Mum always told us off when we were naughty.
tidy away/up (phr v) /ˌtaɪdi əˈweɪ/ˈʌp/ riordinare Who tidied up after you had played with your toys?
tooth fairy (n) /ˈtuːθ ˌfeəri/ The fata dentina tooth fairy is an imaginary creature who takes children’s teeth from
under their pillows.
toy (n) /tɔɪ/ giocattolo Toys are things that children play with when they are young.
truant (n) /ˈtruːənt/ chi marina la scuola A truant is a school student who stays away from school without permission.

47
truthful (adj) /ˈtruːθfl/ sincero/a If you are 100% truthful with your children, you never tell them lies.
tuck you in (phr v) /ˌtʌk juː ˈɪn/ rimboccare le coperte Who tucked you in bed at night?
white lie (n) /ˌwaɪt ˈlaɪ/ bugia innocente White lies can benefit children by protecting them or helping to
stimulate their brains.
worry (about) (v) /ˈwʌri (əbaʊt) / preoccuparsi per Mum always worries about me when I’m out at night.
yell (at) (v) /jel (æt) / gridare If you yell at your children, you shout at them.

Unit 11

ageist (n) /ˈeɪʤɪst/ Someone gerontofobo who is ageist treats older people in an unfair way.
aisle (n) /aɪl/ corridoio, corsia She walked up and down the aisles of the supermarket pushing her trolley.
anxious (adj) ˈæŋkʃəs Someone ansioso/a who is anxious is often worried.
bearded (adj) /ˈbɪədɪd/ barbuto/a A bearded man is a man who has a beard.
a big issue /ə ˌbɪg ˈɪʃuː/ un grande problema, tema If something becomes a big issue, it becomes a big problem.
brush off (phr v) (TS) /ˌbrʌʃ ˈɒf/ spazzolare via I picked up the chicken and brushed the cat hairs off it!
change (n) /ʧeɪnʤ/ resto Change is the money someone gives back to you in a shop when you
give more money than it costs to buy something.
counter (n) /ˈkaʊntə/ The bancone counter is the place where customers are served in a shop.
exceed your limit (TS) /ɪkˌsiːd jə ˈlɪmɪt/ andare in rosso You’ve exceeded your limit by £500. You need to come to the bank to
discuss it.
get into a mess /ˌget ɪntuː ə ˈmes/ trovarsi nei pasticci If you get into a mess, you get into a difficult situation.
get over the shock /get ˌəʊvə ðə ˈʃɒk/ superare un trauma She slowly got over the shock of being forty.
get sb/sth on its feet /ˌget sʌmbədi/sʌmθɪŋ far saltare in piedi, If you get a group of people on their feet, you
ɒn ɪts ˈfiːt/ entusiasmare make them want to dance, sing etc.
hang up (phr v) /ˌhæŋ ˈʌp/ appendere Is it time for the Stones to hang up their bandanas?
have fun /ˌhæv ˈfʌn/ divertirsi It’s important to have fun and do things you enjoy.
be on your mind (TS) /ˌbiː ɒn jə ˈmaɪnd/ pensare a qualcosa You look worried. What’s on your mind?
keep your mouth shut (TS) /ˌkiːp jə ˈmaʊθ ʃʌt/ tenere la bocca chiusa I’m sorry, I shouldn’t have said that. I should have kept my mouth shut.
kick off (phr v) /ˌkɪk ˈɒf/ iniziare If something kicks off, or if you kick something off, it starts.
liar (n) /ˈlaɪə/ Someone bugiardo who is a liar does not tell the truth.
lick (v) /lɪk/ The leccare cat licked the chicken and burnt her tongue!

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lose touch with sb /ˌluːz ˈtʌʧ wɪð sʌmbədi/ perdere di vista qualcuno I lost touch with him when we left university.
be the other way round /ˌbiː ðiː ˌʌðə weɪ ˈraʊnd/ essere il contrario Being eleven years older is nothing for a man, but for a woman it’s the
other way round.
oversleep (v) /ˌəʊvəˈsliːp/ We dormire fino a tardi stayed up late and overslept the following morning.
queue up (phr v) /ˌkjuː ˈʌp/ mettersi in coda You queue up at the counter to pay for your shopping.
rebel (n) /ˈrebl/ Someone ribelle who is a rebel does not accept authority or accepted rules.
rocker (n) /ˈrɒkə/ rocker A rocker is someone who plays or likes rock music.
a rocky past /ə rɒki ˈpɑːst/ un passato difficile If someone has a rocky past, they have had problems in their life.
scruffy (adj) /ˈskrʌfi/ Someone sciatto/a who is scruffy is untidy or dirty.
shuffle (v) /ˈʃʌfl/ camminare a tastoni If you shuffle, you walk in a slow, uncertain way.
stay up late /ˌsteɪ ʌp ˈleɪt/ andare a letto tardi We stayed up late and overslept the following morning.
take life seriously /ˌteɪk laɪf ˈsɪəriəsli/ prendere la vita sul serio Don’t take life too seriously – you need to have some fun as well.
talented (adj) /ˈtæləntɪd/ The talentuoso/a Rolling Stones wouldn’t be so popular if they weren’t so talented.
be tied up (TS) /bi ˌtaɪd ˈʌp/ essere impegnato/a I’m afraid I’m tied up today. Can we meet tomorrow?
traumatic (adj) /trɔːˈmætɪk/ traumatico/a A traumatic event makes you feel very upset and shocked.
trolley (n) /ˈtrɒli/ carrello She walked up and down the aisles of the supermarket pushing her trolley.
turn out (phr v) /ˌtɜːn ˈaʊt/ risultare I spent all afternoon preparing the meal, and was pleased with how it
turned out.

Adverbs
actually /ˈækʧuəli/ adesso I thought the concert was embarrassing – actually, I regret going.
apparently /əˈpærəntli/ a quanto pare Mick Jagger was 65 in July 2008, apparently.
basically /ˈbeɪsɪkli/ im sostanza I have a problem with his dancing – basically, I think he’s too old to
dance like that.
beautifully /ˈbjuːtəfli/ bene Keith Richards still plays the guitar beautifully.
brilliantly /ˈbrɪljəntli/ brillantemente I thought the band performed brilliantly.
clearly /ˈklɪəli/ evidentemente She doesn’t talk much and is clearly very shy.
definitely /ˈdef(ə)nətli/ sicuramente My grandfather definitely doesn’t make people pay to watch him dance!
energetically /enəˈʤetɪkli/ con energia I bet your grandfather can’t dance as energetically as Mick Jagger.
enormously /ɪˈnɔːməsli/ Theenormemente Rolling Stones are an enormously talented band.
fortunately /ˈfɔːʧənətli/ fortunatamente Fortunately the teacher didn’t notice I’d forgotten to bring my books.
gracefully /ˈgreɪsf(ə)li/ Do
con garbo you think it’s time they retired gracefully?
harshly /ˈhɑːʃli/ The duramente world judges older women harshly.

