B:O S) GB - Lotf "Rsfí: ! Kl/Ro

;xsf/L ljefuaf6 :jLs[t ldlt M @)&%.%.!
;b:o s]Gb|Lotf ;"rsfÍ

!= kl/ro
;xsf/L ;+:yfsf] d"NofÍg ;b:ox¿sf] pGgogsf cy{df x'g'kb{5 . ljz]iftM j}olSts
;zStLs/0f, ;fdflhs k'FhL l;h{gf / k|fs[lts ;|f]t ;+/If0f u/L tLgf]6f cfofddf
pGgognfO{ x]g{ ;lsG5 . ;xsf/L sfo{af6 tLg}lt/ k|efj kl//x]sf] x'G5, h;sf]
n]vfhf]vf ug{ ;lsG5 / ul/g' klg kb{5 . vlr{nf] lj:t[t ;j]{If0f k|To]skN6 ug{ ;lsg]
x'Fb}g . cGtl/ddf ;xsf/L ultljlwx¿sf] k|efj hflg/fVg] ljsNksf] ¿kdf ljefuaf6 ;b:o
s]Gb|Lotf ;"rsfÍ ljsf; ul/Psf] xf] .
@= ljz]iftf
;b:o s]Gb|Lotf ;"rsfÍsf kfFrf]6f ljz]iftf 5g\ .
s= ;/n
hDdf tLgf]6f ;"rsx¿ ;dfj]z u/]/ ;"rsfÍ agfOPsf] 5 . u0fgf ;"qx¿ klg ;'af]Wo 5g\ .
v= nfut k|efjsf/L
cfjZos ;"rgf oyfzSo df}h'bf clen]vaf6} pknAw xf];\ eGg] Vofn /flvPsf] 5 . s]xL
lj:t[lt rflxPnf — vlr{nf] ;"rgf ;Íng ug'{kb}{g .
u= e/kbf]{
;"rsx¿ kl/df0ffTds 5g\ . ;"rgf / u0fgfdf låljwf gkg]{ u/L kl/efiff;d]t lbOPsf] 5 .
3= hf]8of]Uo
k|To]s ;"rs lg/Gt/ r/ (Continuous variable) sf] ¿kdf 5, h;n] ) b]lv !)) ;Ddsf] dfg lng
;St5 . hf]8of]Uotf (Additive property) ePsfn] ;"rs cf} ;"rsfÍcg';f/ ljZn]if0f PsfO (Unit
of analysis) sf] s|d sfod ug{ ;lsG5 .
ª= uf]Zjf/f
Jofj;flos ljljwtfaLr ;xsf/Lkg ;dfTg] u/L ;"rsx¿ r'lgPsf 5g\ . ;"rsfÍ k|of]u u/]/ h'g;'s}
;+:yfsf] dfg lgsfNg / csf]{ h'g;'s} ;+:yf;Fu t'ngf ug{ ;lsG5 .
#= dfGotf
;xsf/L ;+:yf ;b:ox¿sf nflu xf]; c¿ s;}sf nflu xf]Og . To;f] eP ;xsf/L ;+:yf ;b:ox¿sf]
andf v8f x'g'kb{5, ;b:ox¿sf] a'l4n] rNg'kb{5 / ;b:ox¿s} Jojxf/f]kof]uL
aGg'kb{5 . k|sf/fGt/n] ;f}hGodf k|fKt ePsf], ;]jf s]Gb|em}F ;~rfngdf /x]sf] / ;b:o
1
gag] klg Jofj;flos ;]jf lbg] u/]sf] ;+:yf ;xsf/L x'Fb}g . ;xsf/Lkgsf] Go"gtfdf
s]xL ;do Joj;fo rNnf t/ kl5;Dd l6sfp xF'b}g — g t ;+:yfsf ;b:odfem — /
To;p;n] ;d'bfodf — ;xsf/L k|efj (Co-operative effect) g} k|s6 x'G5 . ;"rsfÍ ljsf;
ubf{ log} dfGotfx¿ (Assumptions) /flvPsf 5g\ .
2
$= /rgf
;xsf/L ;b:o s]Gb|Lotfsf tLgf]6f ;"rs klxNofOPsf 5g\ . ;"rsx¿ cfkm}Fdf dxTjk"0f{
5g\ / cfk;df kl/k"/s klg . ;+:yfksLo ;/f]sf/ eP ;~rfnsLo ;ls|otf clg ;+/IfsLo ;DaGwg
;'ud x'G5 . To:t}, ;+/IfsLo ;DaGwg x'Fbf ;+:yfksLo ;/f]sf/ clg ;~rfnsLo ;ls|otf
lglDtG5 . Pp6f ;"rssf] c;/ csf]{df :jtM eg] kb}{g . egfOsf] cy{, ;"rsx¿ :jtGq klg
5g\ . tLg}lt/ ult x'Fbf k|ult x'G5 . ;b:osf] pGgog To} k|ultsf] pkh xf] cyjf xf]
eGg] ;"rsfÍsf] /rgfTds dfGotf /x]sf] 5 .
k|To]s ;"rsnfO{ Pp6f cfofdsf] k|tLs dfg]/ ;Dk"0f{df klg x]g{ ;lsG5 -lrq_ .
;+/IfsLo ;DaGwg
lrq M ;b:osf] ;xsf/L ;+:yf
%= kl/efiff
;"rsfÍdf k|o'St ;"rsx¿sf] ;f/hgs (Constitutive) sf ;fy} Jojxf/hgs (Operational) kl/efiff
nufpg ;lsG5 .
s= ;+:yfksLo ;/f]sf/
';+:yfksLo ;/f]sf/' eg]sf] ;+:yfsf] /rgf / k'gM/rgfdf1 ;b:osf] ;|f]t ;+of]u xf] .
sfo{d"ns ¿kdf—
';+:yfksLo ;/f]sf/' eGgfn] ;+:yfn] pkof]u u/]sf] k'FhLdf ;b:osf] k'FhLsf]

