Embryology 2020

Embryology
We reach the Embryology sciences from aborted fetus and modern imaging technique
Week 1
- Fertilization, which is the major event in week 1, represents is the union of

sperm and the ovum to produce the zygote.
o zygote will undergo divisions until it is ready to begin the implantation
process (in the wall of the uterus).
o site of fertilization is in the ampulla of fallopian tube
- Gametogenesis (formation of germ cells)
o The sperm and oocytes called gametes, or germ cells. Each of these cells
contains half the number of chromosomes (23).
o number of chromosomes is reduced by meiosis during gametogenesis
(spermatogenesis in males, oogenesis in female )
o We need meiosis for two reasons: a) to reduce the number of
chromosomes (haploid). b) Genetic variability (crossing over).
The Testes
- Composed of long tubules (60cm). The testes have 350 lobules and
each lobule have 2-3 tubules.
o Seminiferous tubule: are the site of the germination, maturation,
and transportation of the sperm cells within the male testes
o as you move from base of tune to lumen the cell will be

more mature as you will see below
o sertoli cells (supportive cells) form cavities to protect the
spermatocytes
Spermatogenesis
1) spermatogonium(stem cells)give us the primary spermatocyte.

2) Meiosis 1 (to reduce numb of chromosomes) resulting in (1n)
cells.
a. primary spermatocyte will enter meiosis 1. The result is two secondary
spermatocytes each with the half number of chromosomes (1n) and 2
coppy (DNA).
3) Meiosis 2 resembles mitosis but differs in that it will not go through the s phase
(duplication of the DNA) so it results in half the amount of DNA (1coppy).
a. secondary spermatocytes will enter meiosis 2. And the result is 4 haploid
cells (1n) and half number of DNA (1c) and they are called the
spermatids.
4) spermatids will be differentiated into motile cells (sperms) by a process called
Spermiogenesisà spermatids begin to form a tail by growing microtubules on one of
the centrioles, which turns into basal body.
Spermatogenesis takes 74 days and including transport on ductal system takes 3 months.
Located in Seminiferous tubules and Epididymis for maturation and storage until ejaculation, it
starts at puberty and continues at a high age.
Oogenesis
- Oogenesis Begins in the Fetal period, oogonia increase the number of oogonia to be 5
million at 5 months fetal life, then apoptosis happen (cell death) and 2 million oogonia
left alive at birth, At puberty the number is reduced to 40 thousand oogonia
- oogonuim (stem cells ) give us primary oocyte
- The primary oocyte duplicated its DNA enter meiosis 1 and stop at prophase until
puberty and give rise to secondary oocyteshortly before ovulation
- The secondary oocyte will enter meiosis 2 and stop at metaphase until fertilization
happen then give rise to the ovum.
- the ovum and the sperm will fuse togather to give the zygote
- layer of oocytes
notes
- In spermatogenesis we produce 4 sperm cells from each spermatogonium.

- In oogenesis we produce only one ovum from each oogonium in addition to 3 polar
cells.
- Oocytes in the uterine tube must be fertilized within 12 hours of ovulation. Most sperms
probably do not survive for more than 24 hours in the female genital tract. Semen and
oocytes can be stored frozen for many years to be used in assisted reproduction.
The Ovary
- have cortex and medulla arrangement

o cortex is the region which contains follicles and the most abundunt type is the
primary follicle.
o Ovulation is the release of ova from the ovaries, this event occurs when the
ovarian follicles rupture and release the secondary oocyte.
After we have fertilization, sperm and ovum fused and from zygote, now we will cont.
with the zygote
CLEAVAGE OF THE ZYGOTE
- zygote will enter mitosis directly and it will be surrounded by glycoprotein layer
called zona pellucida, which allows only one sperm to enter the ovum
- Division of the zygote begins approximately 30 hours after fertilization, repeated
mitotic divisions of the zygote, resulting in a rapid increase in the number of cells
(which called blastomeres.)and decrease in size
- When there are 12 to 32 blastomeres, the conceptus is called a morula.
- Morula enters the uterus (4 days after fertilization), uterine fluid passes through
the zona pellucida to form a fluid-filled space—the blastocystic cavity—inside
the morula and the
blastomeres are
separated into two
parts:
o The trophoblast,
the thin outer
cells that give
rise to the
embryonic part of the placenta
o The embryoblast, a discrete group of blastomeres that is the primordium
of the embryo.
- In day 6 the zona pellucida disappears. Then the trophoblast cells next to the
embryo will be able to recognize the cells of the uterus (the mucosa) and the
blastocyst will be implanted on the wall of the uterus (usually high up on the
posterior wall)
1st week ends by implanting the blastocyst to the wall of the uterus.
Week 2
- Completing the implantation: the uterus wall is composed of inner layer called
the endometrium (simple columnar epithelium and), we need to go to the CT
Because it is very special CT and their cells can develop to specific type of cells
that are specialized in nourishing and building the placenta and they are called
decidual cells.
o As the blastocyst implants, more trophoblast contacts the endometrium
and continues to differentiate into two layers:
§ 1. The cytotrophoblast, a layer of
mononucleated cells that is mitotically
active.
§ 2. Syncytiotrophoblast (INVADER), the
syncytiotrophoblast forms an external
layer without intercellular boundaries
(syncytium) and its cells form cords
infiltrating the endometrium.
syncythiothrophoblast derives from the
fusion of cytotrophoblast cells.
§ Syncythiothrophoblast go deep until reach the maternal lacuna to
establish utroplacental circulation
- Making a bilaminar embryonic disc composed of two
layers, the epiblast (columnar surround amniotic sac)
and hypoblast(cuboidal surround yolk sac) is formed
from embryoblast
- Cavities form: the amniotic cavity and primary yolk
sac.
Week 3
Gastrulation
- is the process by which the bilaminar embryonic disc is