49
hopefully /ˈhəʊpfli/ con buona probabilità Hopefully we can see each other again soon.
naturally /ˈnæʧ(ə)rəli/ naturalmente I’m a big fan so naturally I loved the gig.
obviously ˈɒbviəsli/ ovviamente I’m a big fan so obviously I loved the gig.
personally /ˈpɜːsnəli/ personalmente Personally, I thought Mick Jagger looked pretty good.
predictably /prɪˈdɪktəbli/ come previsto Sarah’s never punctual and, predictably, she arrived 10 minutes late!
regularly /ˈregjʊləli/ regolarmente I don’t live abroad and see my family regularly.
stupidly /ˈstjuːpɪdli/ stupidamente Stupidly, I left my umbrella in the car.
surprisingly /səˈpraɪzɪŋli/ sorprendentemente Surprisingly, she refused the invitation.
unbelievably /ʌnbɪˈliːvəbli/ incredibilmente He looks unbelievably young for his age.
unfortunately /ʌnˈfɔːʧənətli/ sfortunatamente Unfortunately it started to rain just before the gig started.

Unit 12

assume (v) /əˈsjuːm/ presumere You’ll look at my clothes, which will probably be my friend’s clothes, and
wrongly assume I’m rich.
bargain (n) /ˈbɑːgɪn/ buon affare, occasione I got the hat in the sales – it was a bargain.
blunt (adj) /blʌnt/ non affilato/a A blunt knife is not sharp and does not cut properly.
contrast (n) /ˈkɒntrɑːst/ contrasto I wear the cowboy boots with a smart suit – the contrast looks great.
eccentric (adj) /ɪkˈsentrɪk/ Something eccentrico/a that is eccentric is very strange or unusual.
to make ends meet /tə ˌmeɪk endz ˈmiːt/ sbarcare il lunario I’m an artist but work in an art gallery three days a week to make ends
meet.
flat tyre (n) /ˌflæt ˈtaɪə/ gomma a terra A flat tyre has no air in it.
be in sb’s genes /biː ɪn ˌsʌmbədɪz ˈʤiːnz/ essere nei geni di qualcuno Vanessa’s parents were interior designers, so style is in her genes.
go off (phr v) /ˌgəʊ ˈɒf/ When suonare your alarm goes off in the morning, it starts making a noise to
wake you up.
grip (n) /grɪp/ stretta If we shake hands, you’ll notice that my grip is strong.
interior designer (n) /ɪnˌtɪəriə dɪˈzaɪnə/ arredatorre d’interni An interior designer chooses the colours, furniture etc for the inside of a
room or building.
make a living /ˌmeɪk ə ˈlɪvɪŋ/ guadagnarsi da vivere con If you make a living from something, you earn enough money from it to
live.
on a day-to-day basis /ɒn ə ˌdeɪtəˌdeɪ ˈbeɪsɪs/ su base giornaliera On a day-to-day basis Vanessa prefers comfortable clothes.

50
outcome (n) /ˈaʊtˌkʌm/ risultato put together outfits without too much thought and see what the
outcome is.
be in the public eye /biː ˌɪn ðə ˌpʌblɪk ˈaɪ/ diventare famoso As I became more in the public eye, I became more aware of what I wore.
the red carpet /ðə ˌred ˈkɑːpɪt/ il tappeto rosso The red carpet is a carpet that is put on the ground when important
people visit a place.
the sales (n pl) /ˌðə ˈseɪlz/ saldo, svendita I got the hat in the sales – it was a bargain.
scare (v) /skeə/ The spaventare red carpet treatment scares Vanessa Paradis.
set eyes on sb /ˌset ˈaɪz ɒn sʌmbədɪ/ vedere, notare If you’ve never set eyes on someone before, it is the first time you’ve
seen them.
shake hands /ˌʃeɪk ˈhændz/ We stringersi la mano introduced ourselves and shook hands.
Small world. (TS) /ˌsmɔːl ˈwɜːld/ Com’è piccolo il mondo! “Small world” is an expression used to show you are surprised that
someone has visited the same places as you.
stroll (n) /strəʊl/ passeggiatina A stroll is a short, relaxing walk.
work out (phr v) /ˌwɜːk ˈaʊt/ Working elaborare as a model helped to develop her style and to work out what
suited her.
wouldn’t be seen /ˌwʊdnt bi ˌsiːn ˈded ɪn non voler farsi vedere Most of my friends wouldn’t be seen dead in snakeskin cowboy boots!
dead in sth (TS) sʌmθɪŋ/ nemmeno morto con
wrongly (adv) /ˈrɒŋli/ a torto, erroneamente If you wrongly assume something, you think that something is true
when, actually, it isn’t.

Clothes & Fashion

baggy (adj) /ˈbægi/ ampio/a Baggy clothes are very loose on your body.
belt (n) /belt/ cintura Fran wears her red miniskirt with a brown leather belt.
bohemian (adj) /bəʊˈhiːmiən/ bohémien A bohemian style is informal and considered typical of writers and artists.
brand-new (adj) /ˌbrændˈnjuː/ nuovo di zecca A brand-new piece of clothing has never been worn before.
checked (adj) /ʧekt/ a quadretti A checked shirt is one that has a pattern of squares on it.
cowboy boots (n pl) /ˈkaʊbɔɪ ˌbuːts/ Al
stivali da cowboy is really proud of his American snakeskin cowboy boots.
designer look (n) /dɪˈzaɪnə ˌlʊk/ look da stilista Carla Bruni thinks the head-to-toe designer look is ridiculous.
elegant (adj) /ˈelɪgənt/ elegante He was wearing an elegant white linen jacket.
fashion (n) /ˈfæʃn/ The moda head-to-toe designer look is the opposite of fashion.
fit (v) /fɪt/ These andar bene trousers are too tight – they don’t fit me any more.
floppy (adj) /ˈflɒpi/ morbido/a A floppy hat is soft and loose.
fur (n) /fɜː/ pelliccia Many people in Russia wear fur hats in the winter.
go with (phr v) /ˈgəʊ ˌwɪð/ star bene con I’m trying to find a top that goes with these trousers.

