Gmsys 46 PDF

GM-SYS
Gravity/Magnetic Modeling Software
Users Guide
For Version 4.6
Northwest
Geophysical
Associates, Inc.
1600 SW Western Boulevard, Suite 200 · Corvallis, OR 97333 USA
(541) 757-7231 · fax (541) 757-7331 · www.nga.com · info@nga.com
Media Change Notice
GM-SYS software is now delivered on CD-ROM

and the Users Guide is now supplied in electronic
format. As per your license agreement you are
granted permission to print, as necessary, the
electronic Users Guide for your use only.
Table of Contents 3
Trademarks, Copyrights, & Credits ...................................................................... 9

Software License Agreement ............................................................................. 10
1. Introduction ................................................................................................... 11
1.1 GM-SYS Editions .................................................................................... 11
1.1.1 Professional Edition ........................................................................ 11
1.1.2 Engineering Edition ........................................................................ 11
1.1.3 LAB Edition ..................................................................................... 11
1.2 GM-SYS Options .................................................................................... 12
1.2.1 2¾-D Modeling ............................................................................... 12
1.2.2 Joint Inversion/Optimization ........................................................... 12
1.2.3 Gravity/Magnetic Gradients ............................................................ 12
1.2.4 Extended Model Size ...................................................................... 12
1.2.5 High Resolution Modeling ............................................................... 12
1.2.6 Seismic Bitmap ............................................................................... 12
1.2.7 Model Translators for CVTGMS ..................................................... 12
1.3 Supported platforms ............................................................................... 12
1.4 Technical Support ................................................................................... 13
2. Getting Started ............................................................................................... 15
2.1 Installation ............................................................................................... 15
2.1.1Supporting Software ........................................................................ 15
2.1.2 Microsoft® Windows® Operating Systems ..................................... 15
2.1.3 UNIX® Operating Systems ............................................................. 16
2.2 Copy Protection ...................................................................................... 16
2.2.1 "Red Disk" Protection (Windows) ................................................... 17
2.2.2 Keylock or dongle Protection (Windows) ........................................ 17
2.2.2.1 Installing the keylock .............................................................. 17
2.2.3 Hostid Protection (UNIX) ................................................................ 18
2.3 Creating a New Model ............................................................................ 18
2.3.1 Overview of New Model Creation ................................................... 18
2.3.2 Cross-Section Limits ...................................................................... 18
2.3.3 Profile Azimuth/Relative Strike Angle .............................................. 18
2.3.4 Topography and Gravity & Magnetics Stations ............................... 18
2.3.5 Earth's Magnetic Field .................................................................... 19
2.4 Importing a Model from Another Modeling Application ............................ 19
2.5 Menu Overview ....................................................................................... 19
2.5.1 File Menu ........................................................................................ 19
2.5.2 View Menu ...................................................................................... 19
2.5.3 Image Menu.................................................................................... 19
GM-SYS® v. 4.6 for Windows & X-Windows
4 Table of Contents
2.5.4 Display Menu .................................................................................. 20
2.5.5 Profile Menu ................................................................................... 20
2.5.6 Gradients Menu .............................................................................. 20
2.5.7 Action Menu .................................................................................... 20
2.5.8 Compute Menu ............................................................................... 20
2.5.9 Window Menu ................................................................................. 20
2.5.10 Help Menu .................................................................................... 20
3. Modeling Concepts ......................................................................................... 21
3.1 Uniqueness ............................................................................................. 21
3.2 DC Shift .................................................................................................. 21
3.3 2-D Modeling.......................................................................................... 21
3.4 2¾-D Modeling ....................................................................................... 21
3.5 Skewed Models....................................................................................... 22
3.6 Inversion ................................................................................................. 22
3.7 Computational Basis for GM-SYS ........................................................... 23
3.8 Rotated-to-Pole Magnetic Data ............................................................... 23
3.9 Choice of Gravity Anomaly: Free-Air, Residual, or Bouguer ................... 24
3.10 Magnetic Units ...................................................................................... 24
3.11 Gravity Units .......................................................................................... 26
3.12 GravITY &
magnetic Gradients ....................................................................................... 28
3.12.1 Gradient Axis ................................................................................ 28
3.12.2 Magnetic Gradient Display and Units. .......................................... 28
3.12.3 Gravity Gradients Display and Units ............................................. 29
3.13 Bitmap Display ..................................................................................... 29
4. Model Elements ............................................................................................ 31
4.1 Surfaces .................................................................................................. 31
4.2 Points ...................................................................................................... 31
4.3 Blocks ..................................................................................................... 31
4.3.1 Block Labels ................................................................................... 32
4.3.2 Block Data ...................................................................................... 32
4.4 Backdrop Images .................................................................................... 32
4.5 Wells ....................................................................................................... 33
4.6 Gravity and Magnetic Stations ................................................................ 33
5. GM-SYS Interface .......................................................................................... 35
5.1 Menus ..................................................................................................... 36
5.1.1 File Menu ........................................................................................ 36
5.1.1.1 New Model and Open Model .................................................. 36
Table of Contents 5
5.1.1.2 Save Model and Save as ....................................................... 36

5.1.1.3 Close ...................................................................................... 36
5.1.1.4 Preferences ............................................................................ 36
5.1.1.5 Print ........................................................................................ 37
5.1.1.6 Exit ......................................................................................... 37
5.1.1.7 Previously Opened Model List ............................................... 37
5.1.2 View Menu ...................................................................................... 38
5.1.2.1 Previous View ........................................................................ 38
5.1.2.2 Mark Current View.................................................................. 38
5.1.2.3 Add Current View ................................................................... 38
5.1.2.4 Edit Views .............................................................................. 38
5.1.2.5 View List ................................................................................. 39
5.1.3 Image Menu.................................................................................... 39
5.1.3.1 Enable Backdrop .................................................................... 39
5.1.3.2 Load Backdrop ................................................................... 39
5.1.3.3 Enable Block Fill ..................................................................... 40
5.1.3.4 Block Foreground Color ......................................................... 40
5.1.3.5 Block Background Color ......................................................... 40
5.1.3.6 Color Tool ............................................................................... 40
5.1.4 Display Menu .................................................................................. 41
5.1.5 Profile Menu ................................................................................... 41
5.1.5.1 Set Mag. Field ........................................................................ 41
5.1.5.2 Set Azi./Strike Angle ............................................................... 42
5.1.5.3 Set Plan View Depth .............................................................. 42
5.1.5.4 Edit Anomaly .......................................................................... 42
5.1.5.5 Edit Wells ............................................................................... 42
5.1.5.6 Edit Blocks ............................................................................. 42
5.1.5.7 Magnetics Elevation Adjust .................................................... 43
5.1.5.8 Magnetics DC Shift ................................................................ 43
5.1.5.9 Gravity Elevation Adjust & Gravity DC Shift ........................... 43
5.1.6 Gradients Menu .............................................................................. 43
5.1.6.1 Enable Grav. Gradients / Magn. Gradient .............................. 43
5.1.6.2 Gradient Axis .......................................................................... 43
5.1.6.3 Edit Gradients ..................................................................... 43
5.1.6.4 Show Gravity Gradients/Magnetic Gradients ......................... 44
5.1.7 Action Menu .................................................................................... 44
5.1.7.1 Undo ...................................................................................... 44
5.1.7.2 Move Point ............................................................................. 44
GM-SYS v. 4.6 for Windows & X-Windows
®
6 Table of Contents
5.1.7.3 Move Group ........................................................................... 44
5.1.7.4 Add Point ................................................................................ 45
5.1.7.5 Delete Point............................................................................ 45
5.1.7.6 Split Block .............................................................................. 45
5.1.7.7 Delete Surface ....................................................................... 45
5.1.7.8 Examine ................................................................................. 45
5.1.7.8.1 Examine Point ..................................................................... 45
5.1.7.8.2 Examine Surface ................................................................. 45
5.1.7.8.3 Examine Block .................................................................... 46
5.1.7.9 Box Zoom ............................................................................... 46
5.1.7.10 2X Zoom In........................................................................... 46
5.1.7.11 2X Zoom Out ........................................................................ 46
5.1.7.12 Invert .................................................................................... 46
5.1.7.12.1 Inversion Setup ................................................................. 46
5.1.7.12.2 Go ..................................................................................... 47
5.1.7.13 Move Label ........................................................................... 48
5.1.8 Compute Menu ............................................................................... 48
5.1.9 Window Menu ................................................................................. 48
5.1.10 Help Menu .................................................................................... 48
5.2 Menu Tool Bar ......................................................................................... 48
5.3 Model Window ........................................................................................ 49
5.3.1 Cross Section Pane ........................................................................ 49
5.3.2 Gravity Anomaly Pane .................................................................... 49
5.3.3 Magnetic Anomaly Pane ................................................................. 49
5.3.4 Plan View Pane .............................................................................. 49
5.3.5 Scroll Bars ...................................................................................... 49
5.3.6 Resizing Panes: Sashes ................................................................. 49
5.3.7 Balloon Help ................................................................................... 50
5.3.8 Pop-up Menus ................................................................................ 50
5.3.8.1 Cross Section Pop-up Menus ................................................ 50
5.3.8.2 Gravity Pop-up Menus ........................................................... 50
5.3.8.3 Magnetics Pop-up Menus ...................................................... 50
5.3.8.4 Plan View Pop-up Menus ....................................................... 50
5.4 Status Bar ............................................................................................... 51
6. Printing a GM-SYS Model ............................................................................. 53
6.1 The Print dialog ....................................................................................... 53
6.2 GM-SYS Plot Output Options ................................................................. 54
6.2.1 Postscript ........................................................................................ 54
Table of Contents 7
6.2.2 Binary CGM .................................................................................... 54

