1

Mobile Phone Computing and the

Internet of Things: A Survey
Andreas Kamilaris∗ and Andreas Pitsillides†
∗ Insight Centre for Data Analytics, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
Email: andreas.kamilaris@insight-centre.org
† Department of Computer Science, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus

Email: andreas.pitsillides@cs.ucy.ac.cy

Abstract—As the Internet of Things and the Web of Things sensors offer advanced capabilities such as measuring prox-
are becoming a reality, their interconnection with mobile phone imity, acceleration and location or record audio/noise, sense
computing is increasing. Mobile phone integrated sensors offer electromagnetism or capture images and videos [9]. These
advanced services, which when combined with web-enabled real-
world devices located near the mobile user (e.g. body area sensing services, when combined with web-enabled physical
networks, RFID tags, energy monitors, environmental sensors entities located near the user, have the potential of enhancing
etc.), have the potential of enhancing the overall user knowledge, the overall user knowledge and experience, helping the user
perception and experience, encouraging more informed choices to take more informed choices [10], [11].
and better decisions. This paper serves as a survey of the Although there exist several survey papers focusing on
most significant work performed in the area of mobile phone
computing combined with the Internet/Web of Things. A selection advances related to the IoT/WoT [12], [13], [14], [15], not
of over 100 papers is presented, which constitute the most any papers -as far as we can ascertain- have yet surveyed the
significant work in the field up to date, categorizing these papers growing interconnection between mobile computing and the
into ten different domains, according to the area of application IoT/WoT. This paper aims to address this gap, presenting the
(i.e. health, sports, gaming, transportation, agriculture), the most significant work in this area. Section II describes the
nature of interaction (i.e. participatory sensing, eco-feedback,
actuation and control) or the communicating actors involved methodology followed to develop this survey, while Section
(i.e. things, people). Open issues and research challenges are III comments on the important findings of our study. Then,
identified, analyzed and discussed. Section IV discusses the overall observations during this study
Index Terms—Mobile Computing, Mobile Phone Applications, and identifies open issues in this research domain, and finally
Internet of Things, Web of Things, Sensors, Survey. Section V concludes the paper.

II. M ETHODOLOGY
I. I NTRODUCTION Before describing the important work in the field, the
Technologies such as wireless sensor networks, short-range methodology in collecting this information is explained, which
wireless communications and radio-frequency identification involved three steps: a) collection of the state of the art work,
(RFID) have allowed the Internet to penetrate in embedded b) clustering of related work, and c) analysis of related work.
computing [1], [2]. The Internet of Things (IoT) [3] is be- In the first step, a keyword-based search for conference pa-
coming reality, as everyday physical objects are becoming pers and articles in well-known scientific databases (e.g. IEEE
equipped with sensors and actuators, being (uniquely) ad- Xplore, ACM, DBLP, ScienceDirect, CiteSeerX) and search
dressable and interconnected, allowing the interaction with engines was performed. Various keywords were used such
them through the Internet. Porting the IP stack on embedded as ”mobile computing”, ”internet”, ”web”, ”web of things”
devices was a successful effort [4], [5] and, together with and combinations of them. Existing surveys on the IoT/WoT
the introduction of IPv6 (which provides extremely large and mobile sensing [12], [13], [14], [16], [15], [9] were also
addressing capabilities), facilitate the merging of the physical studied for relevant efforts. The focus was to pick only papers
and the digital world, enabling the IoT to grow faster. which followed the main concepts and design principles of
Building upon the notion of the IoT, the Web of Things the IoT/WoT [6], [7], excluding papers that used proprietary
(WoT) [6], [7], [8] reuses well-defined Web techniques to protocols and in which vendor lock-in was evident. This means
interconnect this new generation of Internet-enabled physical that some popular papers in mobile pervasive computing might
devices. While the IoT focuses on interconnecting heteroge- have been excluded from our survey. Also, some cutting-edge
neous devices at the network layer, the WoT can be seen as a research papers related to the exciting domain of feature- and
promising practice to achieve interoperability at the application depth-based identification, tracking of and interaction with the
layer. It is about taking the Web as we know it and extending physical world have also been excluded, as these works have
it so that anyone can plug devices into it. not yet become (widely) applied on mobile devices, due to
The rise of multi-sensory mobile phones with Internet their large processing requirements. Thus, 68 papers in total
connectivity has helped to reduce the barriers for associating were firstly identified, performing then a depth search on their
mobile computing with the IoT/WoT. Mobile phone integrated most relevant references, increasing the list of papers to 102.
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In the second step, related work was categorized in clusters1

according to their topic/area of application. Ten clusters were
created, in which the papers were placed with respect to their
relevance to each cluster. These clusters are explained in detail
in the next section. It is noted that these clusters were aimed
to cover more or less the whole spectrum of combining mobile
computing with the IoT/WoT.
Some clusters had more studies performed than others
while some other clusters involved also business cases (not
only research efforts). In the final step, each cluster was
examined carefully, studying and analyzing each paper sep-
arately, recording its summary, contribution and impact to the
community, and its overall novelty and importance. After this
procedure, at most 8-12 more significant works per cluster
were selected, which are described in the next section. Hence,
the rest of this survey is based on the analysis performed on
the selected papers, as organized in the ten clusters.

