Lecture 5 – ISO OSI Model

2.1 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
 2-1 LAYERED TASKS

We use the concept of layers in our daily life. As an

example, let us consider two friends who communicate
through postal mail. The process of sending a letter to a
friend would be complex if there were no services
available from the post office.

Topics discussed in this section:

Sender, Receiver, and Carrier
Hierarchy

2.2
 Figure 2.1 Tasks involved in sending a letter

2.3
  Each layer at the sending site uses the
services of the layer immediately below it.
 The sender at the higher layer uses the
services of the middle layer.
 The middle layer uses the services of the
lower layer.
 The lower layer uses the services of the
carrier.

2.4
 2-2 THE OSI MODEL
Established in 1947, the International Standards
Organization (ISO) is a multinational body dedicated to
worldwide agreement on international standards. An ISO
standard that covers all aspects of network
communications is the Open Systems Interconnection
(OSI) model. It was first introduced in the late 1970s.

Topics discussed in this section:

Layered Architecture
Peer-to-Peer Processes
Encapsulation

2.5
 Note

ISO is the organization.

OSI is the model.

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 2-2 THE OSI MODEL

 An open system is a set of protocols

 allows any two different systems to communicate
regardless of their underlying architecture.

 How to facilitate communication between different systems

without requiring changes to the logic of the underlying
hardware and software?

 Flexible, robust, and interoperable model.

 Layered framework for the design of network systems that

allows communication between all types of computer systems.

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 Figure 2.2 Seven layers of the OSI model

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 OSI Layered Architecture
 Each layer - family of functions distinct from those of the other
layers.
 Comprehensive and flexible Architecture.
 Allows complete interoperability between incompatible systems.
 Within a single machine, each layer calls upon the services of the
layer just below it.
 Peer-to-peer processes
 Each interface defines the information and services a layer must
provide for the layer above it.
 Well-defined interfaces and layer functions
 provide modularity to a network.

 Specific implementation of its functions can be modified or replaced

 without requiring changes to the surrounding layers.

2.9
 Figure 2.3 The interaction between layers in the OSI model

2.10
2.11
 Figure 2.4 An exchange using the OSI model (ENCAPSULATION)

User Support Layers

Network Support
Layers

2.12
 2-3 LAYERS IN THE OSI MODEL

In this section we briefly describe the functions of each

layer in the OSI model.

Topics discussed in this section:

Physical Layer
Data Link Layer
Network Layer
Transport Layer
Session Layer
Presentation Layer
Application Layer

2.13
 Note

The physical layer is responsible for movements of

individual bits from one hop (node) to the next.

2.14
 Figure 2.5 Physical layer

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 Physical Layer
Coordinates the functions required to
carry a bit stream over a physical medium
 Physical characteristics of interfaces and transmission medium.
 Representation of bits
 To be transmitted, bits must be encoded into signals- electrical or
optical.
 Data rate
 The transmission rate-the number of bits sent each second
 Synchronization of bits
 sender and receiver (same bit rate) - clocks
 Line configuration
 Connection of devices to the media (Point to Point, Multipoint)
 Physical topology
 How devices are connected to make a network
 Transmission mode
 Direction of transmission between two devices (Simplex, Half/Full
2.16 Duplex)
 Note

The data link layer is responsible for moving

frames from one hop (node) to the next.

2.17
 Figure 2.6 Data link layer

Hop to Hop (Node to Node) delivery

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 Data-Link Layer
 Makes physical layer appear error-free to the upper layer
 Reliable Link
 Framing
 divides the stream of bits received from the network layer into manageable data units
 Physical addressing
 adds a header to the frame to define the sender and/or receiver of the frame
 Flow control
 Flow of data must not be allowed to overwhelm receiver ; rate of absorption by RX
less than rate at which data produced by TX
 Error control
 adds reliability to the physical layer by adding mechanisms to detect and retransmit
damaged or lost frames
 Trailer added to the end of the frame
 Access control
 Two or more devices are connected to the same link ?

2.19
2.20
 Figure 2.7 Hop-to-hop delivery

2.21
 Figure 2.8 Network layer

End-to-end delivery

2.22
 Note

The network layer is responsible for the

delivery of individual packets from
the source host to the destination host.

2.23
 Network Layer
 Source-to-destination delivery of a packet across
multiple networks (links).

 Logical addressing

 Routing

2.24
 Figure 2.9 Source-to-destination delivery

2.25
 Note

The transport layer is responsible for the delivery

of a message from one process to another.

