VECTORS

1.1 – 1.4: Introduction to the basic concepts of Vectors

Task 1 : Write down all the vectors as shown in each of the following diagrams.
(1) (2)

B
F
x a
 
A y Q b E
  G
P b
H

 
AB y GH  a
 
(3)

B J F x Q AB = x =
 
P
a c 
 b
  EF = b =

E
A I

Task 2 : Determine the vectors that are equal in each of the following diagrams.
(1) (2)
s
 f
 e
a 
 q
r
 
g a
 

(3)

M N E F C D
e
 A
a b
  f B
d G
c  
 H K L

Vectors 1
Task 3 : Determine the negative vectors as shown in the following diagrams.
(1)
S V
C

a X x
 b c 
  Y
D
T W
   
XY = ST = CD = VW =
(2) (3)
q
 p
c 
r 
 b

s
 a

p

The negative vector of p : The negative vector of c :
 c = 
p =
 

Answers :

Task 1 :
 
(1) AB  x ; y  PQ
   
(2) GH  b ; a  EF
     
(3) AB  a ; x  PQ ; EF  c ; b  IJ
   
Task 2 :
(1) a  q
 
(2) a  f
       
(3) a  d ; b  e ; c  f ; AB  GH ; CD  MN ; EF  KL
     
Task 3 :
   
(1) XY   x ; ST   a ; CD  c ; VW  b
(2)  p  q
   
 
(3) c  a
 

Vectors 2
VECTORS
1.5 Multiplication of Vectors by Scalars
Task 1 : State the following vectors in terms of a .
~
(1) a (2)
 E F
b
A B 
C D G H

   

(a) AB = (b) CD = (a) EF = (b) GH =
Q F H
(3) (4)
c d
S  

R P
G
 
(a) PQ = (b) RS =  
(a) EF = (b) GH =
(5) (6)
e S
A 
Q
f
C 
R
B
D
   P 
(a) AB = (b) CD = (b) RS = (a) PQ =
     
Answers: (1) (a) AB  2a (b) CD  3a (2) (a) EF  2b (b) GH  32 b (3) (a) PQ  3c (b) RS  2c
           
(4) (a) EF  2 d (b) GH  3d (5) (a) AB  2e (b) CD  32 e (6) (a) PQ  2 f (b) RS   12 f
     
Task 2 : In each diagram below, determine the vectors that are parallel and state their relationships.

A C 
(1) AB and ________ are parallel vectors.
K

AB =
B

(2) CD and ________ are parallel vectors.
D
F 
CD =
I J

L (3) EF and ________ are parallel vectors.
G
E 
EF =
M
P Q 
(4) IJ and ________ are parallel vectors.

N H IJ =
           
Answers : (1) GH ; AB  12 GH (2) MN ; CD  2MN (3) KL ; EF   12 KL (4) QP ; IJ   32 QP

Vectors 3
VECTORS
2.1 – 2.4 Addition and Subtraction of Vectors.

Task 1 : Determine the resultant vector of two or more parallel vectors by addition and subtraction
operations.
(1) 2a  a  12 a (2) 12 x  2 x  13 x (3) 5y  12 y  43 y
        
7 17
2 a 6 x 25
y
  4

(4) 5b  3b (5) 7 a  3a  12 a (6) 12b  2b  5b
       
2b 7
a 5b
 2
 
(7) 2a  13 b  12 a  b (8) a  2b  3a  14 b (9) 4u  12 v  15 u  16 v
           

5
2 a  34 b 4a  94 b 21
5 u  23 v
     
(10) 6 x  4 y  x  2 y (11) 4u  5v  2u  3v (12) 6 s  8t  9 s  2t
           

5x  2 y 2u  2v 3s  10 t
    

Task 2 : Determine the resultant vector of two or more non-parallel vectors by addition and
subtraction operations.
(1)
(a) a  b =
(2) (a) x  y =
   
(b) b  c = (b) w  x =
   
 
(c) c  d = (c) DC  CB =
 
   
(d) AB  BD = (d) BC  CA =
(3) (4) ABCD in the diagram is a parallelogram.
 
(a) a  b = (a) AB  AD =
 
 
(b) b  c = (b) BA  BC =
 
   
(c) QP  PT = (c) DA  DC =
   
(d) RT  TQ = (d) CB  CD =
(5) PQRS in the diagram is a parallelogram. (6) ABCDEF in the diagram is a regular
Hexagon  
 
(a) PQ  PS = . (a) AB  AF =

   

(b) SP  SR = (b) OC  OE =

   

(c) QP  QR = (c) FA  FE =
 
  (d) CB  CD =
(d) RQ  RS =

Vectors 4
(7) ABCDE in the diagram is a pentagon. (8) PQRST in the diagram is a pentagon.
  
   (a) PQ  QR  RT
(a) AB  BC  CD
=
=
  
   (b) RS  ST  TQ
(b) AC  CD  DE

= =

     

(c) CD  DA  AE (c) TP  PR  RQ

= =

(9) KLMNOP in the diagram is a hexagon. (10) ABCDE in the diagram is a pentagon.
     
