RENEWABLE ENERGY FINAL PAPER 1

Renewable Energy Final Paper

Name of Student

Name of Instructor

Date
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Table of Contents

Introduction................................................................................................................................4

Types of Renewable Energy...................................................................................................5

Problem Identification............................................................................................................7

Importance of Solar and Wind Energy...............................................................................8

Objectives & Scope..........................................................................................................10

Solar Projects in Australia........................................................................................................10

Coleambally Solar Farm.......................................................................................................10

Bungala Solar Farm..............................................................................................................12

Limondale Solar Farm..........................................................................................................14

Wind Projects in Australia.......................................................................................................16

Sapphire Wind Farm.............................................................................................................16

Codrington Wind Farm.........................................................................................................19

Crowlands Wind Farm.........................................................................................................22

Design Detail............................................................................................................................22

Solar Farms...........................................................................................................................22

Technology And Standards...............................................................................................23

Reliability And Robustness..............................................................................................24

Safety Of The Personnel and Public.................................................................................24

Layout...............................................................................................................................25

Civil And Structural..........................................................................................................25

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Lifecycle Considerations..................................................................................................25

Wind Farms..........................................................................................................................26

Simulation................................................................................................................................29

Solar Farms...........................................................................................................................29

Optimal distance and inclination......................................................................................29

Optimal Setup...................................................................................................................30

Wind Farms..........................................................................................................................31

Economic Analysis...................................................................................................................34

Project Management.................................................................................................................39

Project Scope........................................................................................................................39

Objectives and Constraints...................................................................................................39

Project Objectives.................................................................................................................40

Project Schedule...................................................................................................................45

Conclusion................................................................................................................................47

References................................................................................................................................50
RENEWABLE ENERGY FINAL PAPER 4

Renewable Energy Final Paper

Introduction

The rising demand for global energy calls for increase in conversion of ocean energy,

solar energy and wind energy into electricity in order to utilize it in mitigating the climatic

change, sustaining the economic activity and creating diversification in the energy supply.

Currently, the projects which can convert ocean energy, solar energy and wind energy into

electricity are limited which shows that this industry has not reached the maturity phase yet. The

main cause of this limitation seems to be the market challenge which has to be faced in retrieving

these energy resources and the high costs involved in developing the technologies involved.

It has been speculated that only a small fraction of this energy will be delivered for use.

The market leaders in this industry are US and UK currently, since they have developed many

flagship projects in the past. However, there are several other countries which are challenging the

dominance of UK and US in this industry such as China, Ireland, South Korea, and Netherland.

The economic growth in many countries has a great impact on the positive development of these

projects since they limit the public and private funds largely which becomes the reason of these

projects being halted (Magagna & Uihlein, 2015). Other reason due to which these projects get

postponed or suspended are failure by the technology developers in constructing the technology

in a cost-effective manner, falling oil prices is another reason for the failure of these projects.

The most significant barrier in the creation of solar energy and wind energy is the

deployment of relevant technology in this industry. The technology developers need to focus on

the sub-components such as control systems, power take off and prime movers which can be

achieved through optimum research and development as well as proper component integration.
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Innovation is the key in this industry (Magagna, & Uihlein, 2015). Other than this, infrastructural

development, environmental barriers and socio-economic issues will also need to be resolved in

order to make this industry more sustainable. For this purpose, it is necessary to develop the

supporting industries first so that supportive energy conditions can be improved.

There are more issues within the power sector around the world that can be fathomed.

The main issue however, is with regards to the continued increase for the electricity demand by

industries and even the people. This is indeed in line with the market economy and the way it has

been moving, with the overall power sector trying to restructured in a bid to catch up with this

kind of demand. The power sector now happens to be in a transitional phase, where the

generation, distribution and even transmission have now been boosted by emergence and

embrace of the newer technologies that have also been deemed to be sustainable and renewable.

It is however notable that there are uncertainties that have been surrounding the power

sector structure and its future, being compounded at the same time with the inadequate policies

in pricing. This has been the main hindrance to the continued introduction of the newer forms of

energy or technologies that are renewable (Ellabban, Abu-Rub, & Blaabjerg, 2014). There has

also been a consistent reliance upon coal as it has frequently been used in generation of

electricity in the long run. It is also apparent that there has been a significant progress within the

efforts to develop renewable energy around the world, especially with the focus geared towards

solar power, wind power and even hydroelectric power.

Types of Renewable Energy

 Geothermal power: The energy that is left over from the first aggregation of the planet and

increment by the warmth from the radioactive rot leaks gradually all over the place and

consistently. Specifically, territories geothermal energy is sufficiently high to endeavor to

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create power. Another type of geothermal energy is Earth energy, in view of the warmth

stockpiling in the Earth's surface. This type of energy diminishes the requirement for other

power to keep up agreeable temperatures in building, yet it can't be utilized to create power.

 Hydrogen and fuel cells: These are again not a sensible renewable energy; however, it is

accessible inexhaustibly and is low in contamination when its used. Hydrogen can be singed

as a fuel, usually utilized in a vehicle, with the utilization of inly water as the ignition item. It

is an extremely perfect fuel which makes a critical decrease of contamination in urban

communities. Hydrogen can likewise be utilized as fuel cells, which resemble batteries. The

creation of hydrogen requires an overflowing measure of power. There are numerous

approaches to deliver hydrogen, for example, solar power.

 Wind Power: The development of the environment is driven by contrasts of temperature at

the Earth's surface because of shifting temperatures of the Earth's surface when lit by

daylight. Wind energy has utilized like to siphon water or to creates power or though is

Australia wind power is utilized for desalinization, yet it requires a broad areal inclusion to

deliver critical measures of energy.

 Solar: This type of renewable energy depends on the atomic combination power from the

center of the sun. It is gathered and changed over in various manners from solar water

warming with solar authorities, as warmth for warming structure and cooking to producing

power with solar cells. Lamentably, these are at present lacking to completely power our

cutting-edge society.

Problem Identification

The major problem that the underlying paper is based on is proposing an alternative

source of energy that is renewable and that can benefit the growing population of Australia in the
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long-run, owing to its renewable nature. In the case of non-renewable resources like coal, crude

oil, natural gas, and others, we have had a good run with them and they will continue to satisfy

our needs for the next few years but eventually, they will cease to exist and we won’t have new

resources since fossil fuels take millions of years to generate. If we rely solely on the non-

renewable sources of energy, soon we are going to find ourselves in the position that demand

increases exponentially with the supply being minuscule. This will make the electricity so

expensive that most of the population won’t be able to afford it and you know how dependent we

are on it that we can’t live our lives anymore without it. That’s the reason switching to renewable

sources of energy is the need of the hour and we need to do it soon.

