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Whereas the Parliament of India has set out to provide a practical regime of right to
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in order to promote transparency and accountability in the working of every public authority,
and whereas the attached publication of the Bureau of Indian Standards is of particular interest
to the public, particularly disadvantaged communities and those engaged in the pursuit of
education and knowledge, the attached public safety standard is made available to promote the
timely dissemination of this information in an accurate manner to the public.

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“The Right to Information, The Right to Live” “Step Out From the Old to the New”

IS 5477-4 (1971): Methods for fixing the capacities of

reservoirs, Part 4: Flood storage [WRD 10: Reservoirs and
Lakes]

“!ान $ एक न' भारत का +नम-ण”

Satyanarayan Gangaram Pitroda
“Invent a New India Using Knowledge”

“!ान एक ऐसा खजाना > जो कभी च0राया नहB जा सकता ह”

है”
ह
Bhartṛhari—Nītiśatakam
“Knowledge is such a treasure which cannot be stolen”
( Reaffirmed 1998 )
 IS : 5477 ( Part IV ) - 1971

Indi& Standard
METHODS FOR
FIXING THE CAPACITIES OF RESERVOIRS
PART IV FLOOD STORAGE

Catchment Area and Reservoirs Sectional Committee, BDC 48

ChIliWll~ Reflmmtinf
+RI N. V. KEURSAL~ Irrigation Department, Government of Maharashtra

Members
SEBI R. D. GU~TE ( Alternatr to
Shri N. V. Khursale )
DIREO~OR Land Reclamation, Irrigation St Power Research
Institute, Amritsar
Da S. R. SEHOAL ( .&mot# )
DIBEOTOR( HYDFCOLOQY) Central Water & Power Commission, New Delhi
SERI B. GA~UDACHAR ( Altemotr)
‘Drn~crron (INTERSTATE & Public Works Department, Government of Andhra
DESICJN~) Pradesh
SHar P. V. RAO ( Afkmata)
Sam D. DODDIAH Public Works Department, Government of Mysore
SERI R. L. GU~TA PublgraWzhkr Department, Government of Madhya

SUPERINTENDINO ENQINEER
( DESIGNS) ( Akmnti )
SHRI S. N. GUPTA Central Boards of Irrigation & Power, New Delhi
SHRI V. S. KRISHNASWAMY Geological Survey of India, Lucknow
SRRI p. N. MALHOTRA Bhakra Dams Organization, Nangal Township
‘@RI R. N. HOON ( Altemte )
c
SARI B. N. MURTEY Damodh~n~~lley Corporation, Maithon Dam,

&RI Y. G. PATEL Pate1 Engineering Company Ltd, Bombay

SHRI H. R. PRAMANIK Irrigation 8 Waterways Department, Government
of West Bengal

( Continuedon page 2 )

INDIAN STANDARDS INSTITUTXON

MANAK. BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARC
NEW DELHI llooO2
IS: 5477 (Part IV) - 1971

( ConrinusdJfom pug8 1)
Members Representing
Da S. P. RAYOHAUDHTJRI Planning Commission, New Delhi
SHRI P. SAM~ATH NationnLiProjects Construction Corporation, New

SHRI K. N. TANEJA (Altermats)

DR R. V. TAMHANE Soil Conservation Division ( Ministry of Food,
Agriculture, Community Development & Co-
operation ) , New Delhi
SERI BIJAYANARDA TIXIPATEY Irriga;y= & Power Department, Government of

SHRI D. AJITRA SIYEA, Director General, IS1 ( Er-oJi& Mmbcr )

Director ( Civ Engg )

SHRI K. RAQHAVENDRAN
Deputy &actor ( Civ Engg ), IS1

2
 IS :5477 ( Part IV ) - 1971

Indian Standard
METHODS FOR
FIXING THE CAPACITIES OF -RESERVOIRS
PART IV FLOOD STORAGE

0. FOREWORD
0.1 This Indian Standard (Part IV ) was adopted by the Indian Standards
Institution on 19 February 1971, after the draft finalized by the Catchment
Area and Reservoirs Sectional Committee had been approved by the Civi4
Engineering Division Council.
0.2 Flood storage depends on the height at which the maximum water
level ( MWL ) is fixed above the normal conservation level ( NCL ). The
determination of the MWL involves the routing of the design flood .through
the reservoir and spillway. When the spillway capacity provided is low, the
flood storage required for moderating a particular tlood will be large and
vice versa. A higher MWI involves larger submergence and hence this
aspect has also to be kept in view while fixing the MWL and the flood
storage capacity of the reservoir.
0.3 This standard consists of four parts and the other parts are as follows:
IS : 5477( Part I )- 1969 Methods for fixing the capacities of reservoirs:
Part I General requirements
IS:5477(Part II)-1969 Methods for fixing the capacities of reser-
voirs: Part II Dead storage
IS:5477 (Part III)-1969 Methods for fixing the capacities of reser-
voirs : Part III Live storage
0.4 For the purpose of deciding whether a particular requirement of this c
standard is complied with, the final value, observed or calculated, express-
ing the result of a test or analyL shall be roundedoff in accordance with
IS:2-1960*. The number of sl\rnificant places retained in the rounded off
value should be the same as that of the specified value in this standard.