6.2.3 Clear Text CGM .............................................................................. 54
6.2.4 Geosoft Plot (.plt)............................................................................ 54
6.2.5 DXF ................................................................................................ 55
6.3 Printer Setup ....................................................................................... 55
6.4 Setup Page Layout ................................................................................. 55
6.4.1 Layout ............................................................................................. 56
6.4.2 Horizontal ....................................................................................... 56
6.4.3 Vertical ............................................................................................ 56
6.4.4 Gravity ............................................................................................ 56
6.4.5 Magnetics ....................................................................................... 56
6.4.6 Plan View........................................................................................ 56
6.5 Plot Parameter File (.PPF) ...................................................................... 56
7. GM-SYS Model File Formats ........................................................................ 57
7.1 Surface (.SUR) File Format .................................................................... 57
7.2 Block (.BLK) File Format ......................................................................... 59
7.3 Gravity (.GRV) File Format ..................................................................... 59
7.4 Gravity Gradient (.GDO) File Format ...................................................... 60
7.5 Magnetics (.MAG) File Format ................................................................ 60
7.6 Magnetic Gradient (.MDO) File Format ................................................... 61
7.7 View (.VEW) File Format ........................................................................ 61
7.8 Well (.WEL) File Format ......................................................................... 62
7.10 Extended Coordinate System (.ECS) File Format ................................ 62
7.11 Generic Space-delimited ASCII ............................................................. 62
8. CVTGMS ........................................................................................................ 63
8.1 Installation ............................................................................................... 63
8.2 Getting Started ........................................................................................ 63
8.2.1 Modifying the model ....................................................................... 63
8.2.2 Output ............................................................................................. 64
8.3 Menus ..................................................................................................... 64
8.3.1 File Menu ........................................................................................ 64
8.3.1.1 Erase Model ........................................................................... 64
8.3.1.2 Open... ................................................................................... 64
8.3.1.3 Save As... ............................................................................... 64
8.3.1.4 Exit ......................................................................................... 64
8.3.2 Execute Menu................................................................................. 64
8.3.2.1 Set Block ................................................................................ 64
8.3.2.2 Alter Unit................................................................................. 64
®
8 Table of Contents
8.3.2.3 Shift XZ... ............................................................................... 64
8.3.2.4 Flip over X .............................................................................. 64
8.3.2.5 Flip over Z .............................................................................. 65
8.3.2.6 Decimate dialog ..................................................................... 65
8.3.2.7 Snap... (DIG, DXF inputs only) ............................................... 65
8.3.3 Views .............................................................................................. 65
8.3.3.1 Full View ................................................................................. 65
8.3.3.2 Infinity ..................................................................................... 65
8.3.3.3 Other - only GM-SYS input .................................................... 65
8.3.4 Help ................................................................................................ 65
8.4 File Formats ............................................................................................ 66
8.4.1 Generic ASCII digitized file: .DIG & .XYZ ...................................... 66
8.4.1.1 Two-dimensional .DIG file ...................................................... 66
8.4.1.2 Three-dimensional .XYZ file ................................................... 66
8.4.2 DXF - AutoCAD® ..................................................................................................................................... 67
8.4.3 GeoGraphix (GMA) ......................................................................... 67
8.4.4 GM-SYS ......................................................................................... 67
8.4.5 Fugro-LCT - 2MOD ......................................................................... 68
8.4.6 GAMMA - Chevron ......................................................................... 68
8.4.7 SAKI - US Geological Survey ......................................................... 68
9. Supporting Software ....................................................................................... 69
9.1 NGRF ...................................................................................................... 69
9.2 XYZGMS ................................................................................................. 69
10. References ................................................................................................... 73
11. Tutorial - Create New Model ......................................................................... 75
11.1 Overview ............................................................................................... 75
11.2 Create New Model ................................................................................ 76
11.3 Tying To Infinity ..................................................................................... 79
11.4 Sketching Your Model ........................................................................... 81
11.4.1 Applying a DC Shift ....................................................................... 84
11.4.2 Label Placement ........................................................................... 85
12. GM-SYS Models from OASIS montaj .......................................................... 87
2.1 Running GM-SYS from within OASIS montaj ......................................... 87
12.2 Loading GM-SYS plots into geosoft maps ............................................ 89
Index .................................................................................................................. 91

Credits 9
TRADEMARKS, COPYRIGHTS, &

CREDITS
© 2000 Northwest Geophysical Associates, Inc. All rights reserved worldwide.
The Users Guide, as well as the software described in it, is furnished under license and may only be used or copied in accordance with
the terms of such license. The information in this Users Guide is furnished for informational use only, is subject to change without
notice, and should not be construed as a commitment by Northwest Geophysical Associates, Inc. Northwest Geophysical Associates
assumes no responsibility or liability for any errors or inaccuracies that may appear in this booklet.
GM-SYS is a trademark of Northwest Geophysical Associates, Inc., which may be registered in certain jurisdictions.
Geosoft and OASIS montaj are registered trademarks or trademarks of Geosoft, Inc. GeosoftX is a trademark of GeosoftX, Inc.
Acrobat® Reader Copyright © 1987 - 1996 Adobe Systems Incorporated. All rights reserved. Adobe and Acrobat are trademarks of
Adobe Systems Incorporated which may be registered in certain jurisdictions. PostScript and Adobe Illustrator are registered trademarks
or trademarks of Adobe Systems, Inc.
AutoCAD is a registered trademark of Autodesk, Inc.

AIX is a registered trademark of International Business Machines, Inc.
CorelDraw is a registered trademark of Corel Corporation.
GeoGraphix is a registered trademark of Landmark Company.
GeoSec2D is a registered trademark of Paradigm Geophysical.
IRIX is a registered trademark of Silicon Graphics, Inc.
LINUX is a registered trademark of Linus Torvalds in the USA and other countries.
Netscape is a trademark of Netscape Communications Corporation.
SPARC and UltraSparc are registered trademarks of SPARC International, Inc.
Sun, Sun Microsystems, Solaris, and Open Windows are registered trademarks or trademarks of Sun Microsystems, Inc.
UNIX and HP-UX are registered trademarks of The Open Group.
Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows NT, Microsoft and MS-DOS are either registered trademarks or trademarks of Microsoft
Corporation in the United States and/or other countries.
2MOD is a registered trademark of Fugro-LCT, Inc.
ImageMagick is Copyright 1999 E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company.

Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation
files ("ImageMagick"), to deal in ImageMagick without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy,
modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of ImageMagick, and to permit persons to whom the
ImageMagick is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of ImageMagick.
The software is provided "as is", without warranty of any kind, express or implied, including but not limited to the warranties
of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement. In no event shall E. I. du Pont de Nemours and
Company be liable for any claim, damages or other liability, whether in an action of contract, tort or otherwise, arising from,
out of or in connection with ImageMagick or the use or other dealings in ImageMagick.
Users Guide Revision 1.30

March 30, 2000

10 Software License Agreement
SOFTWARE LICENSE AGREEMENT

This is a legal agreement between you (either an individual or an entity) and Northwest Geophysical Associates, Inc. (NGA). By using
this software, you agree to become bound by the terms of this agreement. The term SOFTWARE also shall include any upgrades,
modified versions or updates of the software licensed to you by NGA. The SOFTWARE that accompanies this license is the property of
NGA and its Licensors and is protected by copyright law. If you do not agree to the terms of this Agreement, do not use the software.
Promptly return the entire package to NGA or the distributor where you obtained it for a full refund.
1. GRANT OF LICENSE. NGA and its Licensors, grant to you, the Licensee, the nonexclusive right to use this SOFTWARE as defined
by this agreement. The term of the license is indefinite unless there is a breach of the license agreement. Upon termination, the purchaser
returns all copies of the SOFTWARE and documentation together with a signed affidavit to the effect that all copies have been returned.
Licensee is granted permission to print, as necessary, the electronic Users Guide for Licensee use only.
2. SCOPE OF LICENSE. If you acquired a Single-User License, you may install the SOFTWARE on different computers at your
physical address and you must have a mechanism or process in place to assure that only one copy of the program is in use at any time for
each license. If you acquired a SITE LICENSE you are granted the right to use the SOFTWARE simultaneously on the number of
computers granted by the SITE LICENSE at your physical address.
3. OWNERSHIP OF SOFTWARE. NGA and its Licensors retain the copyright, trademarks, titles, and ownership of the SOFTWARE
and the related written materials regardless of the form or media on which the original and other copies may exist. The Licensee may
make one (1) copy of the SOFTWARE solely for backup purposes. You must reproduce and include the copyright notice on the backup
copy. You may not reverse engineer, decompile, or disassemble the SOFTWARE. This Agreement does not grant you any intellectual
property rights in the SOFTWARE.
4. SUPPORT. Licenses include service contract support and updates for six months from original purchase date. Support includes phone
assistance, prompt correction of reported errors, manual revisions, and periodic SOFTWARE updates. Support is available after the
initial six month period for a fee and includes any product updates during that support period.
5. TRANSFERS. You may transfer the SOFTWARE from one computer to another at the Licensee physical address provided that the
SOFTWARE is used in accordance with Section 2, SCOPE OF LICENSE, as written above. Except within the bounds of this agreement,
you may not distribute copies of the SOFTWARE or accompanying written materials to others. You may not transfer the SOFTWARE to
a different physical address or anyone else without the prior written consent of NGA. In no event may you transfer, assign, rent, lease, sell
or otherwise dispose of the SOFTWARE on a temporary basis.
6. LIMITED WARRANTY. With respect to the distribution media and physical documentation enclosed herein, NGA warrants the same
to be free of defects in materials and workmanship for a period of 60 days from the date of purchase. In the event of notification within
the warranty period of defects in material or workmanship, NGA will replace the defective distribution media or documentation. The
remedy for breach of this warranty shall be limited to replacement and shall not encompass any other damages, including but not limited
to loss of profit, special, incidental, consequential, or other similar claims. NGA and its Licensors do not warrant that the SOFTWARE
will meet your requirements or that operation of the SOFTWARE will be uninterrupted or that the SOFTWARE will be error-free.
NGA AND ITS LICENSORS SPECIFICALLY DISCLAIM ALL OTHER WARRANTIES, EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING
BUT NOT LIMITED TO, IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. IN
NO EVENT SHALL NGA AND ITS LICENSORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY LOSS OF PROFIT OR ANY OTHER COMMERCIAL
DAMAGE, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL, CONSEQUENTIAL OR OTHER DAMAGES.
7. GENERAL. The laws of the State of Oregon will govern this Agreement. This Agreement may only be modified by a license
addendum, which may accompany this license, or by a written document which has been signed by both you and NGA. Should you have
questions concerning this Agreement, or if you desire to contact NGA for any reason, please write: NGA Client Sales and Service, P.O.
Box 1063, Corvallis, OR 97339-1063, USA.