While there have been technological advances in the last decade and we are in a much

better position with regards to renewable sources of energy, we are still yet to reach a stage

where we can be completely dependent on them. For this reason, it becomes critical for us to do

our part in saving any energy we can on an individual level. If everyone does so, we will be

saving a huge chunk of power on a state or national level. Deployment of renewable energy

sources (RES) has increased with a rapid rate in past two decades; and still growing at much

higher rate than past. There are lots of drivers for RES technologies growth such as greenhouse

policies forcing countries across the world to generate power with green energy, declining fossil

fuels (increasing cost of fossils), rapidly increasing energy demand and lower cost per KWh etc.

However, the renewable sector can even expand much faster under efficient renewable policy

frameworks, lucrative investment policies and with social acceptance of the clean energy.

Importance of Solar and Wind Energy

Solar and wind energy often has various important aspects. There are various attributes

that can be tied to the use of these forms of energy within Australia. For starters, it is notable that
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both are indeed clean sources of fuel. The forms of energy do not pollute the environment at all

such as it can be seen from the other forms of power generation methods. For instance, the fossil

fuels combustion like natural gas or coal often pollutes the environment but the use of Solar and

Wind Energy does not pollute the environment. The wind turbines or even the solar panels do

not produce any atmospheric emissions, which can be able to cause effects such as the acid rain

and even emission of greenhouse gasses. The Solar and Wind Energy can also be seen to be

sustainable for the future. This is because the types of energy may be harnessed all year round

with no embedment at all. The Solar and Wind Energy are also the lowest-priced renewable

forms of energy with regards to the technologies being used as it is readily available today,

despite the fact that the prior project financing for the setup of the power generation projects

seems to be quite high.

By improving the means of harnessing these two types of energy in Australia, it is indeed

clear that there has been a rapid growth in the economy due to the growth of the industries in the

nation as whole. The boom in the use of sustainable energy consumption by these industries

brings about an implication that there is a reduction in the greenhouse gas emissions while also

reducing the effects of air pollutant that were being emitted from the older means of energy

production such as coal burning and oil usage. It is also clear that there is reduced emission of

CO2 gases within the nation, hence an improvement to the environment while benefiting the

biodiversity in the country.

Solar and Wind energy being produced in the nation of Australia has been able to reduce

electricity generation by the combustion-based means hence providing the requisite air-quality

that the citizens have been benefiting from in the long run. There are also other parallel benefits

that can be attributed to the production of solar and wind energy in the sense that the increased
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production has been able to drastically reduce the energy prices in the nation. Furthermore, those

that still depend on the use of fossil fuels have benefited from the same in the sense that they

have encountered a reduced fuel price in the nation. There has also been a reduction in cases of

health complications within the nation of Australia as their air-quality has been able to improve

since they are shifting their focus from fuel-based energy to renewable and clean energy. The

pollutants within the nation with regards to energy production has been able to reduce in a

greater measure while making the cumulative benefits for the citizens to rise significantly.

Objectives & Scope

 Disseminating knowledge and information about energy efficiency and renewable energy

 Debating the best sustainable and technical options for enhancing energy efficiency and

renewable energy in Australia

 Encouraging the favored usage of renewable energy in Australia

 Promoting wind and solar energy as suitable sources of energy in Australia

 Facilitating Research & Development in energy efficiency and renewable energy in

Australia

The underlying scope of this paper is specific in two ways. First of all, the paper will be

suggesting the use of two suitable renewable energies: wind and solar to be used in the projects

in Australia. However, on ground there are numerous other alternative sources of energies that

can be utilized. In this the scope is limited to wind and solar renewable energy. In addition, the

paper will only focus on renewable energy prospects in Australia and will not cover other

countries and regions.

Solar Projects in Australia

Coleambally Solar Farm

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The solar farm of Coleambally is a project that consists of around 550 hectares of solar

panels that are ground mounted in New South Wales around 5km west of Coleambally. The

underlying aim behind this project is developing an economically sound and environmentally

friendly solar farm. In addition, the Coleambally Solar Farm will be generating around 380,000

megawatt hours (MWh) of renewable, clean electric energy into the grids of national power on

annual basis, consequently incurring a significant contribution in reducing emissions of

greenhouse gases in the region of Australia. This lessening is going to be equivalent to opting for

planting around 530,000 trees or taking off 90,000 cars off the road, generating electric power

for supplying renewable energy to around 52,000 homes. The picture of the solar farm is shown

in figure 1 below that depicts the photovoltaic panels that are mounted on 6,362 trackers.

Figure 1: Coleambally Solar Farm

The indirect benefits of Coleambally solar farm is that it has resulted in employment of

around 300 people during the process of construction and after commissioning it involves major
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full-time role of seven positions. The facility will be supporting the Australian Government in

reaching the Renewable Energy Target (RET) of 33,000GWh by 2020. In addition, the electric

power generated through this solar project is conveyed by means of an overhead transmission

(132kV) or underground cabling transmitted to the grid of national electricity.

The underlying idea is that the sun is always shining, so it is not necessary to include

large amounts of storage (batteries). By strategically placing distributed generation sites around

the country, some sites will always be producing. Similarly, summer/winter is catered for by

having sites in both the northern and southern hemispheres. The DC transmission of power is

already a reality due to advances in power electronics. A worldwide DC ‘super grid’ is feasible

to transmit power from areas of production to areas of demand. Losses in transmission are about

3.5% per 1000km. The flow through this super grid will vary hourly as the earth rotates.

If the solar panels are elevated, the ground below (largely desert land) could become

productive. Panel placement could allow gaps to let sufficient light penetrate for horticultural

crop production (assuming water can be made available in sufficient quantities). The more

distributed the system, the more resilient it will be. In addition, the underlying technology that is

utilized for creating these solar farms is quite similar to the installations of solar photovoltaic in

residential areas. The solar panels are using solar irradiance for generating a direct current, and

then this current is converted into another form of current (alternative) using solar inverters and

then it is further stepped up to 132kV for feeding the grids of national electricity. The completion

time of this solar farm project will be around ten months. The life of a solar farm ranges up to

thirty year owing to the fact that solar panels generate power with 0.5% loss in efficiency on

annual basis.

Bungala Solar Farm

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This project is headed by ElectraNet that conveys protected, moderate and dependable

energy solutions for powering South Australian homes and organizations. Their network of

transmission is a pivotal piece of the supply chain of electricity and is utilized to securely convey

power all through South Australia including provincial and remote zones. ElectraNet represent

considerable authority in resource and venture the board, contract the executives and their

customers incorporate SA Power Networks, Enerven and huge legitimately associated customers.

