BACTERIA

Classification of bacteria is made through

Smallest free-living organism morphological grounds
prokaryote that lacks true nucleus
Represent a large and diverse
group of organism Cell shape and size
EUKARYOTES VS PROKARYOTES Cell wall
Maintains the shape and integrity of the
bacterial cell

A target for antibiotics (cell lysis)

Provide strong, rigid structural component

to withstand osmotic pressures

Most bacterial cell walls have

peptidoglycan layer (murein/glycopeptide)

PROKARYOTES EUKARYOTES Peptidoglycan is composed of N-acetyl

muramic acid(NAM) and N-acetyl
Nuclear Nucleoid Enclosed in a
Body membrane gluosamine(NAG)
Cell Binary Fission Mitosis
Division Cellular components
Cell Wall PRESENT (except ABSENT
Gram stain
in Mycoplasma (except in Differentiate gram-positive and gram –
and Ureaplasma) Fungi)
negative bacteria
Cytoplasmi Present PRESENT Gram positive cell wall
c (Phospolipids and
Membrane Protein)
Contains teichoic acids and lipoteichoic
Cell ABSENT PRESENT
acids
Organelles

Site of Cytoplasmic Mitochondria

During an infection, lipoteichoic acids
Energy Membrane
Production molecules trigger an inflammatory
response
Site of Free Ribosomes Rough ER
Protein Ribosomes (70S) Ribosomes (80s)
Synthesis

Bacterial diversity and ubiquity Cellular components

Bacteria are diverse in shape and sizes, Gram Negative Cell Wall
adaptation to environment and metabolic ACID FAST CELL WALL
processes POSSESS A WAXY LAYER OF MYCOLIC
ACID BOUND TO THE CELL WALL
HYDROPHOBIC: DIFFICULT TO STAIN
Cell size and shape
GRAM STAIN
ACID FAST STAIN Two subunits: 30S and 50S
ACID FAST STAIN Inclusion granules
STAINING PROCEDURE Serves as the storage material for
DIRECT STAIN carbon, nitrogen and sulphur
PLASMID
SIMPLE STAIN: 1 STAIN extrachromosomal dsDNA
DIFFERENTIAL STAIN: 2 OR MORE -significant in antibiotic
STAINS resistance
-increases spread of resistance

INDIRECT/RELIEF STAIN/NEGATIVE FLAGELLA

STAIN ORGAN OF LOCOMOTION
SELECTIVE/SPECIAL STAINS Spread of infection
exterior
Cytoplasmic membrane
Involved in various transport and enzyme Flagella
functions associated with the membrane Monotrichous – a single polar flagellum
Selective barrier between the cytoplasm
and the cell environment Lophotrichous – two or more flagella at
one pole of the cell.
SITE OF ENERGY PRODUCTION >>
ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN Amphitrichous – single/tuft of flagella at
each end of the cell.
Chemical components: phospholipid ,
proteins and enzymes Peritrichous – flagella distributed over
the entire cell.
Pili and Fimbriae
FUNCTION:
Fimbriae – for adherence of cells to one
Cytoplasmic Membrane another and to environmental surfaces.
Pili (pilus) – join bacterial cell in
preparation of DNA transfer from one
cell to another.
MESOSOMES genetic exchange
Folded areas of the CM
Extension of the cytoplasmic membrane Glycocalyx (Slime Layer and Capsule)
Site of enzymatic activity General
Point of attachment for nucleoid substances that
(chromosomes) surround cells
Gelatinous polymer
Nucleoid of polysaccharide,
Singular, closed circular molecule of polypeptide, or
double-stranded DNA both.

Ribosomes Capsule – substance is organized and

The site of protein synthesis firmly attached to cell wall.
Slime Layer – unorganized and loosely subunit that mediates enzyme activity for
attached to the cell wall. toxicity

Functions as Cytolytic toxins – does not have A and B

protective barrier subunit but work enzymatically to attack
cell that causes cell lysis
Biofilms
Any surface for microbial habitat Superantigen toxin – stimulate large
number of immune response cell resulting
Usually contains more than one species of to massive inflammatory response
bacteria which exist and cooperate
together Multiplication and division cycle
Bacteria multiply in number by binary
Biofilm formation begins with attaching to fission
surface and form a cement cells to the Each daughter cell contains same material
surface to protect the bacteria from of the mother cell
hazardous materials DNA replication is dependent on
Bacterial sporulation temperature
Not part of the reproductive cycle but
enables the bacteria to survive in adverse Example: E. coli grows at 37C and
environmental conditions replication of chromosomes will take
approximately 45 minutes
All sterilization process for Traditional Cultivation
pharmaceutical products have been Introduction
designed to destroy bacterial spore Cultivation
Bacterial toxin A process of growing microorganisms in
Normal flora – bacteria that are not culture
pathogenic but can be opportunistic Meet its nutritional and environmental
requirements
Pathogenic – bacteria that is not a normal Traditional Cultivation
flora and cause diseases Phases of Culture Media
Broth (liquid) – nutrients dissolve in water
Toxins – products of bacteria that Agar (solid) – with solidifying agent
produce immediate host cell damage Biphasic – with solid and liquid phase
Endotoxin
The lipid A component of LPS Traditional Cultivation
Phases of Culture Media
Ability to induce fever and activate B
lymphocytes Traditional Cultivation
Phases of Culture Media
Generally released from lysed or damaged
cell Bacterial Growth Curve 4 Phases
Exotoxin LAG phase– little or no cell division;
intense metabolic activity
A-B toxin – contains B subunit that binds
to host cell receptor and bound to the A
2. LOG (Logarithmic) phase – AKA
“Exponential growth phase”; cell begins to
divide; active cellular reproduction with
constant minimum generation time; cells
are at their most active state

3. STATIONARY phase -growth rate

slows down (# of new cells = # of
microbial deaths = population stabilizes)
period of equilibrium

4. DEATH phase – logarithmic decline;

number of deaths exceeds the number of
new cells formed

Determination of Bacterial Growth

DIRECT COUNTING USING THE
MICROSCOPE
DIRECT PLATE COUNTING: viable cells
only in CFU/ml
DENSITY MEASUREMENT: (TURBIDITY
OR CLOUDINESS)

BACTERIAL GENETICS
Mechanisms of Gene Transfer
Transformation: uptake of naked DNA
into bacterial cell.
-Neisseria gonorrhoeae and
Haemophilus influenzae

Transduction: transfer of genes by a

bacteriophage.
Corynebacterium diphtheriae

Conjugation: transfer of genetic material

from a donor to a recipient strain.
-Sex Pilus and Plasmids

Start memorizing pp 41-42

Table 3.3 examples of some
pharmaceutically useful bacteria