51
hoody (n) /ˈhʊdi/ maglia con cerniera sul A hoody is a top that looks like a small jacket, with a hood that covers
davanti e cappuccio your head.
leather jacket (n) /ˌleðə ˈʤækɪt/ The giacca di cuoio red miniskirt looks fantastic with my old black leather jacket.
long/short-sleeved /ˈlɒŋ/ˈʃɔːt ˌsliːvd/ con le maniche corte Short-sleeved shirts are more comfortable in hot weather.
low-waisted (adj) /ˌləʊˈweɪstɪd/ a vita bassa I don’t like low-waisted trousers. You take away the hips and the waist
– the best bits.
match (v) /mæʧ/ Don’t abbinarsi a forget to check that your socks match!
matching bag/hat etc (n) /ˌmæʧɪŋ ˈbæg/ˈhæt/ cappello e borsa abbinati A matching bag and hat makes you look like a Christmas tree!
miniskirt (n) /ˈmɪniˌskɜːt/ minigonna In the early days, Vanessa loved wearing miniskirts and leather jackets.
modelling (n) /ˈmɒdlɪŋ/ Through fare la modella modelling, Carla learned how to use her body.
outfit (n) /ˈaʊtˌfɪt/ abbigliamento Jay’s favourite outfit is black skinny jeans with a black polo-neck top.
pinstripe (n) /ˈpɪnˌstraɪp/ gessato/a A smart pinstripe suit is made of material with a thin line woven into it.
plain (adj) /pleɪn/ tinta unita A plain shirt etc is one that doesn’t have a pattern.
pointy shoes (n pl) /ˌpɔɪnti ˈʃuːz/ scarpe a appuntitoe Pointy shoes have a point at the front.
polo-neck (n) /ˌpəʊləʊˈnek/ col colletto A polo-neck top has a high neck that folds over.
put together (phr v) /ˌpʊt təˈgeðə/ abbinare Vanessa likes putting together outfits without too much thought.
shoulder pads (n pl) /ˈʃəʊldə ˌpædz/ imbottitura sulle spalle Shoulder pads are thick soft pieces of material inside the shoulders of a
jacket.
silk (n) /sɪlk/ seta Silk is a thin, smooth, expensive material.
skinny jeans (n pl) /ˌskɪni ˈʤiːnz/ jeans attillati Skinny jeans are extremely tight.
smart (adj) /smɑːt/ elegante I wear smart pinstripe suits for work.
snakeskin (n) /ˈsneɪkˌskɪn/ Al di pelle di serpente loves his snakeskin cowboy boots.
stand out (phr v) /ˌstænd ˈaʊt/ distinguersi If you stand out in a crowd, everyone notices you.
striped (adj) /straɪpt/ a righe Striped material has lines woven into it.
style (n) /staɪl/ stile I don’t think anyone can teach you to have style – you either have it or
you don’t.
suede (n) /sweɪd/ pelle scamosciata Suede is leather with a soft brushed surface.
suit (v) /suːt/ Working essere adatto/a a as a model helped to develop her style and to work out what
suited her.
take off (phr v) /ˌteɪk ˈɒf/ levare If the trousers feel a bit tight round the waist, I take them off and try on
another pair.
top (n) /tɒp/ top Jay likes wearing black skinny jeans with black polo-neck top.
try on (phr v) /ˌtraɪ ˈɒn/ She provare tried on two or three tops before finding one that looked right.

52
V-neck (n) /ˈviːnek/ col collo a V Do you prefer V-necks or polo necks?
woolly (adj) /ˈwʊli/ di lana I decided to wear a thick, woolly jumper as it was so cold.

Physical Description
of average build /əv ˌævrɪʤ ˈbɪld/ di media costituzione He’s just under six feet tall and of average build.
bald (adj) /bɔːld/ calvo/a A man who is bald has no hair.
blond streaks (n pl) /ˌblɒnd ˈstriːks/ meches Blond streaks are lines of a lighter colour in someone’s hair.
bushy (adj) /ˈbʌʃi/ folto/a Bushy hair is very thick.
curly (adj) /ˈkɜːli/ riccio/a Do you prefer curly or straight hair?
dark shadows (n pl) /ˌdɑːk ˈʃædəʊz/ occhiaie He looked very tired and had dark shadows under his eyes.
deep-set (adj) /ˈdiːpˌset/ infossato/a Deep-set eyes seem to be a long way back into your face.
eyebrow (n) /ˈaɪˌbraʊ/ sopracciglio He had a scar across the centre of his left eyebrow.
eyeliner (n) /ˈaɪˌlaɪnə/ matita per gli occhi Eyeliner is a line of black make-up that you put round your eyes.
face-lift (n) (TS) /ˈfeɪsˌlɪft/ lifting al viso She looked as if she’d had a face-lift, but in fact she’d just had a makeover.
freckles (n pl) /ˈfrekəlz/ lentiggini Freckles are small brown spots on your skin.
ginger (adj) /ˈʤɪnʤə/ People rosso/a with ginger hair often have a lot of freckles.
goatee (n) /ˌgəʊˈtiː/ caprino In Pirates of the Caribbean Johnny Depp has a small goatee beard.
have your clothes designed /hæv jə ˌkləʊðz dɪˌzaɪnd farsi disegnare gli abiti da Angela had her clothes designed by a stylist to to improve her appearance.
by a stylist /baɪ ə ˈstaɪlɪst uno stilista
have your ears pierced /hæv jər ˈɪəz ˌpɪəst/ farsi i buchi alle orecchie I had my ears pierced when I was 14.
have your eyelids lifted /hæv jər ˈaɪlɪdz ˌlɪftɪd/ Tony
farsi fare il lifting alle had plastic surgery to have his eyelids lifted.
palpebre
have your hair cut and /hæv jə ˌheə kʌt ən tagliare e tingere i capelli Having your hair cut and coloured can really improve your appearance.
coloured ˈkʌləd/
have your make-up done /hæv jə ˌmeɪkʌp dʌn baɪ farsi truccare da un esperto You can pay a lot of money to have your make-up done by an expert.
by an expert ən ˈekspɜːt/
have your teeth whitened /hæv jə ˌtiːθ ˈwaɪtənd/ aver sbiancato i denti Having my teeth whitened gave me more confidence.
have your wardrobe /hæv jə ˌwɔːdrəʊb farsi rifare il guardaroba If you have your wardrobe re-designed, someone chooses a lot of new
re-designed riːdɪˈzaɪnd/ clothes for you to wear.
hazel (adj) /ˈheɪzl/ nocciola Hazel eyes are light brown and slightly golden in colour.
in her/his late teens /ɪn ˌhɪz/ˌhɜː ˌleɪt ˈtiːnz/ sulla ventina, quasi ventenne If you are between 17 and 19, you are in your late teens.

in your early/late thirties etc /ɪn jər ˌɜːli/ˌleɪt ˈθɜːtiz/ sulla trentina/sulla She became President when she was only in her early thirties.
quarantina

