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The Philippines is
prone to different
hydrometeorological
hazards because of its
geographic location.

Hydrometeorological Hazards
Lecture 6

The Philippines is in the Northern

Hemisphere just above the
Equator. This is an area where
the ITCZ is located.

What is ITCZ? What is ITCZ?

Intertropical Convergence Zone Intertropical Convergence Zone

area where trade winds

from the Northern Lies near the
hemisphere and equator and may
Southern hemisphere
bring tropical air masses
shift by about 10
from both the degrees latitude
hemispheres together north and south
and meet

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What is ITCZ?
Intertropical Convergence Zone

These air masses are

warm and humid
resulting in the
formation of convective
clouds and subsequent
heavy precipitation
during most part of the
year

Pathway of global typhoons and cyclones

Path of Typhoons/ Hurricanes Around the World Path of Typhoons in the Philippines

Map of Pacific Category Five Typhoons

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What is Hydrometeorological Hazards? What is Hydrometeorological Hazards?

Dangers associated with A process or phenomenon of

the natural processes or atmospheric, hydrological or
phenomena involved in the oceanographic nature that
transfer of water and may cause loss of life, injury,
energy between the land property damage, social and
surface and the lower economic disruption or
atmosphere environmental damage

What is Hydrometeorological Hazards? Typhoon

• Typhoon
• Thunderstorm
• Flood
• Storm surge
• El Niño
• La Niña
• Rainfall-induced
landslide
• Tornado
Severe weather disturbance characterized by strong winds and heavy
rains which revolve around a central low pressure area.

Typhoon Structure – “EYE” Typhoon Structure – “BANDS”

• a region of mostly calm

weather
• center of strong tropical bands of clouds that
cyclones spiral around the eye
• roughly circular area
typically 30–65 km in wall
diameter.

• Eyewall – where the

strongest weather
conditions are located

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Typhoon – When will it form?

Warm ocean waters Cool atmosphere

Low vertical
wind shear Moist air
value
• Wind shear – change in
wind speed and height
• The lower the value, the
more steady the circular
Distance from the motion of the wind =
equator: Min. 480 km Pre-existing disturbance stronger typhoon eyewall

Typhoon Formation

Typhoon Classifications Typhoon Classifications

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Typhoon Classifications Typhoon Classifications

Public Storm Signal No. 1 Public Storm Signal No. 2
DAMAGE TO STRUCTURE:
• Very light or no damage to high risk structures,
DAMAGE TO STRUCTURE:
• Light to medium and low risk structures • Light to Moderate damage to high risk structures;
• Very light to light damage to medium-risk structures;
• Slight damage to some houses of very light materials or makeshift
structures in exposed communities. • No damage to very light damage to low risk structures
• Unshielded, old dilapidated schoolhouses, makeshift
DAMAGE TO VEGETATION: shanties, and structures with light materials are
• Some banana plants are tilted, a few downed and leaves are generally partially damaged or unroofed.
damaged
• Some old galvanized iron (G.I.) roofs may be peeled or
• Twigs of small trees may be broken blown off.
• Some wooden, old electric posts are tilted or downed.
• Rice crops, however, may suffer significant damage when it is in its
flowering stage • Some damage to poorly constructed signs/billboards.

Typhoon Classifications Typhoon Classifications

Public Storm Signal No. 2 Public Storm Signal No. 3

DAMAGE TO VEGETATION: DAMAGE TO STRUCTURE:

• Most banana plants, a few mango trees, ipil-ipil and • Heavy damage to high–risk structures;
similar trees are downed or broken. • Moderate damage to medium-risk structures;
• Light damage to low-risk structures
• Some coconut trees may be tilted with few others
broken. • Increasing damage to old, dilapidated residential
structures and houses of light materials (up to 50% in a
• Rice and corn may be adversely affected. community)
• Houses of medium strength materials some warehouses
• Considerable damage to shrubbery and trees with some or bodega-type structures are unroofed,
heavy-foliaged trees blown down.

Typhoon Classifications Typhoon Classifications

Public Storm Signal No. 3 Public Storm Signal No. 4
DAMAGE TO STRUCTURE:
• Very heavy damage to high –risk structures.