1. SCOPE
1.1 This standard ( Part IV ) iovers the criteria and procedure to be follow-
ed in fixing the flood storage capacity of a reservoir consistent with the

*Rules for rounding off numerical values ( revised ;.

IS : 54r7 (paXfv ) - i97i

safety of the structure itself and the life and properties downstream of the
reservoir.

2. TERMINOLOGY

2.0 For the purpose of this standard, the following definitions shall
apply.
2.1 Normal Conservation. Level (NGL) -The normal conservation
level is the highest level of the reservoir at which water’ is intended to be
held for various uses other than flood control.

2.2 FUR Reservoir Level (FRL) - Is the highest level of the reservoir at
which water is intended to be held for various uses including part or total
of the flood storage without allowing any passage of water through the
spillway.

2.3 Maximum Water Level ( MWL ) - Is the highest level to which the
reservoir waters will rise while passing the design flood with the spillway
facilities in full operation.

2.4 Surcharge Storage-The storage between the crest of an uncontroll-

ed spillway or the top of the crest gates in normal closed position and the
MWL is termed as the surcharge storage.

2.5 Maximum Probable Flood -1s the flood that may be expected from
the most severe combination of critical meteorologic and hydrologic
conditions that are reasonably possible in the region, and is computed by
using the maximum probable storm which is an estimate of the physical
upper limit to storm rainfall over the basin. This is obtained from storm
studies of all the storms that have occurred over the region and maximizing
them for the’ most critical atmospheric conditions (see A-2.1.1 of Appen-
dix A also).

2.6 Standard Project Flood- Is the flood that may be expected from the
most severe combination of meteorologic and hydrologic conditions consi-
dered reasonably characteristic of the legion and is computed from the
standard project storm rainfall reasonably capable of occurrence over the
basin in question and may be taken as the largest storm which has occurred
in ‘the region of the basin during the period of weather record. It is not
maximized for most critical atmospheric conditions but it may be transposed
from an adjacent region to the water-shed under consideration.

2.7 Design Flood- Is the flood adopted for design purposes. It may be
the maximum probable flood or the standard project flood or a flood
corresponding to some desired frequency of occurrence depending upon the
standard of security that should be provided against possible failure of the
structure.
4
 IS t 5477 ( Part IV ) - 1Sil

3. GENERAL

3.1 A prerequisite essential to the safety of the Adamis a decision in regard

to the standard of security that should be provided against possible failure
of the concerned structure during extraordinary floods. In case, failure of
the structure is likely to result in loss of life or widespread property damage
in addition to the damage of the structure itself as in the case of spillways
of large reservoirs, a very high degree of security shall be provided against
failure under the most severe flood conditions considered reasonably
possible. But when loss of life is not involved, economic considerations
would prevail to govern the selection of the design flood.

3.2 It should be assumed that the reservoir would be filled to the full
reservoir level at the beginning of the spillway design flood. Even though
the contemplated plan of reservoir operation indicates that a portion of the
storage capacity below the FRL probably would be available at the
beginning of the spillway design flood, the possibility of improper operation
of regulating outlets as the result of incorrect flood predictions, mechanical
difficulties, plugging of conduits by debris, or negligent attendance
may justify the assumption of a full reservoir at the beginning of the design
flood. Moreover, future developments may require revisions in the original
plan of reservoir operation or changes in the use of the reservoir that would
increase the probability of a full reservoir at the beginning of the spillway
design flood.

4. ESTIMATION OF DESIGN FLOOD

4.1 The methods in vogue for estimation of design flood are broadly
classified as under:
a) Application of a suitable factor of safety to maximum ~observed
flood or maximum historical flood,
b) Empirical flood formulae,
c) Envelope curves,
d) Frequency analysis, and
e) Rational method of derivation of design flood from storm studies
and application of unit hydrograph principle.

4.2 Application
of a Suitable Factor of Safety to Maximum Observed
Flood or Maximum Historical Flood -The design flood is obtained by
applying a safety factor which depends upon the judgement of the designer
to the observed or estimated maximum historical flood at the project site or
nearby site on the same stream. This method is limited by the highly
subjective selection of a safety factor and the length ofavailable stream flow
record which may give a quite inadequate sample of flood magnitudes likely
to occur over a long period.of time.

5
Isi5477 (Part IV ) - 1971

4.3 Pmpirical Flood Formulae -The empirical formulae commonly

used in the country are the Dicken’s formula, Ryve’s formula and Inglis’
formula in which the peak flow is given as a fun,ction of the catchment area
and a coefficient. The values of the coefficient vary within rather wide,
limits and have to be selected on the basis of judgement. They have
limited regional application, should be used with caution and only, when a
more accurate method cannot be applied for lack of data.