53
just over/under ... /ˌʤʌst ˈəʊvə/ˈʌndə/ poco meno/ più di If you are just under six feet tall, you are nearly six feet in height.
makeover (n) (TS) /ˈmeɪkˌəʊvə/ ritocco After the makeover Angela only looked about twenty-eight!
medium (adj) /ˈmiːdiəm/ normale If you are of medium build, you are neither thin nor fat.
messy (adj) /ˈmesi/ arruffato/a Messy hair is not tidy.
mole (n) /məʊl/ neo A mole is a brown spot on your skin that is permanent.
overweight (adj) /ˌəʊvəˈweɪt/ Someone sovrappeso who is overweight is too fat.
plastic surgery (n) (TS) /ˌplæstɪk ˈsɜːʤəri/ chirurgia plastica If you can afford plastic surgery, you’re bound to look better.
receding (adj) /rɪˈsiːdɪŋ/ stempiato/a If your hair is receding, less and less of is growing at the front.
scar (n) /skɑː/ cicatrice A scar is a mark on your skin caused by an injury.
shoulder-length (adj) /ˈʃəʊldəˌleŋθ/ lungo fino alle spalle In Pirates of the Caribbean Johnny Depp has messy black shoulder-length
hair.
sideburns (n pl) /ˈsaɪdˌbɜːnz/ basette Sideburns are the hair that grows down a man’s cheeks.
skinny (adj) /ˈskɪni/ Someone scarno/a who is skinny is very thin.
slim (adj) /slɪm/ Someone snello/a who is slim is thin in an attractive way.
stocky (adj) /ˈstɒki/ Someone tarchiato/a who is stocky looks strong but is not tall.
tattoo (n) /tæˈtuː/ tatuaggio A tattoo is a picture drawn in ink on your skin.
tiny (adj) /ˈtaɪni/ Someone minuscolo/a who is tiny is extremely small.
transformation (n) /ˌtrænsfəˈmeɪʃn/ trasformazione Did you see Ten Years Younger last night? The transformation was
incredible.
wavy (adj) /ˈweɪvi/ ondulato/a Wavy hair is slightly curly.
well-built (adj) /ˌwelˈbɪlt/ Someone robusto/a who is well-built has a strong body.

Review D

academic work (n) /ækəˈdemɪk ˌwɜːk/ lavoro accademico Academic work is based on books and studying rather than practical
experience.
be behind sb /ˌbi bɪˈhaɪnd sʌmbədi/ essere trascorso Bella is really glad that her teenage years are behind her.
boarding school (n) /ˈbɔːdɪŋ ˌskuːl/ collegio A boarding school is a school where the students also live and sleep.
children’s home (n) (TS) /ˈʧɪldrənz ˌhəʊm/ orfanatrofio A children’s home is a place where children go if they cannot live with
their family.

54
foster parents (n pl) (TS) /ˈfɒstə ˌpeərənts/ genitori affidatari Foster parents are parents who look after a child for a short period of
time because the child’s own parents cannot look after them.
kid (n) /kɪd/ bambino If Alec was Prime Minister, he wouldn’t make kids go to school all day!
neighbourhood spirit (n) (TS) /ˌneɪbəhʊd ˈspɪrɪt/ There’s
spirito di vicinato a real neighbourhood spirit here – everyone helps each other.
overall (adv) /ˌəʊvərˈɔːl/ tutto sommato Overall, the teachers at school are very liberal.
owe (v) /əʊ/ essere debitore di I’m still paying off my student loan – I owe £30,000!
pay sth off (phr v) /ˌpeɪ sʌmθɪŋ ˈɒf/ pagare I’m still paying off my student loan – I owe £30,000!
retrain (v) /riːˈtreɪn/ riqualificarsi Karen retrained as a drama teacher a few years ago.
sadly (adv) /ˈsædli/ purtoppo Sadly my mum and dad died when I was very young.
smell (v) /smel/ puzzare Mum says we can’t get a dog because they smell!
sort out (phr v) /ˌsɔːt ˈaʊt/ sistemarsi I thought my life would be sorted out when I got to my thirties, but it’s
not that simple!
student loan (n) /ˌstjuːdənt ˈləʊn/ prestito per studiare I’m still paying off my student loan – I owe £30,000!
tough (adj) /tʌf/ Life duro/a, difficile as a single parent was tough for Karen.
ups and downs (n pl) /ˌʌps ən ˈdaʊnz/ alti e bassi Life’s had its ups and downs, but generally things are OK.

55
Grammar Extra Domande che terminano con una preposizione
Quando il verbo richiede una preposizione, questa si trova generalmente alla fine della
domanda.
‘Where does she come from?’ ‘What are you interested in?’ ‘Who was she talking about?’
Unit 1 Ripasso dei tempi. Forme interrogative
Alcuni esempi comuni:
Ripasso dei tempi complain about, talk about, think about; worry about; look at;
be for, care for, hope for, pay for; suffer from; believe in, confide in, be interested in, invest
TEMPI ASPECT in; consist of;
simple continuous perfect simple perfect continuous depend on, insist on, rely on, spend on; belong to, listen to, refer to, relate to.
–––––––––– Soggetto/oggetto domande
Who talked to you? Dan talked to me.  (Who is the subject.)
––––––––––––––– ––––––––––––––– ––––––––––––––– –––––––––––––––
Who did you talk to? I talked to Dan.  (Who is the object.)
+ He works. He is working. He has worked. He has been working.
Quando la particella interrogativa funge da soggetto del verbo della domanda, non si
– He doesn’t He isn’t He hasn’t He hasn’t been
Present utilizzano mai do, does né did e il verbo va alla terza persona singolare.
? work. working. worked. working.
Does he work? Is he working? Has he Has he been working? Who wants to come? (NOT Who does want to come?)
worked? Which company makes the most money? (NOT Which company does make the most money?)
What happened? (NOT What did happen?)
+ She worked. She was working. She had worked. She had been working.
– She didn’t work. She wasn’t She hadn’t She hadn’t been
Past
? Did she work? working. worked. working. Unit 2 Present perfect simple. Past simple. Past continuous. 56
Was she Had she Had she been Comparativi e superlativi.
working? worked? working?
Part 1: Present perfect simple. Past simple. Past continuous
Forme interrogative Present perfect e past simple
Ordine delle parole Il present perfect e il past simple si utilizzano per parlare di azioni concluse.
Nelle domande l'ordine delle parole di solito è il seguente:
Si ricorre al present perfect quando gli effetti dell'azione durano anche nel presente, oppure
Question word (Auxiliary) verb Subject se non si specifica quando è avvenuta l'azione.
Il past simple si usa quando il tempo di cui si parla è definitivamente passato, oppure se si
–––––––––––––––– –––––––––––––––– –––––––––––––––– specifica quando l'azione è avvenuta o si dà per scontato che tutti lo sappiano.
passato che si prolunga fino ad oggi = Present perfect
— Was she tired?
— they arrived? I’ve been to Wembley twice. (Non si specifica quando)
What ‘collocation’ mean? She’s finished her book. (Non si specifica quando)
––––––––––––––––
Who you meeting? I più frequenti avverbi che indicano un tempo che perdura fino ad oggi:
Have
When he arrive? already, before, ever, just, lately, many times, never, often, recently, this week, today, twice, yet.
does
are
did Tempo "concluso" = Past simple
I went there in 2006 and 2008. (Si specifica quando)
She finished it yesterday. (Si specifica quando)
Alcuni tra i più frequenti avverbi che indicano un tempo conclusosi: Unit 3 Present perfect simple and continuous
ages ago, a moment ago, at Christmas, in 2002, in May, last week, when I was a kid, yesterday.
Il present perfect indica la presenza di un collegamento tra il passato e il presente. Può descrivere
Past continuous le seguenti situazioni:
Il past continuous serve per parlare di attività che si sono prolungate per un certo periodo
mentre altri eventi passati stavano svolgendosi. Di solito si usa in contrapposizione al past simple. 1
I saw them when I was jogging in the park. They were playing golf when it started snowing. Una o più azioni concluse che sono avvenute in un passato che perdura fino al presente. Se
non si specifica il momento esatto in cui si sono verificate, di solito si usa il present perfect
simple.
Part 2: Comparativi e superlativi
I’ve bought him a nice jacket.
Se l'aggettivo è breve, è sufficiente aggiungere il suffisso er per ottenere il comparativo di
She’s run several marathons.
maggioranza oppure est per formare il superlativo. A volte si rende necessaria una piccola
Have you ever swum in the ocean?
modifica della pronuncia della sillaba finale.
nice – nicer – the nicest; fit – fitter – the fittest; healthy – healthier – the healthiest 2
Una o più azioni che non sono terminate: azioni che sono Iniziate nel passato e continuano a
Se l'aggettivo è una parola lunga si utilizza more per ottenere il comparativo di maggioranza
tutt'oggi. In questi casi di solito si utilizza il present perfect continuous.
e the most per il superlativo.
It’s been raining all day.
exciting – more exciting – the most exciting; extreme – more extreme – the most extreme
I’ve been learning English since 2008.
Have you been waiting long?
Eccezioni
Aggettivi irregolari 3
bad – worse – the worst; good – better – the best; far – further – the furthest Una condizione che perdura, che è iniziata nel passato e persiste ancora oggi. Di solito in
Alcuni aggettivi di due sillabe terminano già in er oppure in est. questo caso si ricorre al present perfect simple. 57
My sister is much cleverer than me. She’s the cleverest person I know. I’ve known Tim for ages.
Esempi: clever, gentle, narrow, quiet, simple. She’s been here since yesterday.
How long have you had that car?
Nel caso di alcuni aggettivi composti, si modifica il primo elemento del composto.
He’s very good-looking – far better-looking than his photo. In fact, he’s the best-looking man Azioni e condizioni: significato statico e dinamico dei verbi
in the class. La maggior parte dei verbi ha un significato dinamico: si tratta di verbi che esprimono
Exemples courants: badly-dressed, good-looking, highly-paid, long-lasting, long-running, un'azione, verbi che indicano che qualcosa accade. Se si tratta di un'azione che non è ancora
well-dressed, well-paid. terminata, oppure di un'azione che è incominciata nel passato e che dura a tutt'oggi, di
solito si utilizza il present perfect continuous.
Comparativi I’ve been staying with friends.
Servono per paragonare persone o cose con altre persone o cose. Si può ricorrere a far, much, What have you been doing all day?
a bit, a lot or slightly per modificare il paragone. NB: A volte si usa la forma semplice per riferirsi a situazioni permanenti, immutate.
Motor racing is far more exciting than golf. A rugby pitch is slightly bigger than a football pitch. Confronta le due frasi seguenti:
Not as … as serve per ottenere paragoni negativi, che si possono modificare con nearly or quite
Golf isn’t nearly as exciting as motor racing. A football pitch isn’t quite as big as a rugby pitch.