III. M OBILE C OMPUTING AND I NTERNET /W EB OF T HINGS

We define the domain of mobile computing and IoT/WoT as
the research area that involves case studies, prototypes, demon-
strations, applications and business cases of the IoT/WoT, Fig. 1. Mobile computing and IoT/WoT: Application categories.
through mobile phones, where the user of the mobile phone
interacts with cyber-physical things that are enabled to the E. Sports. Includes a combination of physical sensors and
internet/web, through his/her phone device, exploiting at the mobile applications which are used during sport activ-
same time the sensing capabilities of the phone. ities to record various metrics and help to improve the
As mentioned in Section II, related work is divided in performance of the athlete user.
different clusters or categories, which represent either the F. Agriculture. Related to smart farming practices to im-
area of application (e.g. health, sports, gaming, agriculture, prove productivity, management of livestock and in-
transportation), the nature of interaction/communication (e.g. crease consumer satisfaction and transparency.
participatory sensing, eco-feedback) or more general the type G. Gaming. This category is about virtual games which
of interaction (e.g. with things, social interactions with other consider the physical presence or status of the mobile
users). The ten different categories identified are graphically user to enhance the gaming experience.
presented in Figure 1, together with the most common tech- H. Transportation. A growing domain in which the sensing
nologies used at each category (see also Table I), and are listed features of the mobile phone are harnessed for better
below: driving experience and convenience of parking.
A. Participatory Sensing. Involves mobile systems encour- I. Interaction with Things. This is the broader category
aging users to record and share information, towards the as it relates to efforts which focus on interacting with
co-creation of advanced knowledge. web-enabled physical entities available in the nearby
B. Eco-Feedback. Involves mobile applications that provide environment, as for example tagging technologies.
feedback to the users about various environmental phe- J. Social Interactions with People. If we broaden the WoT
nomena or events, or about their personal consumption to involve humans, we can identify various mobile apps
(water, electricity, energy etc.). that combine information from online social networking
C. Actuation and Control. Related to mobile applications sites with information from the mobile phones of nearby
that control some physical devices or actuate some users, to offer an augmented social experience.
events related to these devices. A typical example is In the following subsections, each category is presented, list-
home automation applications. ing the most significant work performed. General observations
D. Health. The mobile phone acts as an intermediary be- are discussed in Section IV.
tween body sensors and the web. It receives information
about the health status of the user, measured by various A. Participatory Sensing
sensor devices installed on the body of the user and
then uploads/shares this information to the web for better Participatory sensing involves the tasking of mobile de-
analysis, comparisons and feedback. vices to form interactive, participatory systems that enable
individuals in the general public to gather, analyze and share
1 The representation in clusters is suggested by the authors in order to
local information, towards the co-creation of knowledge or
provide a means to ease the readability and comprehension of the large amount addressing environmental challenges [17].
of papers, and to group them in what seems to us a sensible classification.
Some papers could have been included in more than one cluster. We selected The MetroSense project [18] aims at transforming the
the most relevant one at each case. mobile device into a social sensing platform. It is based on
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Fig. 3. The eMeter system (source: [30]).

sensing is mobile crowd sensing for large-scale sensing [26],

Fig. 2. Sound exposure through the NoiseTube project (source: [22]). [27], which enables a broad range of applications including
a three stage framework which involves sensing, learning and urban dynamics mining, public safety, traffic planning and
sharing. In the sense stage, MetroSense leverages mobility- environment monitoring.
enabled interactions between human-carried mobile sensors,
static sensors embedded in the civic infrastructure and wireless B. Eco-Feedback
access nodes providing a gateway to the Internet, to support Eco-feedback mobile applications provide feedback to the
the delivery of application requests to the mobile devices and users about their impact on the physical environment, such
the delivery of sampled data back to the application. as their personal energy footprint (water, electricity, driving
Goldman et al. [19] show the significance of participatory habits etc.) or useful information and knowledge about the
sensing for our daily lives, namely its impact on climatic existing local environmental conditions.
change. GPS-equipped mobile phones are used to photograph Regarding eco-feedback on personal consumption, Ener-
diesel trucks, in order to understand community exposure to gyLife [28] developed a mobile application to provide electric-
air pollution. Odourmap [20] is a communication platform ity consumption feedback about domestic electrical appliances
on which citizens and authorities can be involved into the and conservation tips. In UbiLense [10], users can utilize their
odour management process. Portolan [21] builds signal cov- mobile phones as magic lenses to view the energy consumption
erage maps performing network monitoring based on crowd of their home devices just by pointing on them with the
sourcing. In NoiseTube [22], mobile phones are used as phone’s camera. Ambient meter [29] is a mobile device that
noise sensors, to measure the personal exposure to noise of displays the level of energy consumption of the place it is
citizens, in their everyday environment. Figure 2 presents the currently located in, by changing its color from green (i.e. the
sound exposure of a user during a walk in Paris through the amount of energy consumed in the room is low) to red (i.e. a
NoiseTube project. lot of energy is consumed).
The Common Sense project [23] derives design principles Moreover, the eMeter system [30] allows users to interac-
for describing data collection and knowledge generation from tively monitor, measure, and compare their energy consump-
remote air quality data. In [24], a case study is performed, tion at a household and device level, by making use of a
involving sensors deployed in public areas, shared by different smart electricity meter and getting consumers ”into the loop”
communities. Users get informed of environmental conditions of energy monitoring, as displayed in Figure 3. Disaggregation
directly from these sensors. The findings indicate sensitivity of the electrical consumption of individual appliances within
to environmental factors from the people involved. a household by means of a mobile application is discussed in
Furthermore, participatory sensing can be extended to the [31], with accuracy rates of 87%.
health domain. A very nice example is about smartphone Social Electricity [32] is a mobile application that allows
applications for melanoma detection [25]. Users use their people to compare their energy consumption with their online
phones’ camera to record unusual spots on their body, and friends, neighbors, similar peers etc., in order to perceive
then share with the online community, patients and generalist whether their footprint is high. In this case, the application
clinician users who provide feedback and informal diagnosis. assists the user to reduce his/her consumption through person-
Related work indicates that mobile sensing, both participa- alized tips and educational material. OPOWER is a US com-
tory and remote, is beneficial to the users and engages them in pany that offers similar services through mobile phones [33].
sustainable actions that improve their community [19], [24]. PowerPedia [34] enables users to identify and compare the
Mobile users become active members of their communities consumption of their residential appliances to those of others
and raise their awareness towards their surroundings, while through a mobile application that uploads the measured data
barriers for delivering large-scale environmental campaigns to a community platform. It thus helps users to better assess
are reduced [17]. It constitutes an excellent approach for their electricity consumption and draw effective measures to
co-creating advanced knowledge based on a participatory save electricity. Furthermore, products such as CubeSensors
scheme, and it could be used even for medical advice [25]. [35] combine sensors and a mobile application to help people
We need to comment however that these positive effects are understand how their home or office is affecting their health,
often transient and only persist as long as users engage comfort and productivity. LoseIt [36] is an example of a nutri-
actively with the application. The evolution of participatory tion tracking tool, which offers a barcode scanner for providing
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Regarding home automation and control, it is speculated

