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    Mortality (Ed) - Final

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    Ananta Roy
    This document discusses different methods of measuring mortality rates. It defines crude death rate as the number of deaths per 1000 people in a population over a period of time. It also describes age-specific death rates as the number of deaths per 1000 people in a specific age group. Finally, it discusses infant mortality rates, including calendar year rates and cohort rates, as well as neonatal and post-neonatal mortality rates.

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    Mortality (Ed) - Final

    Uploaded by

    Ananta Roy
    57 views5 pages
    This document discusses different methods of measuring mortality rates. It defines crude death rate as the number of deaths per 1000 people in a population over a period of time. It also describes age-specific death rates as the number of deaths per 1000 people in a specific age group. Finally, it discusses infant mortality rates, including calendar year rates and cohort rates, as well as neonatal and post-neonatal mortality rates.

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    Mortality (ed) - Final

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    This document discusses different methods of measuring mortality rates. It defines crude death rate as the number of deaths per 1000 people in a population over a period of time. It also describes age-specific death rates as the number of deaths per 1000 people in a specific age group. Finally, it discusses infant mortality rates, including calendar year rates and cohort rates, as well as neonatal and post-neonatal mortality rates.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    57 views5 pages

    Mortality (Ed) - Final

    Uploaded by

    Ananta Roy
    This document discusses different methods of measuring mortality rates. It defines crude death rate as the number of deaths per 1000 people in a population over a period of time. It also describes age-specific death rates as the number of deaths per 1000 people in a specific age group. Finally, it discusses infant mortality rates, including calendar year rates and cohort rates, as well as neonatal and post-neonatal mortality rates.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 5

    Mortality

    Mortality:Number of deaths per 1000 persons in a period of time among particular


    categories of persons.
    The analysis of mortality is generally considered under two main headings: (i) infant
    mortality and (ii) child and adult mortality.
    Crude Death Rate (CDR): The number of deaths per 1,000 people
    𝐷
    CDR = ×𝑘
    𝑃
    Where D=number of deaths in a year within the population, p is the mid-year population
    and k is a constant, usually 1,000.
    Example: In 1968 the total number of deaths registered in Egypt was 509,430 and the
    mean estimate of the mid-year population was 31,754 million. Estimate the crude death
    rate.
    509,430 × (1000)
    Crude death Rate =
    (31,754) × 106
    = 16.0 𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑕𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 1,000 𝑝𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
    Advantages:
    1. It shows the level of mortality in an entire population and its meaning can be
    explained or communicated to the general public without much difficulty.
    2. Comparatively, it is easy to estimate and requires only a minimum amount of data
    for a vital rate.
    Limitations:
    1. The crude death rate can be misleading because influences of the age structure over
    ride-the impact of the levels of mortality. A population with an old age structure is
    likely to have a higher crude death rate than a population with a young age
    structure, if the levels of mortality do not differ very much.

    Age Specific Death Rates (ASDR): The age-specific death rate is defined as the number of
    deaths per year per 1,000 population of a given age group, usually by sex. (The age groups
    are usually under 1, 1-4, 5-9, 10-14, ……….75 and over.)

    𝑛 𝐷𝑥
    𝐴𝑆𝐷𝑅 = × 1000
    𝑛 𝑃𝑥
    Age group Population Death ASDR
    Under 1 8858 1632 184.24
    1-4 29268 1157 39.53
    5-9 33265 316 9.50
    10-14 32028 179 5.59
    15-19 31083 199 6.40
    20-24 30068 207 6.88
    25-29 29070 192 6.60
    30-34 27988 241 8.61
    35-39 26735 260 9.73
    40-44 25110 390 15.53
    45-49 22780 542 23.79
    50-54 20113 525 26.10
    55-59 17443 543 31.13
    60-64 14370 686 47.74
    65-69 10930 690 63.13
    70-74 7375 732 99.25
    75+ 3372 1109 328.88

    Expectation of life at birth (e0):The average number of years a newborn infant can be
    expected to live if he or she subjected at different stages of his or her life to the schedule of
    age-specific mortality currently in effect. It is also called the mean length of life.

