DEVELOPMENT

Learning objectives;
i) Define the terms;
- Development
- MEDCS and LEDCS
ii) Outline the main characteristics and
distribution of MEDCS and LEDCS.
iii) Explain the meaning of the term North-South
divide.
 Cont.

➢Development: An improvement in the quality

of life, Development measures how
economically, socially, culturally or
technologically advanced a country is.
➢Studying development is about measuring
how developed one country is compared to
other countries ( MEDC and LEDC).
 Cont.
MEDC: More Economically Developing Country.
Examples; (UK , USA, FRANCE, GERMANY,
JAPAN) etc.
LEDC: Less Economically Developing Country.
Examples; (BRAZIL, CHILE, INDIA ,
BANGLADESH, ZIMBABWE ) etc.
 Characteristics of MEDCS and LEDCS

MEDCS LEDCS

✓ Better economy ✓ Worse economy

✓ Lower birth rates ✓ Poverty
✓ Better transport ✓ High birth rate
✓ Better health services ✓ Poor health services
✓ Better working conditions ✓ Poor transport
✓ Export and import a lot ✓ Poor education and housing
 Cont.
A school in Guinea A classroom in the UK
Distribution of MEDCS and LEDCS
 North-South divide(Rich-Poor Divide)

The North-South Divide (or Rich-Poor Divide) is the

socio-economic and political division that exists
between the wealthy developed countries, known
collectively as “the North,” and the poorer
developing countries (least developed countries), or
“the South.” Although most nations comprising the
“North” are in fact located in the Northern
Hemisphere, the divide is not primarily defined by
geography.
 Cont.

As nations become economically developed,

they may become part of the “North,” regardless
of geographical location, while any other nations
which do not qualify for “developed” status are
in effect deemed to be part of the “South.”
 Learning objectives
i) Define the term indicator and Development
indicator.
ii) Mention the main types of indicators of
development.
iii) Explain how indicators are used to assess the
level of development of a country.
 Cont.
Indicator: Are things that show the level of
something.
Development indicators: Are things used to
compare/measure the development of one
region/country against another.
Therefore the development indicators are;
a) Economic indicators and
b) Social indicators.
 Economic indicators include;
✓Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is the total
value of goods and services produced by a
country in a year.
✓Gross National Income(GNI)/Gross National
product(GNP) is the total income of a
country, including earnings from foreign
investments.
✓GNP per capita (Per capita means per person.)
is a country's GNI/GNP divided by its population.
 Social indicators include;
✓Life expectancy: The average age to which a
person lives.
✓Infant mortality rate: The number of babies,
per 1000 live births, who die under the age of
one.
✓Literacy rate: The percentage of adults who
can read and write.
✓The percentage of people living below US$1
per day.
 Social indicators
✓ The percentage of the population with access to
clean water and sanitation.
✓ The average number of people per doctor.
✓ The percentage of children and young people
who attend primary school, secondary school
and higher education.
✓ The percentage of the population who have
possessions such as mobile phones, television
and internet.
 Learning objectives
i) Define the term; Human Development index
(HDI).
ii) Outline the major components of HDI.
iii) Explain the way on how HDI is used to
measure development.
iv) Explain the inequalities between the
countries and within the countries.
v) Define the terms; Core and Periphery
 Human development index (HDI)
➢The Human Development Index (HDI) was
created by United Nations Development
Programme in1990.
➢It uses a number of development indicators
to give each country in the world a score on
an index from 0 to 1.
➢Countries with a score close to 1 are the most
developed while those with lowest score are
the least developed.
Components of the HDI
Global variation in HDI
HDI Rankings of 20 selected countries
in 2013
 Cont.
HDI classifies the countries of the world into
four broad band;
i. VERY HIGH
ii. HIGH
iii. MEDIUM and
iv. LOW human development
By combining indicators of life expectancy,
education and income.
 INEQUALITIES BETWEEN COUNTRIES.
D.R CONGO NORWAY
Location CENTRAL AFRICA NORTHEN EUROPE
Population Over 75 million Over 5 million
Least developed country in the world Most developed country

Has great variety of natural resources Advanced economy

( Economic and commercial development

Much of its population live in extreme Has varieties of manufacturing industries

poverty and High unemployment and commercial organisations

Civil wars , long brutal dictatorship

(since 1994 over 5.4 million died due
to armed conflicts)