c+;nfO{ dflgPsf] 5 .
1
1
/rgf / k'gM /rgf zAbx¿ Talcott Parsons sf x'g\ -x]g'{xf];\, Amitai Etzioni, Modern Organizations, Englewood
Cliffs, N. J. : Prentice-Hall, 1964_, k[= # .
3
4
;"qdf—
;b:osf] k'FhL ?= ± lgoldt art ?=

;+:yfksLo ;/f]sf/
Ö hDdf k'FhL ?= -;b:osf] k'FhL ?= ± hDdf art ?= × !)) Ö -)–!))_Ü
± ltg'{kg]{ C0f ?=_ ± t6:y ;|f]t ;+of]u laGb'
;dfof]hg cÍ ?=
hxfF ;b:osf] k'FhL ?=  c+;3g ?= ± hu]8f sf]if ?= ± 3f6fk"lt{ sf]if ?=
:ki6Ls/0f M t6:y ;|f]t ;+of]u laGb' ;dfof]hg cÍ2 eGgfn] ;b:osf] k'FhL hDdf artsf]
#%Ü a/fa/ gk'u]sf] eP gk'u]hlt cÍ ;Demg'kb{5 .
;+:yfksLo ;/f]sf/n] ;b:osf] c+l;of/L af]w x'G5, h'g :jfjnDagsf] k|tLs / lbuf]kgsf]
hgfp x'G5 .
v= ;~rfnsLo ;ls|otf
';~rfnsLo ;ls|otf' eg]sf] ;+:yfsf sfds'/fdf ;b:osf] j}rfl/s ;+of]u xf] .
sfo{d"ns ¿kdf—
';~rfnsLo ;ls|otf' eGgfn] ;+:yfsf] a}7sdf ;b:osf] ck]lIft pkl:yltsf] t'ngfdf jf:tljs
pkl:yltnfO{ dflgPsf] 5 .
;"qdf—
jif{df ;b:o a}7s -;fwf/0f ;ef + ljz]if ;fwf/0f ;ef + lj:tfl/t