4.4 Envelope Carves -In the envelope curve method maximum flood is
obtained from the envelope curve of all the observed maximum floods for a
number of catchments in a homogeneous meteorological region plotted
against drainage area. This method, although useful for generalizing the
limits of floods actually experienced in the region under consideration,
cannot be relied upon for estimating maximum probable floods for the
determination of spillway capacity except as an aid to judgement.
4.5 Frequency Analysis -The frequency method involves the statistical
analysis of observed data of a fairly long (at least 25 years ) period.

4.5.1 A purely statistical approach when applied to derive design floods

for long recurrence intervals several times larger than the data has many
limitations and hence this method has to be used with caution.

4.6 Rational Method of Derivation of Design Flood from Storm

Studies and Application of Unit Bydrograph Principle

4.6.1 The steps involved, in brief, are:

a) analysis of rainfall 7s run-off data for derivation of loss rates under
critical conditions;
b) derivation of unit hydrograph by analysis (or by synthesis, in cases
where data are not available);
c) derivation of the design storrir; and
d) derivation of design flood from the design storm by the application
of the rainfall excess increments to the unit hydrograph.
Appendix A provides the criteria for estimation of design flood. L
4.6.2 Unit Hydrograph -Limitations
a) The unit hydrograph ~principle is not applicable for drainage basins
having an area of more than 5 000 km2 where valley storage effects
are not reflected and where variation of rainfall in space and time
shows a tendency to become too great to be reflected in the unit
hydrograph.
b) Application of the unit hydrografih principle is also not recom-
mended for catchments having an area less than about 25 kmz.
6
 IS : 5477 ( Part IV ) - 1971

cl Large number of raingauges suitably located should be available in.

the entire catchment to reflect the true weighted rainfall of the
catchment.
4 Unit hydrograph principle is not applicable when appreciable
proportions of the precipitation occurs in the form of snow or when
snow covers a significant’part of the catchment.

5. DETgRMINATION OF MAXIMUM WATER LEVEL

5.1 The maximum water level of a reservoir is obtained by routing the
design flood through the reservoir and spillway. This process of computing
the reservoir stages, storage volumes and outflow rates corresponding to a
particular hydrograph of inflow is commonly referred to as flood routing.
The routing is determined by the following:
a) Initial reservoir stage;
b) The design-flood hydrograph ;
c) Rate of outRow including the flow over the crest, through sluices or
outlets and through power units; and
d) Incremental storage capacity (each stage ).
5.1.1 Although there are definite relations -between reservoir inflow,
storage, and outflow these relations are usually difficult to express algebrai-
cally. Therefore, a step-by-step computation procedure is followed
whereby the increase in storage and rate of outflow resulting from the
volumes of inflow during successive short increments of time are computed.
Increments of inflow are computed for periods of time sufficiently short to
warrant the assumption that the mean of the inflow rates and the mean of
the outflow rates at the beginning and end of the intervals would closely
approximate the average rates for the respective periods.
5.2 Appendix B provides an illustration with the details of routing the in-
Aow hydrograph through a storage reservoir and fixing the maximum water
level, Appendix C gives an example based on graphical ( Sorensen )
method of routing the inflow hydrograph through a reservoir.

APPENDIX A
( Clauses 2.5 and 4.6.1 )
CRITERIA FOR ESTIMATION OF DESIGN FLOODS FOR
DAMS AND OTHER HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES

A-l. GENERAL
A-l.1 Each site is individual in its local conditions, and evaluation of
causes and effects. Therefore, only general guidelines are provided and

7
IS : 3477 ( Part IV ) - 1971

the hydrologists and the designer would have the discretion to vary the
criteria in special cases, where the same are justifiable on account ofassess-
able and acceptable local conditions, which should be recorded and
have the acceptance of the competent authority.

A-2. DETERMINATION OF DESIGN FLOOD

A-2.1 Major and Medium Reservoirs

A-2.1.1 Maximum Probable Flood- In the design ofspillwaysfor major and

medium reservoirs ( with storages more than 6000 hectare metres ) the
maximum probable flood should be used. The maximum probable flood
is estimated from the maximum probable storm applying the unit hydro-
graph principle. The maximum probable storm is an estimate of the
physical upper limit to storm rainfall over a basin. It is obtained from
the studies of all the storms that have occurred in the region and maximiz-
ing them for possible moisture charge and for storm efficiency.
The method of moisture adjustment commonly used involves the
estimation of air moisture content from surface level dew point observa-
tions. Maximizing storm efficiency is achieved by storm transposition
which assumes that the most effective combination ofstorm efficiency and
inflow wind has either occurred or has been closely approached in the
outstanding storm on record. Further adjustment of storm precipitation
data to the estimated maximum sustained wind to carry this maximum
moisture supply into the project basin is not attempted unless very high
design safety factors are desired or only very limited storm rainfall data
are available.
A-2.1.2 Distribution of Storm Rainfall - The distribution of storm intensi-
ties for smalldurations is obtained on the basis of recorded data of self-
recording raingauge stations in the catchment or region.
A-2.1.3 Maximization for Unit Hydrograph Peak- It is observed in practice
that the unit hydrograph peak obtained from heavier rainfalls is about 25 to
50 percent higher than those obtained from the smaller rainfalls. There-
fore, the unit hydrograph from the observed floods may have to be suitably L