    Infant Mortality:Infant mortality rate measures mortality between 0 and 1 years of age.
    There are two fundamentally different methods of expression infant mortality rate for a
    given period. These are the calendar year mortality rate and the cohort mortality rate.
    Calendar year Mortality Rates:the number of infant deaths in a given period per 1,000
    live births during the same period
    This method, however, has a number of disadvantages. Under conditions of complete
    registration of live births and infant deaths, the rates can provide only estimates of the risk
    of infant deaths. In any given calendar year, some of the infants who may have died may
    have been born in the preceding year.Similarly, some of the infant who were born in that
    calendar year may not die until the following year. But when we use this method, we
    assume that deficiencies in one direction are offset by excesses in the other. It is, therefore,
    less acceptable when the numbers of live births increase or decrease rapidly from year to
    year.
    Year Live births Infant deaths
    0 bo=8,00,000 do =5,800
    d1 =30,400
    1 b1 =9,00,000 d2 =8,300
    d3 =21,900
    2 b2 =10,00,000 d4 =9,000
    d5 =23,000

    bo are births in year 0 = 8,00,000 births


    b1 are births in year 1 = 9,00,000 births
    b2 are births in year 2 =10,00,000 births
    d0 + d1 = deaths in year 0 = 5,800 + 30,400 deaths
    d2 + d3 = deaths in year 1 = 8,300 + 21,900 deaths
    d4 + d5 = deaths in year 2 = 9,000 + 23,000 deaths
    Conventional method:
    𝑛umber of infant deaths under 1 year
    𝐼𝑀𝑅 = × 1000
    number of live births in that year

    In year 1, for example, d2 = 8,300 (infants who were born in year 0 but died in year 1), d3 =
    21,900 (infants who were born in year 1 and died in the same year, i.e. year 1)
    𝑑2 + 𝑑3 30,200
    𝐼𝑀𝑅 =  1,000 = × 1000 = 33.56 𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑕𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 1000 𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑏𝑖𝑟𝑡𝑕𝑠
    𝑏1 900,000

    The total calendar year mortality rate for all infants under 1 year can also be separated
    according to ages at death, yielding the neo-natal mortality rate, and the post-natal
    mortality rate.
    Neo-natal mortality rate:This is the number of deaths under 4 weeks
    (under 28 days) divided by live births. Deaths under 1 month can also be used as the
    numerator.
    𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑕𝑠 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 4 𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑘𝑠 (𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 28 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠)
    𝑁𝑒𝑜 − 𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑀𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 = × 1000
    𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑏𝑖𝑟𝑡𝑕𝑠

    Post-natal mortality rate:This is the number of infant deaths aged between


    exactly 4 weeks (28 days) and under 1 years, divided by live births.
    𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑕𝑠 𝑎𝑔𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛
    𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑙𝑦 4 𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑘𝑠 28 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 1 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟
    𝑃𝑜𝑠𝑡 − 𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑀𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 = × 1000
    𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑏𝑖𝑟𝑡𝑕𝑠
    Note that the neo-natal plus the post-natal morality rates are equal to the infant mortality
    rate. Neo-natal deaths usually occurred due to biological factor and post-natal deaths are
    usually occurred due to social factor.
    Peri-natal mortality rate:This is the number of foetal deaths and neonatal
    deaths per 1000 live births.
    𝑓𝑜𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑕𝑠 + 𝑛𝑒𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑕𝑠
    𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖 − 𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑀𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 = × 1000
    𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑏𝑖𝑟𝑡𝑕𝑠

    Cohort Mortality Rates:A cohort is a group of personal who experience a given


    event during a defined time period; for example, a group of persons born in a specified time
    period comprise a birth cohort. In the cohort method, the births during the year are taken
    as the denominator. The numerator is found by following this cohort of infants during the
    first twelve months of life. Records of the number who died under 12 moths, whether in the
    same or in the next calendar year, are kept.
    In the cohort method, the number of variables for study is greatly increased. The place of
    residence, sex and other variables, such as order of birth, mother’s age, birth weight, etc.
    may also be available for study. Therefore the study of the relationship between infant
    mortality and socio-economic status by the tabulation of infant mortality according to
    social class and parents’ occupation is greatly facilitated.
    Infant mortality patterns:

    Infant mortality
    20
    18
    16
    14
    12
    10
    8
    6
    4
    2
    0
    <28 days 28 days-3 months 3-6 months 6-9 months 9-12 months
    General Mortality patterns

    ASDR
    500
    450
    400
    350
    300
    250
    200
    150
    100
    50
    0

    ASDR (developing country) ASDR (Developed country)

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