VECTORS

1.1 – 1.4: Introduction to the basic concepts of Vectors

Task 1 : Write down all the vectors as shown in each of the following diagrams.
(1) (2)

B
F
x a

A y Q b E

P G
H b

AB y GH a

(3)
B J F x Q AB = x =
P
a c
b
EF = b =
E
A I

Task 2 : Determine the vectors that are equal in each of the following diagrams.
(1) (2)
s
f
e
a
r q

g a

(3)

M N E F C D
e
A
a b
f B
c d G
H K L

Vectors 1
Task 3 : Determine the negative vectors as shown in the following diagrams.
(1)
S V
C

a X x
b c
Y
D
T W

XY = ST = CD = VW =
(2) (3)
q
p
c
r
b
s
a
p

The negative vector of p : The negative vector of c :

p= c =

Answers :

Task 1 :
(1) AB x ; y PQ
(2) GH b ; a EF
(3) AB a ; x PQ ; EF c; b IJ

Task 2 :
(1) a q
(2) a f
(3) a d ;b e ;c f ; AB GH ; CD MN ; EF KL

Task 3 :

(1) XY x ; ST a ; CD c ; VW b
(2) p q
(3) c a

Vectors 2
VECTORS
1.5 Multiplication of Vectors by Scalars
Task 1 : State the following vectors in terms of a .
~
(1) a (2)
E F
b
A B
C D G H

(a) AB = (b) CD = (a) EF = (b) GH =

Q F H
(3) (4)
c d
S

R P
G
(a) PQ = (b) RS =
(a) EF = (b) GH =
(5) (6)
e S
A
Q
f
C R
B
D
P
(a) AB = (b) CD = (a) PQ = (b) RS =
Answers: (1) (a) AB (2) (a) EF 3 (3) (a) PQ
2a (b) CD 3a 2b (b) GH 2
b 3c (b) RS 2c
(4) (a) EF (5) (a) AB 3
2 d (b) GH 3d 2e (b) CD 2
e (6) (a) PQ 2 f (b) RS 1
2
f
Task 2 : In each diagram below, determine the vectors that are parallel and state their relationships.

A C
(1) AB and ________ are parallel vectors.
K

AB =
B

(2) CD and ________ are parallel vectors.

D
F
CD =
I J

L (3) EF and ________ are parallel vectors.

G
E
EF =
M
P Q
(4) IJ and ________ are parallel vectors.

N H IJ =
Answers : (1) GH ; AB 1
2
GH (2) MN ; CD 2MN (3) KL ; EF 1
2
KL (4) QP ; IJ 3
2
QP

Vectors 3
VECTORS
2.1 – 2.4 Addition and Subtraction of Vectors.

Task 1 : Determine the resultant vector of two or more parallel vectors by addition and subtraction
operations.
(1) 2a a 12 a (2) 12 x 2 x 13 x (3) 5y 12 y 43 y

7 17
2 a 6 x 25
4 y
(4) 5b 3b (5) 7 a 3a 1
2 a (6) 12b 2b 5b

2b 7
a 5b
2
1 1 1 1 1 1
(7) 2a 3 b 2 a b (8) a 2b 3a 4 b (9) 4u 2 v 5 u 6 v

5 4 9 21 2
2 a 3 b 4a 4 b 5 u 3 v
(10) 6 x 4 y x 2y (11) 4u 5v 2u 3v (12) 6 s 8t 9 s 2t

5x 2 y 2u 2v 3s 10 t

Task 2 : Determine the resultant vector of two or more non-parallel vectors by addition and
subtraction operations.
(1) (2) (a) x y =
(a) a b =

(b) b c = (b) w x=

(c) c d = (c) DC CB =

(d) AB BD = (d) BC CA =
(3) (4) ABCD in the diagram is a parallelogram.
(a) a b = (a) AB AD =

(b) b c = (b) BA BC =

(c) QP PT = (c) DA DC =

(d) RT TQ = (d) CB CD =
(5) PQRS in the diagram is a parallelogram. (6) ABCDEF in the diagram is a regular
Hexagon
(a) PQ PS = . (a) AB AF =

(b) SP SR = (b) OC OE =

(c) QP QR = (c) FA FE =

(d) CB CD =
(d) RQ RS =

Vectors 4
(7) ABCDE in the diagram is a pentagon. (8) PQRST in the diagram is a pentagon.
(a) PQ QR RT
(a) AB BC CD
=
=

(b) RS ST TQ
(b) AC CD DE

= =

(c) CD DA AE (c) TP PR RQ

= =

(9) KLMNOP in the diagram is a hexagon. (10) ABCDE in the diagram is a pentagon.