maximized up to a limit of 50 percent depending upon the judgement of the

hydrologist. In case the unit hydrograph is derived from very large floods,
then the increase may be of a very small order; if it is derived from low
floods the increase may have to be substantial.
A-2.1.4 Loss Rate-The loss-rate should be estimated from the volume
of observed flood run-off and the corresponding storm that caused the
flood. A minimum loss rate should be worked out and adopted for com-
puting the design blood.
A-2.2 The probability method, when applied to derive design floods for
long recurrence intervals several times larger than the length of data, has

8
 IS: 5477 ( Part IV ) - 1971

many limitations. In certain case& however, like that of very large catch-
ments where unit hydrograph method is not applicable and where sufi-
cient long term discharge data is available, the frequency method may be
the only course possible. In such cases the design flood to be adopted for
major structures should have a frequency of not less than once in 1000
years. Where annual flood values of adequate length are available, ‘they
are to be analyzed by Gumbel’s method (see Appendix D ), and where the
tata is short, either partial duration method or regional frequency techni-
q,*e is to be adopted as a tentative approach and the results verified and
cht-ked by hydrological approaches.
Sometimes when the flood data is inadequate, frequency analysis of
recorded storms is made and the storm of a particular frequency applied
to the unit hydrograph to derive the flood; this flood usually, has a return
period greater than that of the storm.
A-2.3 Barrages and Minor Dams -In the case of parmanent barrages
and minor dams with less than 6000 hectare metres storage, the standard
project flood or a lO0 year flood,’ whichever is higher, is to be adopted.
A-2.3.1 For pick-up weirs a flood 50-100 years frequency should be
adopted according to its importance, and level conditions.
A-3. PROVIS’ONS FOR OTHER.FACTORS
A-3.1 The initial reservoir level before the impact of the spillway design
flood has to be taken as at, full reservoir level. In regions experiencing
prolonged floods where storms in quick succession are experienced, the
spillway may also be checked for design flood preceded or succeeded by a
flood of once in 25 years frequency. The interval between these two
floods ( peak to peak) may be taken as 3 or 5 days according to as the
region lies in an annual rainfall zone of more than 100 cm or less than
100 cm respectively.
A-3.2 To provide for mechanical and other failures, it is assumed that some
gates as inoperative with a maximum of 10 percent and a minimum of one
gate. For this purpose the designer may be permitted to increase permis-
sible stresses treating it as an extraordinary occurrence, like earthquake.

APPENDIX B
( Clause 5.2 )
STEP-BY-STEP METHOD OF RESERVOIR FLOOD ROUTING
FOR FIXING MAXIMUM WATER LEVEL
( MODIFIED PULS’ METHOD )
B-l. BASIC DATA REQUIRED
B-l.1 The following is the basic data:
a) Reservoir level MYSUSspillway capacity (outflow) (see Fig. 1 ),
and storage capacity (see Fig. 1 )i

9
1s : 5477 ( Part IV ) - 1971

b) Full reservoir level;

c) Inflow hydrograph (see Fig. 2 );
d) Initial outflow; and
e) Initial storage (or initial reservoir level).

394.51’ - 1 I I I J
O.&a 0.50 o-60 0-70 040 040
STORAGE ( h8.m xl 8 )
5000 10000 14oeo 2oooo zsow
OUTFLOW bf?/s)

FIG. 1 RESERVOIR LEVELS Vs SPILLWAY AND STORAGE CAPACITIES

399-o

2 398-O
u-l
28 397.0
5
Q 396.0
9
z2 395.0

396.0

393.0

TIME IN HOURS

FXG. 2 TNFI.OW AND OUTFLOW HYDROCRAPHS, AND

TIME J’s RESERVOIR LEVELS FOR THE DESIGN FLOOD HYDROGRAPH

10
 IS-:5477 ( Part IV ) - 1971

B-2. BASIC EQUATION FOR ROUTING FLOOD THROUGH

RESERVOIR

B-2.1 Basic equation for routing flood through reservoir is given below:

t(qA)_t(s+2q =s,-s,=*s , (1)

I..

where
t = time interval,
11 = initial inflow in ma/s,
1s = final inflow in ma/safter t h,
Ot = initial outflow in ma/s,
0 s = final outflow in msjs after t h,
S, = final gross storage in cumec h after t h,
S, = initial gross storage in cumec h, and
n.9 = incremental storage in time t h.

Storage capacity is usually given in hectaremetres which should be

converted into cumec h or cumec day, if the time interval t is expressed in
hours or a part of a day.