Introduction 11
1. INTRODUCTION
GM-SYS is a program for calculating the gravity and 1.1.1 Professional Edition
magnetic response from a geologic model. GM-SYS
provides an easy-to-use interface for interactively The Professional Edition is our standard offering to
creating and manipulating models to fit observed commercial and academic geophysicists. With appro-
gravity and/or magnetic data. Rapid calculation of priate options, model sizes can have up to 16,000
the gravity and magnetic response from 2-D models points and 300 blocks.
speed the interpretation process and allows you to 1.1.2 Engineering Edition
quickly test alternative solutions.
The economical Engineering Edition is used for less
sophisticated modeling applications.
1.1 GM-SYS EDITIONS
1.1.3 LAB Edition
Northwest Geophysical Associates offers three edi-
tions of GM-SYS to modelers and interpreters of Po- The LAB Edition is exclusively licensed to academic
tential-Field data. institutions. The LAB Edition is configured for stu-
dents who are learning Potential-Field theory.
The table below shows the number of model elements
allowed for each edition as of this release. These If more gravity or magnetic points are needed call
values may change with later versions. NGA for a custom GM-SYS configuration.
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12 Introduction
1.2 GM-SYS OPTIONS 1.2.7 Model Translators for CVTGMS
GM-SYS clients have the ability to enhance and cus- CVTGMS is a file conversion program that is built
tomize their software configuration with several op- in to every GM-SYS configuration. By default,
tions. CVTGMS will read and write GM-SYS model files,
allowing you to shift or decimate your models. As
1.2.1 2¾-D Modeling an option, CVTGMS can perform file conversion on
Enhanced Forward Modeling capability is attained the following digitized geologic models:
with the 2¾-D modeling option. This option allows
blocks to be truncated in the ± Y direction and asym- · .DIG file format - Generic ASCII digitized file,
metrically-positioned about the line of the profile. · .DXF file format - AutoCAD® DXF format,
See Section 3.4 and 3.5. · .MMD file format -Geophysical Micro Computer
Applications, Ltd.,
1.2.2 Joint Inversion/Optimization · 2-Mod file format - Fugro-LCT, Inc. ,
· GAMMA file format - Chevron, and
The GM-SYS Inversion/Optimization option permits · SAKI file format - USGS.
inverse modeling of gravity and/or magnetic data to
obtain the optimal fit of the geologic model to your
data. See Section 3.6. 1.3 SUPPORTED PLATFORMS
1.2.3 Gravity/Magnetic Gradients GM-SYS is available for x86-compatible systems
Calculate any or all of the six gradient tensor com- running Microsoft® Windows® 95, Windows NT®,
ponents of the gravity field and the vertical gradient Windows® 98 operating systems and LINUX® 2.x;
of the total magnetic field. See Section 3.12. Sparc®, UltraSparc®, and 100% compatible systems
running Solaris® ³ 2.5.1; Silicon Graphics® systems
1.2.4 Extended Model Size running IRIX® ³ 5.3 except 6.3; HP® systems run-
ning HP-UX®³ 10.20; and PowerPC® and
Licensors of the Professional Edition can extend RS/6000® systems running AIX® ³ 4.3.
their modeling capability by up to 750 surfaces and
300 blocks with the Extended Model Size option.
1.2.5 High Resolution Modeling
Licensors of the Professional Edition can extend
the number of gravity and magnetic points to 16,000.
1.2.6 Seismic Bitmap
The Seismic Bitmap option permits integration of
seismic data or other depth-scaled information (e.g.
scanned cross-sections) into the modeling process.
This option is available for all three editions. See
Section 3.13 and 4.4.

Introduction 13
1.4 TECHNICAL SUPPORT
NGA will provide technical support for any prob-
lems you have with GM-SYS for those licensees with
current service contracts. If you have a problem or
question, please refer to this manual first. If the prob-
lem is not covered by this manual or the Help file,
you may call NGA, Monday through Friday between
8:00 AM and 5:00 PM Pacific Coast Time. You may
also e-mail questions or comments to NGA at any
time.
NGA encourages users who have internet access to

upload problem models or files to our anonymous-
ftp site to facilitate prompt correction of any prob-
lems. Please notify NGA Technical Support staff by
phone or e-mail (support@nga.com) in the event that
you have uploaded files
Northwest Geophysical Associates, Inc.

Mailing Address:
P.O. Box 1063
Corvallis, Oregon 97339-1063 USA
Phone: (541) 757-7231
FAX: (541) 757-7331
e-mail: support@nga.com
ftp: nga.com
WWW: http://www.nga.com
Your initial purchase of GM-SYS entitles you to free

support, including any released updates, for a period
of six months. To extend your support beyond six
months and to receive additional updates, contact
NGA.

14 Introduction

Getting Started 15
2. GETTING STARTED
If you're new to GM-SYS, first install the software model-building utility XYZGMS (described in Sec-
as described in the instructions below. We recom- tion 9) is also required.
mend that you then use one of the sample models to
practice using the GM-SYS interface and familiar- A basic version of CVTGMS is shipped with all
ize yourself with the capabilities of the software as GM-SYS distributions, allowing the user to shift
you browse through the following sections. When models laterally or vertically, and/or to decimate
you feel fairly comfortable with the interface, work model surfaces. See Section 8 for a detailed descrip-
through the tutorial included in Section 11. tion of the capabilities of CVTGMS.
If you are already familiar with GM-SYS, install the The ImageMagick convert program is used by
software as instructed below and then read 4.6 Re- GM-SYS to import many common raster image for-
lease Notes document, paying particular attention to mats for use in the Seismic Bitmap option.
the Whats New... section.
The NGRF Geomagnetic Reference Field utility is
2.1 INSTALLATION included in all Windows distributions. NGRF, de-
GM-SYS distributions are shipped on CD-ROM. The scribed in Section 9, provides an easy way to deter-
basic installation includes: mine the Inclination, Declination, and Total Field
GM-SYS modeling program; strength anywhere on earth, at any elevation, at any
GMS, GMSMARK, GMSPROF GXs and time between 1945 and the present. This informa-
GMSYS.OMN for integration with Geosofts OA- tion is necessary for GM-SYS to correctly calculate
SIS montaj (requires XYZGMS); the magnetic response of a properly oriented model
CVTGMS model conversion program; profile.
ImageMagick* image conversion program and li-
braries 2.1.2 Microsoft® Windows® Operating Systems
On-line Help (HTML)
On-line Users Guide (PDF) To install GM-SYS, select Run from the Start Menu
Release Notes (PDF) and enter <CD_Drive>:\setup.exe. The instal-
Sample model files lation shell will guide you through the simple instal-
Installation script lation process and create the program folder and nec-
*only installed if Seismic Bitmap option is licensed. essary icons in the Start Menu. The installation will
generate "Data," "Image," "Backup," and Html
2.1.1 Supporting Software subdirectories for sample model files, backdrop im-
NGA developed the GMS, GMSMARK, and ages, automated backup files, and html-help, respec-
GMSPROF GXs and the GM-SYS menu for OASIS tively. You may to elect use other directories for these
montaj to allow users to extract data profiles and purposes by editing the Preferences for Files after
horizons from within OASIS montaj and generate you start GM-SYS for the first time.
starting models for interpretation with GM-SYS. The