(a) PO  ON  NM  ML (a) AD  CD

= =
   
(b) KM  MN  NP  PL =
 
= (b) CB  EB
   
(c) MN  NL  LP  PN =

= =

(11) PQRST in the diagram is a pentagon. (12) ABCDEF in the diagram is a hexagon.
   
(a) PS  TS (a) AD  DC

=
 
(b) RQ  PQ =

  

(b) BC  DC  ED =
 
(c) SP  TP
  
(c) CA  FA  EF =

(13) ABCDEF in the diagram is a regular hexagon with centre O.

(a) a  b = (d) a  2b =
   

(b) b  2a = (e) a  c =
   

(c) b  c = (f) c  2b =
   

Vectors 5
VECTORS
2.5 Represent Vectors as Linear Combination of other Vectors.

Task 1 : Express the following vectors in terms of x and y .

 
(1) (2) (3)

ABCD is a parallelogram. 

 TQ =
 QR =
AC = 
PR =

(4) (5) (6)

EFGH is a parallelogram. 

 FG = 
EG = BC =

AD =

   

Answers : (1) AC  x  y (2) QR   y  x (3) TQ  2 x  y ; PR  x  12 y
           
(4) EG  2 x  y (5) FG   x  2 y (6) BC   y  x ; AD  1
2
y  12 x
        
Task 2 : For each of the following diagrams, express the vector PQ in terms of x and y .
 
(1) (2)
y P
Q 
y x
 
y
x  x
 

2x y
 
Q
P

 
PQ = PQ =
Vectors 6
(3) (4) Q

Q y

y

x x
 

P
 
PQ = PQ =

(5) (6)
Q y P
y  x
x 
 

P Q
 
PQ = PQ =

(7) (8)
x

y
x Q
P 

y


Q P

 
PQ = PQ =

   

Answers : (1) PQ  2 x  y (2) PQ  x  y (3) PQ  3 x  y (4) PQ  2 x  2 y
           
(5) PQ  3 x  2 y (6) PQ  2 x  y (7) PQ  2 x  y (8) PQ  x  3 y
       
Vectors 7
VECTORS
 x
3.1 Express Vectors in Cartesian Plane in the form of x i  y j or   .
 y   
 x
Task : Express the following vectors in the form of x i  y j or   .
   y
(1) (2)
y B( , ) y C( , )

4 B 4
  C   
 OC   
OB    2
2
   

 x 
x OB  O
2 4 6
OC 
O
2 4
(3) (4)
y D( , ) F( , )
y
6 D F
4
     
4 OD    OF   
  2  
2  
x OF =
OD = -6 -4 -2 O
O
x
2 4 6
(5) G( , ) (6)
y y H( , )

4 H 4
G   
OG      
2   2 OH   
 

x OG = x 
-6 -4 -2 O
O -6 -4 -2 O OH =
(7) (8)
y Q( , ) y R( , )
O O
x x
2 4 6
2 4 6      
OQ    -2 OR   
-2
   
R
-4  -4 
Q OQ = OR =
 3  6  4
Answers : (1) (3 , 4) ;   ; 3i  4 j (2) (6 , 3) ;   ; 6 i  3 j (3) (4 , 6) ;   ; 4 i  6 j
 4    3   6  
 6   5   4 
(4) (–6 , 4) ;   ; 6 i  4 j (5) (–5 , 3) ;   ; 5i  3 j (6) (–4 , 4) ;   ; 4 i  4 j
 4    3    4  
 5 7
(7) (5 , –4) ;   ; 5i  4 j (8) (7 , –3) ;   ; 7 i  3 j
 4     3   
Vectors 8
(9) (10)
y y
Y( , )
T( , ) O
O x
x -6 -4 -2
2 4 6   
  
-2 OY   
-2 OT     
  -4
T 
-4  OY =
OT = Y -6

(11) (12)
y X( , ) y
O
Z( , )
x O x
-6 -4 -2 -6 -4 -2
    
-2
OX   
-2 
OZ   
  Z  
X -4 -4
 
OX = OZ =

(13) y (14) y
P(6, 2)
Q(-2, 3)
x
P(4, 1) O

x
O
Q(3, - 4)
  
OP   =   
  OP   =
 
  
OQ   =   
  OQ   =
 
(15) O(0 , 0) , A(1 , 4) and B(–5 , 2). (16) O(0 , 0) , A(4 , –8) and B(–3 , –6).
     
OA   = OA   =
   

     
OB   = OB    =
   
 6 
 5  7 
Answers : (9) (6 , –3) ;   ; 6 i  3 j (10) (–5 , –6) ;   ; 5i  6 j (11) (–7 , –4) ;   ;
 3     6     4 
 6   4  2  6
7 i  4 j (12) (-6 , -3) ;   ; 6 i  3 j (13)   = 4i  j ;   = 2 i  3 j (14)   =
   3    1    3    2
 3 1  5   4  3 
6 i  2 j ;   = 3i  4 j (15)   = i  4 j ;   = 5i  2 j (16)   = 4 i  8 j ;   =
   4     4    2    8     6 
 3i  6 j
 

Vectors 9
VECTORS
3.2 – 3.3Determine the Unit Vectors in the Direction of given Vectors.