Superlativi
Si utilizzano per paragonare persone o cose con tutte le altre persone o cose del medesimo
gruppo.
Manchester United is the most successful team in England.
I’ve been working here for a few weeks. (temporär) What will you do after university? (Chi parla parte dal presupposto che il suo interlocutore
I’ve worked here since I left school. (permanent) non ci abbia ancora pensato o che non abbia ancora deciso nulla di concreto.)
Alcuni dei verbi che esprimono conoscenza, emozioni o possesso hanno un significato statico: will/shall hanno diverse funzioni.
non dicono che accade qualcosa, descrivono piuttosto una condizione. Se si tratta di una • Offerte: Shall I give you a lift?
condizione che non è terminata, ovvero di una condizione che ha avuto inizio in passato • Promesse: Don’t worry. I won’t tell anyone.
e che perdura fino al momento presente, si usa il present perfect simple, e non il present • Suggerimenti: Shall we sit by the window?
perfect continuous.
will può anche esprimere una previsione..
I’ve had flu for a few days. (NOT I’ve been having …)
I think we’ll arrive at about 10.00 p.m.
She’s known him a long time. (NOT She’s been knowing …)
Alcuni verbi con significato statico (be) going to
admire, adore, appear, be, believe, belong, concern, consist, contain, deserve, detest, dislike, (be) going to serve per parlare di intenzioni o progetti futuri quando si è già presa una
doubt, envy, exist, fit, hate, have, hear, know, like, love, matter, mean, owe, own, possess, decisione.
prefer, realise, recognise, remember, resemble, see, seem, sound, smell, surprise, understand,
want, wish. I’m going to talk to the head teacher tomorrow. (Forse l'insegnate ancora non lo sa, però chi
Verbi che possono avere un duplice significato (sia statico che dinamico) parla ci ha riflettuto e ha ormai deciso di andare a parlare con l'insegnante.
Bob has had that car since it was new. (have = stative meaning) What are you going to do after university? (Chi parla parte dal presupposto che il suo
He’s been having some problems with it recently. (have = dynamic meaning) interlocutore ci abbia già pensato e abbia dei progetti definiti.)
(be) going to si utilizza anche per formulare previsioni basate su indizi presenti.
for e since It’s going to rain. (Il cielo è pieno di nuvoloni neri.)
for (+ ‘un periodo di tempo’) e since (+ ‘un momento ben preciso’) sono in realtà due modi She’s going to win. (Ha cento metri di vantaggio sugli avversari.)
di dire la stessa cosa. Spesso li si usa col present perfect quando si parla di azioni o condizioni 58
che perdurano. Present continuous
You use for when you give the length of the time: for a few hours / for three months / for ages. Il present continuous può servire per parlare di appuntamenti o progetti futuri.
You use since when you give the beginning of the time: since Sunday / since I left university / I’m talking to the head teacher tomorrow. (L'insegnante lo sa, perchè, per esempio, chi parla
since 2005. gli ha telefonato per prendere un appuntamento.)
been – been è il participio passato di be, ma si può anche utilizzare come participio passato What are you doing after university? (Chi parla parte dal presupposto che il suo interlocutore
di go. abbia già preso una decisione e abbia già iniziato ad organizzarsi.)
Confronta
He’s been to the gym. = He went and came back.
He’s gone to the gym. = He went and is at the gym now. .