Figure 2: Bungala Solar Farm

The Opportunity which is represent in the underlying project is that with the attention on

renewable energy and South Australia's wealth of sun powered asset, it is no fortuitous event that

engineers are running to the state to fabricate their solar farms. The 200MW Bungala solar

homestead denotes the main sun powered farm built in South Australia, with the engineers

arriving at financial choice in March 2017. In addition, the Bungala solar farm is found 13km

North East of Port Augusta and is connected with Electra Net’s high voltage transmission

organize through a committed 132kV line between the solar farm and Davenport substation. This

electrical foundation is possessed and worked by ElectraNet under a drawn-out contracting plan

with Enerven developing it for Electra Net’s sake.

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For this, Enerven's extent of work for the 200MW Bungala Solar homestead included the

structure and build of all the high voltage electrical foundation. This incorporated the growth

works at Electra Net’s Davenport substation, 13km of 132kV overhead lines and a committed

132kV to 33kV on location substation. Enerven used a mix of inward assets and subcontractors

to convey this undertaking. Enerven's center abilities in plan, obtainment, coordination, venture

the executives just as security, quality and condition has been utilized enhanced by key coalition

accomplices. At the hour of being granted the development contract this venture was seen as the

biggest sun powered homestead in Australia, just as a significant nonregulated development

venture for ElectraNet.

Furthermore, the Solar Farm is generally understood as a very large installation to sell

energy into the wholesale market, no really for a specific user like a residence or commercial

operation. The Return on Investment will depend on multiple factors: price at which the

electricity will be sold, term of the period which will be sold, cost of investment, solar radiation

at the site, incentives to clean generation (less and less frequent these days), etc. As such a

generalized answer cannot be given, but evidently the ROI is attractive enough for more and

more installation to happening every year

Enerven appreciates the chance to work with its key clients to guarantee the

accomplishment of their activities and convey shared outcomes. This undertaking spoke to a

solid exhibit of working cooperatively under a short time period to guarantee the

accomplishment of the venture. The task was conveyed under an amazingly close time span and

in a troublesome domain importance staffing levels and acquirement were very testing however

the capacity to beat these difficulties featured the quality and resolve of the group.

Limondale Solar Farm

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The solar farm of Limondale will be based on a facility of 349 MW worked in phases.

The underlying Limondale solar farm is situated around 14km south from the town of Balranald

and it was picked for its nearness to a Tansgrid 220kV substation and enormous cleared region.

In addition, Limondale was initially an Overland Sun Farm venture and was to be 250MW. In

addition, the solar plant is a photovoltaic plant that will comprise of 900 hectares of land and

872,000 solar modules. The underling benefits of making the project of Limondale Solar Farm

operational are as follow:

 Contributing the 33,000-gigawatt hours (GWh) target set by Commonwealth

Government of generating renewable energy.

 Supporting the state for meeting the targets of renewable energy set up under the

Renewable Energy Action Plan of the Government

 Generating adequate electricity for powering up to 105,000 houses on annual basis.

 Creating employment avenues for around three hundred to four hundred contractors

within the construction time .

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Figure 3: Limondale Solar Project Location

With more than 3.9 gigawatt of introduced limit, Innogy is one of the European driving

renewable energy organizations. Notwithstanding wind power, the organization grasps

development prospects in the solar energy segment. " Our aim is to actively pursue and unlock

opportunities in promising solar markets in Europe, North America and Australia" Alba said.

"We do this by building strong and healthy partnerships with local developers who we can work

with to attain milestones – just as we have done here in Australia." After full dispatching our

Limondale solar farm will create enough electricity to flexibly a likeness around 105,000

Australian homes every year and will assume a significant job in expanding energy security by

adding to an increasingly various energy blend."

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The management of Limondale solar farm believes that unmistakably renewable energy

is the fate of the world. An ever-increasing number of nations are swearing to move to renewable

energy. There will be a blast in those types of energy later on. Solar energy is one of those types

of energy. It's a smart thought to get into it now, before the market gets immersed. You could

rake in boatloads of cash by getting into the solar business early. There are heaps of items that

utilization solar energy. Solar energy is retained through solar boards. It tends to be utilized in

solar bins, solar chimneys, solar wristwatches, solar farms, solar water heater, solar-powered

cars, and more.

Wind Projects in Australia

Sapphire Wind Farm

Sapphire Wind Farm is a method of things to come: the chance to put straightforwardly

into neighborhood network foundation resources. CWP Renewables is glad to pioneer Australia's

first network co-venture into a huge scope wind farm. Network co-venture is the place

individuals from the network are welcome to put resources into a renewable energy venture that

is created, financed and overseen by an outsider (Roberts-Ferguson, 2017). CWP Renewables

and Partners Group are pleased to pioneer Australia's first, huge scope, open, network

speculation into a utility-scale wind farm. The Sapphire Wind Farm Community Co-venture

permits individuals from the neighborhood network to put resources into the Sapphire Wind

Farm.
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Figure 4: Sapphire Wind Farm

CWP Renewables and Partners Group (a worldwide private markets speculation the

board firm which is additionally the lion's share value speculator in the Sapphire Wind Farm) try

to share the advantages of their wind, solar and battery ventures with the neighborhood networks

which have these undertakings (Boretti, 2019). CWP and Partners Group are satisfied to

collaborate with DomaCom on this creative venture. DomaCom has built up an online 'partial

venture' stage for retail speculations, which has been adjusted for the Sapphire Wind Farm

Community Co-Investment.

In addition, the management of the farm believes that wind is certainly a big player in the

sustainable energy industry. We are quickly seeing more and more governments and households

invest in wind power as an alternative to solar. In recent years, the use of wind power has

increased significantly, and global investment in this particular source of energy has been over

$80.3 billion (Siddique, & Wazir, 2016). The United States was the world leader in the wind
RENEWABLE ENERGY FINAL PAPER 18

market. Within the EU, Spain and Germany are the biggest users and generators of wind energy.

Urban turbines are also starting to gain popularity next to solar panels with eco-minded people

and farming houses.

Figure 5: Wind Farms Statistics

The Sapphire Wind Farm is situated in the New England locale of northern NSW, 28km

east of Inverell and 18km west of Glen Innes. At 270MW it is the biggest wind farm in New

South Wales. 100MW of the undertaking's yield is assisting the ACT Government with meeting

its objective of 100% renewables by 2020, and further venture yield has been contracted to the

Commonwealth Bank of Australia. The undertaking started development in December 2016 and

was authorized in November 2018. The energy produced by the Sapphire Wind Farm is

sufficient to control around 115,000 homes and to dislodge 700,000 tons of carbon dioxide every

year. The underlying benefits of this wind farm are as follow:

 They make occupations. The assembling of turbines and the development of wind farms

give short and long-haul business.