that Internet technology, in line with IoT, will become the
future standard [41], [42], offering advanced interoperability
between heterogeneous home devices and appliances.
The Aware Living Interface System (ALIS) [43] provides a
mobile application for feedback and control of a smart home,
such as allowing the resident to adjust the lights or shades
for a house facade, with a single control. A mobile phone
interface that allows users to monitor, control, and measure the
consumption of single appliances at their home is presented
in [44], where the mobile phones are connected to smart
electricity meters through web protocols.
Fig. 4. An example of an urban mashup (source: [11], [38]). Companies offering home automation services such as
EnOcean [45] are producing solutions for home and building
information on various processed food options available at the automation, based on Internet and web principles, enabling
supermarkets. the control of the house/building environment through mobile
Eco-feedback through mobile phones can also help to phone applications. An interesting start-up company is n.thing
mitigate the negative effects of the increasing urbanism, to the [46], which has developed Planty, a system that assists plants
people and the city as a whole. Urbanism implies that traffic growing through embedded sensors (soil humidity, tempera-
is increased, levels of pollution are rising, some areas become ture and light) and mobile applications. Planty’s status can be
dirty and polluted while health and security are compromised. monitored in real-time remotely through the mobile phone and
To address some of the challenges implied by increasing control its watering through a water pump whenever needed.
urbanism, UrbanRadar [11] is a location-based application that Finally and more generally, a mobile phone application
discovers and interacts with environmental services offered by for creating physical mashups is introduced in [47]. Physical
Web-enabled urban sensors. UrbanRadar allows the user to mashups [29] are defined as web mashups that combine
create urban mashups, defined as opportunistic web mashups sensory services using the classic techniques of Web mashups.
that integrate real-world services, validated only when the This category offers mobile applications that control the real
local environmental conditions support the sensor-based Web world by actuating physical devices such as home appliances.
services defined by these mashups. An example urban mashup A strong focus of related work is on home automation as well
is displayed in Figure 4. In this example, a sensor measuring as automation in offices/buildings towards more convenience
levels of noise, a pollution sensor and a street camera combine and energy savings.
their services to infer the traffic conditions existing at a city
center. Air quality and pollution is studied in [37], using
specialized sensors embedded in prototype mobile phones. D. Health
By means of UrbanRadar, the work in [38] investigates and In health-related mobile applications, the mobile phone acts
discusses the acceptance, influence, usefulness and potential either as an intermediary between body area sensors and
of these services to mobile users, towards the vision of a the web or the sensors of the phone are used to identify
real-time digital city. This case study suggested eleven design abnormal behavior or indication of some disorder. In the
principles, which the authors consider important for future first case, the mobile device receives information about the
mobile applications that deal with remote sensing of the health status of the user, monitored by body sensors, and then
physical and urban environment. shares this information to the web for further analysis and
Timely eco-feedback can influence residents to reduce their feedback by experts. In general, a wireless body area network
consumption by a fraction of 5-15%, through more informed is a wireless networking technology that interconnects tiny
choices and better energy management [39]. It is important nodes with sensor or actuator capabilities in, on, or around a
however to consider the fact that the positive effect might human body [16]. A system architecture of a wireless body
not be persistent for long time [40]. Mobile applications area sensor network for ubiquitous health monitoring through
make the eco-feedback experience more personal, effective and mobile phones is presented in [48].
convenient. Mobile applications on urban remote sensing can Zhong et al. [49] describe a Bluetooth-based body sensor
contribute toward the active involvement of citizens with their network platform for physiological diary applications, using
urban landscape. a wrist-worn device as the user interface, which displays
information received from a mobile phone. The system de-
scribed in [50] monitors the physiological signs of patients
C. Actuation and Control (electrocardiogram diagnosis) and records this information
In this category, papers are identified that use mobile devices on a mobile application, which then analyzes the data and
as the tools to control physical devices such as electrical forwards it if needed to the medical center through the web.
appliances. The most popular application domain is home au- myHealthAssistant [51] is a phone-based body sensor network
tomation, but other areas such as offices, factories and common that captures the wearer’s exercises throughout the day, both
spaces could be controlled through mobile applications. daily activities and specific gym exercises, and then allows
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comparisons and competitions with other people through the