2.26
 Transport Layer
 Process-to-process delivery of the entire message
 Relationship between packets
 Ensures whole message arrives intact and in order
 Error control and Flow control at the source-to-
destination level
 Entire message arrives at the receiving transport layer without error
(damage, loss, or duplication).
 Error correction - retransmission
 Service-point Addressing (or Port address)
 Segmentation and Reassembly
 Gets the entire message to the correct process on that computer

2.27
 Figure 2.10 Transport layer

2.28
 Figure 2.11 Reliable process-to-process delivery of a message

2.29
 Session Layer
 Establishes, maintains, and synchronizes the
interaction among communicating systems.
 Dialog control
 Allows two systems (processes) to enter into a dialog.
 Allows communication – Half or Full-Duplex
 Synchronization
 Allows a process to add checkpoints or synchronization points to
data stream
 Acknowledge – retransmission – insert checkpoints

2.30
Figure 2.12 Session layer

2.31
 Note

The session layer is responsible for dialog

control and synchronization.

2.32
 Presentation Layer
 Syntax and Semantics of the information exchanged
between two systems.
 Translation
 Interoperability between these different encoding methods
 Sender-dependent format –> common format
 Common format -> receiver-dependent format
 Encryption
 Ensure privacy
 Encrypt data for security purposes. For ex, password encryption.
 Decryption – reverse process
 Compression
 Reduces the number of bits contained in the information
 Transmission of multimedia such as text, audio, and video

2.33
 Figure 2.13 Presentation layer

2.34
 Note

The presentation layer is responsible for translation,

compression, and encryption.

2.35
Applications –
The Interface Between Human and Data Networks
 Explain that applications provide the means for generating and
receiving data that can be transported on the network
Applications –
The Interface Between Human and Data Networks
 Explain the role of applications, services and protocols in
converting communication to data that can be transferred across
the data network
 Note

The application layer is responsible for

providing services to the user.

2.38
 Application Layer
 Enables the user, whether human or software, to
access the network.
 Provides user interfaces and support for services
 Electronic mail,
 Remote file access and transfer,
 Shared database management,
 Network virtual terminal
 Allows a user to log on to a remote host.
 Application creates a software emulation of a terminal
 File transfer, access, and management.
 Mail & Directory services

2.39
 Figure 2.15 Summary of layers

2.40
Layers with TCP/IP and OSI Model
 2-4 TCP/IP PROTOCOL SUITE

The layers in the TCP/IP protocol suite do not exactly

match those in the OSI model. The original TCP/IP
protocol suite was defined as having four layers: host-to-
network, internet, transport, and application. However,
when TCP/IP is compared to OSI, we can say that the
TCP/IP protocol suite is made of five layers: physical,
data link, network, transport, and application.

Topics discussed in this section:

Physical and Data Link Layers
Network Layer
Transport Layer
Application Layer
2.42
 Figure 2.16 TCP/IP and OSI model

2.43
Applications –
The Interface Between Human and Data Networks
 Define the separate roles applications, services and protocols play
in transporting data through networks
Applications –
The Interface Between Human and Data Networks
 Describe the role protocols play in networking and be able to
identify several message properties that can be defined by a
protocol
The Role of Protocols in Supporting Communication

 Describe the roles of client and server processes in data networks

The Role of Protocols in Supporting Communication

 List common Application Layers services and protocols

The Role of Protocols in Supporting Communication
 Compare and contrast client server networking with peer-to-peer
networking and peer-to-peer applications
Features, Operation, and Use of Application Layer
Services
 Describe the features of the DNS protocol and how this protocol
supports DNS services
Features, Operation, and Use of Application Layer
Services
 Describe the features of the HTTP protocol and how this protocol
supports the delivery of web pages to the client
Features, Operation, and Use of Application Layer
Services
 Describe the features of the Telnet protocol and identify several
of its uses in examining and managing networks
 Internetworking Protocol (IP)

 Unreliable and connectionless protocol.

 Best Effort Delivery Service
 Transports data in packets – Datagrams
 No Reordering
 No Error Checking
 No tracking of routes

2.52
 Internet Control Message Protocol
(ICMP)
 Network protocol useful in IP network management and
administration
 Control protocol
 Errors in the underlying communications of network applications
 Availability of Remote hosts, Network congestion
 Overall round-trip time of the probe messages (PING)

Internet

Group Message Protocol
Facilitate simultaneous transmission of a message to a group of
(IGMP)
recipients.