Unit 4 Esprimere il futuro

Will (’ll), (be) going to e il present continuous sono le tre più comuni forme per parlare del
futuro. Ognuna esprime qualcosa di differente.
will (’ll)
will (’ll) indica che l'evento futuro è il risultato di una decisione spontanea, presa mentre si
stava parlando.
I’ll talk t. (L'insegnante non lo sa, perchè ho deciso di parlargli nel momento stesso in cui lo
dicevo.)
Unit 5 Sostantivi. esprimere una quantità. Glass is a useful material.(Uncountable: glass as a material.)
Can I have a clean glass? (Countable: an individual object.)
Sostantivi
Sostantivi numerabili Esprimere una quantità
La maggior parte dei sostantivi inglesi è numerabile e possiede una forma singolare e una Ecco come è possibile parlare di una quantità quando non si può o non si vuole ricorrere a
plurale. Si può utilizzare con a/an et avec des nombres. un numero preciso.
Forme regolari an apple / apples a box / boxes a university / universities Con sostantivi numerabili: (only) a few / not many / a couple of / several / How many …?
a leaf / leaves Only a few people came.
––––––––––––––––––––––– How many text messages do you get every day?
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
Con sostantivi non numerabili: (only) a little / not much / a bit of / How much …?
Forme irregolari a child / children a foot / feet a man / men a person / people There’s a little tea left but no milk.
a tooth / teeth a woman / women How much information have you got?

Quando si parla in generale si ricorre alla forma plurale Con entrambi: none / not any / some / a lot of / lots of / plenty of
Children love sweets and chocolate. Universities need more funding. She has a lot of friends.
He didn’t give me any advice.
a or an? too much/many and not enough
Davanti a una consonante si usa a: a dollar, a euro, a hotel, a useful knife, a one-way street. too + much/many (+ noun) = more than you need. not enough (+ noun) = less than you need
Davanti a una vocale, invece, si usa an: an umbrella, an egg, an omelette, an MBA, an hour. I have too much work and not enough time.
There are too many cars and not enough buses.
Sostantivi non numerabili 59
Alcuni sostantivi non sono numerabili e molti di essi esistono soltanto al singolare. Non
possono essere preceduti da a/an né da numeri
Unit 6 Preposizioni di tempo. Dovere e potere
He played wonderful music. (NOT He played a wonderful music.)
Part 1: Preposizioni di tempo
We had fantastic weather. (NOT We had a fantastic weather.)
Attenzione! Molti sostantivi che in inglese non sono numerabili, in altre lingue lo sono. Preposizioni Esempi
advice, architecture, baggage, food, furniture, hair, homework, information, knowledge,
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
love, luggage, machinery, money, music, news, progress, research, traffic, transport, travel,
weather, work. AT + un momento della giornata at five o’clock, at 3.45 p.m., at lunchtime
Altri esempi: at night, at Christmas, at the
Sostantivi plurali weekend
Alcuni sostantivi esistono solo al plurale: non possono essere mai preceduti da a/an nè da ON + una data, un giorno o un on Tuesday, on Friday evening, on 1st January, on
numeri. momento della giornata Valentine’s Day
I have some pink jeans. (NOT I have a pink jeans.) IN + un periodo di tempo in the evening, in December, in the summer, in
Esempi: the sixties
clothes, glasses, jeans, knickers, pants, pyjamas, scissors, shorts, sunglasses, tights, trousers.
in, during and for
Sostantivi non numerabili che possono diventare numerabili in e during si utilizzano per dire quando, all'nterno di un periodo di tempo più ampio,
a seconda del contesto in cui compaiono. qualcosa accade, mentre for serve per specificare quanto a lungo qualche cosa dura/è durata.
Eva went to Paris in/during the summer. Eva went to Paris for two weeks. (NOT … during
two weeks)
Se il periodo di tempo in questione è un evento, un'attività o un'esperienza, si ricorre a during. Unit 7 Diatesi passiva
She phoned me during the meeting. (NOT … in the meeting)
He told me the story during the flight. (NOT … in the flight) Passivo = be (am, was, have been, etc.) + participio passato (used, built, etc.)

ASPECT MODALS
Part 2: Dovere e potere
TEMPI
E' necessario Non è necessario E' permesso Non è permesso ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– –––––––––––––––
simple continuous perfect simple will (would,
––––––––––––––––––– ––––––––––––––––––––––– –––––––––––––––––
must …)
––––––––––––––– –––––––––––––––
have to (have got to) don’t have to (haven’t got to) can can’t ––––––––––––––– ––––––––––––––– ––––––––––––––– –––––––––––––––
must don’t need to (needn’t) mustn’t It’s used. It’s being used. It has been It will be used.
need to shouldn’t It isn’t used. It isn’t being used. It won’t be
+
should Is it used? used. It hasn’t been used.
Present –
Is it being used. Will it be used?
must and have to: significati simili ?
used? Has it been
Must indica un obbligo soggettivo: qualcosa è necessario, perchè chi parla pensa che lo sia. used?
Have to indica un obbligo esterno: qualcosa è necessario a causa di un accordo preso o del ruolo
It was used. It was being It had been
che si ricopre.
It wasn’t used. used. used.
+ Was it used? It wasn’t being It hadn’t been
I’ve got terrible toothache. I must go to the dentist. Past – used. used.
I can’t come to the lesson tomorrow. I have to go to the dentist. ? 60
Was it being Had it been
In caso di incertezza si ricorre a have to, che è corretto in ogni caso. used? used?
must and should: significati simili
Anche Must and should indicano un dovere soggettivo: qualche cosa è necessaria, perchè Le forme be being e been being sono molto desuete, quindi è meglio evitarle.
chi parla pensa che lo sia. Possono servire per dare consigli: in questo caso, Must è molto più Nelle frasi passive, l'oggetto del verbo attivo diventa soggetto del verbo nella forma passiva. In
forte di should. altre parole, chi subisce l'azione diventa soggetto e va all'inizio della frase
You must try and finish this report today. (Sei in ritardo di più di due settimane!)
You should try and finish this report today. (Ti sentirai meglio se lo fai.) Forma attiv Forma passiva a
mustn’t and don’t have to: significati diversi subject Verb Object subject Verb
Mustn’t significa che non si ha il permesso di fare qualcosa. Don’t have to significa che non è
Somebody’ s stolen my wallet! My wallet’s been stolen!
necessario fare qualcosa
You mustn’t park here. (C'é un divieto di sosta.) subject Verb Object subject Verb
You don’t have to park here. (Ma se vuoi, lo puoi fare.) Detectives have arrested   two men.  Two men have been arrested.
can and can’t: significati contrari subject Verb Object subject Verb by + agent
Can indica che qualcosa è permesso o possibile.
Tony Blair opened the London Eye. the London Eye was opened by Tony Blair.
You can park here. (Non c'è nessun divieto di sosta).
Can’t assomiglia a mustn’t: Entrambi indicano che non si ha il permesso di fare qualcosa. Nelle frasi passive l'agente, cioè chi fa l'azione, viene menzionato alla fine oppure non viene
You can’t park here. (C'è un divieto di sosta.) menzionato affatto. Se compare, è introdotto dalla particella by.
Ci sono molti motivi per ricorrere alle forme passive: They must be home by now. (sono partiti più di un'ora fa)
1 L'agente è ignoto. I might arrive late. I’ve got to finish this report first.
Their house was built in the 1980s. (They don’t know who built it.) Who’s at the door? It can’t be Jill – she’s on holiday in France.
2 L'agente non è importante Il contrario di must be è can’t be.
‘When was the Sydney Opera House built?’ ‘In 1957.’ (Ciò che interessa sapere è quando The keys can’t be in my coat because I wasn’t wearing it. They must be in my bag.
sia stata costruita, non da chi.)
3 L'identità dell'agente è data per scontata. Part 2: Past perfect
Demonstrators were arrested and charged with disturbing the peace. (E' ovvio che è stata la
Frasi Frasi negative Domande Risposta breve Risposta breve
polizia a compiere le azioni menzionate.)
affermative Yes No
4 ––––––––––––––– –––––––––––––––
Chi subisce l'azione è il tema di cui si sta parlando, mentre l'agente viene introdotto come ––––––––––––––– ––––––––––––––– –––––––––––––––
un'informazione nuova. Di solito, le informazioni già note stanno all'inizio, mentre quelle I/You/He, etc. I/You/He, etc. Had I/you/he, Yes, I/you/he, No, I/you/he,
nuove alla fine della frase. Confronta gli esempi seguenti: ’d (had) hadn’t (had not) etc. worked? etc. had. etc. hadn’t.
The London Eye is the most popular tourist attraction in London. Tony Blair opened it. worked. worked.
The London Eye is the most popular tourist attraction in London. It was opened by
Tony Blair. Il past perfect si utilizza quando, parlando del passato, ci si riferisce a un passato più recente.
Il past perfect indica infatti che un evento passato è più recente di un altro.
La seconda versione è più facile da capire perchè rispetta l'ordine consueto: dal noto al
nuovo. When we arrived, the concert had already started.
La diatesi passiva è molto più frequente nella lingua scritta che nel parlato. Congiunzioni come after, because, by the time e when vengono spesso usate per collegare
I verbi che reggono un doppio complemento oggetto possono avere due forme passive: una proposizione contenente il past simple con un'altra in cui compare il past perfect. 61
I was given this watch by my parents on my 18th birthday. (Il soggetto sono io.) The film started. I arrived. The film had started when I arrived.
This watch was given to me by my parents on my 18th birthday. (Il soggetto della frase è The train left. He reached the platform. By the time he reached the platform, the train had left.
l'orologio.) He didn’t check his tyres. He had a puncture. He had a puncture on the motorway because
he hadn’t checked his tyres.
Unit 8 Esprimere una deduzione. Past perfect We had lunch. We went for a walk. We took the bus home. We had lunch and then took
the bus home after we had been for a walk.
Part 1: Esprimere una deduzione
Ci sono vari modi per far capire quanto si è certi (o incerti) di qualcosa.