16 Getting Started
OASIS montaj users: In order for OASIS GM-SYS Resource files will be placed in the user's
montaj and GM-SYS to work correctly together, home directory. If multiple users are licensed to run
you must: GM-SYS, it may be advantageous to run the instal-
1) Copy the GXs and GMSYS.OMN to the Geosoft lation script as root, install GM-SYS in /usr/local/
installation directory. These files may also be gm46 (for example), and to place the X-resource file,
included in your OASIS montaj distribution. XGmxwin, in the app-defaults directory. Each user
2) Put the GM-SYS installation directory on your should have his/her own copies of XGmxwin and
path. To do this, users of the Windows® 95 or .gmsysrc in their home directories.
Windows® 98 operating system must edit the
AUTOEXEC.BAT file. Users of Windows NT® OASIS montaj users: In order for GM-SYS and
should select the System option in the Control OASIS montaj to work together correctly, several
Panel and open the Environment Variables tab files must be copied from the geosoft directory on
to set the PATH environment variable. the distribution CD-ROM into the Geosoft installa-
tion. On most systems, this requires root privileges.
You may choose to associate model files with Copy GXs to $GEOSOFTHOME/share/lib/gx/, html
GM-SYS, so that double-clicking on a GM-SYS files to $GEOSOFTHOME/share/doc/html/, and
model file will start GM-SYS with the selected model gmsys.omn to $GEOSOFTHOME/share/lib/omn/.
open. To create this association, double-click on a
GM-SYS .sur file. Windows will then ask you to If you have licensed the Seismic Bitmap option, you
specify which application should be used to open .sur need to have convert, identify, and libMagick
files. Be sure to select the box that says "Always use library files from the ImageMagick package installed
this program to open this file." on your system. You may elect to 1) install a com-
plete ImageMagick distribution (included on the
2.1.3 UNIX® Operating Systems GM-SYS distribution CD-ROM; this may require
To install GM-SYS on UNIX and Linux systems, root permission), 2) use an already-installed
run the installation script, gminstall.sh, as the user. ImageMagick distribution, or 3) have the installa-
tion script include a minimal ImageMagick distribu-
/cdrom/gmsys> sh ./gminstall.sh tion with GM-SYS.
The script will ask you to select an installation direc- 2.2 COPY PROTECTION
tory (you must have write permission for that direc-
tory). A small directory tree will be built, containing Many copies of GM-SYS are delivered with some
sample "data" and "image" directories, as well as type of license protection. Generally, GM-SYS is
".gmbackup," and html subdirectories for auto- licensed for a single user. GM-SYS may be copied
mated backup files and html-help, respectively. You to the hard disk of several computers, but the license
may elect to change these default directories by edit- protection must be present for GM-SYS to execute.
ing the Preferences for Files after you start GM-SYS If you are operating in an environment where you
for the first time. feel GM-SYS may be subject to theft or unautho-
rized copying, please contact NGA and we will sup-
The installation script will query for the location(s) ply you with a protected copy at no charge.
of supporting software and use this information to
generate a wrapper script called GMX in the users
home directory. Executing GMX sets the GM-SYS
environment and starts the program.

Getting Started 17
2.2.1 "Red Disk" Protection (Windows) 2.2.2.1 Installing the keylock
Copies of GM-SYS running in a Geosoft environ- Users who are installing this update over previous
ment under Windows 95 or NT are protected by the versions of GM-SYS do not need to repeat these
standard Geosoft "Red Disk" license protection pro- steps.
cedure. See the Geosoft Manual for details. 1) Deterrmine whether you have an Activator or
SentinelPro keylock. New distributions of
2.2.2 Keylock or dongle Protection (Windows) GM-SYS are shipped with SentinelPro keylocks.
GM-SYS installed on Windows systems may be con- 2) Attach the keylock to LPT1;
figured to use either an ACTIVATOR" or 2) Double click on the "Install SentinelPro" or In-
SentinelPro hardware keylock, commonly called stall Activator icon in Install Keylock Drivers
a "dongle". The keylock must be present on the par- subfolder of the GM-SYS for Windows program
allel (printer) port (e.g., LPT1) of the computer for group. It will execute a small batch file to install the
GM-SYS to execute or continue running. Keylocks driver. Windows 95/NT users will need to reboot
are transparent to printer operations, so they may be before attempting to run GM-SYS.
left on the computer while you are printing or run-
ning other software. These keylocks may also be
attached in series with most other keylocks.

18 Getting Started
If you wish to install the keylock on a different par- The New Model Creation dialog box is partitioned
allel port, follow the instructions in the Howto into four sections. The first section contains options
documents in the Install Keylock Drivers subfolder for setting horizontal and depth extents of the model
of the GM-SYS for Windows program group. The in the units of your choice. The second section al-
"Howto" readme files describe this and other "fine- lows you to set the profile azimuth and relative model
tuning" options in detail. strike. The third section allows you to specify the
locations of topographic points, gravity stations, and
2.2.3 Hostid Protection (UNIX) magnetic stations. The last section allows you to set
GM-SYS installed on UNIX systems may be config- the Earth's magnetic field parameters.
ured with "hostid" protection; i.e. it will run only on 2.3.2 Cross-Section Limits
a specified host. During registration, a user-supplied
"hostid" (a unique hexadecimal processor-identifi- Setting the X Range defines the initial View of the
cation string) is encoded into the executable. On model; i.e., the portion of the model you will be edit-
execution, the program compares this string to that ing. The Z Range limits the vertical extents of the
returned by the "hostid" system call and aborts with starting "crustal rock" block and the Z-extents of the
an error message if they do not match. initial View.
2.3 CREATING A NEW MODEL 2.3.3 Profile Azimuth/Relative Strike Angle
Select the New Model option from the File Menu Setting these options orients your new model in space.
or click the New Model button on the Menu Tool This is necessary only for modeling magnetic re-
Bar to activate the New Model Creation dialog box, sponse, but is good practice, regardless. The profile
shown on the following page. The new model cre- azimuth is relative to geographic North. The relative
ation process allows you to specify the initial param- strike angle is relative to the profile azimuth. See
eters of your model, or you may accept the default Section 3.5 for a thorough discussion of these top-
settings. All of these parameters may be changed at ics. If you are unsure of the appropriate values, you
a later time. may accept the defaults and make changes later.
2.3.1 Overview of New Model Creation 2.3.4 Topography and Gravity & Magnetics
Stations
A starting GM-SYS model consists of two blocks
("air" and "crustal rock"), topography, and gravity You may choose to have no topography, evenly-
and/or magnetics stations. All GM-SYS models ex- spaced topography at a constant elevation, or you may
tend to "infinity" in the -X and +X directions (±30,000 import topographic data points from a file. Select-
kilometers) to eliminate edge-effects. Within the
"crustal rock" block you will later create the struc-
tural and stratigraphic boundaries (using Split Block,
Move Point, and other actions) which make up your
completed model.

Getting Started 19
ing "none" produces a horizontal surface at eleva- 2.4 IMPORTING A MODEL FROM
tion 0 with no points. Choosing the second option ANOTHER MODELING
activates a Surface Topography dialog box (shown
below), in which you may enter the Reference el-
APPLICATION
evation (Z is positive up in this case), the X-coordi- Additional conversion options may be licensed to
nate of the first topographic point, the point spacing, enable CVTGMS to convert flat ASCII files, digi-
and the total number of topography points. The "im- tized models, DXF files, and model files from other
port from file" option allows you to select and browse common modeling programs to GM-SYS model files.
an ASCII text file containing the X- and Z-coordi- See Section 8 for more details regarding CVTGMS.
nates of your topographic points in space-delimited
format. Options to skip lines and/or select fields in 2.5 MENU OVERVIEW
the imported text file allow some flexibility in file
formats. For instance, you may use the gravity data All of the commands necessary for creating and ma-
from an existing model to create topography (and nipulating GM-SYS models are available in the
gravity stations) for a second model by importing menus at the top of the Main Window. The menus
the .grv file and skipping the two header lines. are described briefly below. Each menu option or
Options for creating gravity and magnetics stations function is described in detail in Section 5.1.
operate in a similar manner, with a couple of excep- 2.5.1 File Menu
tions. Selecting "none" for gravity or magnetics sta-
tions will result in no stations being created. If you The File Menu controls model creation, saving, and
don't have actual "observed" data, but wish to calcu- printing/plotting functions. The Preferences are also
late the response for a hypothetical profile over your accessed from this menu.
model, you must create "dummy" stations using ei- 2.5.2 View Menu
ther the "equally spaced" or "import from file"
options. (Remember: Gravity and/or magnetic sta- You may store, edit, and recall screen views, or win-
tions are required so that GM-SYS may calculate the dows, of the current model from the View Menu. A
response of the model at these locations.) When view is defined by the current X and Z limits of the
importing gravity and magnetics station locations Cross Section, Anomaly, and Plan-View panes of the
from ASCII text files, if a third field (column) exists, Model Window.
it will be imported as observed values.
2.5.3 Image Menu
2.3.5 Earth's Magnetic Field
Import a depth-scaled bitmap as an aid to building
The magnitude and direction of the Earth's magnetic your model using the Image Menu. You may also
field in the vicinity of your model must be entered force all blocks to be solid, or make them partially
correctly for GM-SYS to properly calculate the mag- or completely transparent to show an underlying
netic response of the model. If you do not have this backdrop. You may elect to apply a color table to
information, accept the defaults and make changes block foreground colors based on their density, sus-
later. See Section 5.1.5 for sources where this infor- ceptibility, or remanent magnetism.
mation may be obtained.
When you have entered all of the information, select

the "Create" button and GM-SYS will generate your
starting model. Be sure to save the model and any
subsequent changes.