B-3. PROCEDURE

w3.1 Taking known values on one side

(A+) + ($2) = (;t+;) ... . . . (2)

1 cumec day = 24 cumec h = 8.64 ha-m ...... (3)

S ha.m =2.771 S cumec h ......... (4)
~2.771 S/t cumec h ... ... . . . (5)
sha.m
f

Taking the time interval t as 6 h

S ...
- =0.463 S ... ... . . . (6)
t
B-3.2 From Fig. 1, Table 1 is prepared.

B-3.3 By means of Table 1, Fig. 3 is prepared.

1-l
IS : 5477 ( Part IV ) - 1971

TABLE 1 RESERVOIR LEVEL k’s $ + -$

( ROUTING PERIOD - 6 HOURS )
( Clause i-3.2 )

RESERVOIR STORAGE (S) S =Oa463s OuTFLoW o/2

LEVEL m) (ha.a.X106) t (cumec x 1O8) (cumec X lo@)
(cumecx lOa) (cumecX 10’)

(‘1 (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)

394.8 0.480 0 0.222 3 0.005 5 0.002’8 0.225 1
396.3 0.556 5 O-257 7 0007 3 0.003 I 0.261 4 ’
397.8 0,641 3 0.297 0 0.008 9 0.004 5 0.301 5
399.3 0.735 3 0.340 5 0.011 1 0.005 6 0.346 1

B-3.4 Referring to Table 2, co1 1 and 2 are obtained from the given
inflow hydrograph (Fig. 2 ). The values given in co1 3 are the average
of successive inflows. Column 4 is obtained by subtracting the initial 012
value from the initial S/t value ( which is either known or read out from
Fig. 1 knowing the initial reservoir level).
Column 5 is the sum of co1 3 and 4.
Column 6 is obtained by referring to Fig. 3 for the values ofco15.
Corresponding to the values of co1 6, the values in co1 7 are obtained
by referring to Fig. 1.
With the values given in co1 6 and 7, the outflow hydrograph and the
curve of reservoir level with time are drawn in Fig. 2.

FIG. 3 $ + -& Vs OUTFLOW CURVE

12
 IS : 5477 ( Part IV) - 1971

TABLE 2 ROUTING OF DESIGN FLOOD THROUGH RESERVOIR

( ROUTLNG PERIOD - 6 HOURS )

( Clause B-3.4 )

TIME INFLOW
h d/s x 1oa
m

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)

26 O-007 1 O-261 4 0.007 1 396.30 FRL

0.009 7 0,252 3
32 0.012 3 0.262 0 0.007 3 396.42
0.014 7 0.254 7
38 0.017, 1 O-269 4 0.007 6 -39676
0.018 2 O-261 5
44 0.019 3 0.279 7 0.008 1 397.14
0.019 4 0.271 4
50 0.019 6 O-290 8 0.008 6 397.59
0.018 9 0.282 2
0’018 2 o-301 1 0.009 1 397.98
0016 5 0.291 9
52 0.014 9 0.308 4 0.009 5 398.2 1
0.013 0 o-299 0
68 o-011 0 0.312 0 O-009 6 398.3 1MWL
0.009 2 O-302 4
74 o-007 4 O-311 6 0.009 6 398.28
0.005 7 0.302 1
80 0.004 1 0.307 8 0.009 4 398.19
0.003 2 0.298 4
86 0.002 3 O-301 6 0.009 1 397.98
0.001 7 0.289 5
92 O*OOl1 0.291 3 0.008 8 397.67
0~000 9 0.285 2
L
98 OaKI 6 0.286 1 0.008 4 397-43
0.000 6 0.277 7
104 O-000 5 O-278 3 0.008 0 397.09
o*ooo 5 0.270 3
110 OaO 4 01270 8 0.007 7 396.79
0.000 4 0~263.0
116 o*oOO4 O-265 4 3.007 4 396.58
OaOO 4 0’256 4
122 o&O 4 0.256 8 O-007 1 396.22

13
IS : 5477 ( Part IV ) - 1971

APPENDIX C
( C&se 5.2)
GRAPHICAL (SORENSEN’S) METHOD OF RESERVOIR
FLOOD ROUTING FOR FIXING MAXIMUM
WATER LEVEL

C-l. BASIC DATA REQUIRED

C-l.1 The following is the basic data:
a) Reservoir level zwsus spillway capacity (outflow) (see Fig. 4),
and storage capacity (see Fig. 4 );
b) Full reservoir level;
c) Inflow hydrograph (see Fig. 5A);
d) Initial outflow; and
e) Initial storage (or initial reservoir level).
C-2. BASIC EQUATION FOR ROUTING FLOOD THROUGH
RESERVOIR
C-2.1 Basic equation for routing flood through reservoir is given below:
d,.Y= (Z-O) df . .. ... ... . ..(7)
where
dS = change in reservoir storage,
Z= rate of inflow,
0 = spillway discharge rate (or outflow rate \, and
dt = time interval.