d~r_ df pkl:yt ;b:o
;~rfnsLo ;ls|otf Ö -jiff{/Desf hDdf ;b:o + jiff{Gtsf hDdf ;b:o_÷@×^ jf ×!)) Ö -)— !))_Ü
-jif{df ;b:o a}7sdf pkl:yt ;b:o_ df h;sf] ;ª\Vof a9L
x'G5 ;f]
2
t6:y ;|f]t ;+of]u o:tf] tNnf] laGb' xf] hxfFb]lv dfly ;b:ox¿ cfkm\gf] k};f ;+:yfsf] art vftf
jf ;]o/ vftfdf /fVg lglj{e]lbt -Indifferent_ x'G5g\ . ;b:ox¿n] h;} ;+:yf …d]/} xf]Ú eG7fG5g\
t;} ;+:yfsf] ;]o/ lsGg' jf ;+:yfdf art hDdf ug'{df cyjf ;]o/df nfef+z afF8\g' jf hu]8f sf]ifdf /sd
yKg'df km/s b]Vb}gg\ . of] ;}4flGts laGb' oxLFg]/ kb{5 eGg t d'l:sn 5 t/ st} g st} cjZo kb{5
. u0fgf k|of]hgsf nflu oxfF ;+:yfut k'FhL -hu]8f sf]if / 3f6fk"lt{ sf]if_ !% k|ltzt / ;]o/ k'FhL
@) k|ltzt jf tndflysf] cg'kft u/L hDdf artsf] Go"gtd #% k|ltzt ;b:osf] k'FhL k'Ubf :jfldTjsf]
To:tf] efj ldNb5 egL dflgPsf] 5 .
5
:ki6Ls/0f M 'lj:tfl/t d~r'3 eGgfn] ;+:yfsf] tkm{af6 ;fwf/0f ;b:ox¿nfO{ 8flsPsf]
h'g;'s} :t/ jf k|sf/sf] k/fdz{ ;ef ;Demg'kb{5 .
;~rfnsLo ;ls|otfaf6 ;b:o ;xeflutf 1ft x'G5, h'g nfesf] k|tLs / ;xsf/L k|efj (Co-operative
effect) sf] 1fks klg xf] .
u= ;+/IfsLo ;DaGwg
;+:yfsf] dfWoddf ;b:ox¿sf] Jofj;flos ;+of]u g} ';+/IfsLo ;DaGwg' xf] .
sfo{d"ns ¿kdf— ';+/IfsLo ;DaGwg' eGgfn] ;+:yfsf] d"n Jofj;flos ;]jfsf] ;b:oLo
pkof]unfO{ dflgPsf] 5 .
;"qdf—
u–!= pTkfbs ;+:yf
;b:ox¿;Fusf] jflif{s vl/b ?=