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 They incorporate the practical advancement measurement. Besides being more moderate

than other renewable energy advances, wind energy can likewise be an extraordinary

method to win additional money. Farmers who open their property to wind farms will get

installment from government associations.

 They give green and renewable energy. Wind turbines produce wind energy, which is a

perfect wellspring of intensity. It is additionally renewable and free. Winds happen when

the earth turns, when the climate is warmed up by the sun. For whatever length of time

that the sun despite everything sparkles and the wind despite everything blows, you can

outfit wind energy.

 They are cost-proficient. Wind turbines are introduced on agrarian land, farms, or farms,

so there isn't a need to purchase land for future wind farms. Also, when the turbines have

been fabricated and set up, they require low operational expenses. Subsequently, wind

energy is at present one of the most reduced estimated renewable energy advances.

Codrington Wind Farm

The Codrington wind farm was Pacific Hydro's first wind improvement and Australia's

first business wind farm. Situated close to Port Fairy in southwest Victoria, the Codrington site

was near flawless with solid winning winds brushing off the Southern Ocean. At the point when

it was formally opened by the Victorian Premier Steve Bracks in July 2001 it was additionally

the biggest wind farm in Australia. The task includes 14 A Bonus 1.3 wind turbine generators,

evaluated at 1.3MW each, giving an all-out introduced limit of 18.2MW. The turbines have a
RENEWABLE ENERGY FINAL PAPER 20

center point tallness of 50m and cutting-edge tip stature of 81m (Meredith, Venosta, & Ressom,

2002).

Figure 6: Codrington Wind Farm

In addition, the wind farm presently creates enough electricity every year to gracefully

what might be compared to 10,000 Victorian homes and every year maintains a strategic distance

from the outflow of 49,000 tons of greenhouse gas discharges – the equal to taking in excess of

17,000 vehicles off the streets. More than A$9 million was infused into the territorial economy

during development and advancement and more than 30 employments were made with nearby

organizations contracted to introduce streets, establishments, towers, transformers and cabling.

Consider that it takes around 1,300 lbs. of neodymium and dysprosium to fabricate the

magnets for a changeless magnet generator in a wind turbine. That 1,300 lbs. of crude material

will continue delivering enough electricity to control the entirety of the lights, apparatuses,

gadgets, warmth and cooling for around 1,000 homes for a long time. That 1,300 lbs. of material

are never "expended" however is put to utilize persistently and can be reused again toward the

finish of the turbine's 20-year life and put to utilize again. Balance that with coal. It takes in

excess of 714 lbs. of coal to control only one 100-watt light for one year (Chapman, 2012). The

coal used to control that one light is expended and should be supplanted with another 714 lbs. of

coal for the subsequent year. Etc. That means 14,280 lbs. of coal to control only one light for a

long time. Also, the advantages of this wind farm are:

 Wind makes employments. In 2020, the wind division contributed more than $8 billion of

private capital in the Australian economy to fabricate extends and utilized in excess of

73,000 laborers.
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 Wind power is savvy. It is one of the most reduced evaluated renewable energy

innovations accessible today, costing somewhere in the range of four and six pennies for

every kilowatt-hour, contingent on the wind asset and the specific venture's financing.

 It's reasonable. Wind is really a type of solar energy. Winds are brought about by the

warming of the air by the sun, the pivot of the Earth, and the Earth's surface anomalies.

 Wind is a residential wellspring of energy. The country's wind gracefully is bounteous. In

the course of recent years, combined wind power limit in the United States expanded a

normal of 30% every year, outpacing the 28% development rate in overall limit (Coy,

Sadaka, & Lamborn, 2004).

 It's a perfect fuel source. Wind energy doesn't contaminate the air like force plants that

depend on burning of petroleum derivatives, for example, coal or flammable gas. Wind

turbines don't deliver environmental emanations that cause corrosive downpour or

greenhouse gases.

 Wind turbines can be based on existing farms or farms. This significantly benefits the

economy in provincial zones, where the vast majority of the best wind destinations are

found. Farmers and farmers can keep on working the land in light of the fact that the

wind turbines utilize just a small amount of the land.

Crowlands Wind Farm

The Crowlands Wind Farm, situated close to Ararat in western Victoria, was first

proposed in 2004. Pacific Hydro got arranging endorsement for the wind farm in 2010 and

advancement endorsement in 2013. As at long last affirmed, the Crowlands Wind Farm venture

comprises of 39 turbines with a complete limit of 80MW and will create clean energy

comparable to the yearly needs of around 50,000 Victorian homes (Boretti, 2019). The
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Crowlands Wind Farm initially had a proposed limit of up to 126 MW from 75 turbines and was

relied upon to have yearly age identical to the electricity needs of up to 60,000 families - like the

private energy needs of the considerable number of homes in Ballarat and Bendigo.

Figure 6: Crowlands Wind Farm

Design Detail

Solar Farms

The shading between solar panels was modeled and a simulation-based algorithm

developed to predict the loss of energy due to shade in three locations in Harizona (Price, et al.

2002). Myers et al. (2009) have proposed and simulated a theoretical solar cell by using a

modified genetic algorithm optimization on the shape of the solar cell. The product of the

optimization process is a 3D shape which fits within the area and volume of a conventional solar

cell but is drastically more efficient as it is created using nanostructures which increase the

efficiency of the solar cell. Appelbaum & Weinstock (2004) worked on electrical output

maximization for photovoltaic by concentrating on shading and spacing issues. They used

Sequential Quadratic Programming for optimization.

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The collectors of solar energy are fixated in fields as shown in figure below. It’s evident

from the figure that the solar collectors are situation in an inclined angle β that faces the south.

The collector’s dimensions are depicted as width A and length L.

Figure 7: Solar Collector in Field

For the perfect design of a solar farm, there are certain essential characteristics as listed

below:

Technology And Standards

AS4777 is the primary standard explicitly tending to Australia’s inverter energy

frameworks (Wyndham, 2016). It has as of late been amended and incorporates some noteworthy

modifications to inverter prerequisites. Officially, it just applies to little systems/inverters, yet the

requirements of capability go about as a valuable proxy standard for bigger hardware. It is

specified by the National Electricity Rules (NER) in Australia which determines the

requirements of performance for inverters (Radzi, Dong, & Hassan, 2011). In addition, Life-

cycle thinking ought to likewise course through to other inner farm contemplations, for example,

the worth that trackers may include or the sort and game plan of PV cells comparative with the

inverters and the DC gatherer framework.