Most Congolese are unable to afford

even one meal per day

Lack of health care , medicines, beds

Table
 INEQUALITIES WITHIN COUNTRIES

➢Inequalities within the country depends on

the location of the area, the core area develop
more than Periphery area.
➢Core area are usually urban areas especially
the capital city.
➢Periphery area are usually rural areas.
 CORE PERIPHERY

Urban areas Rural areas

Greater growth, investment and inward Suffer from lack of investment

migration

Good transport links (International Airports, Become less important

roads and railways)

Best education ( Universities)

Health care facilities( major hospitals)

Core and Periphery
 Learning objectives

i) Explain the sectors of production and mention

examples of job in each sector.
ii) Define the term employment and employment
structure.
iii) Explain the variation of employment in each
sector according to the level of development.
iv) Use a Triangular graph to show variation in
employment.
 SECTORS OF PRODUCTION

Sectors of production are;

i) Primary sector
ii) Secondary sector
iii) Tertiary sector and
iv) Quaternary sector.
 Cont.
i) PRIMARY SECTOR.
➢ This is the part of the country’s economy that
grows or extracts raw materials.
It includes; Fishing, Agriculture, Forestry and
Mining.
ii) SECONDARY SECTOR.
➢ This is the part of a country’s economy that is
concerned with the manufacturing and
processing of goods.
Example manufacturing of car
 Cont.

iii) TERTIARY SECTOR.

➢This is the part of a country’s economy that
provides services.
Examples; Schools, Hospitals , etc.
 Cont.

iv) QUATERNARY SECTOR.

➢This is the part of the country’s economy that
provides information services.
Examples; Computing, information and
communication technologies (ICT),
Consultancy(Offering advice to business)
Research and development and Financial
services.
 EMPLOYMENT STRUCTURE;
Employment ;
Refers to the fact of someone being paid to work
for a company or organization.
Employment structure ;
Means how the workforce is divided up
between the three main employment sectors -
primary, secondary and tertiary. Employment
structures change over time.
 Variation of employment according
to level of development
➢ Countries in the early stage of development
usually have a high percentage of the population
in primary employment. This is because most
people are engaged in agricultural activities.
➢ As a country begins to develop an industrial base
(NIC ; Newly Industrialised Country),there is an
increase in the secondary sector. An increase in
machinery on farms means fewer people are
needed. People tend to migrate to urban areas to
get jobs in factories.
 Cont.

➢When a country becomes more economically

developed there is a greater demand for
services such as education, health care and
tourism. Therefore the tertiary sector
undergoes growth. By this time computers,
machinery and robots replace people in the
secondary sector hence the decrease in
secondary jobs
.
Employment structure changes over
time
Triangular graph showing employment
structure of Tunisia
 Learning objectives
i) Define the term Globalisation.
ii) Explain the reasons/causes of globalisation.
iii) Explain the impacts( positive and negative
impacts) of globalisation.
iv) Define the term Transnational corporations
(TNCs).
v)Explain why TNCs locate in LEDCs.
 GLOBALISATION
Globalisation:
➢ Is the process by which the world is becoming
increasingly interconnected as a result of
massively increased trade, politics and cultural
exchange.
➢ Globalisation has increased the production of
goods and services. The biggest companies are no
longer national firms but Transnational
corporations (TNC) or multinational corporations
with subsidiaries in many countries.
 Causes/Reasons for globalisation

✓Freedom of trade.
✓Improvement in transport.
✓Quick communications.
✓Labour availability and skills.
✓Growth of transnational corporations (TNCs).
 Impacts of globalisation
Positive impacts of globalization:
✓ TNCs helps countries; provide new jobs & skills
for local people
✓ TNCs bring money and foreign currency to local
economies
✓ Allows for sharing of ideas, experiences and
lifestyles of people
and cultures
✓ Increases awareness of events in far-away parts
of the world
 Negative impacts of globalization

✓ Globalisation operates mostly in interests of

richest countries.
✓ Profits are sent back to the MEDC where the TNC
is based.
✓ TNCS, with massive economies of scale, may
drive local companies out of business.
✓ If cheaper in another country, TNC might close
down factory making locals redundant.
 Cont.

✓ Absence of laws may allow TNCs to operate in

LEDCs in ways not allowed in MEDCs
✓ Threat to the world's cultural diversity, such
as the traditions and languages.

(TNCs means Transnational corporations)