Electronic Devices and Circuits

(EL-324)
LABORATORY MANUAL
FALL 2016

(LAB# 04)
Design and Analysis of Diode Circuits
Engr. Muhammad Sajjad

Student Name: ___________________________

Roll No: _____________ Section: ___________

Date performed: _____________________, 2016

Manual Submission Date: ______________, 2016

_______________________________
LAB ENGINEER SIGNATURE & DATE

MARKS AWARDED: /10

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF COMPUTER AND EMERGING SCIENCES, ISLAMABAD

Prepared by: Engr. Naveed Iqbal Version: 2.10

Last Edited by: Engr. Muhammad Sajjad Updated: Fall 2016
Verified by: Dr. Durdana Habib
 Electronic Devices National University Roll No: __________

Lab #
& Circuits
(EL-324)
of Computer and Emerging Sciences
Islamabad Fall 2016
04
_________________________________________________________________________________

LAB: 04 Design and Analysis of Diode Circuits

Objectives:
 To design and analyze practial diode circuits
 To analyze Theoritical and Practical results of diode circuits.

Equipment required:
 DC power supply (variable)
 Multi-meter (DMM)
 Resistor 1kohm
 IN 9001 (diode)
 Bread Board

Theory:

Reverse Bias:
When the positive terminal of the battery is connected to the n-side and negative terminal is connected to the p-
side, then the diode is in reverse bias. In this condition the diode does not conduct and there is no current due to
majority carriers, because the depletion layer widens with the reverse bias. The positive ions in the n-side is
repel by the positive terminal and the negative ions in the P-side are repel by the negative terminal of the
battery, so the depletion region widens.
In reverse bias, there is reverse saturation current due to the minority carriers which is very
small. The minority carriers that found themselves in the depletion region passes it and thus a small reverse
saturation current denoted by ‘Is’ flows in the reverse direction.

Forward Bias:
When the positive terminal of the battery is connected to the P-side and the negative terminal is connected to the
N-side of the diode, then the diode is in the forward bias. In forward bias the diode does not conduct until the
breakdown occurs. At a certain voltage the majority carriers get sufficient energy to pass the junction. This
voltage is called breakdown voltage and if the applied voltage is increased beyond the voltage, a large current
flows through the diode. In the reverse bias the breakdown occurs at high voltages.
The diode is a device formed from a junction of n-type and p-type semiconductor material. The I-V
characteristic curve of diode is shown below.

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Islamabad Fall 2016
04
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Fig-4.2: Characteristic Curve of PN-junction diode

The lead connected to the p-type material is called anode and the lead connected to n-type material is called
cathode. In general, the cathode of a diode is marked by a solid line on diode.

Fig-4.3: Leads Indication of diode

When analyzing circuits, the real diode is usually replaced with a simple model. In the simplest form, the diode
is modeled by a switch (shown in figure).the switch is closed when the diode is forward biased and open when
the diode is reversed biased.

Diode as Rectifier:

When an AC signal is applied at the input of a diode Rectifier circuit. During positive half of the cycle
of AC signal, diode will be forward biased and allow the current to pass. Thus the output voltage will
be almost equal to input voltage when diode is forward biased, as show in the circuit below.

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Islamabad Fall 2016
04
_________________________________________________________________________________

Fig-4.4: Diode Rectifier Circuit

Fig-4.5: AC signal at the Input of Diode Rectifier Circuit

Fig-4.6: Diode behaving Short during Positive Half

Fig-4.7: Output wave

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Islamabad Fall 2016
04
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During negative half of cycle diode will be reversed biased and will not allow current to flow and
hence output voltages will be zero. This can be seen below.

Fig-4.8: Diode behaving open circuit during negative half.

Diode as Logic Gates:

Diodes with resistor can be implemented as digital logic functions. Fig 4.9 shows an OR logic gate
circuit.

Fig-4.9: Diode logic OR gate.

Consider a positive logic system in which voltage closed to zero will be logic 0 and voltage close to 5
will be logic 1. In the circuit above there are three input volatge. If we apply volatge of 5V at one of
three input of three diode. Only diode with 5V at input will be forward biased and remaing two will
be reversed biased and hence output will have 5V. Ouput will be zero only when all input will be
zero. Hence this represent OR gate with equation given below.
Y= A + B + C

Fig-4.10: Diode logic AND gate.

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Islamabad Fall 2016
04
_________________________________________________________________________________

In Fig 4.10, if any of the voltage at the input of diodes is zero output will be zero, this is because the
diode will be forward biased and will connect the output directly to ground. The ouput will have value
equal to 5V only when all the inputs are connected to 5V. This will reversed biased the diode and we
will have voltage at the ouput through resistor.
Therefore this circuit represent AND logic gate with equation given below.
Y= A. B. C

Testing a diode:
An ohmmeter may be used to qualitatively check diode function. There should be low
resistance when diode is forward bised and very high resistance measured when diode is
reversed bised as shown in Fig 4.9.