Grado di certezza Ausiliare Altre espressioni

––––––––––––––––––– ––––––––––––––––––– –––––––––––––––––––

99% certain it IS It must be … I’m sure it’s …

It may be … Perhaps it’s …

It could be … Maybe it’s …
It might be …

99% certain it ISN’T It can’t be … I’m sure it isn’t …

Unit 9 Affermazioni e domande indirette Avverbi di tempo e di luogo
Le espressioni che nel discorso diretto significano "qui e adesso" si trasformano in altrettante
tare un discorso significa dire con parole proprie ciò che è stato detto da altri espressioni che significano ‘Là e in quel momento" nel discorso indiretto.
Discorso diretto Discorso indiretto ‘Can you come here tomorrow?’ He asked if I could go there the next/following day.
[style direct] [style indirect] Verba dicendi
Sono i verbi che introducono un discorso indiretto. I più comuni sono say (that) e tell
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– somebody (that), ma ne esistono altri, come per esempio admit, claim, explain, insist, reply or
suggest. In caso di dubbio, il dizionario indica quali verbi si possono usare.
Anna said, ‘I don’t believe you.’ Anna said she didn’t believe me.
She said it was her fault. (NOT She said me it was her fault.)
I said, ‘We can talk about it tomorrow,’ I told her we could talk about it the next day.
She told me she hadn’t been thinking. (NOT She told that she hadn’t been thinking.)
She said, ‘Who do you think you are?’ She asked me who I thought I was.
She explained that she had been very tired. (NOT She explained me that she had been very tired.)
Quando si riporta un'affermazione è necessario decidere che tempo, che pronomi, che Domande indirette
avverbi di tempo e quale verbum dicendi utilizzare. Quando si riporta una domanda è Nelle domande indirette, l'ordine delle parole diventa soggetto+verbo, e non si usano do/
necessario anche cambiare l'ordine delle parole. does/did. Le domande la cui risposta è yes/no vengono introdotte da if o whether.
Tempi ‘How are you?’ He asked me how I was.
Di solito c'è uno slittamento all'indietro dei tempi verbali, perché si riporta qualcosa che si è ‘Have you been here long?’ He asked me if/whether I had been there long.
udito in precedenza. Il presente diventa passato; il present perfect e il past simple diventano ‘Where do you come from?’ He asked me where I came from.
past perfect; can diventa could, etc. Imperativo
Si può riportare un imperativo con la formula tell somebody to do something oppure ask
Discorso diretto Discorso indiretto
somebody to do something.
‘Don’t worry!’ She told him not to worry.  62
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
‘Hurry up!’ He asked them to hurry up.
‘I’m really tired.’ She said she was really tired.
‘I’ve had a great day.’ He said he’d had a great day.
‘I cut my finger.’ She said she’d cut her finger. Unit 10 Proposizioni relative. Ipotetiche della realtà
‘I’m going to have a shower.’ He said he was going to have a shower.
‘I was trying to open a tin of beans.’ She said she had been trying to open a tin of Part 1: Proposizioni relative
beans. Una proposizione relativa può servire a definire meglio la persona o la cosa introdotta dalla
‘I can’t be bothered to cook.’ He said he couldn’t be bothered to cook. proposizione principale, e segue immediatamente l'oggetto o la persona che descrive. Ci si
‘I don’t want to go out.’ She said she didn’t want to go out. serve di that (or who) per gli esseri umani e di that (or which) per tutti gli altri esseri animati
‘I’ll order a Chinese take-away.’ He said he would order a Chinese take-away. e le cose.
The man that/who cuts my hair is called Jo. A frog is an animal that/which lives on land
Pronomi
and in water.
I pronomi personali (I, she, we, etc.) e gli aggettivi possessivi (my, your, his, etc.) possono
cambiare a seconda di chi sta riproducendo il discorso e di che cosa sta dicendo. Il pronome relativo (that, which, who) può essere il soggetto della proposizione relativa.
Subject Verb Subject Verb
Discorso diretto: ‘I understand your ideas but I don’t agree with them.’
People who come from Paris are called Parisians. A florist’s is a shop that sells flowers.
Discours indirect 1: My mother told me that she understood my ideas but that she didn’t agree
with them. Se il pronome relativo è soggetto della proposizione, non può essere omesso.
Discorso indiretto 2: Ted’s mother told him that she understood his ideas but that she didn’t
agree with them.
Il pronome relativo (that, which, who) può essere il complemento oggetto del verbo della
proposizione relativa. Proposizione introdotta Proposizione principale
da if
Object Verb Object Verb
The work that you do is very interesting. The man who I met yesterday is a famous artist. If he finds out the truth, it’s all over for you and me.
we’ll be in big trouble.
Nel caso in cui il pronome è complemento oggetto, si può ometterlo.
you can forget about our holiday in Rome.
The work that you do is very interesting. The man who I met yesterday is a famous artist.
deny everything!
La proposizione principale e quella introdotta da if possono scambiarsi di posto. If I feel like
Part 2: going out, I’ll give you a call. OR I’ll give you a call if I feel like going out.
Le frasi ipotetiche della realtà, 'real conditional sentences' oppure ‘first conditional’ Se la proposizione introdotta da if precede la principale, è bene separarle con una virgola.
sentences – sono composte da una proposizione introdotta da if e da una proposizione
principale. Si utilizzano per parlare di situazioni presenti o future che sono reali o comunque
possibili, incluse promesse, avvertimenti e minacce.
Unit 11 Auguri e rimpianti. Ipotetiche dell'irrealtà.
If the weather improves, we’ll go for a walk. If you give up smoking, I’ll be very happy.
Part 1: Auguri e rimpianti
If you touch that, you’ll burn your finger. If you don’t go now, we’ll call the police.
I wish / If only sono due modi di parlare di situazioni irreali: si usano per esprimere auguri
proposizioni introdotte da if e rimpianti che riguardano il presente o il passato. Anche I wish / If only provocano uno
Nella maggior parte delle ipotetiche della realtà, le proposizioni introdotte da if richiedono il slittamento all'indietro dei tempi verbali, slittamento che indica che la situazione di cui si
present (simple, continuous or perfect), anche se si sta parlando del futuro. parla è irreale.
proposizione introdotta da if proposizione principale Cambiamenti di tempo
Present simple If you arrive early, wait for me in the station café. Fatto Augurio/rimpianto 63
I’m a teacher. If only / I wish I wasn’t/weren’t a teacher.
Present continuous If you’re spending any time in I can recommend a great hotel. Present simple Past simple
London, I’m going to the concert with Adam. I wish / If only I was going with Carl.
Present perfect If you haven’t finished by ten, you’ll miss the post. Present continuous Past continuous
I haven’t studied any other languages. I wish / If only I had studied another language.
going to If you’re going to talk to me like I’m leaving! Present perfect Past perfect
that, I left school early. If only / I wish I hadn’t left school early.
Modal auxiliary If you can’t do it, ask Tom for help Past simple Past perfect