Reliability And Robustness

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 Direct and diffuse shadowing can restrict the adequacy of energy catch over the farm.

This is especially testing where the farm is south of the Tropic and the point of the sun

differs over the year (Xue, Ge, & Peng, 2012).

 Consider taking out basic purposes of failures where the underlying expense is feasible.

This could incorporate structuring for just halfway failures. The secluded idea of the solar

farm may normally display this element yet it merits investigating whether the excess

can't be stretched out to single purposes of failures such as switchgear and transformers.

 Checking the speed of reaction to gear failures can essentially decrease the effect on the

process of production. Capital spent on information connects to remote inverters can give

supportive criticism on where flaws have happened and how to oversee them even before

experts show up nearby.

Safety Of The Personnel and Public

Structuring for security of development and activity and for the wellbeing of the general

population are significant lawful necessities. Guaranteeing simple access for developing and

keeping up the electrical framework and dealing with the land won't just upgrade the security of

staff yet decline the expenses related with taking a shot at the site. Giving lighting or hard stands

to lighting gear may likewise permit safe support and night works (Qin, Li, & Xiong, 2013).
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Figure 8: Solar Panels

Layout

There is a complex geometric exchange off among pragmatic contemplations: utilizing

all available land or regular layouts for simplifying maintenance and installation; maximum

energy yield by north alignment or orienting modules for maximum fit; and time-consuming and

complex racking or levelling earthworks.

Civil And Structural

One of the fundamental considerations is design of array mounting of civil structure. The

plan of footings to be suitable for the soil conditions requires broad Geotech, and there might be

an exchange off between the variation of risk versus required effort during construction.

Lifecycle Considerations

The solar farm’s sustainability doesn't simply reward commercially; it might likewise

build acceptance among community. Similarly, as simplicity of designing is a key structure

factor, including duties beyond the capabilities of farm, exposure to service conditions resulting

in failure, and the need for refurbishment.

RENEWABLE ENERGY FINAL PAPER 26

Figure 9: Solar Panels

Wind Farms

The design of a wind turbine includes a wind turbine generator that has a Rotor, Nacelle,

Tower and Foundation, while the power electronics include Switch gear, Transformer, and

Inverter. The building blocks of a wind turbine are as follow: Hub (Fan Blades and Pitch

controller); Tower (Electrical cables and Ladders); Nacelle (Mechanical Drive, Bearing and

Support, Generator, Controls, and Cooling units); Power Electronics (Transformer, Invertor, and

Switch Gear); and Foundation (Steel bars and concrete) (Tong, 2010). The types of wind
RENEWABLE ENERGY FINAL PAPER 27

turbines include: axis (vertical or horizontal); fan blades (multiple, three, two, or one); and tower

(concrete, steel tubular, lattice or guyed); grid connection (on-grid or off-grid); generator

(asynchronous, synchronous, or permanent magnet); drive (gear box or direct drive) (Tong,

2010). The picture of wind power generation is shown in the picture below.

Figure 10: Wind Turbine

Figure 11: Inside of Turbine

RENEWABLE ENERGY FINAL PAPER 28

Figure 12: Major Component of Wind Turbine

In addition, there are certain facts about wind turbines including the following:

 Noise from Turbines is rarely heard at distances further away than 300meter.

 It is possible to hold a quite conversation at the base of a modern wind turbine.

 Noise generated from wind turbines does not have any direct health impact.

 Not a single passerby has ever been injured by wind turbines

 There have been no collisions with turbines by any type of vehicle

 Only one member of the public has been killed by a wind turbine Wind turbine

 There is no evidence from existing wind facilities anywhere in the world that have a

negative impact on property value or tourism

 In fact, the majority of studies conducted after wind farms have been built show that both

tourism and property values increase.

 Global Warming is single biggest threat to wild life

RENEWABLE ENERGY FINAL PAPER 29

 Properly planned and placed wind turbine farm can create new vegetation and animal

habitats, improved fish stocks and other marine life

 Wind Turbines are usually located relatively far from potential shadow receptors

(>300m)

 Shadow flicker occurs only on clear days and location of low sun angles (last only for

20minutes)

 This can be avoided by proper placing of Turbines and windows treatment

Simulation

Solar Farms

Optimal distance and inclination

In this section, we use simulation-based optimization for maximizing the incident energy

(Q) of two collector plane lines (K=1 and K=2). The field is horizontal and of a fixed size

(L*W=7,5m*12m). Toronto (Canada) (Latitude= 43.4, Longitude= 79.24) has been selected as

location for all scenarios including this one. As a starting point, there are two variables: the

distance D between the rows, and the panel inclination with an angle β with respect to the

horizontal (Warma, et al. 2016).

In this scenario,
RENEWABLE ENERGY FINAL PAPER 30

Figure: Energy output depending on panel inclination and distances between two rows.

As it can be seen on Figure above, the optimal inclination (β) is 52° regardless of the

distance. Also, after a distance between panels (D) equal to four meters, the incident energy (Q)

increases on a very slow manner. For example, when D=4, Q=52483 Kwh, while when D=5,

Q=53632 Kwh/year.

Optimal Setup
RENEWABLE ENERGY FINAL PAPER 31

In this section both methods (DE and simulation) are used and compared. For simulation

purposes, it is assumed that the height of the collectors is maximal (H=2m). Then, the distances

and the inclination are varied in order to find the best solution. The number of rows is equal to

six (K=6) because in ref. [6] it is found this is the optimal number of rows. As shown on Fig. 3,

the best level of yearly incident energy (101124Khw) is when β = 72° and D = 1.8 m. The best Q

varies between [97736, 100502] when the D between solar panels is between [0.8, 2.4] m. The

same analysis has been done for K=5; the best solution was when β = 82° and D = 2.6 m.

DE was tested on the same problem; however, K and H were variable. The classical

version of DE (DE/rand/1) was used. The population size was set to 30. DE appeared to perform

better when F=0.75 and CR=0.95. DE was run for 100 times. The best-found solution was when

H=1.95m, β = 80°, D = 1.6 m, K=7 for a resulting Q=102668 Kwh. This solution improves the

best simulation solution by 1544 Kwh per year. It was much unexpected to find a solution with

seven rows of solar panels. This solution compromises a little beat with the height of the solar

panels (less shade) so that it can fit the seven solar panel rows in the field.

It can be observed from both solutions (DE and simulation) that by compromising with a

little beat of incident energy (1500 to 5000 Khw/year) the number of rows can be reduced which

imply cost reduction. Therefore, a multi-objective approach would be more suitable for these

kinds of problems by maximizing the incident energy and minimizing of the investment (number

of solar panels and dimension of the land).