(a) PO ON NM ML (a) AD CD

= =

(b) KM MN NP PL =

= (b) CB EB

(c) MN NL LP PN =

= =

(11) PQRST in the diagram is a pentagon. (12) ABCDEF in the diagram is a hexagon.
(a) PS TS (a) AD DC

(b) RQ PQ =

(b) BC DC ED =
(c) SP TP
(c) CA FA EF =

(13) ABCDEF in the diagram is a regular hexagon with centre O.

(a) a b = (d) a 2b =

(b) b 2a = (e) a c =

(c) b c = (f) c 2b =

Vectors 5
VECTORS
2.5 Represent Vectors as Linear Combination of other Vectors.

Task 1 : Express the following vectors in terms of x and y .

(1) (2) (3)

ABCD is a parallelogram.
TQ =
QR =
AC =
PR =

(4) (5) (6)

EFGH is a parallelogram.
FG =
EG = BC =

AD =

1
Answers : (1) AC x y (2) QR y x (3) TQ 2x y ; PR x 2
y
1 1
(4) EG 2x y (5) FG x 2y (6) BC y x ; AD 2
y 2
x
Task 2 : For each of the following diagrams, express the vector PQ in terms of x and y .
(1) (2)
y P
Q
y x
y
x x

2x y
Q
P

PQ = PQ =
Vectors 6
(3) (4) Q

Q y
y

x x

P
PQ = PQ =

(5) (6)
Q y P
y x
x

P Q

PQ = PQ =

(7) (8)
x
y
x Q
P

Q P

PQ = PQ =

Answers : (1) PQ 2x y (2) PQ x y (3) PQ 3x y (4) PQ 2x 2 y

(5) PQ 3x 2 y (6) PQ 2x y (7) PQ 2x y (8) PQ x 3y
Vectors 7
VECTORS
x
3.1 Express Vectors in Cartesian Plane in the form of x i y j or .
y
x
Task : Express the following vectors in the form of x i y j or .
y
(1) (2)
y B( , ) y C( , )

4 B 4
C
OB OC
2 2

O
x OC
O
x OB 2 4 6
2 4
(3) (4)
y D( , ) F( , )
y
6 D F
4

4 OD OF
2

2
x OF =
OD = -6 -4 -2 O
O
x
2 4 6
(5) G( , ) (6)
y y H( , )

4 H 4
G
OG
2 2 OH

x OG = x
-6 -4 -2 O
O -6 -4 -2 O OH =
(7) (8)
y Q( , ) y R( , )
O O
x x
2 4 6
2 4 6
OQ -2 OR
-2
R
-4 -4
Q OQ = OR =
3 6 4
Answers : (1) (3 , 4) ; ; 3i 4 j (2) (6 , 3) ; ; 6i 3 j (3) (4 , 6) ; ; 4i 6 j
4 3 6
6 5 4
(4) (–6 , 4) ; ; 6 i 4 j (5) (–5 , 3) ; ; 5i 3 j (6) (–4 , 4) ; ; 4i 4 j
4 3 4
5 7
(7) (5 , –4) ; ; 5i 4 j (8) (7 , –3) ; ; 7i 3 j
4 3
Vectors 8
(9) (10)
y y
Y( , )
T( , ) O
O x
x -6 -4 -2
2 4 6 -2 OY
-2 OT
-4
T
-4 OY =
OT = Y -6

(11) (12)
y X( , ) y
O
Z( , )
x O x
-6 -4 -2 -6 -4 -2
-2 -2
OX OZ
Z
X -4 -4
OX = OZ =

(13) y (14) y
P(6, 2)
Q(-2, 3)
x
P(4, 1) O

x
O
Q(3, - 4)
OP =
OP =

OQ =
OQ =

(15) O(0 , 0) , A(1 , 4) and B(–5 , 2). (16) O(0 , 0) , A(4 , –8) and B(–3 , –6).

OA = OA =

OB = OB =

6 5 7
Answers : (9) (6 , –3) ; ; 6 i 3 j (10) (–5 , –6) ; ; 5i 6 j (11) (–7 , –4) ; ;
3 6 4
6 4 2 6
7 i 4 j (12) (-6 , -3) ; ; 6 i 3 j (13) = 4i j ; = 2 i 3 j (14) =
3 1 3 2
3 1 5 4 3
6i 2 j ; = 3i 4 j (15) = i 4j ; = 5i 2 j (16) = 4i 8 j ; =
4 4 2 8 6
3i 6 j

Vectors 9
VECTORS
3.2 – 3.3Determine the Unit Vectors in the Direction of given Vectors.