As the inflow is a function of time and outflow is a function of storage,

equation (7) may be written as:

s= Sf - sj =
[
i _ L!?-tOI)_ at
2 1 ...
where 7 is the average inflow for the period At and the subscripts
‘i’ and ‘f’ refer to the initial and final conditions of the period at.

C-3. PROCEDURE
C-3.1 For graphical solution, equation (8) is transposed as follows:

(si+ y) + (i-oi ) at=s,+o,-y . ..(9)

14
 IS : 5477, ( Part Iv ) - 1971

239.25 I 1 I I I I 4
l-25 2.50 3.75 5.00 6.25 7.50 6.75
(SISTORAGE
.~. (1000 ha.m)
L
0 0.25 0.50. 0.75 l-00 1.25 l*ko
(O)OUTFLOW(lOOO ha.m PER h)

FIG. 4 RESERVOIR LEV-EL Vs STORAGE

AND OUTFLOW CURVES

A constant value of A t is selected, depending

on the shape of the
OAt
inflow hydrograph (here A t = 1 h ). The values of S + - 2 are plotted
as a function of (a) reservoir level as shown in Fig. 5B, and (b) spillway c
discharge (or outflow ) ps shown in Fig. 5C.
NOTE-The scales for the ordinates ofFig. 5A and 5C should be the same.

In Fig. 5C by the side of S +

OAt
2 versus outflow curve, a line A is

drawn with the same origin such that its slope is --&- where C is the

OAt
ratio Of S + -scale to the 0 scale ( that iqratio of the scale of X-axis
to the Y-axis o?Fig. 5C ).

15
IS : 5477 ( Part IV ) - 1971

For this particular example, A t is taken as one hour and the scale
1 250
ratio works out to 250= 5, which determines the slope of the line A.

At 0800 h the reservoir inflow and the outflow are known. To deter-
mine the reservoir level one hour later, that is at 0900 h, the following
procedure is adopted:

4 Draw a horizontal line a from the value of the average inflow 7

for the period 0800 h to 0900 h, towards Fig. 5C.
b) Draw a line b in Fig. 5C parallel to line A, from the intersection
of horizontal (towards Kg. 5C) corresponding to the initial out-
OAt
flow at 0800 h and the curve of S + 2 versus 0 in Fig. 5C.

c>The intersection point of lines a and b is projected vertically in

Fig. 5B and 5C to get the points Yand Xrespectively.

4 The point Y of Fig. 5B is projected horizontally to Fig. 5D to get

the reservoir elevation at 0900 h.

4 The point X of Fig. 5C is projected horizontally to Fig. 5A to get

the outflow 0, at 0900 h.

f 1 With new reservoir level and outflow values as initial conditions

the steps a to e are repeated for the next hourly increment. Thus
reservoir stage hydrograph Fig. 5D and the outflow hydrograph
Fig. 5A ( superimposed on the inflow hydrograph) are obtained.
The curves of Fig. 4 are not directly involved in the graphical solu-
tion but are~the basic data for plotting Fig. 58 and 5C (see Table 3).

TABLE 3 COMPUTATION OF VALUES FOR l&g. 5B AND 5C

( WITH AI AS 1 HOUR )

ELEVATION S OUTFLOW, O- OAt

s+ OAt
STORAQE,
m 1 000 ha. m 1000 ha. m/h - 2 2-
L

I 000 ha. m 1 000 ha. m

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

240.70 I.500 0,032 0.016 1’516

242.25 2*100 0,120 0.060 2.160
243.02 2.500 0.200 0.100 2.600
243.80 3’237 0,302 o-151 3.388
245.35 5.188 O-612 0.306 -5494
246.90 7,500 0.987 0,494 7.994

16
As in the Original Standard, this Page is Intentionally Left Blank
 IS : 5477 ( Part IV ) - 1971

APPENDIX D
(Clausi A-2.2 )
ESTIMATION OF PARAMETERS OF GUMBEL’S EXTREME
VALUE DISTRIBUTION AND DETERMINATION OF PEAK
FLOW OF LONG TERM RETURN PERIOD
D-l. MAGNITUDE OF PEAK FLOW OF A GIVEN RETURN
PERIOD
D-l.1 Gumbel postulated the use of extreme value distribution
-a(%-U)
F(x)& = ae-+-u)e-e dx ... . ..(iO)
where a and u are to be evaluated from n years annual observed peak
flow values xl, x2, x3 ,............“......... .‘..........“.......) xn.
Peak floy magnitude XT of T years return period is evaluated from
XT = u - (l/a) log, loge T/( T - 1 )
-- l-
1
2.302 6
=u-- - 0.362 3 + logro log10 -T_ , ;..(ll)
u
D-2. EXAMPLE
D-2-1 A worked out example for data of Sabarmati at Dharoi ( 1935 - 52 ),
as given in Table 4 illustrates the computational procedure
( 1 ma/s ‘= 1000 l/s ).
Referring to Table 4,

mean flood =z = --g$.= L$? = 98.352 g ... . ..( 12)