web. Rodrigues et al. [52] present an application that acquires,
processes, stores, and displays medical data, thus enabling
a full body sensor networking interface. A smart device for
alerting a person’s critical health condition is presented in [53].
In the case when the sensors of the phone device are used
to identify health issues, Madan et al. [54] use mobile phone-
based co-location and communication sensing to measure
characteristic behavior changes in symptomatic individuals,
reflected in their total communication, interactions with respect
to time of day, diversity and entropy of face-to-face interac- Fig. 5. Snapshot of the BikeNet application (source: [63]).
tions and movement. Using these extracted mobile features, it
is possible to predict the health status of an individual, without etc.) but also by sharing this information within the online
having actual health measurements from the subject. More cycling community. A snapshot of the web portal of BikeNet
examples include identifying depressive symptoms based on is illustrated in Figure 5.
user’s daily life behavior [55], therapy of insomnia [56] and Also, measuring physical activity and promoting an active
stress recognition [57]. HealthyOffice exploits mood recogni- way of life is a subject of research. Mobile Teen [64] uses the
tion to improve employees’ health and productivity [58]. mobile phone’s built-in motion sensor to automatically detect
Concerning nutrition, FoodCam [59] is a real-time mobile likely sedentary behavior. Fit Buddy [65] helps users track
food recognition system recording a user’s eating habits. their personal fitness statistics focusing on step counting from
BodyBeat [60] is a mobile sensing system for capturing a both walking and running using a smartphone.
diverse range of non-speech body sounds in real-life scenarios, Commercial solutions also exist, such as the Nike+ Sports
such as sounds of food intake and breath, which contain invalu- Sensor [66], which puts a super smart sensor in shoes and
able information about our dietary behavior and respiratory uses pressure data in combination with an accelerometer to
physiology. calculate movement. This information can then be recorded
Finally, the CrossCheck study [61] includes 150 by smart watches and mobile phones and then shared through
schizophrenic patients who use a smartphone application the web, to challenge online friends and other online users, set
that monitors their typical locations, when they are walking, personal goals, train smarter, improve performance etc. Apple
running or sedentary, and detects and records the duration Watch [67] has an excellent design and co-exists with the
and frequency of conversations as well as sleep patterns. It user’s mobile device to track daily activity, encouraging the
then sends this data to health care providers who determine user to keep moving for health and fitness. Similar products
the improvement on the patients’ health. and services are offered by other large companies such as
Mobile applications provide an unobtrusive way of man- Garmin [68] and Samsung [69] (smartwatches), as well as
aging the monitoring of the user’s health status through body Suunto [70] (sports watches, dive computers and precision
sensors and have the potential of taking locally some decisions instruments).
about critical situations. In such cases, their communication The aforementioned mobile applications make the sports
capabilities are used to immediately alert caregivers and experience more entertaining and fun for the user, helping
medical centers remotely. Applications such as [54], [55], him/her to improve performance through competitions and
[57], [61] offer unique monitoring opportunities that allow comparisons with friends, similar peers and the online commu-
the patients to have a normal life, being at the same time nity, encouraging a more active way of living. This community
monitored for abnormal behavior that could indicate risks to can create new useful knowledge, as for example the sharing
themselves or to other people. It is a much promising research of nice cycling pathways [63] recently discovered.
domain.
F. Agriculture
E. Sports Smart farming [71] is about real-time data gathering, pro-
Sports and recreational activities constitute one of the most cessing and analysis, as well as automation technologies on the
rapidly growing areas of personal and consumer-oriented IoT farming procedures, allowing improvement of the overall farm-
and WoT technologies [62]. WoT-enabled mobile applications ing operations and management and more informed decision-
focusing on sports include various physical sensors, installed making by the farmers. Mobile applications interacting with
usually on the body or the clothes of the user, and which the agricultural environment can facilitate management of
are used during sport activities to record various metrics and cultivation and/or livestock, as well as consider the whole
help to improve the user’s performance. The mobile phone value chain from farm to fork, by considering consumer
in these cases records the measurements of the sensors and transparency over the product he/she buys.
shares this information to the web. A typical example is the Examples include Herdwatch [72], a herd management
BikeNet application [63], which aims to give a holistic picture system which allows cattle farmers manage their beef or dairy
of the cyclist experience, not only by measuring various herds via a smartphone or tablet. MooMonitor+ [73] monitors
metrics (speed, distance traveled, calories burned, heart rate each individual cow’s health and fertility by means of wearable
 6

