“YEAR OF THE DIALOGUE AND THE NATIONAL RECONCILIATION”

NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SAN MARTÍN

FACULTY OF EDUCATION AND

HUMANITIES

TEACHER : Dr. Jenny Valera Gálvez.

SUBJECT : General Linguistics II.

STUDENTS : Avalos Lolo, Jhosseanie Abigail.

: Díaz Vera, José Willian.

: Villacorta De La Cruz, María Raquel.

SUBJECT : General Linguistics II.

TOPIC : Dialects And Standards.

CYCLE :V

TARAPOTO -PERU -2018

 I. INTRODUCTION

To introduce this topic, nothing better than a Saussure quote that says: "The language
only knows dialects, none of which is imposed on others. But as civilization, as it
develops, multiplies communications, one of the existing dialects is chosen to make it
the vehicle of everything that interests the nation as a whole. "

There is no language that has a total homogeneity in terms of the forms that are spoken.
Everyone speaks a variety of that language. We call the language what these varieties
have in common, but that is an abstraction and nobody speaks abstractions. The dialect
is much more concrete than the language, and although in a way it is also an abstraction,
it is much closer to the real use of what languages are. We will never find that standard
language that we have learned in textbooks and that only the teacher speaks in class,
because that language is not real.

To establish a standard language, different elements of different dialects are collected to

not privilege any of them. This language, when used by communities of different
dialects, will be made in turn in different varieties. Variety is inseparable from human
languages and its very essence is in that variety. Only artificial languages or dead
languages escape such variety, because they are not adopted as the usual means of
communication.

There are three language levels: the superstandard level, standard level and substandard
level. But in this report we will talk about the standard level.
II. DIALECTS AND STANDARS.

II.1. DIALECTS:
II.1.1. CONCEPT. Dialect is each of the specific ways of speaking a language
that are distinguished in their speech, Variety of a language spoken in a given
territory.
II.1.2. TYPES OF DIALECTS.
1) Geographical: They are the variations of the same language in the different
populations that speak it, as a consequence of the passage of time and
geographical separation.
2) Social: They are the variations of a same language that take place between the
different strata, social classes, professions or social and cultural circuits.
II.1.3. A Northern American might say, “Hello.”
• A Southern American might say, “Howdy.”

II.1.4. EXAMPLES OF DIALECT

PIURA SAN MARTÍN IQUIT

OS

Bodoque Marciano Curich

i

MEXICO PERÚ CHIL

E

Chavo Niño Chivo

II.2. STANDARDS:

II.2.1. CONCEPT:

A standard language is a particular dialect of a language that has received a legal or

quasi-legal status in some jurisdiction, where it is considered the "most correct"
language. It is the version whose orthographic and grammatical norms follow the
majority of the texts written in that language, and the one that is taught to those
who learn it as a foreign language.

It is the form used in formal education and the most widely used by the media. In
many cases, although not always, the standard form can be a language planned
from the diasystem of a language, in order to obtain a unitary language model for
teaching, official uses and written and formal uses, which In turn, it allows the
political and social cohesion of the territory where it is official.

 A standard language is a type of functional language that:

• It has orthographic, syntactic, and lexical rules set by the community of
speakers, especially the educated.
• It is the variety cultivated in literature, in essays, in books in the media and
in the media.
• It is the language of the Administration and the school.

 You have to differentiate the standard written language from the oral one:
• Writing is much more fixed than oral.
• Oral expression in the language of the use of people with higher education.

II.2.2. CHARACTERISTICS OF STANDARDS:

 A dictionary that unifies a standardized vocabulary and spelling.

 A recognized grammar that registers the forms, rules and structures of the
language and that recommends certain forms and punishes others.
 A standard pronunciation system, which is considered as "educated" or
"adequate" by speakers and which is considered free of regional markers.
 An institution that promotes the use of the language and that has some
authority, formal or informal, in the definition of its rules of use, such as the
Royal Spanish Academy.
 A statute or constitution that gives an official status in the legal system of a
country.
 The use of language in public life, for example in the judiciary and the
legislative branch.
 The school teaching of standardized spelling and grammar.
 A writing system that fixes the orthographic conventions that will be used to
write the language and fix common and stable forms.
 The translation into the language of sacred texts, such as the Bible.

