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Module in Production Drawing Part 1

The document discusses the importance and techniques of lettering in mechanical drawings. It covers the following key points: 1) Gothic style lettering is commonly used as it is plain, legible and easy to make. Guidelines are important to maintain uniformity of height and inclination. 2) Letters have normal, compressed, or extended proportions. Stability is ensured by adjusting widths of upper and lower portions. 3) There are vertical and slanted styles. Lowercase letters use straight lines and circles/ellipses. Uniformity, guidelines, and practice are essential for good lettering.

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Mat Edson Consigo
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91 views

Module in Production Drawing Part 1

The document discusses the importance and techniques of lettering in mechanical drawings. It covers the following key points: 1) Gothic style lettering is commonly used as it is plain, legible and easy to make. Guidelines are important to maintain uniformity of height and inclination. 2) Letters have normal, compressed, or extended proportions. Stability is ensured by adjusting widths of upper and lower portions. 3) There are vertical and slanted styles. Lowercase letters use straight lines and circles/ellipses. Uniformity, guidelines, and practice are essential for good lettering.

Uploaded by

Mat Edson Consigo
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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You are on page 1/ 13

Republic of the Philippines

BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY-BALAYAN


Caloocan, Balayan, Batangas

COLLEGE OF INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY

Module in
PRODUCTION DRAWING
AST 133
CHAPTER 1
LETTERING

Is very essential in every drawing because it conveys complete information necessary to depict
the object under construction, which the drawing or the graphical representation fails to show.
This is the reason why it is very important to every student learns how to letter properly because
it also serves as the written language of the industry.

The lettering used in mechanical drawing today was based on the laborious effort done by C.W.
Reinhardt during the early 19th century. Also called sans-serif gothic, though admittedly not as
beautiful as many other styles, it is the plainest and most legible style of all the lettering styles
and comparatively very easy to make.

Fig. 1. Gothic Capital Letters

1.1The Proportion of Letters

Simple lettering on drawings must be legible and suitable for easy and rapid execution,
either vertical or inclined letters may be used but only one style should appear on any one
drawing or to the entire drawing.

It is not desirable to vary the size of the letters according to the size of the drawing except
when the drawing is to be reduced in reproduction. But on the other hand , width of the letters
can be increase or decrease in order to make a word or group of words fill a certain space or
depending upon the situation.

As drawn, letters may be classified according to its proportion as follows.


1. Normal letters

2. Compressed Letters

3. Extended letters

These are letters that are wider than the normal letters of the same height

1.2 GUIDELINES

These are very light lines drawn horizontally, vertically


and inclined to vertical to regulate the height of letters and
maintain the uniformity of letters whether inclined or vertical. It
should be regarded as a very useful aid to produce a good
lettering and not as an unnecessary requirement .As the saying
goes , “a good draftsman never letter without guidelines”.
Fig. 2 Guidelines of
Letters

Fig. 2.1 Guide Lines

1.3 STABILITY

Stability and a pleasing appearance are very essential in every drawing, so is in lettering.
If the upper portions of certain letters and numerals are to be drawn equal in width to the lower
portions, the characters may appear to be unstable and to heavy. To correct this of instability, the
upper portions of the letters like, B,E,F,H,K,S,X and Z. and the numerals 2,3 and 8 must be
reduced slightly to give a more stable and pleasing appearance.

If the horizontal strokes of the letters B.E.F.and H are placed and mid-heigh, it may
appear to be below the center so to overcome this kind of optical illusion: these strokes should be
drawn slightly above the center.

On the other hand, letters K,S,X,Z and the figures 2.3, and 8 are stabilized by making the
width of the upper portion less than the width of the lower portion.
Fig. 3 Stability of Letters

1.4 Styles of Letters

There are two styles of letters, the vertical letters and the slant letters or the so called
inclined letters. ( See Figure/ print model) the slant letters or the so called inclined at
approximately 72 degrees while on the other hand, vertical letters are constructed directly
vertical or at an angle of 90 degrees with the horizontal .It is a must for the students to however
learn to execute both forms well so as to execute them with greater ease.

Fig. 4 Inclined Capital Letters and Numerals

!.5 ELEMENTS OF LETTERS

There are two basic elements of letters in the alphabet - the stem and the oval. The stem
is the straight line of a letter that is drawn with a single downward stroke of the hand.

Properties of a good stem:

1. Stems must be straight if not perfectly straight.


2. Inclination of approximately 72 degrees must be observed in slant lettering except for
letters, V,X,W,and whose stems are not inclined at 72 degrees
The oval on the other hand is the curved figures of the letters in the alphabet and resembles
ellipses.

Properties of a Good oval

1. Oval must be drawn smoothly having no appendages.


2. Inclination of approximately 72 degrees of the centerline of the ovals must also be
observed.
3. Ovals must be drawn tangent to the guidelines.
4. Uniformity of width must be observed.

Fig. 5.2 slant and vertical ovals

1.6 ENGINEERING LETTERING

Engineering lettering or engineer’s alphabet are consists of the upper case letters or the capital
letters and lower case letters or also known as the small letters.

Vertical lower case letters are based upon the straight line and the circle while on the other hand;
inclined lower case letters are based upon the straight line and the ellipses. These basic principles
of forming letters are followed more closely in the lower case letters rather than the upper case
letters.

Upper case letters methods of construction:

1. Parallelogram method – use by students and beginners using the four guidelines.
2. Two-line method - used by semi-skilled draftsman using horizontal guidelines without
slant or vertical guidelines
3. Sight method – used by skilled draft man constructing letters without the aid of
guidelines.

Classification of lower case letters according to appearance


1. Straight letters – letters composed mainly of stems such as l,k,l,t,v,w,x,and z.
2. Ellipse letters - composed of pure ovals such as c,e,o, and s.
3. Loop letters – combination of stems tangent to an oval such as a.b.d.p.and q.
4. Hook letters – combination of ovals and hook attached to it such as f,g,h,j,m,n,and r.
1.7 Uniformmity of letters
In any style of lettering, uniformity is very essential. Uniformity in height proportion,
inclination,strength or thickness of lines spacing of letters ,a nd the spacing of words
insure a pleasing appearance.
Uniformity in height and inclination of letters id promoted by the use of light guidelines
while on the other hand; uniformity in strength or thickness of lines can be obtained by
the skilled use of properly selected pencils and pen.

1.8 Technique of Lettering


Although it is true that “constant practice makes perfect”
The student must understand that practice alone is not enough; it must be accompanied by
the will and continuous effort to improve.
There are three necessary aspects of learning to letter.

1. Knowledge of the proportions and forms of the letters and the order of the strokes. It
is very difficult to attain a good letter without a clear mental image of the correct
form of the letters.
2. Knowledge of the composition of lettering such as the spacing of letters and the
familiarization of words.
3. Persistent practice, with continuous to improve.

Rules for constructing fractions:


1. A single slope line should from the centerline for both the numerator and
denominator
2. There must be a horizontal bar to separate the numerator from the denominator.
3. There must be a uniform clearance between the numerator and the denominator
with respect to the horizontal bar.

The bar must be proportional to the width of the numerator and the denominator.
The numerator and the denominator must be equal in size and must be
approximately 2/3 of the integer.

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