Wind Farms

The wind farm contains 6 wind turbines of 2 MW each of them. The model of wind

turbine presented before was implemented for each wind turbine. The Figure below contains the

grid representation from 50kV double bus-bar system down to the wind turbines. Two 16 MVA
RENEWABLE ENERGY FINAL PAPER 32

50/10kV transformers are included, one is connected to the wind farm and one supplies some

custom loads. 10 kV cables make the connection between the 10kV substation and the wind

turbines (de Araujo Lima, & Bezerra Filho, 2010). As the turbines are placed in groups of 3, a

backup cable is also represented on the scheme. The wind turbine contains also the tower cable

making the connection between the 0.96kV/10kV transformer and the 10kV cable at the bottom

of the tower.

Figure 13: Wind Farm Design

To simulate the wind turbines, models have been created for every component and

actualized in the devoted force framework simulation device DIgSILENT [9], which gives the

capacity to simulate load stream, RMS variances and transient occasions in a similar

programming condition. The DIgSILENT simulation instrument along these lines has a

committed model for acceptance generators, which consider the present removals in the rotor,

the torque – slip and short out test bends (Hansen, et al. 2007). Additionally, models of
RENEWABLE ENERGY FINAL PAPER 33

coordinated machines, transformers, transport bars, matrix models, static converters and so on

are given.

The wind model depicts the variances in the wind speed (wspoint), which impacts the

force quality, and which produces a center point wind speed (wsfic) portrayed in (Hansen, et al.

2007). The simulations appeared in Fig. 5 show the impact of the rotational examining. This

center point wind speed is utilized as contribution to the rotor wind model to deliver an identical

wind speed (ueq), which represents the rotational examining on every one of the edges.

The figure appeared beneath shows a simulation result for one wind turbine, at a normal

of a wind speed 10 m/s. True to form, both wind speed models vacillate with multiple times the

rotational recurrence (3p). The streamlined torque (torque_rot-Trot) quickens the wind turbine

rotor, with the generator disengaged from the lattice, until the rotor speed (omega_rot-ωrot) is

near its ostensible worth. At that point the generator is associated with the network as might be

found in figure beneath.

RENEWABLE ENERGY FINAL PAPER 34

In this paper simulation of a 6 x 2 MW wind turbine plant (wind farm) has been

introduced. A wind farm model has been worked to simulate the effect on the transient

dependability of intensity frameworks. The model of each wind turbine incorporates the wind

vacillation model, which will make the model helpful likewise to simulate the force quality and

to contemplate control procedures of a wind turbine (Hansen, et al. 2007). The control conspire

has been produced for turbine control including delicate starter fire up, and power factor

remuneration. The above introduced model can be a helpful device for wind power industry to

examine the conduct and impact of enormous wind turbines (wind farm) in the dissemination

organize.

Economic Analysis

By using the Concentrated Solar Power within the nation of Australia, it is clear as

PrasadTaylor, and Kay (2017) affirms that it shall bring a reduction of dependence on sources

that are indeed polluting to the environment. This is to be realized through the general addition

of about 160 MW that shall be coming from the Concentrated Solar Power production from the
RENEWABLE ENERGY FINAL PAPER 35

Noor I. The Australia government also has the plan of coming up with an additional

Concentrated Solar Power generation from Noor II together with Noor III so as to bring about

another 350 MW by the year 2019.

According to Atherton, Sharma, & Salgado, (2017) it is clear that the use of the

Concentrated Solar Power within the nation as a whole shall aid in the reduction of CO2

emissions due to the reduced dependence on the fossil fuels such as the coal and natural gas

burning by about 762,000 tons every year. This shall be able to translate to about 20 million tons

in a period of about 25 years while using the Concentrated Solar Power coming from Noor I,

Noor II and even Noor III. There is also the notion of realizing about 42 percent usage of the

renewable energy sources as an objective within that nation of Australia by the year 2020 while

also developing industries that are indeed sustainable using the same initiative. Again, the use of

the concept for optimizing the plant design at the Concentrated Solar Power designs shall enable

the increase in increases revenue for the employees at the facilities. It is also clear that the

Moroccan Concentrated Solar Power program shall be able to bring an immediate and direct

impact upon the environment of the nation in overall by reducing the CO2 emissions and also the

dependence upon the combustible fuels from fossils (Diesendorf, 2006).

The project of Concentrated Solar Power Plant within the nation of Australia will

definitely benefit many people. First, the Concentrated Solar Power Plant will be able to bring

about the growth and development of industries within the region so as to increase on production

and manufacturing (Saddler, Diesendorf, & Denniss, 2004). By doing so, the nation’s economy

will be able to improve and hence be able to bring about an improvement to the living standards

of people in the end. For that matter, the Concentrated Solar Power Plant project shall be able to

bring about the poverty reduction and shared capacity by the government.
RENEWABLE ENERGY FINAL PAPER 36

The Concentrated Solar Power Plant is also being developed by the local development

strategy MASEN in support of the lagging regions within Australia, especially in terms of

electrification. The project had a strong positive impact in terms of social development for the

communities that shall be neighboring the Concentrated Solar Power Plant projects, while at the

same time improving on their local economy in overall. This has already been evident within

regions that have the pilot projects of Concentrated Solar Power Plant such as Ouarzazate

(Hicks, & Ison, 2011).

The Project will stimulate the improvement of the local economy, while at the same time

being able to improve on the resident’s living standards as a community. At the same time, it is

notable that the projects of Concentrated Solar Power Plant within the nation of Australia shall

be able to improve on the connectivity of the population living near the plant with road access.

At the same time, the Concentrated Solar Power Plant project shall be creating jobs for those

who are going to work in the installation and maintenance of the projects in overall.

It is prudent to note that there are quite a range of benefits that the people in the region of

Australia Wind power can be able to receive. It is clear that the Australia Wind power is indeed

very effective within the respective geographical region that it is found in. First, the dam that is

constructed is going to bring about a greater recreational field within the region where the local

people shall be engaging in extra activities. The impoundment of water for wind power

generation shall be able to create a greater reservoir which shall be used as a recreational site by

the residents of the region, notably with activities such as swimming, fishing, and even boating.

It is clear as Hicks, and Ison (2011) says that any installation for water power such as the one of

Australia Wind power is often required to be able to make a provision for a public place on their
RENEWABLE ENERGY FINAL PAPER 37

reservoir. This is in a bid to allow the residents and the general public to be able to take an

advantage of a recreational opportunity that it does present to them at the site.