II.2.3. EXAMPLE OF STANDARD LANGUAGE:

SUBSTANDARD OR STANDARD OR
VULGAR LANGUAGE COLLOQUIAL
LANGUAGE
Ponte las pilas Ponte en acción
Ni papa Ni un poco
Tira pallá Ce para allá
Me duele la barriga Me duele el estómago
III. THE LEVELS OF THE LANGUAGE:

III.1. Substandard level

At this level of the language there are two sub levels that are ways of speaking in
which there is no interest in the correct use of words.

Popular language:

The popular language is usually used by normal people who communicate about
issues of daily life. It is estimated that it includes some 2,000 commonly used
words and another 5,000 that are hardly used but understood. It is characterized by:

• Abundance of adjectives.
• Emphasize imprecise amounts (many) or exaggerations (make more heat
than in an oven).
• Use of metaphors (last night he fell exhausted).
• Abundance of incomplete sentences (if you knew ...).
• Frequent use of sayings and proverbs.
• The appellative function of language predominates.

Vulgar language

It is the language used by people of a low level of education or with a scarce

vocabulary. For this reason, gestures are used to complement the meaning of the
message.

It is a kind of language that does not adapt to situations. It is very common in the
jargons, or type of languages circumscribed to certain professions, trades, sports,
etc.

It is characterized by:

• Disconnection of the communicational situation.

• Abuse of local or regional expressions.
• Use of short sentences.
• Abuse of crutches.
• Use of incorrect or incomplete words.
• Investment of personal pronouns.
• Use of obscenities to describe most situations.
• Absence of a logical order.
• Use of vulgarisms and barbarisms.

III.2. Standard level:

When speaking of the standard level, we speak of a dialect that is used in a specific
territory. A way of speaking and writing is conceived as correct, and other ways of
doing it are rejected. It is a common language to many individuals, but with specific
orthographic rules.

Colloquial level:

It is a level of language that is used in environments of utmost confidence for the

speaker as in their family environment, community or close friendships. It is the
level most spoken by people in the world, regardless of their language. In the
colloquial language the phonetics are relaxed and the syntax is less careful.

It is characterized by:

• It is commonly and regularly used in the daily life of most people.

• It is spontaneous.
• It admits some inaccuracies.
• It is full of affective, sensitive and expressive expressions.
• Includes interjections and phrases.
• Use of repetitions.
• Use of diminutive, augmentative and derogatory.
• Admits improvisations
•
III.3. Super-standard level

It is a level that is not common for many speakers. The cult, technical and
scientific languages are subdivided:

Cult level

The cultured level of the language is one with a lot of attachment to the
grammatical and phonetic norms of a language.

It is normally spoken by the most educated people in society or in situations of

such a formal nature that it does not admit mistakes, such as a master class or a
lecture, for example.

This language gives cohesion and unity to a language. It is normal to find this
type of language in scientific, humanistic exhibitions and in literary works.

It is characterized by:

• Wealth of vocabulary.
• Accuracy.
• Clear diction and moderate intonation.
• Logical order of ideas.
• Adequate and precise verbal times.
• Abundance of cultisms (words in Greek or Latin).
• Pronunciation is taken care of in oral language.
• The syntax and grammar are impeccable.
 Scientific-technical level

It is a language used to speak or write in a specific field of science or culture. It

responds to the demands of each scientific discipline and its use is a convention.
His traits are defined by use and are based on the lexicon.

It is also characterized by:

• To be objective.
• To be precise.
• Have a logical order.
• Appeal to the language's referential function.
• Own a symbol system of its own.
• Use of Hellenisms, anglicisms and acronyms.

