CSC2202 Data Communications and Computer Networks

Program BSSE-5 Sec. A

WEEK 2
NETWORK MODELS

Dr. Mahmoud Aljawarneh

Week 2
 NETWORK OSI Model TCPIP PROTOCOL ADDRESSING

Outline

1 NETWORK

2 OSI Model

3 TCPIP PROTOCOL

4 ADDRESSING

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 NETWORK OSI Model TCPIP PROTOCOL ADDRESSING

Network

Network: “is a combination of hardware and software that sends data from one
location to another.”
• The hardware consists of the physical equipment that carries signals from one point
of network to another.
• The software consists of instruction sets that make possible the services that we
expect from a network.

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 NETWORK OSI Model TCPIP PROTOCOL ADDRESSING

Layered Tasks

• We use the concept of layers in our daily

life.
• As an example, let us consider two friends
who communicate through postal mail.
• The process of sending a letter to a friend
would be complex if there were no services
available from the post office.
• Figure 2.1 shows the steps in this task.
• Sender, Receiver, and Carrier:- In Figure
2.1 we have a sender, a receiver, and a
carrier that transports the letter. There is a
hierarchy of tasks.

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 NETWORK OSI Model TCPIP PROTOCOL ADDRESSING

Layered Tasks - Contd

At the Sender Site:-

Let us first describe, in order, the activities that take place at the sender site.
• Higher Layer:- The sender writes the letter, inserts the letter in an envelope, writes
the sender and receiver addresses, and drops the letter in a mailbox.
• Middle Layer:- The letter is picked up by a letter carrier and delivered to the post
office.
• Lower Layer:- The letter is stored at the post office; a carrier transports the letter.
• On the Way:- The letter is then on its way to the recipient. On the way to the
recipient’s local post office, the letter may actually go through a central office. In
addition, it may be transported by truck, train, airplane, boat, or a combination of
these.

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 NETWORK OSI Model TCPIP PROTOCOL ADDRESSING

Layered Tasks - Contd

At the Receiver Site:-

• Lower Layer:- The carrier transports the letter to the post office.
• Middle Layer:- The letter is stored and delivered to the recipient’s mailbox.
• Higher Layer:- The receiver picks up the letter, opens the envelope, and reads it.

Conclusion:-
• Each layer at the sending site uses the services of the layer immediately below it.
• The sender at the higher layer uses the services of the middle layer.
• The middle layer uses the services of the lower layer.
• The lower layer uses the services of the carrier.

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 NETWORK OSI Model TCPIP PROTOCOL ADDRESSING

Layered Tasks - Contd

• The layered model that dominated data communications and networking literature
before 1990 was the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model.
• Everyone believed that the OSI model would become the ultimate standard for data
communications, but this did not happen.
• The TCP/IP protocol suit became the dominant commercial architecture because it
was used and tested extensively in the Internet; the OSI model was never fully
implemented.

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 NETWORK OSI Model TCPIP PROTOCOL ADDRESSING

OSI Model
OSI stands for Open System Interconnection.

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OSI Model
OSI stands for Open System Interconnection.
• It was established in 1947 and first introduced in late 1970s by International
Standards Organization (ISO).
• ISO is a multinational body dedicated to worldwide agreement on international
standards.
• An open system is a set of protocols that allows any two different systems to
communicate regardless of their underlying architecture.
• “The OSI model is an ISO standard that covers all aspects of network
communications.”
• It is not a protocol.
• It is a layered framework for the design of network systems that allows
communication between all types of computer systems.
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 NETWORK OSI Model TCPIP PROTOCOL ADDRESSING

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 NETWORK OSI Model TCPIP PROTOCOL ADDRESSING

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 NETWORK OSI Model TCPIP PROTOCOL ADDRESSING

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 NETWORK OSI Model TCPIP PROTOCOL ADDRESSING

Assignment

Assignment 1: for The OSI model, give detail answer for each of the following
Questions
• What does each layer do?
• What Protocols at each layer?
• What Hardware used at each layer?

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TCP/IP PROTOCOL SUITE

TCP/IP
• TCP/IP was developed by the Department of Defense (DOD) to connect various
devices to a common network (Internet).
• The main purpose behind developing the protocol was to build a robust and
automatically recovering phone line failure while on the battlefield.

It has four layers:

• Host-to-network,
• Internet,
• Transport, and
• Application.
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 NETWORK OSI Model TCPIP PROTOCOL ADDRESSING

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 NETWORK OSI Model TCPIP PROTOCOL ADDRESSING

TCP/IP PROTOCOL SUITE - CONTD

TCP/IP
• On comparing TCP/IP with OSI, the host-to-network layer is equivalent to the
combination of the physical and data link layers.
• The internet layer is equivalent to the network layer.
• The application layer is equivalent to the session, presentation, and application layers.
• The transport layer in TCP/IP is equivalent to the transport layer and some part of
the duties of the session layer of OSI model.