collars installed on the animals, allowing farmers to monitor unique gaming experiences blending digital and physical
their entire herd, from their phone. world. Examples include mimicking with high accuracy peo-
Map your meal [74] is an agriculture-related smartphone ple’s postures and movements in real life, transforming them
application which aims at enhancing the public awareness into digital actions in the game [76], or harnessing the nearby
understanding of global interdependence via exploring the physical environment as part of the digital game [78], [80].
global food system. With this smartphone application, farmers A more futuristic example could be distributed gaming, where
and consumers can scan the products to see their fairness and the players’ avatars are teleported at another player’s place
how much green they are. Finally, FoodLoop [75] ties grocer or in a common place.
inventory system and smart tagging to consumer-facing mobile
applications to provide real-time deals on ”nearly expired” H. Transportation
products, supporting food waste reduction.
Smart WoT-based mobile applications targeting transporta-
As agriculture is a highly unpredictable and risk-prone
tion relate to more informed driving, easier parking and more
domain, smart sensing and real-time monitoring is important
convenient city transit by means of public transport.
to prevent pests and animals diseases, react fast to changing
VTrack [81] uses position samples from drivers’ phones
environmental conditions, optimizing operations and produc-
to monitor traffic delays. Similarly, Mobile Millennium [82]
tivity. Hence, combining IoT sensing technology with mobile
is a research project that includes a pilot traffic-monitoring
applications, involving online information and web services
system that uses the GPS in mobile phones to gather traffic
[74], [75], permits faster reaction to unpredictable events and
information, process it, and distribute it back to the phones in
better decision making.
real time. A road condition monitoring and alert application is
G. Gaming presented in [83], harnessing the compass and connectivity
on user’s mobile device to provide road condition based
This category is about virtual games which take into account
alerts to the user. Park Here! [84] is a smart parking system
the physical presence and characteristics of the mobile user to
based on smartphones’ embedded sensors and short range
enhance his/her gaming experience.
communication technologies, towards the automatic detection
The use of personal sensor streams in virtual worlds is
of parking actions. Find My Car [85] makes use of GPS
demonstrated in Second Life [76], which is a virtual world
services and internet connectivity to help drivers find their
simulator where people lead virtual lives by using personal
way back to their parked car.
avatars. Accelerometer data is collected from a user mobile
Waze [86] is perhaps the most popular mobile app for
phone and classified into various activity states (sitting, stand-
car drivers, with a community of 50 million users. It pro-
ing and running). These activities are then injected into Second
vides up-to-date traffic conditions, live-routing and maps,
Life and interpreted by the user’s avatar [77]. Greenet [78] is
comprehensive voice-assisted navigation, alerts about road
an augmented reality mobile game dedicated to recycling. The
hazards, and even notifications when a Facebook friend is
camera of the mobile phone is used to detect whether the user
heading towards the same destination. INRIX Traffic [87]
is recycling various items. Object markers and bin markers
offers similar services, automatically learning a user’s driving
are used to augment the physical world with this digital,
habits, personalizes routes to avoid traffic, recommends trips
mobile gaming experience. Users earn points by recycling, and
and departure times, providing also parking services, based on
compete with each other for more points through the web.
location, vehicle type and parking duration.
Fish’n’Steps [79] is a social game which links a player’s
Finally, examples of mobile applications that combine user’s
daily foot step count, measured by a pedometer, to the growth
location with public transportation information for convenient
and activity of an animated virtual character, a fish in a fish
city transit involve GoMetro [88] (Los Angeles), Muni+ [89]
tank. As further encouragement, some of the players fish tanks
(San Francisco) and Gothere [90] (Singapore).
included other players fish, thereby creating an environment
Transportation is an area where the authors expect more
of both cooperation and competition.
research efforts to rise, exploiting the sensors of the mobile
Augmented reality is expected to be the future in gaming,
device for providing better and safer driving experience.
and early examples include Monopoly Zapped and Game of
Commercial mobile apps focusing on driving assistance, such
Life2 [80]. The board games play out like the original versions
as Waze and INRIX Traffic are gaining popularity, especially
but in the center of the board, an iPhone running the respective
in the US.
online application is placed to spice up the game. In Monopoly
Zapped, the iPhone application turns the iOS device into a
banking unit, which makes counting a lot less of a hassle. I. Interaction with Things
In general, online gaming integrations with the real world This category is the broader one, and relates to efforts tar-
augment the user’s gaming experience and offer educational geting interaction in general with web-enabled things, located
value, targeting in some cases good causes such as envi- in the nearby environment.
ronmental protection or maintaining good health and well- At first, a framework for supporting mobile interactions with
being. Augmented reality would offer in the near future novel, real-world objects is presented in [91]. In [92], Frank et al.
2 These augmented reality games do not constitute WoT applications. Their
present the architecture, design and evaluation of a search
examples are mentioned by the authors only to show the potential of cyber- system that relies on sensor-enabled mobile phones to discover
physical games. lost objects. MobileIoT Toolkit [93] connects the Electronic
 7

