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    Fetal Development

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    rifki
    The document discusses the processes of embryogenesis and gametogenesis. It describes meiosis, fertilization, implantation, and the formation of the three germ layers and their derivatives. Key events include cleavage, formation of the morula and blastocyst, implantation, gastrulation, and neurulation. Diagrams show the development from zygote to a fetus in the third and fifth months.

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    Fetal Development

    Uploaded by

    rifki
    11 views46 pages
    The document discusses the processes of embryogenesis and gametogenesis. It describes meiosis, fertilization, implantation, and the formation of the three germ layers and their derivatives. Key events include cleavage, formation of the morula and blastocyst, implantation, gastrulation, and neurulation. Diagrams show the development from zygote to a fetus in the third and fifth months.

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    Fetal Development

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    The document discusses the processes of embryogenesis and gametogenesis. It describes meiosis, fertilization, implantation, and the formation of the three germ layers and their derivatives. Key events include cleavage, formation of the morula and blastocyst, implantation, gastrulation, and neurulation. Diagrams show the development from zygote to a fetus in the third and fifth months.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    11 views46 pages

    Fetal Development

    Uploaded by

    rifki
    The document discusses the processes of embryogenesis and gametogenesis. It describes meiosis, fertilization, implantation, and the formation of the three germ layers and their derivatives. Key events include cleavage, formation of the morula and blastocyst, implantation, gastrulation, and neurulation. Diagrams show the development from zygote to a fetus in the third and fifth months.

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    You are on page 1of 46

    Embryogenesis

    Gametogenesis
    Type of Division
    • Meiosis initiated once in a finite
    population of cells
    1 gamete produced / meiosis
    Completion of meiosis delayed
    for months or years
    Meiosis arrested at 1st meiotic
    prophase and reinitiated in a
    smaller population of cells
    Differentiation of gamete occurs
    while diploid in first meiotic
    prophase
    All chromosomes exhibit
    equivalent transcription and
    recombination during meiotic
    prophase
    • Prior to the fertilization process
    commencing both the gametes
    complete of a number of biological
    processes.
    • Oocyte Meiosis - completes Meiosis 1
    and commences Meiosis 2 (arrests at
    Metaphase II).
    • Spermatozoa Capacitation - following
    release (ejaculation) and mixing with
    other glandular secretions, activates
    motility and acrosome preparation.
    • Migration - both oocyte and
    spermatozoa.
    Fertilization

    • Membrane Depolarization
    • caused by spermatozoa membrane fusion, acts
    as primary block to polyspermy (fertilisation by
    more than one spermatozoa)
    • Cortical Reaction
    • Inositol triphosphate (IP3) pathway elevates
    intracellular calcium, exocytosis of cortical
    granules
    • enzyme alters ZP2 so it will no longer bind
    sperm plasma membrane
    • Meiosis 2
    • completion of 2nd meiotic division
    • forms second polar body (third polar body may
    be formed by meiotic division of the first polar
    body)
    •The main results of fertilization are as follows:

    •Restoration of the diploid number of


    chromosomes, half from the fatherand half
    from the mother. Hence, the zygote contains a
    new combinationof chromosomes different
    from both parents.

    •Determination of the sex of the new


    individual. An X-carrying spermproduces a
    female (XX) embryo, and a Y-carrying sperm
    produces a male(XY) embryo. Hence, the
    chromosomal sex of the embryo is
    determinedat fertilization.

    •Initiation of cleavage. Without fertilization,


    the oocyte usually degenerates24 hours after
    ovulation.
    Trophoblast
    Outer cell
    mass

    Inner cell
    mass
    Embryo
    (multinucleated)

    Inner cell mass (Mononucleated)


    Uteroplacental circulation
    Day 15-16
    Fertilization to Implantation
    Ovulation: egg released into the peritoneal cavity
    Travels down fallopian tube in which fertilization
    occurs
    At conception in fallopian tube, maternal and
    paternal genetic material join to form a new human
    life (zygote)
    Cell division occurs with travel down the tube and
    into the uterus

    Conception (biology) or fertilisation, the fusion of gametes to


    produce a new organism of the same species (Wikipedia)
    Week 1 post conception