Standard deviation s is given by
2x8 - (Z X)”
$= 2‘ (x-ZJB n
... . ..( 13)
n-l
= 256 002 - 164446.11;6- L 5 ,22.242 650

:. s = 75.645 50Q6
Computation for ‘a’
As a first approximation to a, take

al =Fr x _+= 0.016955 ... ...(14)

Then co1 5 in Table 4 is completed. For an, as, ar, etc, of co1 6, 7 and 8
of Table 4, a step-by-step method of computing successive approximations
ak + 1 from ak is given in Table 5, which is self-explanatory. Successive
approximations are continued in Tables 4 and 5 till a negligibly small
‘value approaching 0 of hk is reached in Table 5.
.
19
fSr5477(PareIV)-1971

TABLE 4 VALUE OF c-az

( Clause D-2.1 )

YEAR PEAK ,-V e

-a,p
,-v 4
-laoa

FLOW
RATE (x)

‘:;y I

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)

1935 76 5 776 0.275 7 0.263 1 0262 4 0262 4
1936 0.950 4 0948 6 0.948 6 0.948 6
1937 ld 15 62: 0.120 1 0.1113 0.110 8 0.110 8
1938 6 241 0.262 0 0.249 7 0249 0 0.249 0
1939 2:; 51 529 0.021 3 0.018 6 0.018 4 0018 4
1940 91 8 281 0,213 7 0.202 2 0.201 6 0.201 5
1941 1 764 0.490 6 0.478 2 0.477 4 0.477 4
1942 :s 15 625 0.120 1 0.111 3 0.110 8 0.110 8
1943 193 37 249 0.037 9 0033 7 0.033 5 0033 5
1944 246 60 516 o-015 4 0.013 3 0.013 2 @013 2
1945 187 34 969 0.042 0 0.037 5 0.037 2 0.037 2
1946 2 025 0466 2 0.453 6 0.452 9 0’452 9
1947 z 3 249 0.380 5 0,367 5 0.366 7 0366 7
1948 20 0.712 4 0.703 7 0.703 3 0.703 3
1949 48 2% 0.443 2 0.430 3 0429 6 C.429 6
1951 102 10 404 0.177 4 0.166 6 0.166 1 0.166 I
1952 6 36 0.903 3 0.899 9 0,899 7 0899 7

TOTAL 1672 256 002 5.632 2 5489 1 54812 5.481 1

,Computation for ‘IO

From the steady value so reached of ak for k = 4 (in the present

case ), compute

u=

=
logslOX

64.297 104
-$
C
log10 (n)--loglo (Ze
-akzi ) 1 . ..( 15)
L

Putting these values of I( and the steady ok in ( 11 ), expected peak values

%r for T = 50; 100; 200; 500, etc, years return periods are evaluated as

~6s = 285.97; xlw = 325.63; xzoo= 365.15; ~500 = 417.30

In order to safeguard against

incidental errors of estimation arising
from small samples of 29, 30, ..‘..........
_., years observed data available the
above best estimates may be increased by I.645 SE(xr ) to warrant 95
percent dependability of the design estimates. The standard error of
.
20
 IS : 5477 (Part IV ) - 1971

estimation $E( XT ) is given by

SE( XT ) = a :-;;-[I + -$-{ l-O.577216

--log, loger/(z--1) ... . ..(16)

1
= ___ 1 + 0.607 927 1
a&- [

-log,logeT/(2--1) ... . ..(17)

Thus
x60-= 2 859 700 l/s ( = 2 859.7 ma/s) + 797.3 ms/s
x100 = 3 256 300 ,, ( = 3 256.3 ma/s) + 916.1 ma/s
xzoo = 3 651 500 ,, ( = 3 651.5 ms/s) + 1035.7 ms/s
xsoo = 4 173 000 ,, ( = 4 173.0 ma/s) + 1 194.6 ma/s

Values of A = --log, loge T/( T- 1 ) for the most commonly used

values of T like 20, 50, 100, 200,50@,.and 1000 years are reproduced below
for convenience of users:
l-=20 50 100 200 500 1000
A ~2-9702 3.9020, 4.6002 5.2958 6.2137 6.9073
D-2.2 It is advisable to procure always at least 20-25 years observed records
and not to compute estimates for return periods longer than about 20n or
2% years.
D-2.3 The steps remain very much the same irrespective of the value of n,
the number of years. Though the computational steps by successive
approximation method appear very arduous, their schematically outlined
procedure as in D-2.1, even with recorded data of around 50 years should
not take a person equipped with an ordinary calculating machine and a
book of logarithm tables more than 6-7 hours. With electronic fast
computers the stabilized expression can be secured in two to three minutes
for which programme is given in D-3. L
D-2.4 The calculation of a 500 years ’ flood, for example does not tell when
the flood is coming; it might occur in any year within that period or not
until 500 years have elapsed.