Product Code (EPC) network to mobile phones for reading and was observed that participants found it as a new way to connect
interpreting various tags (RFID, NFC, barcode). Furthermore, with people, with the presence of their friends always nearby.
a toolkit for barcode recognition and resolving on mobile Finally, Kostakos et al. [107] use a Bluetooth-based infras-
phones equipped with cameras is presented in [94]. Similarly, tructure to identify characteristics of urban environments such
BIT [95] is a unified system architecture for providing mobile as mobility patterns, social and spatial structures etc. Similarly,
phone-based digital services related to tagging technologies. the Wireless Rope [108] is a framework to study the notion
Tales of Things [96] is a tagging service that uses QR codes of social context and the detection of social situations using
and RFID tags to enable people to attach stories and memories Bluetooth-based mobile devices for proximity detection, and
to any object. The scanning of readable and writable tags its effects on group dynamics.
through mobile phones allows stories to be replayed and Low-power short-distance wireless technology (e.g. Blue-
added. Scandit [97] is a company that claims to provide tooth, RFID) can be used to improve interactions with nearby
the highest quality in mobile barcode scanning solutions for individuals, for improving physical social experiences.
smartphones, tablets and wearable devices.
Other approaches target the sales market, to improve con- IV. D ISCUSSION AND O PEN I SSUES
sumer awareness and optimize the sales process. The Mobile As the previous section shows, an increasing number of
Sales Assistant [98] aims at improving sales in retail stores, works are combining mobile computing and the IoT/WoT to
by enabling shop assistants to check the availability and provide more personalized, enriched services to the users.
stock information of products directly with an NFC-enabled In this section, the general findings are discussed and open
mobile phone. My2cents [99] allows consumers to have access challenges in this domain are identified.
to comments about a product via their mobile phone and
share their own product experience with other consumers and
A. Analysis of Related Work
within their social networks. APriori [100] makes product
recommendation available for mobile users, who utilize their Through this review of related efforts, the following eight
phones to identify tagged consumer products. Also, companies interaction possibilities have been identified:
such as Square [101] and PayPal [102] offer credit card 1) The built-in sensors of the mobile phone are used in
payment systems connected directly to mobile phones. a participatory manner to co-create knowledge on the
Interacting with physical things through mobile applications internet/web (e.g. [19], [22], [23], [24], [25], [81], [82]).
includes a variety of technologies such as RFID, NFC, bar- 2) The mobile phone is used as a tool for getting feedback
codes, QR codes, which can be either identified and sensed about the nearby environmental conditions and/or the
by the phone’s camera (barcodes, QR codes), or sensed personal energy footprint of the user using internet/web
by special equipment (RFID readers, credit card readers). protocols (e.g. [28], [10], [29], [30], [31], [32], [34]).
Local information is combined with information from the 3) The mobile phone uses internet/web principles to control
web to create advanced knowledge or to implement payment physical devices such as electrical appliances, which are
transactions. located either nearby or remotely. (e.g. [43], [44], [45],
[46], [47], [29]).
4) The mobile phone acts as an intermediary between
J. Social Interactions with People body sensors and the internet/web, for health/sports
If we broaden the notion of ”things” to include also (nearby) applications (e.g. [49], [50], [51], [54], [61], [63], [66]).
people, then we can refer to BlueAware [103], a mobile 5) The built-in sensors of the mobile phone are used to
phone-based system that uses Bluetooth hardware addresses enhance the gaming experience of the user in web-based
and a database of user profiles to cue informal, face-to-face (e.g. [77]), mobile (e.g. [78], [79]) or cyber-physical
interactions between nearby users who do not know each other, games (e.g. [80]).
but probably should, as they have similar profiles, interests 6) The mobile phone interacts with real-world objects,
and characteristics. This concept of Familiar Strangers is also using knowledge available on the web to better inform
demonstrated in [104], where Jabberwockies, designed for the user about these physical things (e.g. [93], [100],
Bluetooth enabled mobile phones, investigate the constraints [96], [98], [99]).
of our feelings and affinities with strangers in pubic places. 7) The mobile phone becomes a credit card payment sys-
EmotionSense [105] is a passive monitoring smartphone tem (e.g. [101], [102]).
application that can autonomously capture emotive, behav- 8) Low-power short-distance wireless communication (e.g.
ioral, and social signals from smartphone owners. Similarly, Bluetooth) and information from online social network-
SociableSense [105] is a smart phone-based platform for ing sites is used to promote face-to-face interactions with
providing real-time feedback to users to foster and improve nearby mobile users who share similar interests (e.g.
social interactions. Also, CenceMe [106] is a mobile appli- [103], [104], [106]).
cation serving a similar goal, by combining the inference of The most common sensing technologies employed in each
the presence of individuals with sharing of this information of the ten categories, together with the type of data analysis
through social networking applications such as Facebook and involved, are listed in Table I (see also Figure 1). The
MySpace. In a user study where 22 people used CenceMe technologies employed are either embedded natively onto
continuously over a three week period in a campus town, it the mobile device or involve third-party sensors interacting
 8