DAMAGE TO VEGETATION: • Heavy damage to medium risk structures;

• Almost all banana plants are downed, some big trees • Moderate damage to low-risk structures
(acacia, mango, etc.) are broken or uprooted, • Considerable damage to structures of light materials (up to 75%
are totally and partially destroyed); complete roof structure
• Dwarf-type or hybrid coconut trees are tilted or downed failures.
• Many houses of medium-built materials are unroofed, some
• Considerable damage to shrubbery and trees with heavy with collapsed walls; extensive damage to doors and windows
foliage blown off; some large trees blown down. • A few houses of first-class materials are partially damaged
• All signs/billboards are blown down.

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Typhoon Classifications Typhoon Classifications

Public Storm Signal No. 4 Public Storm Signal No. 5
DAMAGE TO STRUCTURE:
• Widespread damage to high-risk structures
DAMAGE TO VEGETATION: • Very heavy damage to medium-risk structures
• There is almost total damage to banana plantation, • Heavy damage to low-risk structures;
• Almost total damage to structures of light in highly exposed
• Most mango trees, ipil-ipil and similar types of large coastal areas.
• Complete roof failure on many residences and industrial
trees are downed or broken. buildings. Severe and extensive window and door damage
• Most residential and institutional buildings of mixed
• Coconut plantation may suffer extensive damage. construction may be severely damaged.
• Electrical power distribution and communication services
• Rice and corn plantation may suffer severe losses. severely disrupted.
• All signs/billboards blown

Typhoon Classifications Typhoon Early Warning System:

Public Storm Signal No. 5

DAMAGE TO VEGETATION:
• Total damage to banana plantation

• Most tall trees are broken, uprooted or defoliated

• Coconut trees are stooped, broken or uprooted.

• Few plants and trees survived

Color-Coded Rainfall Advisories

10 Strongest Typhoons in the Philippines

International
Local Name: No. 10
Name:
Typhoon Haiyan Yolanda
Typhoon Angela
Typhoon Megi Juan
(Rosing)
Typhoon Zeb Iliang
• November 1995
Typhoon Bopha Pablo • Affected community:
Bicol and Manila
• Deaths: 936 people

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10 Strongest Typhoons in the Philippines 10 Strongest Typhoons in the Philippines

No. 8 • 1987
• Affected community:
Typhoon Nina Bicol region
No. 9
(Sisang) • Deaths: 979 people
Typhoon Fengshen
(Frank)

• June 2008
• Affected community:
Central Philippines
• Deaths: 938 people

10 Strongest Typhoons in the Philippines 10 Strongest Typhoons in the Philippines

No. 6 • October 1952
No. 7 • December 1951 Affected community:
Affected community: Typhoon Trix •
Typhoon Amy • Bicol
Central Philippines (Walding)
(Yoyong) • Deaths: 991 people
• Deaths: 995 people

10 Strongest Typhoons in the Philippines 10 Strongest Typhoons in the Philippines

No. 5 • December 2011 No. 4 • August 1984
Typhoon Washi • Affected community: Typhoon Mike • Affected community:
Northern Mindanao Central Philippines
(Sendong) • Deaths: 1,080 people
(Ruping) • Deaths: 1,363 people

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10 Strongest Typhoons in the Philippines 10 Strongest Typhoons in the Philippines

No. 3 • December 2012 No. 2 • November 1991
Typhoon Bopha • Affected community: Typhoon Thelma • Affected community:
Mindanao Ormoc, Leyte
(Pablo) • Deaths: 1,900 people
(Uring) • Deaths: 5,100 people

10 Strongest Typhoons in the Philippines Mitigating the destructive effects of Typhoons

Affected community:
No. 1 •
Eastern Visayas
1. Determine areas prone to typhoon related
Typhoon Haiyan
(Yolanda)
• Deaths: 6,340 people disasters
• Missing: 1,061 people

2. Implementing legislation involving land use

planning, zoning and building standards

3. Weather forecasting and monitoring

4. Effective public typhoon warning systems

Mitigating the destructive effects of Typhoons Mitigating the destructive effects of Typhoons

Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and

Regional Specialized
Astronomical Services Administration Meteorological Center
Typhoon Center of the Japan Meteorological Society

• National Meteorological and Hydrological Services • Provides information on tropical cyclones

(NMHS) agency of the Philippines (December 8, 1972)
• Was established at the headquarters of the
• Mandated to provide protection against natural calamities Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) in July 1989
• Under DOST
• Responsible for naming typhoons (in ASIA only)

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What to do before a typhoon? What to do during a typhoon?