There are also other economic impacts that can be attributed to the Australia Wind power

in the sense that the whole project would be able to create the much-needed energy that can be

used by the community in the region to bring up industries. Matter of fact, the very same

industries that shall be coming up within the region will be able to bring about more employment

opportunities for the people within the area (Hall, Ashworth, & Devine-Wright, 2013). It is clear

that the residents of Australia Wind power will be able to benefit from its construction since they

shall be able to get a ready supply of water, often as a secondary purpose of the dam and

reservoir that shall be used in the wind power generation in the long run. In addition to the

above-mentioned benefits with regards to the Australia Wind power being sustainable as an

energy source, there are other salient benefits that it shall bring such as control of floods and

even using the water for irrigation (Hall, Ashworth, & Devine-Wright, 2013).

On the other hand, the nation of Australia has been found to be a leader in the world in

terms of generating wind power. They also happen to have the largest wind power installed

capacity as it also continues to grow rapidly using their new facilities and technology for wind

power generation. Australia also has a larger land mass or even better, a longer coastline that has

an exceptional potential for wind power generation, with an estimated value of 2,300 gigawatts

(GW) in terms of capacity for total electricity generation.

There are a couple ways to look at it. First, for electricity rate payers, wind energy is

among the cheapest forms of new energy (close in most areas to the cost of new solar PV). There

is one large caveat: provided that the regional grid has sufficient firm capacity to add incremental

intermittent renewable capacity such as wind generation. Wind for example would be a solid
RENEWABLE ENERGY FINAL PAPER 38

choice to lessen the amount of large hydro generated energy consumed in a supply shortage

scenario. Rather than building out new hydro, an intermittent source such as wind could be

installed at a lower cost. Assuming all the hydrology works out, when the wind blows, reservoir

water is preserved for times when the wind isn’t blowing. This could be true for coal, natural gas

or any other firm capacity source.

As an investment, it depends on the revenue construct for the asset. A long-term

government contract could be good but there is exceptionally high competition for assets with

highly rated long terms contracts at present. A partially contracted asset could be good but there

are some risk that solar and storage costs continue to decrease such that market prices fall.

Merchant markets are also prone to under and oversupply cycles, so beware of that. A bilateral

offtake contract with a corporation or other reliable consumer could also be good. The

investment is as strong as its risk adjusted revenue generating prospects. One potential issue with

wind lies in estimating its long-term operational costs. There is nothing inherently odd about

operating wind assets over the long term, although I have seen a number of companies fail to

properly assess and/or underestimate wind operational costs when making investment decisions.

To add on, conventional wisdom has it that renewable is expensive, but the comparison to

conventional energy is misleading at best. For example, today's gallon of gasoline or watt of

coal-fired power arrives via built-out infrastructure that is already paid for, whereas that solar

panel will cost you a lot to obtain and deploy today. If we measure the total costs of conventional

energy, they are artificially cheap. We still subsidize oil and coal, despite their being mature,

profitable industries. We also decline to measure the costs of pollution (health impacts, climate

pains) which are mind-bogglingly huge. We also don't include the cost of foreign wars over

access to oil.
RENEWABLE ENERGY FINAL PAPER 39

If we measure the total costs and benefits of the entire supply chain and lifetime service

of (for example) solar vs. oil, the comparison becomes a whole lot different. That solar panel, in

a reasonable context, will pay for itself in 8 years or so and continue to function for another 20 or

so years- in effect, paying for itself about three times as compared to paying coal-fired utility

rates. It's true that until we get cost-effective storage at scale, solar and wind (being transient

inputs) will continue to work best as supplements to conventional energy. At that point, we'll

probably begin to question the practicality and cost of blowing up mountains, polluting the

environment, and going to war over oil.

Project Management

Project Scope

Project management is a whole communication process by which managers and

employees communicate with each other they work together, plan together, monitor the whole

situation and then make best results out of it (Alexander, 2013).The notion of project scope

involves what is included in the project. The scope if the underlying project includes

construction and implementation of three solar farms and three wind farms in Australia.

Objectives and Constraints

A time constraint might require delivery/completion to occur before a specific date, such

as the start of an industry conference, where the reveal will occur. A technology constraint might

be if the organization has a defined technology suite, such as being a “Microsoft only shop”.

That is, any solution must be implemented using the licensed software from Microsoft. Or some

other company. A regulatory constraint might be current HIPAA regulations or Best Practices as

identified by an industry leader or agency. Or GDPR privacy statement. Or ADA / accessibility

RENEWABLE ENERGY FINAL PAPER 40

compliance. A presentation or ‘device’ constraints might be a specific sized touch screen

purchased by the organization. In addition, any project has four constraints, change in one of

them affects the others: Time, Scope, Cost and Quality. Let’s say the team is behind schedule, so

you need more time, this requires more budget or you can reduce the scope so you meet the

schedule. Let’s say the management want to add more features to the solar and wind farms

( scope is changing ) this leads to budget modification or / and cost modification, and so on.

From a mile-high view a project is defined by a Statement of work (SOW), Schedule,

cost (or budget) and quality. You can fix three of the four variables but the fourth one then floats

to a level established by equilibrium. For example, consider a project such as refurbishing your

kitchen. Given a fixed statement of work such as the plans the choice of the appliances, and other

materials, the contractor can bid a price and schedule. The quality of the work is not specified

but is assumed to be the best the contractor can do. In some cases, the statement of work might

include some standards of workmanship or acceptance testing that do constrain the quality.

If halfway through the job the contractor experiences problems and does not have

sufficient management reserve (or profit margin), then something has to give. Either the SOW is

renegotiated and changed to reduce the effort, the schedule is extended (assuming the contractor

has other projects to work on), a cost increase is requested and approved, or the quality slips. In

most cases it is quality that suffers but often all four are impacted. Of course, one could interpret

your question in a detailed narrow niche, such as logistics constraints, material availability, etc. ,

but the real challenge in project management defining/identifying realistic constraints that

achieves the desired project SOW with minimum cost, shortest schedule and highest quality.

Project Objectives
RENEWABLE ENERGY FINAL PAPER 41

 Designing, construction and implementation of three solar farms for promoting use of

renewable energy.

 Designing, construction and implementation of three wind farms for promoting use of

renewable energy.

Project Constraints

1. Risk of suppliers, i.e., if the material and supplies are not reached on time for managing

this we will be having a special volunteer in charge of all coordination’s with suppliers

and we will be buying material from more than one supplier.

2. Risk of any mishap/misconduct happening in the event for this we have authorized the

security staff to ensure that any such misconduct is control as soon as possible in a

proactive manner.