PHYSICAL AND DATA LINK LAYERS

• At the physical and data link layers, TCP/IP does not define any specific protocol. It
supports all the standard and proprietary protocols.
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TCP/IP PROTOCOL SUITE - CONTD

NETWORK LAYER
• At the network layer (or, more accurately, the internetwork layer), TCP/IP supports
the Internetworking Protocol.
• IP, in turn, uses four supporting protocols: ARP, RARP, ICMP, and IGMP.

Internetworking Protocol (IP)

• The Internetworking Protocol (IP) is the transmission mechanism used by the
TCP/IP protocols.
• It is an unreliable and connectionless protocol.
• It provides best-effort delivery service. Which means that IP does not provide any
error checking or tracking. It does its best to get a transmission through to its
destination, but with no guarantees.
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TCP/IP PROTOCOL SUITE - CONTD

Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP)

• RARP allows a host to discover its Internet address when it knows only its physical
address.
• It is used when a computer is connected to a network for the first time or when a
diskless computer is booted.

Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)

• ICMP is a mechanism used by hosts and gateways to send notification of datagram
problems back to the sender.
• ICMP sends query and error reporting messages.

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TCP/IP PROTOCOL SUITE - CONTD

Internet Group Message Protocol (IGMP)
• IGMP is used to facilitate the simultaneous transmission of a message to a group of
recipients.

TRANSPORT LAYER
• It supports three protocols: TCP, UDP, and SCTP.
• UDP and TCP are responsible for delivery of a message from a process (running
program) to another process.

User Datagram Protocol (UDP)

• UDP is simpler than TCP. It adds only port addresses, checksum error control, and
length information to the data from the upper layer.
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TCP/IP PROTOCOL SUITE - CONTD

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
• TCP provides full transport-layer services to applications.
• TCP is a reliable and connection-oriented protocol.
• A connection must be established between both ends of a transmission before either
can transmit data.
• At the sending end of each transmission, TCP divides a stream of data into smaller
units called segments.
• Each segment includes a sequence number for reordering after receipt, together with
an acknowledgment number for the segments received.
• Segments are carried across the internet inside of IP datagrams.
• At the receiving end, TCP collects each datagram as it comes in and reorders the
transmission based on sequence
Dr.Mahmoud Aljawarneh (Szabist University, HYD)
numbers.
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 NETWORK OSI Model TCPIP PROTOCOL ADDRESSING

ADDRESSING

ADDRESSING

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ADDRESSING - CONTD

ADDRESSING
• Four levels of addresses are
used in an internet: physical
(link) addresses, logical (IP)
addresses, port addresses, and
specific addresses (see Figure
2.17).
• Each address is related to a
specific layer in the TCP/IP
architecture, as shown in
Figure 2.18.

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ADDRESSING - CONTD

Physical Addresses
• The physical address, also known as the link address, hardware address, or mac
address, is the address of a node.
• It is included in the frame used by the data link layer.
• The size and format of these addresses vary depending on the network.

For example,
– Ethernet uses a 6-byte (48-bit) physical address that is imprinted on the network
interface card (NIC).
– LocalTalk (Apple) has a 1-byte dynamic address.

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ADDRESSING - CONTD
Physical Addresses - contd

• The most local-area networks use a 48-bit (6-byte) physical address written as 12
hexadecimal digits; every byte (2 hexadecimal digits) is separated by a colon.
• 07:01:02:01 :2C:4B [A 6-byte (12 hexadecimal digits) physical address].
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ADDRESSING - CONTD

Logical Addresses
• Logical addresses are necessary for universal communications.
• Physical addresses are not sufficient or suitable in an internetwork environment where
different networks can have different address formats.
• A logical address in the Internet is currently a 32-bit address that can uniquely define
a host connected to the Internet.
• Two publicly addressed hosts on the Internet can not have the same IP address.

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ADDRESSING - CONTD

Port Addresses
• Computers can run multiple processes at the same time.
For example,
computer A can communicate with computer C by using TELNET. At the same time,
computer A communicates with computer B by using the File Transfer Protocol (FTP).

• In the TCP/IP architecture, the label assigned to a process is called a port address.
• A port address in TCP/IP is 16 bits in length.
• A port address is a 16-bit address represented by one decimal number i.e. 753

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 NETWORK OSI Model TCPIP PROTOCOL ADDRESSING

ADDRESSING - CONTD
Port Addresses

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ADDRESSING - CONTD

Specific Addresses
• They are user-friendly addresses.

For example,
e-mail address (for example, forouzan@fhda.edu) and the Universal Resource Locator
(URL) (for example, www.mhhe.com).

• e-mail address is used to define the recipient of an e-mail.

• Universal Resource Locator address is used to find a document on the World Wide
Web.

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Resources
From the Referred Book

Book
Behrouz A. Forouzan. 2007. Data Communications and Networking (McGraw-Hill
Forouzan Networking). McGraw-Hill Higher Education.
ISBN: 978-0-07-296775-3

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