directly with the mobile phone. Data analysis is performed adaptable to the application needs. Opportunistic sensing could
either on the mobile phone or on the crowd/web. The latter be another option [18], [9], in which sensing is a secondary,
is needed for more computationally expensive operations and low-priority operation on the mobile device.
data integration from various mobile phones/sensors. Crowd sensing. Participatory sensing as well as mobile
The last column of Table I indicates the estimated market crowd sensing have various open issues, which are identified
value per category in the next 5-10 years combining a number in related work [26], [27]. Some of these issues in particular
of sources, including [109], [110], [111], [112]. According include:
to them, several trillion US dollars will be spent on IoT • How can the sensing opportunities and sensing quality be
solutions (indicatively, estimates by [109] $6 trillion, [110] measured?
$4-11 trillion, [111] $14.4 trillion). Tech leaders predict the • How to deal with incomplete, noisy and unreliable data?
greatest potential revenue growth for IoT in the next three • How many mobile users can provide enough sensing
years is in consumer and retail markets (22%), with IoT/WoT opportunities to achieve the required sensing quality?
expected to see significant revenue growth in technology • How to tackle the fact that people always move around
industries (13%), aerospace and defense (10%), and education a set of popular locations, instead of purely random
(9%). The share of the market for mobile phone computing/IoT movements?
has not been analysed to date by industry, at least publicly, but • How to tackle the fact that each individual shows prefer-
we expect it will be a sizable share of the IoT market. Our ence for some particular locations?
own assessment is that actuation and control, gaming, health • How to avoid using up significant battery that could
and transportation are the domains with the highest market prevent users from accessing their usual services?
value and potential. The context problem occurs because phones may be
In regard to the impact of these categories to people’s exposed to events for too short a period of time (e.g. if the user
lives, mobile applications in health, sports, transportation and is traveling quickly, if the event is local and spontaneous (e.g.
gaming seem to be highly impactful, especially those that con- a sound) or the sensor requires more time to gather a sample
stitute commercial products (i.e. Nike+, Apple Watch, Second (e.g. air quality sensor). Phone calls could also interfere in
Life, Waze, GoMetro). Participatory sensing-based applica- collecting relevant context. An idea would be to leverage co-
tions have been successfully used only in local projects, ad- located mobile phones for localized participatory sensing.
dressing particular community problems for specific time. The Security is a top priority in mobile computing, and be-
engagement of the users in the long run remains questionable. comes more important when interacting with the IoT/WoT.
Mobile applications in eco-feedback and actuation/control are One practical consideration is ensuring security of shared
gaining momentum, in domains such as home and building au- resources (e.g. WoT-enabled devices/services) against misuse
tomation, and industrial control. Finally, the impact of mobile by unauthorized mobile users. Relay infrastructures for secure
apps in agriculture and real-life interaction with things/people access to embedded systems such as Yaler [113] could form
remains to be seen, being low at the moment. part of the solution here.
Privacy in terms of sharing personal information through
the web is one of the most important research challenges. How
B. Open Challenges
much privacy do applications such as CrossCheck [61] and the
Some general IoT/WoT challenges are discussed in related work in [54] provide? Additionally, various privacy threats
surveys [12], [13], [14], [15]. Hence, the focus is on particular have been reported in mobile RFID applications [114]. Some
issues that appear in mobile computing when integrated to approaches to address privacy include AnonySense [115],
the IoT/WoT, discovered through this study, which are listed which suggests a notion of anonymity through k-anonymous
below. tasking and Social Access Controller (SAC) [116], which is an
Heterogeneity, either because of IoT/WoT devices/services authentication proxy between (mobile) users and smart things.
that provide proprietary communication protocols or because Perhaps more interesting is the work in [117], preserving the
of heterogeneous consumers of data with different require- anonymity of sensor reports without reducing the precision of
ments and needs. In the former case, although the communi- location data.
cation at the application layer becomes standardized through Reliability becomes important especially in health moni-
the WoT principles, the lower-level interaction remains a toring applications that involve body area networks. In these
challenge. In the latter scenario, some users might ask for real- cases, measurements need to be reliable and precise and the
time information while some others might need historical data. corresponding mobile applications needs to be able to identify
Their needs regarding data quality, spatial resolution, and sam- anomalies and faults at the data, which could create false
pling rates vary, hence IoT/WoT and mobile computing need alarms. These concerns are discussed in [52] too. Reliability
to be open to support diverse applications and requirements. relates also to how well mobile phones can interpret human
Continuous sensing. Some IoT/WoT-enabled mobile appli- behavior (e.g. sitting, sleeping, talking) from low-level mul-
cations require continuous sensing, signal processing, analysis timodal sensor data, or similarly how accurately can they
and inference which asks for more computation, memory, stor- infer the surrounding context (e.g. pollution, weather, noise
age, sensing, and communication bandwidth. Recommended environment) from low-level measurements. UrbanRadar [11]
approaches include sending only compressed summaries over proposed urban mashups as a way to infer various environ-
the air (rather than raw data) or involve delay-tolerant models mental conditions from more basic WoT-based services.
 9

Category Popular technologies used Type of data analysis Market value

Participatory GPS, camera, microphone. Location-based search, map visualizations, in- N/A
Sensing formation sharing.
Eco- Camera, energy monitors, smart Historical comparisons, information retrieval, $200-750
Feedback meters, barcodes, environmental stream data processing. Billions
sensors e.g. air quality.
Actuation and Smart electricity meters, smart ap- Rule-based inference, adaptive reasoning, opti- $1.3-4.6
Control pliances, light switches, smart fac- mizations. Trillions
tory sensors/actuators.
Health Body area sensors, GPS, micro- Personalization and profiling, anomaly detec- $110-900
phone, accelerometer, communica- tion, emotions detection, stream data process- Billions
tion and conservation sensing (e.g. ing, machine learning.
phone calls, SMS).
Sports Body area sensors, motion sensors, Personalization and profiling, historical com- $200-450
GPS, pressure (shoe) sensors, pe- parisons, performance visualizations, statistics, Billions
dometers. information sharing.
Agriculture Wearable collars, GPS, barcodes, Historical comparisons, information retrieval, $140-200
RFID tags, plant (soil) sensors. stream data processing, optimizations. Billions
Gaming Accelerometer, gyrometer, camera, Activity recognition, machine learning, infor- $450-635
pedometer, barcodes, RFID tags. mation sharing, image and video processing. Billions
Transportation GPS, compass, carrier connectivity, Location-based search, big data analysis, stream $500-740
RFID tags. data processing, anomaly detection, machine Billions
learning, information sharing, image and video
processing.
Interaction NFC technologies, RFID tags, bar- Location-based search, information retrieval, $70-150
with Things codes, QR codes, credit card de- information sharing, personalization and profil- Billions
vices. ing, recommender systems, transactions.
Social Bluetooth, GPS, camera, micro- Location-based search, information retrieval $170-450
Interactions phone. and sharing, personalization and profiling, emo- Billions
with People tions detection, recommender systems.
TABLE I
S ENSING TECHNOLOGIES AT EACH CATEGORY OF I OT/W OT- BASED MOBILE APPLICATIONS .