Unless ha lo stesso significato di if … not. Unless you agree … = If you don’t agree …

proposizione introdotta da if proposizione

principale
Unless you start studying now / If you don’t start studying now, you’ll never pass your
exams.

Proposizione principale
On utilise en général le present simple, les auxiliaires modaux (surtout will/won’t, can, must
and may), ou l’ impératif dans la principale
 Altri cambiamenti
Unit 12 have something done
Si usa lla forma have something done (I’m going to have my house painted.) quando
Fatto Augurio/rimpianto qualcun'altro fa qualcosa al posto nostro, spesso perchè è stato pagato per farlo. Un'alternativa
I don’t have enough/much time. If only / I wish I had more time. un pò più informale è get something done.
rme: have/get + something (object) + past participle
I’m not very good at maths. If only / I wish I was/were better at maths.
I’ll probably get my hair cut next week.
Have you had your ears pierced?
Part 2: Ipotetiche dell'irrealtà
You really should get your eyes tested.
Sono frasi costituite da una proposizione introdotta da if e da una proposizione principale. Nella
proposizione introdotta da if lo slittamento all'indietro dei tempi verbali indica che la situazione Confronta le due frasi seguenti
descritta è (oppure era) immaginaria. • Mandy cut her hair last week.
• Mandy had her hair cut last week.
if-clause
Si usa il passato per indicare che la situazione è irreale. Nel primo caso, Mandy si è tagliata i capelli da sola, mentre nel secondo è stato qualcun altro
a tagliarglieli, probabilmente dietro compenso.
Fatto Situazione irreale
I am not a teenager. 'If I was/were a teenager, …* A volte have something done può indicare che l'esperienza di cui si parla è negativa.
We had our house broken into yesterday. Non significa che si è pagato qualcuno perchè
If I/he/she/it were è più formale di If I/he/she/it was. Were non può essere sostituito da was
entrasse in casa a rubare.
nell'espressione If I were you che è ormai una formula fissa.
I had my bike stolen last week.
Proposizione principale
He tried to cheat the mafia and ended up having his legs broken.
Di solito richiede would/wouldn’t + infinito.
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Proposizione introdotta Proposizione principale Unit 12 Exercises
da if
1 Read the sentences and underline the most appropriate verb form in each case.
If I could sing, I’d be in a band.
a) We’re redecorating our house / having our house redecorated at the moment. I’ll be
glad when the painters have finally finished and left.
Proposizione introdotta da if
b) I’m going to clean my car / have my car cleaned later, so I’ve bought a new pressure
per indicare che la situazione passata è immaginaria, si utilizza il past perfect.
washer.
Fatto Situazione immaginaria c) Do you really think Angelina Jolie is ugly? I think you need to test your eyes / have
I didn’t tell him. 'If I had told him, … your eyes tested.
Proposizione principale d) We’re going to fix the roof / have the roof fixed soon. We have to wait until the
la principale richiede would/wouldn’t + have + participio passato. builders and can do it.
e) I’m cooking dinner / having dinner cooked for some friends this evening. We get
Proposizione introdotta Proposizione principale
together once a week, and tonight it’s my turn to be the host.
da if
f) My wife has just repaired her car / had her car repaired. It’s great that she’s such a
If I’d had a map, I wouldn’t have got lost. practical person – and it saves us a lot of money!
2 Complete the sentences with have / get + something + past participle, using the verb
in brackets.
a) We (deliver) _____ a takeaway _____ to our house every week.
b) I always (service) _____ my car _____ at the same garage.
c) I (cut) _____ my hair _____ once a month.
d) I usually (check) _____ my teeth _____ every six months. I’ve got a really good dentist.
e) We (do) _____ odd jobs _____ in our house by professionals.
f) I (take) _____ my passport _____ photos in a professional studio. They look much better.
Work with a partner. Discuss which sentences are true for you.

3 Using the prompts, make questions with have/get + something + past participle.
a) You / ever / appearance / change
Have you ever had your appearance changed?
b) How often / you / eyes / test
c) You / ever / anything / steal
d) You / ever / ears / pierce
e) You / ever / your car / vandalise
f) How often / you / hair / cut
Work with a partner. Take it in turns to ask and answer the questions.

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