20 Getting Started
2.5.4 Display Menu cific actions when the left mouse button is pressed in
the Model Window. These items are also available
From the Display Menu you may toggle on and off from the Action Tool Box. The Undo function is
the display of all features in the Model Window, with also accessible from the Action Menu or the Menu
the exception of surfaces and gradients. The Dis- Tool Bar.
play Menu is arranged so that items affecting each
pane of the Model Window are grouped together. You 2.5.8 Compute Menu
may also toggle between cgs, SI, or µcgs units for
displaying your model parameters. From the Compute Menu you may control recalcula-
tion of the model response. "Autocalculation" of the
2.5.5 Profile Menu gravity and/or magnetic response to changes in the
model may be toggled on/off. You may also activate
From the Profile Menu, you may set the geomag- a total recalculation of gravity or magnetic response,
netic field parameters, adjust the DC Shift values, if desired. The "calculate" or "total recalculate" op-
globally change station elevations, and edit well- tions should be selected when the "model changed"
marker data. Spreadsheet editors may be accessed flags appear in either of the anomaly panes.
to edit the data profiles or edit block parameters.
2.5.9 Window Menu
2.5.6 Gradients Menu
The Window Menu controls the appearance and or-
From the Gradients Menu you may toggle on and off ganization of open models within the Main Window.
the display of gravity and magnetic gradients or in- Open model windows may be tiled or cascaded, and
dividual gradient components. You may also choose model icons arranged to minimize desktop space re-
whether to align the gradient component axes with quirements. A selection list allows you to select the
the profile direction or compass direction. If GM- active open model.
SYS is not registered to include gradient calculations,
items in this menu may be either absent or "grayed- 2.5.10 Help Menu
out" and inactive.
From the Help Menu you may access the on-line help
2.5.7 Action Menu which comes with GM-SYS. The About option
displays registration, version and technical support
The Action Menu contains functions for editing the information for GM-SYS.
model. Only one function may be active at a time.
Each of the items in the Action Menu enables spe-

Modeling Concepts 21
3. MODELING CONCEPTS
Forward modeling involves creating a hypothetical GM-SYS allows you to apply a DC Shift in one of
geologic model and calculating the geophysical re- three ways:
sponse to that earth model. GM-SYS is a modeling 1) GM-SYS can automatically calculate the DC
program which allows intuitive, interactive manipu- Shift to minimize the RMS error, or
lation of the geologic model and real-time calcula- 2) you may select a point at which the calculated
tion of the gravity or magnetic response. The and observed curves will be forced to match, or
GM-SYS Inversion option allows you to automati- 3) you may enter the DC Shift explicitly. GM-SYS
cally optimize your model. defaults to option 1, the automatic shift.
3.1 UNIQUENESS These options are available in the Profile Menu and
Gravity and magnetic models are not unique; i.e. sev- the anomaly pane pop-up menus (See Section 5.1.5).
eral earth models can produce the same gravity and/ 3.3 2-D MODELING
or magnetic response. Furthermore many solutions
may not be geologically realistic. It is the task of the Two-Dimensional (2-D) models assume the earth is
interpreter to evaluate the "geologic reasonableness" two dimensional; i.e. it changes with depth (the Z
of any model. direction) and in the direction of the profile (X di-
rection; perpendicular to strike). 2-D models do not
3.2 DC SHIFT change in the strike direction (Y direction). 2-D
A constant or DC shift usually must be subtracted blocks and surfaces are presumed to extend to infin-
from the calculated gravity and/or magnetic data to ity in the strike direction.
match the observed data. For gravity, this is neces- 3.4 2¾-D MODELING
sary because the calculated value is an absolute grav-
ity calculation for the model extending to 30,000 km A 2-D model can be visualized as a number of tabu-
in the ±X directions, and to some arbitrary depth (50 lar prisms, with their axes in the strike direction. 2¾-
km by default). Observed data is generally corrected D modeling, as implemented in GM-SYS, allows
for the reference geoid, or referenced to some local these prisms to be truncated at some distance in the
datum. For magnetics, the calculated value is the plus and minus strike directions (± Y). It also allows
deviation from the ambient earth field value, whereas the profile to be skewed relative to the strike direc-
another datum may have been used for the observed tion. Beyond the ends of the prisms are new prisms
data. of the same cross section, but with different densi-
ties and magnetic properties. GM-SYS 2¾-D mod-
In GM-SYS, a DC shift can be applied to the calcu- els allow independent specification of the locations
lated curve to force the calculated curve and the ob- of the two ends of the prisms (blocks). They may be
served curve to match. asymmetrically-positioned about the line of the pro-
file or, if desired, both may be on the same side of
the plane of the profile (Y=0).

22 Modeling Concepts
3.5 SKEWED MODELS
GM-SYS with the 2¾-D option allows profiles which
are skewed (i.e., not perpendicular) to the strike of
the model. The angle measured from the profile to
the strike direction, is entered as the "relative strike"
under the Profile Menu. For profiles perpendicular
to the strike, the relative strike is 90 degrees. For
2¾-D blocks, the Y-axis is in the direction of the
model strike and may be non-orthogonal to the pro-
file. The Y=0 reference point for each block is at the
left-most point (minimum X) of the block. The fol-
lowing three figures illustrate the relationship be-
tween the relative model strike, the profile azimuth,
and the Y=0 reference point (labeled A in the fig-
ures).
3.6 INVERSION
Forward modeling involves creating a hypothetical
geologic model and calculating the geophysical re-
sponse to that earth model. GM-SYS, without the
Inversion/Optimization option, is a forward model-
ing program allowing interactive manipulation of the
earth model and real-time calculation of the gravity
or magnetic response.
Inversion, optimization, or inverse modeling involves

the reverse procedure. Starting with the observed
geophysical response, an earth model that will pro-
vide the best fit to that data is calculated. Because
gravity and magnetic calculations are non-linear, the
calculations use an iterative process. The forward
calculation equations are approximated by linear
equations. A small change based on the linear equa-

tions is then made to the earth model, the linear ap- Talwani et al., 1959, and Talwani and Heirtzler, 1964,
proximations are recalculated for the new model and and make use of the algorithms described in Won
the process is repeated. and Bevis, 1987. Two-and-a-half dimensional cal-
culations are based on Rasmussen and Pedersen,
The Joint Inversion/Optimization option of GM-SYS 1979. Methods proprietary to NGA have been used
allows the user to select the parameters they wish to to improve the efficiency and speed of the calcula-
be free in the optimization process. It also allows tions and to make them better suited to an interactive
the user to initiate and monitor the inversion process. environment. For validation, the results from
GM-SYS have been found to be comparable to other
If the Joint Inversion/Optimization option has not published results; see Campbell, 1983.
been installed in the copy of GM-SYS currently run-
ning on the computer, the Invert option in the Action The GM-SYS inversion routine utilizes a Marqardt
Menu and the Invert button on the Action Tool Box inversion algorithm (Marqardt, 1963) to linearize and
are "grayed-out" and inactive. invert the calculations. GM-SYS uses an implemen-
tation of that algorithm for gravity and magnetics
Gravity and magnetic models are not unique; i.e. sev- developed by the USGS and used in their computer
eral earth models can produce the same gravity and/ program, SAKI (Webring, 1985).
or magnetic response. Furthermore, many solutions
may not be geologically realistic. Because of this GM-SYS uses a two-dimensional, flat-earth model
non-uniqueness, and because the process is non-lin- for the gravity and magnetic calculations; that is, each
ear, the final result or solution depends on the start- structural unit or block extends to plus and minus
ing model. The better the starting model, the better infinity in the direction perpendicular to the profile.
the result. As the term optimization implies, Inver- The earth is assumed to have topography but no cur-
sion is best used to make small changes to the model vature. The model also extends plus and minus
to obtain the final optimal fit to the observed data. 30,000 kilometers along the profile to eliminate edge-
Inversion should not be used to create a hypothetical effects.
earth model from a poorly-defined starting model.
In GM-SYS, stations (points at which gravity or
GM-SYS allows the user to free up to 100 param- magnetic values are observed and calculated) should
eters for inversion. Parameters may include the X- be outside of the source material; i.e., in an area of
and/or Z- position of a point, the susceptibility of a the model with a density, magnetization, and suscep-
block, the density of a block, or the DC Shift be- tibility equal to zero.
tween the observed and calculated curves.
3.8 ROTATED-TO-POLE MAGNETIC
Best results will be obtained using optimization if a DATA
limited number of parameters are allowed to be free.
Examples would be inverting on densities of one or The user may choose to model rotated-to-pole mag-
two bodies or inverting on the depth (Z and not X) of netic data in GM-SYS. When doing so, the inclina-
a basin, or thickness (Z and not X) of sediments. tion and declination of the Earth's field must be set
to 90° and 0°, respectively. Use the same magnitude
3.7 COMPUTATIONAL BASIS FOR for the Earth's field that you would when modeling
GM-SYS Total Field magnetic data. The Set Mag. Field op-
tion may be accessed either through the Profile Menu
The methods used to calculate the gravity and mag- or the Magnetic Anomaly pop-up menu.
netic model response are based on the methods of