Search and Discovery is crucial for locating nearby, local of. Mood recognition is applicable in working environments
and/or relevant real-world devices (and/or people), exploiting too to benefit employees’ health and productivity [58].
their services for the creation of more advanced knowledge. Persuasion in mobile computing is an open area, cre-
Various works and applications such as [35], [11], [29], [103], ating design elements and exploiting various psychologi-
[104], [106] require discovery of relevant physical devices. cal/sociological factors which affect users to change their
The WoT has not yet standardized any technique for real- behavior towards better quality of living, more sustainable life,
time discovery of physical entities and their services, but early environmental awareness etc. [122], [123]. The connection
efforts in this direction have been proposed [118], [119]. between mobile computing and IoT/WoT offers great new
Personalization is expected to give significance to the opportunities for examining which design characteristics of
interaction with the IoT/WoT through mobile computing. mobile phone applications and which motivational factors may
Planty [46] could understand the user’s sense of aesthetics influence users to question and change their behavior and way
and help him create his personal garden. Sports apps [66], of living. As an early effort, the work in [38] identified 11
[67], [68], [70] could record the personal characteristics and design principles for remote sensing mobile applications. A
achievements of the users to suggest realistic short- and long- big challenge related to persuasion is how to address the fact
term goals. My2cents [99] could record the buying habits of that people tend to lose their interest after being exposed to
people and propose them relevant nearby offers. Imagine also the feedback for some weeks or months [40].
walking into a pharmacy and your phone suggesting vitamins Big data analysis is a necessary step in most participatory
and supplements, depending on your health monitoring met- sensing applications, in order to extract useful information
rics, as recorded by body area sensors [50], [51], [52]. Mobile from vast amounts of real-world data streams. Related to
computing, personalized to a user’s profile, empowers him/her this, an open, standard methodology for IoT/WoT analytics
to make more informed decisions across a spectrum of WoT- problems is still non-existent. Important to researchers in this
enabled services. domain is the availability of relevant datasets. CrowdSignals.io
Emotions analysis relates to personalization as it allows to [124] aims to create the largest set of rich, longitudinal mobile
offer better services to users according to their reactions in and sensor data recorded from smartphones and smartwatches,
relation to the features provided by the mobile applications. including geo-location, sensor, system and network logs, user
The most important efforts in understanding emotions and interactions, social connections, and communications as well
measuring feelings by monitoring the affective states of the as user-provided ground truth labels and survey feedback.
mobile user are discussed in [120], concluding that affective Business cases are required to prove the market potential
sensing offers exciting research opportunities. Research in this of the IoT/WoT and mobile computing, showcasing that the
area involves sensing unconscious emotions too [121], aiming merging of digital and physical world through web tech-
to quantify and log aspects of our behavior we are not aware nologies and mobile computing is profitable to enterprises
 10

worldwide. Evrythng [125] is a start-up company aiming to Summing up, the practice of combining mobile computing
demonstrate, through various case studies [126], the economic and the IoT/WoT seems to offer tremendous new opportunities
viability of IoT/WoT-based investments. Solutions offered in many real-life domains, enabling the seamless integration
include brand protection, inventory management, consumer of devices, services and information that can create advanced
loyalty and engagement, data monitoring and analysis etc. knowledge, more informed reasoning and decision-making,
Each of the issues listed above affect in a varying degree the as well as encouraging big data analysis, more use of per-
ten different categories in which related work was divided in suasive and engagement techniques, emotions analysis and
this survey. According to the authors’ point of view, based on personalization. However, this openness comes together with
the overall research performed in this paper, the relevance and various risks in privacy, security and reliability of information,
importance of each of the aforementioned issues in relation and also various challenges such as search and discovery of
to each category is assessed in Table II, according to the devices, services and information on the fly, which is still
following scale: Essential (E), Very Important (VI), Important an open issue in the WoT world [118]. Finally, the most
(I), Less Important (LI) and Not Applicable (NA). critical element seems to be a need for large business cases
Observing Table II, aspects of security, privacy and relia- which could prove the market value of mobile computing and
bility are essential in ”sensitive” domains such as health and the IoT/WoT, and which could eventually lead to wide-scale
transportation. Search and discovery is relevant only when adoption of this practice, inspiring even more research and
interacting with things or people, while big data analysis development in satisfying the risks and challenges at this field.
makes sense in open systems, when large streams of data are
involved. Heterogeneity and context are important in almost VI. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
every category, while business cases are needed across the This research has been partially supported by Science Foun-
whole mobile IoT/WoT realm, not only to prove the value of dation Ireland (SFI) under grant No. SFI/12/RC/2289 and EU
mobile IoT/WoT but also to analyze the barriers for market FP7 CityPulse Project under grant No.603095. http://www.ict-
uptake of various solutions especially in health, gaming and citypulse.eu
sports. Moreover, personalization, persuasion and emotions
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 11

Issue / Partici Eco- Actuat Health Sports Agri Gam Transpo Intera Social
Category patory Feed ion and culture ing rtation ction Inter
Sensing back Control with actions
Things with
People
Heterogen I I VI E LI E LI E VI VI
eity
Continuous E VI LI E VI VI VI E VI VI
sensing
Context E I LI E I I LI E I I
problem
Security LI E E E I VI LI E VI VI
Privacy VI E E E VI VI I E VI E
Reliability VI VI E E VI VI I E I I
Search and I I I LI LI LI LI VI E E
Discovery
Personaliz LI I LI E E I VI I VI VI
ation
Emotions NA I NA VI VI NA I VI VI VI
analysis
Persuasion I E LI E I I LI I I I
Big data E VI VI E I E I E I LI
analysis
Business VI E E E VI E VI E E E
cases
TABLE II
O PEN CHALLENGES AND ISSUES AFFECTING EACH CATEGORY OF I OT/W OT- BASED MOBILE APPLICATIONS .

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