Task 1 : For each of the following vectors in terms of i and j , find the magnitude and the unit
vector in the direction of the given vector.
(1) OP 3i 4 j (2) OW 12 i 5 j (3) AB 9 i 12 j

magnitude of OP magnitude of OW magnitude of AB

OP = OW = AB =

Unit vector in the direction Unit vector in the direction Unit vector in the direction
of OP of OW of AB

OP = OW = AB =

3 4
5; 3
5 i 4
5 j 13 ; 12
13 i 5
13 j 15 ; 5 i 5 j

(4) PQ 15i 8 j (5) a 4i 3 j (6) b 7 i 24 j

magnitude of a magnitude of b
magnitude of PQ

a = b =
PQ =

Unit vector in the direction Unit vector in the direction Unit vector in the direction
of PQ of a of b

PQ = â = b̂ =

15 8
17 ; 17 i 17 j 5; 4
5 i 3
5 j 25 ; 7
i 24
j
25 25

Vectors 10
 x
Task 2 : For each of the following vectors in the form , find the magnitude and the unit
y
vector in the direction of the given vector.
8 15 6
(1) PQ (2) ST (3) ) CD
6 8 8

magnitude of PQ magnitude of ST magnitude of CD

PQ = ST = CD =

Unit vector in the direction Unit vector in the direction Unit vector in the direction
of PQ of ST of CD

PQ = ST = CD =

15 3
4 17 5
5 17 ; 10 ;
10 ; 3
8 4
17 5
5

9 12 24
(4) VW (5) u (6) v
40 9 7

magnitude of VW magnitude of u magnitude of v

VW = u = v =

Unit vector in the direction

Unit vector in the direction Unit vector in the direction
of VW of u of v
VW =
û = v̂ =

9 4 24
5 25
41 ;
41 15 ; 3
25 ; 7
40
41 5 25

Vectors 11
VECTORS
3.4 – 3.7 Addition, Subtraction and Multiplication of Vectors

Task 1 : Given a 2i 5 j , b i 4 j and c 3i 7 j , find the following vectors in terms of i

and j .
(1) 2b (2) 3a (3) 4c

= = =

2i 8 j 6 i 15 j 12 i 28 j

(4) 1
2 a (5) a 3b (6) 2a b

= = =

5
i 2 j 5i 7 j 5i 6 j
(7) b c (8) 1
2 b a (9) a 3b

= = =

2i 3 j 5 i 17 j
2 i 3j
(10) 4b c (11) 3c 2a (12) b 1
2 a

= = =

13
7 i 23 j 13i 11 j 2
j
Vectors 12
 3 2 6 x
Task 2 : Given a ,b and c , express the following in the form of .
4 5 1 y
(1) 4b (2) 2c (3) 1
2 a

= = =

3
8 12 2

20 2 2
(4) 2a b (5) b 3c (6) 2c a

= = =

4 16 15
13 2 2
(7) 3a b (8) 2b c (9) c 2a

= = =

11 10 0
7 11 9
(10) 3c 2b (11) 3b a (12) 4a c

= = =

22 3 6
13 19 17

Vectors 13
 x
Task 3 : Write vector PQ in the form and determine its magnitude. Hence, find the unit
y
vector in the direction of vector PQ .
(1) (2)
y y
Q(7 , 9)
P(11, 2) P(–5 , 4)

x
O

x
O
Q(3 , –4)

4 12
8 ; 10 ; 5 12 ; 13 ; 13
3 5
6 5
5 13

Task 4 : Write vector AB in terms of i and j and find its magnitude. Hence, find the unit
vector in the direction of vector AB .
(1) O(0 , 0) , A(4 , –30) and B(–3 , –6). (2) O(0 , 0) , A(–5 , 2) and B(3 , –4).

7 24 4 3
7i 24 j ; 25 ; 25 i 25 j 8i 6 j ; 10 ; 5 i 5 j

Task 5 : Given a 3i 4 j , b 2i j and c i 5 j , find in terms of i and j , the unit vector

in the direction of the vectors below.
(1) 2a b c (2) 3a 2b c

5 4 4 19
5i 4 j ; 41 ; 41
i 41
j 4i 19 j ; 377 ; 377
i 377
j
Vectors 14