3. Another major risk in such type of events is that of lack of electricity and food backup. If

the customers exceeded the perceived population, then there are chances that event can

run out of food, so proper food backup must be made, for this we will keep some safety
RENEWABLE ENERGY FINAL PAPER 42

Work Breakdown Structure

Duratio Predecessor
Task Mode Task Name Start Finish Resource Names
n s
Manually
Project Initiation
Scheduled
Employee the needed resources
Manually Scheduled 2 wks. 1/06/20 14/06/20 Manager/Designer/Analyst
(workers)
Manually Scheduled Take approval of wind and solar farm 2 wks. 14/06/20 30/06/20 2 Manager/Designer/Analyst
Manually Scheduled Define Project Objectives 2 wks. 30/06/20 14/07/20 3 Manager/Designer/Analyst
Manually Scheduled Define Project Scope 2 wks. 14/07/20 31/07/20 3 Manager/Designer/Analyst
Manually
Project Planning
Scheduled
Manually Scheduled Construct Initial Outline 1 month 31/07/20 30/08/20 3,4,5 Manager/Designer
Manually Scheduled Develop Risk Management Plan 1 wk. 30/08/20 7/09/20 7 Designer
Manually Scheduled Develop Change Management Plan 1 wk. 30/08/20 7/09/20 7/09/20 Designer
Manually Scheduled Develop Quality Management Plan 1 wk. 30/08/20 7/09/20 7 Designer
Manually
Project Execution
Scheduled
Manually Scheduled Verify Project Specifications 2 wk. 7/09/20 21/09/20 7 Manager/Analyst
Conduct Primary and Secondary
Manually Scheduled 1 wk. 21/09/20 30/09/20 12 Analyst
Research
Manually Scheduled Visit the sites 2 wk. 30/09/20 15/10/20 12 Manager/Designer/Analyst
Manually Scheduled Construct Project Model 1 month 15/10/20 15/11/20 13,14 Designer/Analyst
Manually Scheduled Test Project Model 1 wk. 15/11/20 22/11/20 15 Analyst
RENEWABLE ENERGY FINAL PAPER 43

Manually
Project Control
Scheduled
Manually Scheduled Project Status Meeting 2 wks. 22/11/20 7/12/20 15 Manager/Designer/Analyst
Manually Scheduled Adjust Project Plan 2 wks. 22/11/20 7/12/20 15 Designer/Analyst
Manually
Project Closeout
Scheduled

Manually Scheduled Project Documentation 1 wk. 7/12/20 19 Analyst

14/12/20
Manually Scheduled Project Compilation 1 wk. 7/12/20 14/12/20 19 Manager/Analyst

Manually Scheduled Project Delivery 1 wk. 21/12/20 21,22 Manager/Designer/Analyst

14/12/20
RENEWABLE ENERGY FINAL PAPER 44

Project Schedule

 Starting Date: 01/06/20

 End Date: 21/12/20

 Total Duration: 7 months

Gantt Chart
RENEWABLE ENERGY FINAL PAPER 45

Quality Plan

One of the most important project success metrics is a customer satisfaction. To

satisfy customer you need to fulfill customer's expectations. Project Quality Management is a

group of processes which helps you to do that. It consists of 3 major parts.

 Planning. You should define what expected quality for your project is, how you will

measure it and how you will demonstrate it to your customer. On this stage you

should define standards of quality which should be applied to you project. You may

want to setup quality gates which will prevent pure quality deliverables to be

delivered to your customer. You also have to agree on this with your project

stakeholders.

 Quality Assurance. All activities on your project should support quality standards

defined at first phase. For example, if you have some real-world project you will need

to use modern machinery to provide precise products. If you have a software project

you may need to train your team and provide them with automated tools which will

help them to provide expected code quality and deliverables at early stages. Please

note that I'm using "may" here. What will you need depends on your customer

expectations and standards defined at first phase?

 Quality Control. After the project deliverables are created you should make sure that

if conforms to customer's requirements. Quality Control or Quality Check process it

intended for this. This is a last gate between your team and customer. Quality

management is the act of overseeing all activities and tasks needed to maintain a

desired level of excellence. This includes the determination of a quality policy,

creating and implementing quality planning and assurance, and quality control and

quality improvement.
RENEWABLE ENERGY FINAL PAPER 46

Quality management ensures that an organization, product or service is consistent. It

has four main components: quality planning, quality assurance, quality control and quality

improvement. Quality management is focused not only on product and service quality, but

also on the means to achieve it. Quality management, therefore, uses quality assurance and

control of processes as well as products to achieve more consistent quality.

Conclusion

The major problem that the underlying paper is based on is proposing an alternative

source of energy that is renewable and that can benefit the growing population of Australia in

the long-run, owing to its renewable nature. In the case of non-renewable resources like coal,

crude oil, natural gas, and others, we have had a good run with them and they will continue to

satisfy our needs for the next few years but eventually, they will cease to exist and we won’t

have new resources since fossil fuels take millions of years to generate. The underlying scope

of this paper is specific in two ways. First of all, the paper will be suggesting the use of two

suitable renewable energies: wind and solar to be used in the projects in Australia. However,

on ground there are numerous other alternative sources of energies that can be utilized. In this

the scope is limited to wind and solar renewable energy. In addition, the paper will only focus

on renewable energy prospects in Australia and will not cover other countries and regions.

In addition, the underlying paper has suggested the following solar and wind farms in

Australia: Coleambally Solar Farm, Bungala Solar Farm, Limondale Solar Farm, Sapphire

Wind Farm, Codrington Wind Farm, and Crowlands Wind Farm. The suggested projects will

stimulate the improvement of the local economy, while at the same time being able to

improve on the resident’s living standards as a community. At the same time, it is notable that

the projects of Concentrated Solar Power Plant within the nation of Australia shall be able to

improve on the connectivity of the population living near the plant with road access. At the
RENEWABLE ENERGY FINAL PAPER 47

same time, the Concentrated Solar Power Plant project shall be creating jobs for those who

are going to work in the installation and maintenance of the projects in overall.

There are also other economic impacts that can be attributed to the Australia Wind

power in the sense that the whole project would be able to create the much-needed energy

that can be used by the community in the region to bring up industries. Matter of fact, the

very same industries that shall be coming up within the region will be able to bring about

more employment opportunities for the people within the area. It is clear that the residents of

Australia Wind power will be able to benefit from its construction since they shall be able to

get a ready supply of water, often as a secondary purpose of the dam and reservoir that shall

be used in the wind power generation in the long run. In addition to the above-mentioned

benefits with regards to the Australia Wind power being sustainable as an energy source,

there are other salient benefits that it shall bring such as control of floods and even using the

water for irrigation. All in all, the projects will be extremely beneficial for the

environmentally friendly future of Australia and its residents.

RENEWABLE ENERGY FINAL PAPER 48
RENEWABLE ENERGY FINAL PAPER 49

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