D-2.5 The choice of a suitable return period on which to base the ‘design
flood’ is the engineer’s responsibility, and rests ultimately on his judgement
and experience. The size and cost of the dam, the design freeboard, the
amount of water stored, and the likely consequences of failure are factors
which influence the selection.

21
 TAlriLE 5 FOR VALUES OF @k + I &?koht #k

( Clause D-2.1 )

STEP QVANRTY k=l k-2 k=3 k=4

0.016 955 0.017 565 0.017 602 0.017 602 58 b

0.007 363 0’007 628 0+07 644 0*007 645 2

58.979 6 56.931 4 56.811 7 56.809 9

3 478.593 2 3 241.184 3 3 227.569 3 3 227.364 7

39.373 3 41.421 5 41.541 2 41.543 0

6 5.632 2 5489 1 54812 54811

- =tic
7 z Xi6 240.075 2 228.368 4 227.711 1 227.702 0

- wd
8 z 2‘8 19 898.861 8 18 563.741 2 18 488.027 9 18 487.199 8

9 f (0,) = (7) - (5) (6) 18.316 900 lflOl644 oa15 475 Of@0 663

10 f’ bk) = (8) + (5) (7) -30 038++15 -26 895.564 3 -26 719588 4 -26 717.284 3
- (4) (6)

11 0.000 610 omo 037 Of)00 000 58 0.000 000 02

12 01:+ , = ok + hk 0.017 565 0.017 602 0.017 602 58 0.176 026 0

I

c
 IS : 5477 (Part IV) - 1971

D-3. COMPUTER PROGRAMME FOR PEAK FLOOD ESTIMA-

TION BY MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD METHOD

FIRST DATA CARD IS NO. OF OBSERVATION 4COLS, NAMES OF RIVER,

SITE, UNIT OF OBSERVATION 8COLS EACH FOLLOWED BY DATA CARDS
4COLS EACH OBSERVATION.
~;~E~;ION X( 100 ), EX( 100 )

SQS&O.
READ 2, N, RVR, SITE, UNIT
2 FORMAT ( 14,3A8)
READ3, ( X (I), I=l, N )
3 FORMAT (20F4.2)
D05I=I,N
SUM=SUM+X(I)
5 ;QS$M=SQSUM+X(I)**2

SQSUM=(SQSUM-SUM*SUM/B)/(B-1.)
SUM=SUM/B
T=3.141592654
&%;/SQRTF(6.*SQSUM)

DO i.j=l, 20
SIG=O.
XSIG=O.
XZSIG=O.
A=A-H
-tiO-8 I=l, N
EX( I ) =EXPF(-A*X(I))
SIG=SIG+EX(I)
XSIG = XSIG + X( I )*EXf I 1
XZSIG = X2SIG + Xc’1 )*X( f)*EX( I )
FA = XSlG - ( SUM - 1./A )*SIG
FH = ( SUM - 1,/A )fXSIG - XZSIG - SIG/A**2
H = FA/FH
IF(ABSF(H)- l.E - 06 ) 30, 30, 1
CONTINUE
30 ;I: T ;A/( T**2 )

U= T*LoGF( B/sxG )
X20 = U + T*2.970186
X50 = U + T*3.901953
xl00 = U‘+ T*4.600150
X2nO = U + T*5.295775
X500 = U + T*6.213675
t’ c l./( A*SQRTF (B ) )
SEX20 = P*SQRTF ( 1. + PIE*( 0.422784 + 2.970186)**2 )
SEX50 = P*SQRTF ( 1. + PIE*( 0.422784 + 3.901953 )**2 )
SEX100 = P*SQRTF ( 1. + PIE*( 0.422784 + 4.600150)**2)
SEX200 = P*SQRTF ( 1. + PIE*( 0.422784 + 5.295775 )**2 )
SEX500 = P*SQRTF ( 1. + PIE*( 0.422784 + 6.213675 )**2 )
PRINT 310, UNIT, RVR, SITE

23
 IS:%77 (Part IV)-1971

310 FORMAT(IH1/////30X 43HEXPECTEDVALUES WITH VARIOUS RETURN Pm101

1 46X, IH*, A8, 4X, lH*//4OX, A8,3X,2HAT,A8)
PRlNT
_ _--_. _ !-4W
__I

309 FORMAT( //29X. 8H20 YEARS, 12X, 8H50 YEARS, 11X, 9HlOO YEARS, IIX, 9H2(
1 EARS, 11X, 9H500 YEARS)
PRINT 311, X20, X50, X100, X200, X500
311 FORMAT( 8X. SHESTIMATE -, 5 ( 4X. F16.9 ) )
PRINT 312, SEXBO, SEX50, SEXlOO, SEX200. SEX500
312 FORMAT( /9X, 8HSTD ERR =, 5 ( 4-X, F16.9 ) )
STOP
END

24