;+/IfsLo ;DaGwg × !)) Ö
Ö hDdf ;b:otkmL{ jflif{s vl/b ?= jf -?= -)–!))_Ü
(#,((# × ;b:o ;ª\Vof_ df h'g a9L
x'G5 ;f]4
:ki6Ls/0f M ';b:otkmL{ vl/b' eGgfn] ;b:o jf u}/;b:o hf];'s}af6 xf];\ ;b:osf]
pTkfbgsf] ahf/ Joj:yf ldnfpg] l;nl;nfdf ;+:yfn] u/]sf] vl/bnfO{ ;Demg'kb{5 .5
3
dlxnf ;+:yfsf] ufpFleqsf ;b:ox¿sf], ljB't\ ;+:yfsf] 6«fG;kmd{/cGtu{tsf ;b:ox¿sf] / s[lif ;
+:yfsf] ;ª\sng s]Gb|kfossf ;b:ox¿sf] dfl;s a}7s lj:tfl/t d~r -Extended forums_ sf pbfx/0f x'g\ .
ax'p2]ZoLo ;+:yfdf pTkfbs, pkef]Qmf / >lds ;b:o ;d"xdf lgoldt a}7ssf] rng rnfP/ lj:tfl/t d~r
v8f ug{ ;lsG5 . sfo{If]qleq 7fd–7fddf ;xeflutfd"ns n]vfhf]vf - Participatory appraisal_, of]hgf
th'{df, sfof{Gjog ;dLIff a}7sx¿ /fvL h'g;'s} ;+:yfn] lj:tfl/t d~r l;h{gf ug{ ;St5 . ;~rfns ;ldltn]
cfˆg} a}7sdf vf; ;b:o ;d"xx¿nfO{ 8fs]/ k/fdz{ ubf{ klg lj:tfl/t d~r aGb5 . ;b:o h'6]sf lyP
eGb}df ;b:o lzIff lzlj/, k|lzIf0f ls|ofsnfk jf ;b:onfO{ ;"rgf lbg], pTk|]l/t ug]{ jf ;b:osf]
u'gf;f] ;'Gg] vfnsf e]nf eg] lj:tfl/t d~rdf ulgGgg\ . lj:tfl/t a}7s dflggsf nflu hDdf ePsf
;b:ox¿sf] lgisif{ ;+:yfsf] gLlt, ljlw, ljlgof]hgsf lg0f{odf k|efjL agfpg] x]t'sf]
k/fdz{ x'g'kb{5 .
4
g]kfn hLjg:t/ dfkg ;j]{If0f, @)!)÷!! -O{=_ df k|o'Qm ul/aL–/]vfsf] jflif{s cfDbfgL k|
ltJolQm ?= !(,@^! nfO{ kl/jf/sf] cf};t cfsf/ $=** n] u'gf u/]/ ;b:osf] kfl/jfl/s lgjf{xsf nflu
cfjZos ljs|L a/fa/ ;+:yfsf] jflif{s vl/bsf] Go"gtd /sd sfod ul/Psf] 5 .
5
pbfx/0fsf nflu b"w s[ifssf] ;+:yfn] u}/;b:osf] b"w lsg]sf] eP tfklg b"w vl/b hDd} ;b:otkmL{
x'G5 t/ ;b:onfO{ g} a]Rg] eg]/ lsg]sf] bfgf ;b:otkmL{ vl/bdf kb}{g -ahf/tkmL{ vl/bdf
kb{5_ . ;b:otkmL{ vl/bdf Jofj;flos ;]jfsf] p2]Zo lgwf{/s x'G5 . cl3 elgPsf] bfgfs} s'/f] u/f}F
g Û ;+:yfsf ;b:odWo] s]xLn] ;+:yfn] ahf/df lsg]h:tf] bfgf agfPsf / ;+:yfn] lsg]sf] x'g ;St5 .
t}klg To:tf] vl/b ;b:otkmL{ dflgFb}g — ahf/tkmL{ g} dflgG5 . sf/0f ToxfF ;]jf ;~rfngsf]
p2]Zo ;b:ox¿nfO{ cfjZos bfgf ljs|L xf] . ;b:ox¿sf] cgfhsf v]/ uO/x]sf ;xpTkfbg -wfgsf]
6
u–@= pkef]Qmf ;+:yf – ljQLo ;]jf
jif{el/ sDtLdf PskN6 C0f k|fKt ug]{ ;b:o

;+/IfsLo ;ª\Vof6
× !)) Ö -)–!))_Ü
;DaGwg Ö -jiff{/Desf hDdf ;b:o ;ª\Vof + jiff{Gtsf hDdf
;b:o ;ª\Vof_÷@
u–#= pkef]Qmf ;+:yf – cfwf/e"t lgjf{x
;b:onfO{ jflif{s ljqmL ?=

;+/IfsLo
hDdf ;b:otkmL{ jflif{s ljqmL ?=7 jf -? × !)) Ö -)–!))_Ü
;DaGwg Ö
= (#,((# × ;b:o ;ª\Vof_% df h'g a9L
x'G5 ;f]8
u–$= pkef]Qmf ;+:yf – kl/k"/s lgjf{x
;b:onfO{ jflif{s ljqmL ?=