IV. LIKENESS BETWEEN STANDARD LANGUAGE AND DIALECT.

 Both the Standard language and the dialect come from another language from
which they were breaking down with time: Castilian, Asturian, Galician,
Catalan, French .... all come from Latin ... And the same Latin comes from Indo-
European.
 Both form a linguistic system that serves the mutual understanding of their
respective speakers: the speakers of a language are understood as well as those
of a dialect among themselves.
 The two can have very notable differences between the standard standard (or the
most generalized) and their respective internal and local varieties.
 Both function as linguistic systems of communication, so that they should not
submit to the opinions of politicians and economic interests.
 Both have prestige, when they speak in their respective communities: no one
would be ashamed of their language, if others from outside do not despise it. (for
example, English is the current standard language in the world).
 V. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN STANDARD LANGUAGE AND DIALECT.

DIFFERENCES
SATANDARD LANGUAGE DIALECT
 It is a recognized language among all  Language that is so recognized
to facilitate communication between worldwide only in specific places.
countries.
 Usually it is not taught, it is only
 It is taught as a foreign language for transmitted orally by relatives or
the relationship of nations. people who know the language.

 On the other hand, it is considered

 It is considered a standard language a dialect of a language, when the
when the differences are so great that modality is not so different so that
the speakers no longer understand the speakers do not understand each
each other and decide to choose a other (Andalusian, murcino ...):
language for all countries. (Spanish, horse / cabayo.
French ...):
 On the other hand, it is considered
 It is considered standard language, dialect, when it only has a rural,
when it has a rich lexicon, and familiar, colloquial, vulgar lexicon.
scientific, technical terminologies.
 Instead, it is considered dialect,
 It is considered standard language, which has few speakers (a few
which has a large number of speakers hundred, few thousands).
(thousands, millions ...)
 Instead, it is considered dialect,
 It has a standard normative variety for when it only has the regional, local
cult, technical use. It has variety, for all uses and situations.
constitutional statutes. It lacks official Statutes.

 Instead, it is considered dialect,

 It is considered a language, which when they are not officially
enjoys official recognition by the recognized by the political
countries in general. institutions (it is not used in the
Administrations).
 It is considered standard language,
when speakers have prestige, and  On the other hand, it is considered
other languages value it as such in dialect, when even the speakers
agreement of different countries to themselves have it to discredit, they
improve relations, trade, etc. are ashamed of it .
VI. CONCLUSIONS:

The language considered as the ideal model that all speakers of a language must
know and know how to use.

We all speak a dialect of a language. However, for reasons that have nothing to do
with the linguistic, but rather with the speakers, their prejudices and attitudes, there
are more valued or prestigious dialects than others. This is due to the historical,
political, cultural and social importance of the region where they settle, as well as
their inhabitants.

Standardization is not and can not be never a competitionIt is possible that there is
one more dialect prestigious than others, but that, for different reasons, provoke
suspicions among other speakers.

The standard language and the dialect are very different but at the same time they
have a lot of connection, therefore it is important to know the meaning of each of
them and avoid confusión.

BIBLIOGRAPHY:

 http://linguisticados.blogspot.com/2010/12/lengua-estandar-vs-dialecto-o-
variedad.html

 http://www.xuliocs.com/Esquisa/lengdialect.htm

 https://www.lifeder.com/niveles-lengua/

 https://ejemplos.yavendras.com/lenguaje-comun/

 https://www.lifeder.com/niveles-lengua/

 https://www.ehu.eus/documents/3120344/3356416/EstandarizacionDeLaLen
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 http://linguisticados.blogspot.com/2010/12/lengua-estandar-vs-dialecto-o-
variedad.html

 https://ifc.dpz.es/recursos/publicaciones/26/50/072gimeno.pdf

 https://www.xuletas.es/ficha/diferencias-semejanzas-lenguaje-coloquial-
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 https://www.lifeder.com/niveles-lengua/