converted into a trilaminar embryonic disc.
- process begins with the formation of the primitive streak: a
thickened linear band of epiblast and appears caudally, and
progress cranially, its cranial end proliferates to form the
primitive node
- primitive node have depression called primitive pit, this
depression will progress from cranial to caudal to form
primitive grove
- cell of epiblast migrate throw the grow to form mesoderm and
the hypoblast replaced by endoderm, what remain of epiblast
become ectoderm
- Shortly after the primitive streak appears, cells leave its deep surface and form
mesoblast, a loose network of embryonic connective tissue known as
mesenchyme that forms the supporting tissues of the embryo
- mesenchymal cells migrate cranially from the primitive node and pit, forming a
median cellular cord called the notochorde process going toward prechordal
plate
- Caudal to the primitive streak there is a circular area—the cloacal membrane—
that indicates the future site of the anus.
- Some cells from the primitive streak migrate cranially on each side of the
notochordal process and around the prechordal plate. They meet cranially to
form the cardiogenic mesoderm in the cardiogenic area, where the primordium
of the heart begins to develop at the end of the third week.
notochord is a cellular rod that
- defines the axis of the embryo and gives it some rigidity

- serves as the basis for the development of the axial skeleton (such as the bones
of the head and vertebral column)
- indicates the future site of the vertebral bodies
- vertebral column forms around the notochord, which extends from the
oropharyngeal membrane to the primitive node. The notochord degenerates
and disappears as the bodies of the vertebrae form, but parts of it persist as the
nucleus pulposus of each intervertebral disc.
Neurulation
- processes involved in the formation of the neural plate and neural folds and
closure of these folds to form the neural tube, These processes are completed by
the end of the fourth week
- As the notochord develops, it induces the embryonic ectoderm over it to thicken and
form an elongated plate of thickened neuroepithelial cells called the neural plate. The
ectoderm of the neural plate (neuroectoderm) gives rise to the central nervous system
and other structures such as the retina
- As the notochord elongates, the neural plate broadens and eventually extends
cranially as far as the oropharyngeal membrane
- Towards the end of the third week, the neural plate invaginates along its central
axis to form a median longitudinal neural groove that has neural folds on each
side.
- By the end of the third week, the neural folds have begun to move together and
fuse, converting the neural plate into a neural tube.
- The neural tube soon separates from the surface ectoderm. The free edges of
the ectoderm fuse so that this layer becomes continuous over the neural tube
and the back of the embryo. Subsequently, the surface ectoderm differentiates
into the epidermis of the skin.
- Neurulation is completed during the fourth week
- some neuroectodermal cells lying along the crest of each neural fold lose their
epithelial affinities and attachments to neighboring cells. These neural crest cells
migrate dorsolaterally on each side of the neural tube
- Neural crest cells differentiate into various cell types including the spinal ganglia
and the ganglia of the autonomic nervous system. The ganglia of cranial nerves
V, VII, IX, and X are partially derived from neural crest cells. Neural crest cells
also form the sheaths of the peripheral nerves and the pia mater and arachnoid
mater.
- As the notochord and the neural tube form, the intraembryonic mesoderm on each side
of them proliferates to form a thick, longitudinal column of paraxial mesoderm.
- Each column is continuous laterally with the intermediate mesoderm, which gradually
thins into a layer of lateral mesoderm.
- The lateral mesoderm is continuous with the
extraembryonic mesoderm that covers the
yolk sac and amnion.
- Toward the end of the third week, the
paraxial mesoderm differentiates and
begins to divide into paired cuboidal
bodies, somites, on each side of the
developing neural tube.
- Because the somites are so prominent
during the fourth and fifth weeks, they
are used as one of the criteria for
determining an embryo’s age
- The first pair of somites appears at the
end of the third week near the cranial end of the notochord. Subsequent pairs
form in a craniocaudal sequence.
- Somites give rise to most of the axial skeleton and the associated musculature,
as well as to the adjacent dermis of the skin

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Embryology

- Fertilization, which is the major event in week 1, represents is the union of

o as you move from base of tune to lumen the cell will be

1) spermatogonium(stem cells)give us the primary spermatocyte.

- In spermatogenesis we produce 4 sperm cells from each spermatogonium.

- have cortex and medulla arrangement

CLEAVAGE OF THE ZYGOTE

- is the process by which the bilaminar embryonic disc is

- defines the axis of the embryo and gives it some rigidity

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