;+/IfsLo
× !)) Ö -)–!))_Ü
;DaGwg Ö hDdf ;b:otkmL{ jflif{s ljqmL ?= jf -?
= (#,((# × ;b:o ;ª\Vof_÷!) df h'g a9L
x'G5 ;f]9
9'6f], ds}sf] e';, tf]/Lsf] vnL OToflb_ sf] d"No lbnfpg] x]t'n] ;+:yfn] bfgf pBf]u rnfPsf]
v08df km]l/ To:tf] vl/b ;b:otkmL{ x'G5 .
6
s'g} ;b:on] jif{df PskN6 lnPsf] C0f r'Stf u/L k'gM C0f lnPsf] eP klg luGtL Ps hgfs} x'G5 .
;b:ox¿ ;+:yfsf] d"n Jofj;flos ;]jf;Fu slQsf] ufFl;Psf 5g\ eg]/ x]g{ vf]lhPsfn] bf]xf]/f]
kfg{ ldNb}g . ;fy} art kl/rfng ;+:yfsf] Jofj;flos ;]jf art ;Íng klg xf] t/ To:tf] ;+:yf ;'ne C0fsf
vflt/ vf]lng] ePsfn] d"n Jofj;flos ;]jf eg] C0f k|jfx g} x'G5 . art /fVg] dfq eP t c+;wg - Share_
lsGg] dfqemF} eof]; k|of]hgLo ;DaGwg ePg . To:t}, dfu]sf hDd}n] C0f gkfpg] x'Fbf
klg ;DaGwgdf ;+:yfkl§af6 sDtL x'G5, h;sf] dfkg ;"rsn] u/]sf] 5 .
7
kfb l6Kk0fL % df ;b:otkmL{ vl/bsf xsdf elgPem}F ;b:otkmL{ ljqmLdf klg Jofj;flos ;]jfsf]
p2]Zo x]g'{kg]{ x'G5 . pkef]Qmf eG8f/sf] pbfx/0fdf u}/;b:on] g} lsg]sf] eP tfklg lrgL
;b:otkmL{ ljs|L dflgG5 eg] ;b:on] g} lsg]sf] eP tfklg To} lrgL /fv]sf] af]/f ;b:otkmL{ ljs|L
dflgFb}g .
8
;"rsfÍsf] k|of]hgfy{ cfwf/e"t cfjZostfsf kfFr zLif{s — ufF; - Food_, af; -Shelter_, skf; -Clothing_,
lzIff -Education_ / cf]vtLd"nf] -Medicine_ nfO{ cfwf/e"t lgjf{x / kl/k"/s lgjf{x u/L
b'O{ pkzLif{sdf 5'§\ofOPsf] 5 . ;/ntfsf nflu kfb l6Kk0fL $ df plNnlvt Go"gtd lgjf{xsf]
pkef]u vr{sf] kfFr v08sf] Ps v08 cfwf/e"t lgjf{xtkm{ vfBfGgnufotsf b}lgs cfjZostfsf
lrhlahdf kg]{ cg'dfgdf Go"gtd jflif{s ljqmL lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5 .
9
kl/k"/s lgjf{x ;]jfdf :jf:Yo, cfjf;, ljB't, lzIff, oftfoftnufot kb{5g\ . cg]skN6 Ps y/L
lgjf{x ;]jfdf csf]{ y/L lgjf{x ;]jf :jtM kg]{ klg Wofgof]Uo 5 . h:t}– ljBfno hft]cft] oftfoft
vr{ lzIffs} vr{tkm{ kb{5 . To:t}, cfjf; vr{leq} lah'nLsf] vr{ cfOxfNb5 . h] xf];\,
To:tf ;]jfdf ;b:osf] pkef]u vr{sf] bz v08sf] Ps v08 kb{5 egL dfg]/ jflif{s ljqmLsf]
7
u–%= >lds ;+:yf
;b:onfO{ jflif{s kfl/>lds e'QmfgL ?=

;+/IfsLo
hDdf ;b:otkmL{ jflif{s kfl/>lds ?= jf × !)) Ö -)–!))_Ü
;DaGwg Ö
-?= (#,((# × ;b:o ;ª\Vof_ df h'g a9L
x'G5 ;f]10
Go"gtd /sd sfod ul/Psf] 5 .