3.9 CHOICE OF GRAVITY ANOMALY:
FREE-AIR, RESIDUAL, OR These quantities are defined in different ways in the
two systems by the following equations:
BOUGUER cgs
If you are attempting to fit calculated values to ob- B = H + 4pM
served values of gravity, you may use free-air, re- J=M
sidual, or Bouguer gravity values for the observed SI
values. Note that the model calculations will include B = m0(H + M)
the contributions of the terrain above sea level using J = m 0M
the selected densities. Therefore, if you use observed where m0 = 4p x 10-7H/m is the permeability of free
Bouguer anomaly values, you must either change the space.
density of the "air block" to the Bouguer reduction The magnetization M is the vector sum of the in-
density or convert the densities of all blocks above duced and remanent components of magnetization:
sea level to density contrasts relative to the Bouguer cgs and SI
reduction density. Typical densities for various rock M = Mi + Mr
types may be found in Clark (1966), Dobrin and Savit
(1988), or many other references. Induced magnetization aligns with the direction of
the Earth's magnetic field H and is proportional to
3.10 MAGNETIC UNITS the magnetic susceptibility c so that
cgs and SI
By default, GM-SYS uses the Gaussian (cgs) sys- Mi = cH
tem of units for magnetic terminology and quantities
(susceptibility, magnetization, magnetic induction and The relative importance of remanent magnetization
magnetic field intensity). The user may choose to to induced magnetization is expressed by the
display using International System (Le Système In- Koenigsberger ratio, Q:
ternational d'Unités or SI) or micro-cgs (µcgs) units
by selecting the appropriate option in the Display Q=|Mr|/|Mi|
Menu.
Geophysical literature is currently in a state of tran- Note that B, H, J and M are vector quantities in the
sition between cgs units and SI units. Many geo- definitions above.
physicists continue to use cgs or µcgs units although
SI units do appear in the literature. Conversion be- In GM-SYS, the vector direction for Mr (or Jr) is
tween cgs and SI units is, at best, confusing. input by the user as the remanent inclination (MI)
Five fundamental terms need to be defined for this and declination (MD) in Block Parameters. The vec-
discussion. These terms are (from Blakely, 1995, tor direction for H is input by the user as the inclina-
Grauch, et al.,1993, and Shive, 1986): tion (FI) and declination (FD) of the Earth's mag-
netic field. The calculated and observed anomalies
B magnetic induction or magnetic field; in GM-SYS are defined as the magnitude of the
H magnetic field intensity; anomalous component of B in the direction of the
J magnetic polarization; Earth's field direction. This is often referred to as
M magnetization; the total-field anomaly (DB).
c magnetic susceptibility.
GM-SYS uses the following cgs and SI units (see
Table 3.1):

Table 3.1 GM-SYS Units

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Appears as "M" in displayed Block Parameters

Appears as "S" in displayed Block Parameters
§ Also referred to as volume susceptibility
Table 3.2 Magnetic Conversion Factors
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0DJQHWLFILHOG% JDPPD QDQRWHVODÁQ7 JDPPD Q7Á
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0DJQHWL]DWLRQ0 JDXVV* $P JDXVV $P
6XVFHSWLELOLW\FRU6 GLPHQVLRQOHVV FJV S6,
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modified from Blakely (1995) 1 gamma = 10-5 gauss

1 nanotesla = 10-9 tesla
§ Also called emu/cm3.

type.
To convert between SI units and cgs units, use Table
3.2 (modified from Blakely, 1995). For example, di- More extensive measurements of magnetic proper-
vide magnetization expressed in A/m by 103 to cal- ties may be found in Carmichael (1982) and Clark
culate the magnetization in gauss. (1966). For a more detailed description of magnetic
units, conversions, rock magnetism and theory, see
Notes: Shive (1986), Grauch, et al. (1993), and Blakely
1. Although susceptibility is dimensionless, it dif- (1995).
fers by a factor of 4p between the two systems.
2. The defining equations in this table require 3.11 GRAVITY UNITS
Earth's magnetic field values to be given in oer- By default, GM-SYS uses the Gaussian (cgs) sys-
sted (cgs) or A/m (SI). However, in the geo- tem of units for gravity terminology (gravitational
physical literature, the Earth's magnetic field acceleration and density). The user may choose to
values are commonly given in gammas (cgs) or display using International System (Le Système In-
nanotesla (SI). GM-SYS expects gammas (cgs) ternational d'Unités or SI) units by selecting the ap-
or A/m (SI). propriate option in the Display Menu. Selecting Use
micro-cgs units in the Display Menu will cause
Some traditional geophysical references (e.g., Dobrin GM-SYS to use cgs units for gravity terminology and
and Savit, 1988) list susceptibilities and magnetiza- µcgs units for magnetic terminology. Geophysical
tion in mcgs units (1mcgs = 10-6 cgs). Simply divide literature is currently in a state of transition between
mcgs units by 106 to use in GM-SYS. Some examples cgs units and SI units. Many geophysicists continue
of measured susceptibilities using cgs, mcgs and SI to use cgs units although SI units do appear in the
units are provided in a table on the following page.
Note the wide range of susceptibilities for each rock
Table 3.3 Example Susceptibilities

RI $YHUDJH $YHUDYH $YHUDJH
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6DPSOHV FJV PFJV 6,
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$FLGLF,JQHRXV
0HWDPRUSKLF
6KDOH
6DQGVWRQH
/LPHVWRQH
'RORPLWH

modified from Dobrin and Savit (1988)

literature. version table below. For example, divide densities
The cgs unit of acceleration is cm/sec2, often referred reported in kg/m3 by 103 to calculate the densities in
to as the Gal (short for "Galileo"), where 1 Gal = 1 gm/cm3. The density for each block in a GM-SYS
cm/sec2. The geophysical literature commonly re- model appears as "D" when the block parameters are
ports gravitational attraction in units of mGal (1 mGal displayed.
= 10-3 Gal). The SI unit of acceleration is m/sec2.
The cgs unit of density is gm/cm3 and the SI unit of Some examples of measured rock densities using cgs
density is kg/m3 . GM-SYS expects gravity values and SI units are provided in Table 3.5 shown below.
to be in mGal and densities to be in gm/cm3 or kg/m3.
To convert between SI units to cgs units, use the con-
Table 3.4 Gravity Conversion Factors
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P*DO PVHF
P*DO PVHF

'HQVLW\'RUU JPFP

NJP
JPFP NJP

Table 3.5 Rock Densities

RI
U5DQJH U$YHUDJH U 5DQJH U$YHUDJH
/LWKRORJ\ 6DPSO
FJV FJV 6, 6,
HV
%DVLF,JQHRXV
0HWDPRUSKLF
'RORPLWH
$FLG,JQHRXV
/LPHVWRQH
6KDOH
6DQGVWRQH
modified from Dobrin and Savit (1988)

3.12 GRAVITY & "padded" with dummy stations to match the larger
MAGNETIC GRADIENTS file. Failure to do this may result in corrupt models.
Using the Edit Anomaly function, found in the Pro-
The GM-SYS Gravity/Magnetic Gradient option adds file Menu or Anomaly Pane pop-up menus, to add or
the capability to calculate any or all of six gradient change stations will change both files, thereby avoid-
tensor components of the gravity field and the verti- ing this problem.
cal gradient of the total magnetic field. Most of the
gradient features may be accessed in the Gradients 2) Both the standard gravity (Gz) curve and grav-
Menu. The Enable Grav. Gradients and Enable Magn. ity gradient curves are plotted in the gravity
Gradient options in the Gradients Menu are "grayed- anomaly window. Similarly, the total field and
out" and inactive if GM-SYS is not registered to in- magnetic gradient curves are plotted in the mag-
clude these options. netic anomaly window. In each window, the
gradient components are color-coded with a leg-
Gradient features include: end displayed in the upper-left corner of the
· Autocalculation of displayed gradient compo- anomaly window. A question mark (?) appears
nents; next to the legend items if the calculated curve
· Calculation and display of the individual com- has not been updated to reflect changes in the
ponents or all magnetic and/or gravity gradient geologic model; i.e., "?" serves as a "model
components may be toggled on/off; changed" flag. The legend entry for a compo-
· Alignment of the gradient component axes may nent is only visible when display of the compo-
be toggled between the profile direction or com- nent is enabled.
pass direction;
· Plotting and anomaly scaling are controlled with 3.12.1 Gradient Axis
the standard GM-SYS functions. The "Profile/Compass" Axis toggle in the Gradients
Menu allows the user to change the alignment of the
Limitations: X-axis for gradient calculations. The X-axis for gra-
Users should be aware of the following limitations. dient calculation defaults to being coincident with
We plan to remove most of these limitations in the profile azimuth (PROFILE). The COMPASS
future releases. option forces the X-Direction in the gradient calcu-
lations to be due East (90°). The Profile Azimuth
1) Standard gravity (Gz) or magnetics (Bt) values must be set correctly, relative to True North, for this
must exist at each gradient station. If standard option to function properly.
values do not exist when GM-SYS loads a model
with gradient values, GM-SYS will create 3.12.2 Magnetic Gradient Display and Units.
"dummy" Gz and/or Bt values which are set to The total magnetic field (Bt) and the vertical gradi-
zero. The user can toggle (on/off) the display of ent (Btz) are both displayed in the magnetic anomaly
any observed or calculated gradient component window. Display of the calculated and observed gra-
using options in the Gradients Menu. dient data may be toggled on and off in the Gradients
Menu. GM-SYS stores magnetic gradient values
Note: X- and Z-coordinates in the gravity (.grv) and internally in units of gammas/meter, although units
gravity gradient (.gdo) files must be the same. This may be displayed and edited in units of gammas/
is also true of magnetics (.mag) and magnetic gradi- meter, gammas/kilometer, nT/meter, or nT/kilometer.
ent (.mdo) files. If the number of observed gradient The units used may be changed by activating the
stations is different than the number of standard (grav-
ity or magnetics) stations, the smaller file must be