Figure 4.11: Determination of diode polarity:

(a) Low resistance indicates forward bias
(b) Reversing leads shows high resistance indicating reverse bias.

Precautions:
 Do not use current meter in parallel.

 Always break the circuit while measuring current.

 Do not use volt meter in series.

 Before applying to the circuit measured the voltages of source.

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Lab #
& Circuits
(EL-324)
of Computer and Emerging Sciences
Islamabad Fall 2016
04
_________________________________________________________________________________

LAB TASKS
Task 1:

Implement the circuit given below.

If Vs= 24Vp amplitude and Vin=12V show the graph on Oscilloscope:

Find the angle α during which diode will be conducting using formula given below:

24 Cos α = 12
Also measure the peak value of current that is passing through diode and reverse volatges
that appear across diode

Vin Angle α Reverse Voltage across diode Current through diode

(V) (V) (mA)

0V
5V
10V
12V
15V
20V
24V

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Islamabad Fall 2016
04
_________________________________________________________________________________

Task 2:
Let assume that you are working in an organization where manager asked you to find out which of the
diodes in the circuit below is Forward biaed and which one is Reversed biased.
Hint: first perform calcultions and then hardware.

i. .

Calculations:
a. R2= 10K R1=5k

Practical Results:
With Diode Diodes Status (ON, OFF)
V (V) I (mA) ID2 (mA) D1 D2
Calculted Values
Measured Values

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Lab #
& Circuits
(EL-324)
of Computer and Emerging Sciences
Islamabad Fall 2016
04
_________________________________________________________________________________

b. R2= 5K R1=10k

Practical Results:
With Diode Diodes Status (ON, OFF)
V (V) I (mA) ID2 (mA) D1 D2
Calculted Values
Measured Values

Task 3:
a. Suppose you were ask to limit the current in the circuit below so that It would not
damage the diode. If the maximum circuit that diode will allow
to pass is 0.93mA then how will you select the R?
Calculations:

Practical Results:
With Diode
V (V) I (mA) R (Kohm)
Calculted Values
Measured Values

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 Electronic Devices National University Roll No: __________

Lab #
& Circuits
(EL-324)
of Computer and Emerging Sciences
Islamabad Fall 2016
04
_________________________________________________________________________________

b. Now if you have to limit the current to 0.10mA in the circuit below. Is it possible
to do that. If not, why?

Calculations:

Practical Results:
With Diode
V (V) I (mA) R (Kohm)
Calculted Values
Measured Values

c. Now limit the current to 0.10mA in the circuit below for the protection of Diode.

Practical Results:
With Diode
V (V) I (mA) R (Kohm)
Calculted Values
Measured Values

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 Electronic Devices National University Roll No: __________

Lab #
& Circuits
(EL-324)
of Computer and Emerging Sciences
Islamabad Fall 2016
04
_________________________________________________________________________________

Task 4:
Lets connect three diodes in parallel combinations as shown below and apply three
different volatges. First how they will behave, how many of these diode will be in
forward biased conditions. Show your observations and then prove them with practical
results.
(a) Observations:

Practical Results:
Vin Output
(V)
Vin V (V) I (mA)
(V)

(b) Observations:

Practical Results:
Vin Output
(V)
Vin V (V) I (mA)
(V)

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 Electronic Devices National University Roll No: __________

Lab #
& Circuits
(EL-324)
of Computer and Emerging Sciences
Islamabad Fall 2016
04
_________________________________________________________________________________

Student's feedback: Purpose of feedback is to know the strengths and weaknesses of the
system for future improvements. This feedback is for the 'current lab session'. Circle your
choice:

[-3 = Extremely Poor, -2 = Very Poor, -1 = Poor, 0 = Average, 1 = Good, 2 = Very Good, 3 =
Excellent]:
The following table should describe your experience with:
S# Field Rating Describe your experience in words
1 Overall Session -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
2 Lab Instructor -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
3 Lab Staff -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
4 Equipment -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
5 Atmosphere -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

Any other valuable feedback:

__________________________________________________________________________
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Student's Signature: _________________________________

AWARDED

Correctness

Conclusion
Originality
of results

Initiative
Neatness
MARKS

Attitude

TOTAL

TOTAL 10 10 10 20 20 30 100

EARNED

Lab Instructor's
Comments:_________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
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Lab Instructor's Signature: ________________________

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