Task 1 : For each of the following vectors in terms of i and j , find the magnitude and the unit
 
vector in the direction of the given vector.
  
(1) OP  3i  4 j (2) OW  12 i  5 j (3) AB  9 i  12 j
     
  
magnitude of OP magnitude of OW magnitude of AB
  
OP = OW = AB =

Unit vector in the direction Unit vector in the direction Unit vector in the direction
  
of OP of OW of AB
  

 
OP = OW = AB =

5; 3
i4 j 13 ; 12
i 5 j 15 ; 3
5 i4 j

5
 5 13
 13   5
(4) PQ  15i  8 j (5) a  4 i  3 j (6) b  7 i  24 j
       
 magnitude of a magnitude of b
magnitude of PQ  
 a = b =
PQ =  

Unit vector in the direction Unit vector in the direction Unit vector in the direction

of PQ of a of b

 

PQ = â = b̂ =
 

17 ; 15
i  178 j 5 ;  54 i  53 j 25 ;  257 i  24
25 j
17
     
Vectors 10
  x
Task 2 : For each of the following vectors in the form   , find the magnitude and the unit
y  
vector in the direction of the given vector.
  8    15     6
(1) PQ    (2) ST    (3) ) CD   
6   8  8
  
magnitude of PQ magnitude of ST magnitude of CD

  

PQ = ST = CD =

Unit vector in the direction Unit vector in the direction Unit vector in the direction
  
of PQ of ST of CD

 



PQ = ST = CD =

 45 
 15
17   53 
17 ;   10 ;  4 
10 ;  3 
 
8

5
17  5 
  9    12    24 
(4) VW    (5) u    (6) v   
  40     9    7 

magnitude of VW magnitude of u magnitude of v
 

VW = u = v =
 

Unit vector in the direction

 Unit vector in the direction Unit vector in the direction
of VW of u of v

  
VW =
û = v̂ =
 

  419    54    24
25 
41 ;  40  15 ;  3
25 ;  7 
  41   5   25 

Vectors 11
VECTORS
3.4 – 3.7 Addition, Subtraction and Multiplication of Vectors

Task 1 : Given a  2 i  5 j , b  i  4 j and c  3i  7 j , find the following vectors in terms of i

         
and j .

(1) 2b (2) 3a (3) 4c
  
= = =

2i  8 j 6 i  15 j 12 i  28 j
     
(4) 1
2 a (5) a  3b (6) 2a  b
    
= = =

i5 j 5i  7 j 5i  6 j
 2    
(7) b  c (8) 1
2 ba (9) a  3b
     
= = =

2 i  3 j  i  17 j
 
5
2 i 3j  
 
(10) 4b  c (11) 3c  2a (12) b  12 a
     
= = =

7 i  23 j 13i  11 j  132 j
    
Vectors 12
  3  2   6  x
Task 2 : Given a    , b    and c    , express the following in the form of   .
  4   5   1   y
(1) 4b (2) 2c (3) 12 a
  
= = =

 8   12 
 32 
     
 20   2   2
(4) 2a  b (5) b  3c (6) 2c  a
     
= = =

4  16   15 
     
 13  2 2
(7) 3a  b (8) 2b  c (9) c  2a
     
= = =

 11  10   0
     
7  11   9 
(10) 3c  2b (11) 3b  a (12) 4a  c
     
= = =

 22   3  6
     
 13   19   17 

Vectors 13
   x
Task 3 : Write vector PQ in the form   and determine its magnitude. Hence, find the unit
y  

vector in the direction of vector PQ .
(1) (2)
y y
Q(7 , 9)
P(11, 2) P(–5 , 4)

x
O

x
O
Q(3 , –4)

 8  ; 10 ;   54   12  ; 13 ;  12
13 
   3   5
 6  5  5  13 


Task 4 : Write vector AB in terms of i and j and find its magnitude. Hence, find the unit
  
vector in the direction of vector AB .
(1) O(0 , 0) , A(4 , –30) and B(–3 , –6). (2) O(0 , 0) , A(–5 , 2) and B(3 , –4).

7i  24 j ; 25 ;  25
7
i  25
24
j 8i  6 j ; 10 ;
4
5 i  53 j
       
Task 5 : Given a  3i  4 j , b  2 i  j and c   i  5 j , find in terms of i and j , the unit vector
          
in the direction of the vectors below.
(1) 2a  b  c (2) 3a  2b  c
     

5i  4 j ; 41 ; 5
i 4
j 4i  19 j ; 377 ;
4
i 19
j
  41
 41
  
377
 377

Vectors 14