Magnetic Anomaly axis pop-up menu (see Section
5.3.8.3) and selecting the appropriate units from the 1 Eotvos Unit = 10-9 gal/cm
secondary pop-up menu. = 10-6 mGal/cm
= 10-4 mGal/m
3.12.3 Gravity Gradients Display and Units = 10-1 mGal/km
"Normal gravity" (Gz) and six gradient tensor
components are displayed in the gravity anomaly
3.13 BITMAP DISPLAY
window. The Seismic Bitmap Option enables GM-SYS to dis-
· vertical gradient of the vertical component of play bitmaps in the background of the cross section
gravity (zz); pane for use as a modeling aid. Bitmaps may be seis-
· gradient in the X direction of the X component mic depth sections, scanned cross sections, depth-
gravity (xx); to-basement picks; any image that may be registered
· gradient in the Y direction of the Y component in GM-SYS model space (i.e. XZ coordinates, where
of gravity (yy); Z is depth). Although not all formats have been
· gradient in the X direction of the vertical compo tested, the ImageMagick convert program incorpo-
nent of gravity (zx); rated into the GM-SYS distribution should read the
· gradient in the Y direction of the vertical com- following image formats without helper applica-
ponent of gravity (zy). tions:
· gradient in the X direction of the Y component
of gravity (xy); BMP Microsoft Windows bitmap image
BMP24 Microsoft Windows 24-bit bitmap image
CMYK Raw cyan, magenta, yellow, and black bytes
The individual gradient components can be toggled
DCX ZSoft IBM PC multi-page Paintbrush
on and off in the Gradients Menu. Gradient values DIB Microsoft Windows bitmap image
are input and displayed in Eotvos Units. FAX Group 3 FAX
FITS Flexible Image Transport System
G3 Group 3 FAX
GIF CompuServe graphics interchange format
GIF87 CompuServe graphics interchange format
(version 87a)
GRAY Raw gray bytes
ICB Truevision Targa image
ICO Microsoft icon
JBG Joint Bi-level Image experts Group interchange
JBIG Joint Bi-level Image experts Group interchange
JPG Joint Photographic Experts Group JFIF
JPEG Joint Photographic Experts Group JFIF
JPEG24 Joint Photographic Experts Group JFIF
MIFF Magick image format
MONO Bi-level bitmap in least-significant-byte
first order
P7 Xv thumbnail format
PBM Portable bitmap format (black and white)
PCD Photo CD
PCDS Photo CD
PCL Page Control Language
PCT Apple Macintosh QuickDraw/PICT
PCX ZSoft IBM PC Paintbrush
PIC Apple Macintosh QuickDraw/PICT
PICT Apple Macintosh QuickDraw/PICT

PICT24 24-bit Apple Macintosh QuickDraw/PICT SFW Seattle Film Works
PGM Portable graymap format (gray scale) SGI Irix RGB image
PMX Windows system pixmap (color) SUN SUN Rasterfile
PNG Portable Network Graphics TGA Truevision Targa image
PNM Portable anymap TIF Tagged Image File Format
PPM Portable pixmap format (color) TIFF Tagged Image File Format
PSD Adobe Photoshop bitmap TIFF24 24-bit Tagged Image File Format
PTIF Pyramid encoded TIFF TTF TrueType font
PWP Seattle Film Works VDA Truevision Targa image
RAS SUN Rasterfile VST Truevision Targa image
RGB Raw red, green, and blue bytes X X Image
RGBA Raw red, green, blue, and matte bytes XBM X Windows system bitmap (black and white)
RLA Alias/Wavefront image XPM X Windows system pixmap (color)
RLE Utah Run length encoded image XV Khoros Visualization image
XWD X Windows system window dump (color)

Model Elements 31
4. MODEL ELEMENTS
A GM-SYS model has
4.1 SURFACES
three main compo-
nents; the structural To GM-SYS, the
(geologic) model (in- model is actually
cluding well informa- composed of lines
tion), gravity stations, that define the sur-
and magnetic stations. faces between areas
These features are illus- of differing density
trated in the simple or magnetic proper-
model at left. You may ties. You are able to
change the default sym- change the surfaces by moving, deleting, and adding
bol and line colors, points that define these boundaries. The top of a
sizes, and weights, and model is a surface which defines the topography of
fonts in the Preferences dialog accessed from the File the cross section. The default colors are green for
Menu. 2-D surfaces and dark green for 2¾-D surfaces.
Conceptually, the model is a 2-D or 2¾-D cross sec- 4.2 POINTS

tion extending to infinity to the left (-X) and the
A surface is defined by a series of two or more points
right (+X). Areas of constant density and magnetic
or vertices. Straight line segments connecting these
properties are delineated by closed polygons sepa-
points make up the surfaces.
rated by surfaces defined by two or more points. In
2-D models, these polygons, or "blocks" extend to 4.3 BLOCKS
infinity in the third dimension (±Y) into and out of
the screen or page. In 2¾-D models, these blocks A polygon, or a block, is
may be truncated at a given distance from the plane an area of constant den-
of the profile. sity and magnetic prop-
erties and strike (Y) ex-
tent. The parameters of
a block are the name, the

32 Model Elements
density, the susceptibil- point.
ity (which combined
with the Earth's mag- 4.3.2 Block Data
netic field gives the in- Each block is also assigned density and susceptibil-
duced component of the ity values. If either or both of the Grav. Info or Magn.
magnetic anomaly Info options in the Display Menu are checked, this
caused by a block), and information is displayed beneath the block label for
the remanent magnetiza- each block. Magnetic remanence parameters are only
tion magnitude, declina- displayed if the remanent magnetization is non-zero.
tion and inclination. By default, density, susceptibility, and remanence
Blocks also may be values are displayed to three significant figures, but
given a fill pattern with foreground and/or back- this may be changed in the Preferences. Information
ground color for display and plotting purposes. for the -Y and +Y-extents of a 2¾-D block are not
displayed, but may be viewed using Examine Block
If the block is 2¾-D, it has the additional parameters: or within the Block Parameter spreadsheet. Surfaces
minimum Y-extent, maximum Y-extent, density be- surrounding blocks with 2¾-D limits are displayed
yond the block in the -Y direction, and density be- with a different color (default is olive). You may
yond the block in the +Y direction. The magnetic change the default color or line style in the Prefer-
properties of the blocks beyond the minimum and ences.
maximum Y-extents are assumed to be zero; i.e. non-
magnetic. You may elect to assign separate fill pat- 4.4 BACKDROP IMAGES
tern and/or color to these blocks.
Backdrop images are used as a visual aid to model
4.3.1 Block Labels construction, but do not affect the computations per-
formed by GM-SYS. In order to correctly register
Each block is assigned a the image with respect to the model, you must know
name, which may be the coordinates of the image corners in profile coor-
changed with the Exam- dinates (XZ).
ine option or within the
Block Parameter spread- GM-SYS will import a wide variety of image for-
sheet. When the Block mats with the Seismic Bitmap option. If an image is
Labels option in the Dis- too large to load, the user may elect to have GM-SYS
play Menu is toggled on, all block names are dis- scale the image to a more manageable size.
played. Note: the default position for a block name
is the center of the block. A label for a newly-cre-
ated block (e.g. using Split Block) may default to a
position outside of the current view.
Block labels may be moved using the Move Label

command, found in the Action Menu or the Action
Tool Box (Section 5.1.7). To move the label for a
newly-created block on-screen, activate the Move
Label command and select "Snap Mode". Click the
mouse within the new block to move the label to that

Model Elements 33
4.5 WELLS 4.6 GRAVITY AND MAGNETIC
Wells are used as a type of annota-
STATIONS
tion, but are not used in the com- The observed gravity and magnetics profiles are com-
putations performed by GM-SYS. posed of stations. These stations are the locations
By displaying a well, you can show where gravity and/or magnetic measurements have
depths of various stratigraphic ho- been made and where the model response will be
rizons or other geological markers. calculated. Gravity stations generally lie on the to-
This data can come from well logs, pography of the model if they are land-based gravity
core samples, magnetotellurics, re- readings. Magnetic stations may be on land or at
sistivity studies, geologic maps, or some altitude, in the case of an aeromagnetic survey.
any other source you may have. It When GM-SYS calculates the gravity or magnetic
is useful to have these annotations
on the screen to keep track of all of
the geological and geophysical
constraints on the model.
The locations of well horizons are
stored as depth beneath the
ground surface (see Section 7.8) response of a model, it will calculate and plot the
and may be edited from the Profile Menu (Section total response of the model at each station. The ob-
5.1.5.5). served response at each station over the cross sec-
tion will also be plotted. This will allow you to model
a cross section to match existing data.
Actual observed data are not necessary for the use of
GM-SYS, but would normally be used when fitting
a cross section to observed data. If observed data
are unavailable, dummy station locations must be
entered as calculation points.