2.53
 Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)

 Associate Logical address with Physical address

 To find the physical address of the node when its
Internet address is known

Reverse Address Resolution Protocol

(RARP)
 Allows host to discover its Internet address when
physical address is only known.
 Used when computer is connected to network for first
time.

2.54
 Transport Layer
 User Datagram Protocol (UDP) vs Transmission
Control Protocol (TCP)
 Process-to-process protocol
 TCP
 Reliable stream transport protocol (connection-oriented)
 UDP
 Connection less protocol
 Packet delay is more serious than packet loss.
 Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP)
 Voice over the Internet
 Combines the best features of UDP and TCP

2.55
 2-5 ADDRESSING

Four levels of addresses are used in an internet employing

the TCP/IP protocols: physical, logical, port, and specific.

Topics discussed in this section:

Physical Addresses
Logical Addresses
Port Addresses
Specific Addresses

2.56
 Figure 2.17 Addresses in TCP/IP

2.57
 Figure 2.18 Relationship of layers and addresses in TCP/IP

2.58
 Example 2.1

In Figure 2.19 a node with physical address 10 sends a

frame to a node with physical address 87. The two nodes
are connected by a link (bus topology LAN). As the
figure shows, the computer with physical address 10 is
the sender, and the computer with physical address 87 is
the receiver.

2.59
 Figure 2.19 Physical addresses

2.60
 Example 2.2

As we will see in Chapter 13, most local-area networks

use a 48-bit (6-byte) physical address written as 12
hexadecimal digits; every byte (2 hexadecimal digits) is
separated by a colon, as shown below:

07:01:02:01:2C:4B

A 6-byte (12 hexadecimal digits) physical address.

2.61
 Figure 2.8: Encapsulation / Decapsulation

2.62
 Example 2.3

Figure 2.20 shows a part of an internet with two routers

connecting three LANs. Each device (computer or
router) has a pair of addresses (logical and physical) for
each connection. In this case, each computer is
connected to only one link and therefore has only one
pair of addresses. Each router, however, is connected to
three networks (only two are shown in the figure). So
each router has three pairs of addresses, one for each
connection.

2.63
 Figure 2.20 IP addresses

2.64
 Example 2.4

Figure 2.21 shows two computers communicating via the

Internet. The sending computer is running three
processes at this time with port addresses a, b, and c. The
receiving computer is running two processes at this time
with port addresses j and k. Process a in the sending
computer needs to communicate with process j in the
receiving computer. Note that although physical
addresses change from hop to hop, logical and port
addresses remain the same from the source to
destination.

2.65
 Figure 2.21 Port addresses

2.66
 Note

The physical addresses will change from hop to hop,

but the logical addresses usually remain the same.

2.67
 A port address is a 16-bit address represented by one
decimal number as shown.

753

A 16-bit port address represented

as one single number.

2.68
 Note

The physical addresses change from hop to hop,

but the logical and port addresses usually remain the same.

2.69
 Port 110 POP3
Description 115 Simple File Transfer Protocol (SFTP)
Number
118 SQL Services
TCP Port Service Multiplexer 119 Newsgroup (NNTP)
1
(TCPMUX)
137 NetBIOS Name Service
5 Remote Job Entry (RJE)
139 NetBIOS Datagram Service
7 ECHO
143 Interim Mail Access Protocol (IMAP)
18 Message Send Protocol (MSP)
20 FTP -- Data 150 NetBIOS Session Service
21 FTP -- Control 156 SQL Server
22 SSH Remote Login Protocol 161 SNMP
23 Telnet 179 Border Gateway Protocol (BGP)
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol 190 Gateway Access Control Protocol (GACP)
25
(SMTP) 194 Internet Relay Chat (IRC)
29 MSG ICP 197 Directory Location Service (DLS)
37 Time Lightweight Directory Access
389
42 Host Name Server (Nameserv) Protocol (LDAP)
43 WhoIs 396 Novell Netware over IP
49 Login Host Protocol (Login) 443 HTTPS
53 Domain Name System (DNS) 444 Simple Network Paging Protocol (SNPP)
69 Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) 445 Microsoft-DS
70 Gopher Services 458 Apple QuickTime
79 Finger 546 DHCP Client
80 HTTP 547 DHCP Server
103 X.400 Standard 563 SNEWS
108 SNA Gateway Access Server 569 MSN
109 POP2 1080 Sock
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