    Zygote divides repeatedly moving down tube toward


    uterus (cleavage)
    The daughter cells are called blastomeres
    Morula: the solid cluster of 12-16 blastomeres at
    about 72 hours
    Day 4: late 60 cell morula enters uterus, taking up
    fluid becoming blastocyst
    Blastocyst stage
    _____inner cell mass

    ______trophoblast
    Two distinct types of cells
    Inner cell mass: forms the embryo
    Trophoblast: layer of cells surrounding the cavity which
    helps form the placenta
    Floats for about 3 days
    Implantation on about day 6 post conception
     Trophoblast erodes uterine wall
     Takes 1 week to complete
    If inner cell mass of a single blastocyst divides:
    monozygotic (identical) twins
    Week 2
    Inner cell mass divides into
    epiblast and hypoblast
    2 fluid filled sacs
    Amniotic sac from epiblast
    Yolk sac from hypoblast
    Bilaminar embryonic disc: area
    of contact
    (gives rise to the whole body)
    Week 3

    Bilaminar to trilaminar disc


    Three primary “germ” layers: all body tissues develop
    from these
     Ectoderm
     Endoderm
     Mesoderm
    Formation of the 3 “germ” layers
    Primitive streak (groove) on
    dorsal surface of epiblast
    Grastrulation: invagination of
    epiblast cells
    Days 14-15: they replace
    hypoblast becoming endoderm
    Day 16: mesoderm (a new
    third layer) formed
    in between
    Epiblast cells remaining on
    surface: ectoderm
    The three “germ” tissues
    “Germ” as in germinate, not germs
    Early specialization of cells
    Are precursors
    Ectoderm and endoderm are epithelial tissue (form sheets of tissue)
    Mesoderm is a mesenchyme tissue
    Mesenchyme cells are star shaped and do not attach to one another,
    therefore migrate freely
    Notochord
    Days 16-18
    Primitive node epiblast
    cells invaginate and
    migrate anteriorly with
    some endoderm cells
    Rod defining the body
    axis is formed
    Future site of the
    vertebral column
    Neurulation
    Notochord signals overlying ectoderm
    Formation begins of spinal cord and brain (neurulation)
    Neural plate to neural groove to neural tube: pinched off into
    body
    Closure of neural tube: begins at end of week 3; complete by
    end of week 4 (folic acid important for this step)
    Extends cranially (eventually brain) and caudally (spinal cord)
    Neural crest, lateral ectodermal cells, pulled along and form
    sensory nerve cells and other structures
    Mesoderm begins to differentiate
    Lateral to notochord, week 3
    Extends cranially and caudally (from head to tail or crown
    to rump)
    Division of mesoderm into three regions
    Somites: 40 pairs of body segments (repeating units, like
    building blocks) by end week 4
    Intermediate mesoderm: just lateral to somites
    Lateral plate: splits to form coelom (“cavity”)
    Divisions of the mesodermal lateral plate

    Somatic mesoderm: apposed to the ectoderm


    Splanchnic mesoderm: apposed to the endoderm
    Coelom in between will become the serous cavities of
    the ventral body cavity:
    Peritoneal
    Pericardial
    Pleural
    Folding begins
    at week 4

    (main difference
    between the 3
    week embryo
    and the adult
    body is that the
    embryo is still
    a flat disc)
    24 day
    embryro;
    protrudes
    into
    amniotic
    cavity
    Day 23, beginning
    to fold

    Lateral folds
    will join ventrally
    Cylindrical
    human body
    plan, day 28
    (about ½ cm)

    Simplified
    cross section
    through
    abdomen of
    an adult
    (essentially the
    same as above)
    Major derivatives of the embryonic germ layers
    29 day embryo
    (this is when the heart starts pumping, about 4
    weeks or 1 month, ½ cm size)
    3 month fetus late 5th month
    (6 cm) month 3 month 5 (about 19 cm)
    By 8 weeks, about 2 months, all
    major organs are in place in at
    least a rudimentary form; this is
    why drugs early in pregnancy are
    so important to avoid – many
    cause birth defects; baby is a little
    over 1” long (below right)

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