10
kfb l6Kk0fL $ df plNnlvt Go"gtd pkef]u vr{sf] /sd a/fa/ g} k|lt;b:o kfl/>lds klg k'Ug'kb{5
eGg] dflgPsf] 5 .
8
u– ^= ax'p2]ZoLo ;+:yf
-u–!_ ± -u–@_ jf -u–#_ jf -u–$_ df

h'gsf] dfg a9L x'G5 ;f] ± -u–%_
;+/IfsLo
Ö -)–!))_Ü
;DaGwg Ö
#
hxfF ;b:o ;ª\Vof eGgfn]—
u–! df hDdf pTkfbs ;b:osf] ;ª\VofÙ
u–@ df hDdf artstf{ ;b:osf] ;ª\VofÙ
u–# jf u–$ df hDdf cfd pkef]Stf ;b:o ;ª\Vof /
u–% df hDdf >lds ;b:o ;ª\Vof ;Demg'kb{5
t/ Ps hgf ;b:osf] Ps}lt/ dfq u0fgf ul/Psf] x'g'kb{5 .
^= ;"rsfÍsf] dfg
tLgf]6} ;"rsx¿sf] dfgsf] efl/t cf};tsf ¿kdf ;"rsfÍsf] dfg lgl:sG5 .
tLgf]6} ;"rsx¿sf]
;"rsfÍ = hDdf Ö -)–!))_ Ü
#
&= :t/fÍg
;"rsfÍcg';f/ lbOPsf] ;+:yfsf] :t/ b]xfoadf]lhd klxNofpg ;lsG5 M
 #) M clglZrt
#)–$$ M ;fwf/0f
$%–%( M dWod
%(–&$ M pQd
 &% M cTo'Qd .
9

10

B:O S) GB - Lotf "Rsfí: ! Kl/Ro

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;xsf/L ljefuaf6 :jLs[t ldlt M @)&%.%.!

;b:o s]Gb|Lotf ;"rsfÍ

';+:yfksLo ;/f]sf/' eGgfn] ;+:yfn] pkof]u u/]sf] k'FhLdf ;b:osf] k'FhLsf]

;b:osf] k'FhL ?= ± lgoldt art ?=

';~rfnsLo ;ls|otf' eg]sf] ;+:yfsf sfds'/fdf ;b:osf] j}rfl/s ;+of]u xf] .

jif{df ;b:o a}7s -;fwf/0f ;ef + ljz]if ;fwf/0f ;ef + lj:tfl/t

;+:yfsf] dfWoddf ;b:ox¿sf] Jofj;flos ;+of]u g} ';+/IfsLo ;DaGwg' xf] .

u–!= pTkfbs ;+:yf

;b:ox¿;Fusf] jflif{s vl/b ?=

jif{el/ sDtLdf PskN6 C0f k|fKt ug]{ ;b:o

u–#= pkef]Qmf ;+:yf – cfwf/e"t lgjf{x

;b:onfO{ jflif{s ljqmL ?=

u–$= pkef]Qmf ;+:yf – kl/k"/s lgjf{x

;b:onfO{ jflif{s ljqmL ?=

;b:onfO{ jflif{s kfl/>lds e'QmfgL ?=

Go"gtd /sd sfod ul/Psf] 5 .

-u–!_ ± -u–@_ jf -u–#_ jf -u–$_ df

hxfF ;b:o ;ª\Vof eGgfn]—

u–! df hDdf pTkfbs ;b:osf] ;ª\VofÙ

u–@ df hDdf artstf{ ;b:osf] ;ª\VofÙ

u–# jf u–$ df hDdf cfd pkef]Stf ;b:o ;ª\Vof /

u–% df hDdf >lds ;b:o ;ª\Vof ;Demg'kb{5

t/ Ps hgf ;b:osf] Ps}lt/ dfq u0fgf ul/Psf] x'g'kb{5 .

tLgf]6} ;"rsx¿sf] dfgsf] efl/t cf};tsf ¿kdf ;"rsfÍsf] dfg lgl:sG5 .

;"rsfÍcg';f/ lbOPsf] ;+:yfsf] :t/ b]xfoadf]lhd klxNofpg ;lsG5 M

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