What to do after a typhoon?

RECALL

Thunderstorms

• Violent, transient type of

weather disturbance
(cumulonimbus clouds)
• Uneven distribution of
heat (air and land)
• Equatorial region at any
time
• Mostly in the afternoon or
evening during summer

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Requirements/parameters for a thunderstorm to form Life Cycle of a Thunderstorm

Moisture (water vapor): Unstable mass of
Readily available warm air

Thunderstorms

Strong upward
current of air

Life Cycle of a Thunderstorm Life Cycle of a Thunderstorm

Developing or Cumulus Stage Mature Stage

Life Cycle of a Thunderstorm Hazards in Thunderstorm

Final or Dissipating Stage

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Floods
“Nalagpasan mo ang mga pagsubok..

Di mabilang na mga bagyo

Kahit ilang baha man ang danasin

Kasaysayan moy hindi kayang anurin”

“Ako’y Isang Tomasino”
UST Quadricentennial Song

Floods Types of Flood

1. Riverine (River
Flooding)
2. Estuarine (Coastal
Flooding)
3. Urban Flooding
4. Catastrophic
Flooding
5. Flash Flooding

Destructive Effects of Flooding Mitigation of Flood

1. PRIMARY 1. Mapping of Risk

assessment
2. SECONDARY 2. Flood forecasting
(PAGASA)
3. TERTIARY 3. Flood control system

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STORM SURGE Factors that influence build up of water

1. Storm Intensity: ↑ winds = ↑ storm surge

2. Pressure: ↓ atmospheric pressure = ↑ storm surge
3. Size of Cyclone: ↑ diameter = ↑ storm surge
4. Speed: ↑ velocity of cyclone = ↑ storm surge
5. Angle of approach: must be perpendicular
• Happens due to the drop of
atmospheric pressure and
force of wind as tropical
cyclone approach the coast

EL NIÑO LA NIÑA
1. Warming of the ocean’s surface
2. El Nino Southern Oscillation
• Spanish for the girl
3. 9 months to 2 years (up to 7 years transition to La
Nina) • Unusual cooling of
sea surface
temperature
• Exact opposite of El
Nino

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Effects of EL NIÑO

• Drought

Effects of EL NIÑO Effects of EL NIÑO

• Affects also the sea biota

• If the ocean surface gets
• Economic decline in warmer, it loses nutrients
agricultural countries and oxygen

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Effects of LA NIÑA Tornadoes

• Intense rotating
column of wind
• Locally known
as buhawi or
ipo-ipo

• Tornado/twister – if it
moves over land
• Water spout – if it moves
• More extreme level of flooding over water

Tornadoes What to do in case of tornadoes?

• Tornadoes form • “Get in”
from intense - when outdoors, immediately seek shelter
thunderstorm - When inside, go to the innermost portion of the structure
formations called and surround yourself with the most shield as possible.
SUPERCELLS
• “Get down”
- Go to the lowest level of the structure (basement)

• “Cover up”
- Protect yourself from debris that may possibly fall or fly by
and hit you
- Use pillows, thick blankets, thick coats, helmets, or anything
that can protect your entire body.

Landslides due to Rainfall Effects of Landslides due to Rainfall

• Can bury houses, buildings

and people
• Can destroy plantations as
well as roads
• Happens due to excessive • Disruption of daily
amount of water from activities and business
rainfall absorbed by the operations due to
slope obstruction of roads

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Nationwide Operational Assessment Nationwide Operational Assessment of Hazards

of Hazards NOAH’s Vision

• launched by the The Nationwide Operational Assessment of Hazards (NOAH)

DOST (July 6, program envisions a disaster-free Philippines where
2012) communities are empowered through open access to accurate,
reliable and timely hazard and risk information
• Alfredo Mahar
Francisco Amante
Lagmay, Ph.D. -
Filipino geologist

Nationwide Operational Assessment of Hazards

NOAH’s Mission

1. To develop high-resolution hazard maps

2. To undertake investigations to improve country’s capability

3. To systematically simulate, validate and improve maps

4. To integrate and assist other agencies (LGUs)

http://noah.up.edu.ph/
5. To collaborate with similar institutions and organizations

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