34 Model Elements

GM-SYS Interface 35
5. GM-SYS INTERFACE
The GM-SYS graphical user interface takes advan- The GM-SYS interface consists of a menu system,
tage of the many productivity-enhancing features of Menu Tool Bar, the Action Tool-Box, the Model
windowing environments, including: multiple open Space, and the Status Bar. The Model Space may
models, scalable windows, on-line help, balloon help, contain one or more models in separate Model Win-
floating toolbars, and context-sensitive pop-up dows.
menus. These features are described in the follow-
ing sections.

36 GM-SYS Interface
5.1 MENUS 5.1.1.2 Save Model and Save as
When GM-SYS is started without specifying an ini- The Save Model and Save as options overwrite
tial model, only three menus with limited options are the previous version of the model or allow you to
available: the File Menu, Window Menu and the Help choose a new or different model name, respectively.
Menu. The menu system expands to include addi- For the Save as option, if a model name is already
tional options when a model is loaded. Many of the in use, GM-SYS prompts you with a message asking
menu options may also be found in the context-sen- whether you wish to overwrite the existing model.
sitive pop-up menus described in Section 5.3.8. Models are saved in a group of eight to ten files with
the same name and various extensions (See Section
7). Hence, it is not recommended that you save mod-
5.1.1 File Menu els with an extension other than .sur.
The File Menu controls file access, printing and plot- 5.1.1.3 Close
ting functions. The New Model, Open Model
and Save Model options are also accessible from the The Close option closes the active model, prompting
Menu Tool Bar. you to save any changes that have occurred since the
last Save Model command. Models may also be
5.1.1.1 New Model and Open Model closed using the controls embedded in the window-
dressing of the Model Window.
The New Model option activates the New Model
Creation dialog (discussed in Section 2.3), which 5.1.1.4 Preferences
guides you through the creation of a starting model.
The Open Model option allows you to open any The Preferences... option allows you to personalize
GM-SYS model (default extension .sur). your GM-SYS environment. Preferences can be set
for files, the model window, and miscellaneous items.
In the Files dialog you may select default locations

for your model files, backdrop images, and backup
files generated by the AutoSave feature. With
AutoSave enabled, GM-SYS will save all open model
files at the user-specified interval. In the event of a
system failure or power outage, these files may be
recovered during the next GM-SYS session. The
backup files are deleted when GM-SYS exits nor-
mally.
The Model Windows preference selection includes

the following three dialog menus: Fonts, Anomalies,
and Cross Section.
The Fonts dialog allows you to specify fonts used

for each part of the GM-SYS display.
The Anomalies dialog allows you to set the color,

line style, and weight of each data component in the
anomaly display. You may also specify whether each

GM-SYS Interface 37
components observed data and/or calculated curve 5.1.1.5 Print
is displayed by default when GM-SYS opens.
The Print option generates a precisely-scaled plot
of your model for printing or importing into graph-
The Cross Section dialog allows you to configure
ics applications. The Print dialog, discussed in Sec-
the color, line style, and weight of the line elements
tion 6, allows you to set the vertical scale of each
that comprise the Cross Section display. You may
pane and the model horizontal scale, vertical exag-
also set the number of decimal places to use when
geration, and model and axis headings. You may
displaying density, susceptibility, or remanent mag-
specify font sizes and font styles. GM-SYS con-
netization values; these values apply to the Anomaly
structs a preview of the model layout prior to print-
spreadsheet, as well.
ing directly to the installed printer or to a file for
printing later.
In the Miscellaneous dialog, you may set the maxi-
mum number of Undos and Previous Views 5.1.1.6 Exit
saved for each model during a modeling session. You
may choose the default units for GM-SYS to use, The Exit option will close all open model windows
which may be overridden on a model-by-model ba- and terminate GM-SYS. You will be prompted to
sis. save changes to each open model before it is closed.
You may also exit GM-SYS by using the controls
embedded in the Main Window window-dressing.
5.1.1.7 Previously Opened Model List
GM-SYS version 4.6 introduces some extensions and GM-SYS maintains a list of previously-opened model
changes to the .BLK, .SUR, and .GMS file formats. files at the bottom of the File Menu. You may open
By default, GM-SYS uses the new formats when sav- any of the listed models by selecting the model name
ing a model. If backward compatibility is an issue, from the list. The number of saved file names may
you must deselect the USE V4.6 FILE FORMATS box. Ear- be configured in the Preferences.
lier versions of GM-SYS will read these models, but
will lose block color/pattern information and may fail
to load large models.

38 GM-SYS Interface
5.1.2 View Menu
To GM-SYS, a View is a
stored set of coordinates
specifying the boundaries
of the Model, Anomaly,
and Plan View panes and
the depth of the Plan
View. Views are useful
when you wish to repeat-
edly edit or plot the same
portion of the model. Us-
ing the functions built
into the View Menu you
may save, edit, replace,
and delete views, change
to a previously saved
view, and change the order of saved views.
5.1.2.1 Previous View 5.1.2.3 Add Current View
The Previous View option allows you step back This option allows you to save the current view at
through a stack of saved or unsaved views generated the bottom of the View List, without having to specify
during the current editing session. Separate view a name. The view name will default to "New View
stacks are constructed for each model opened during #?" where "?" is the position of the view in the list.
an editing session. A view is placed on the stack You may change the name or any other parameters
whenever the zoom functions are used or the range of the view using the Edit Views option.
of any pane in the Model Window is changed. The 5.1.2.4 Edit Views
number of views remaining in the stack is displayed
as part of the Previous View option. By default, The Edit Views option activates the View List dia-
GM-SYS will hold up to 20 views in the stack. The log. The View List dialog allows you add, delete, or
depth of the stack can be changed in change views in the list that appears at the bottom of
File|Preferences...|Miscellaneous. The Previous View the View Menu.
stack for a model is cleared when you close the model
or exit GM-SYS. The Up and Dn buttons allow you to reorder your
view list; e.g. you could move the "Salt Dome" view
5.1.2.2 Mark Current View to the top (default) position. When an existing view
When the range of the display is changed by utiliz- is highlighted, the Edit button activates the View dia-
ing a scroll bar, GM-SYS does not automatically save log (following page). This dialog allows you to
the view on the Previous View stack. Selecting Mark change the name and/or the limits of each pane in the
Current View will explicitly place the current view Model Window for that view. Use the Repl. W/
on the stack. CView button to replace the highlighted view with
the current screen configuration.

GM-SYS Interface 39
To add a new view, first arrange your display by set- 5.1.3 Image Menu
ting the limits for each pane or by using the scroll
bars. Then select Edit Views from the View Menu The Image Menu is a selection list of features that
and choose the Add Current View button. The View allow the placement of a bitmap image in the cross-
dialog will display the "New View" with the param- section pane of the model. The Image menu also
eters set to the current screen configuration. Adjust provides features to adjust and modify block fill on a
the values if necessary, give the view a new name global basis. The changes made in the Image menu
and click "OK." The new view will be added to the affect only the current model. Other open models
numbered list. You may then reorder the views if are unaffected.
you wish.
5.1.3.1 Enable Backdrop
5.1.2.5 View List
The first view in the list, named "Start up" by de- The Enable Back-
fault, is the initial view displayed when you open the drop selection
model. The "Infinity" view, listed second by default, toggles on/off the
shows you the entire model, extending from -30,000 display of the back-
km to +30,000 km along the profile axis. drop image. This
selection must be set
on to display a back-
drop image. You
may also set this
toggle in the Back-
drop Image Setup
described below.
5.1.3.2 Load Backdrop
Selecting the Load Backdrop option will pop-up the

"Backdrop Image Setup" as shown below. If you
choose a file type other than BMP, GM-SYS calls a
public-domain image conversion package
(ImageMagick) to convert the image to BMP. The
conversion program pops up a DOS window during
the conversion. If you entire screen goes blank dur-
ing the conversion, it means the DOS Window is in
"Full Screen" mode rather than "Window" mode.
Press <alt><enter> to toggle between "Full Screen"
and "Window" modes. Under Windows NT, you can
change the "Console Windows" Display Options to
"Window" rather than "Full Screen". (You can find
the "Console" shortcut in the Control Panel.) A
thumbnail of the image will be displayed as shown
in below.

40 GM-SYS Interface
sity, Susceptibility, and Magnetization color schemes
only affect the foreground colors. The background
colors are set via the Examine Block function or the
Block spreadsheet and modified as described below.
5.1.3.5 Block Background
Color
The Block Background

Color option displays a
pop-up menu that allows the user to modify the way
background colors are displayed. "Fill Blocks as Nor-
mal" uses the background settings from the Examine
Block function for each block. "Force Blocks Trans-
parent forces the background color to transparent
white regardless of the settings from the Examine
Block function. "Force Blocks Solid" fills the back-
To position the backdrop in the cross-section pane, ground with the foreground color.
adjust the User Coordinates to match the outside 5.1.3.6 Color Tool
edges of the image. You can re-adjust the position
by accessing the Load Backdrop selection again. The Color Tool selection displays a pop-up menu that
GM-SYS does not reload the image again unless you allows the user to set global color schemes based on
change the file name. block densities, susceptibilities, or magnetizations.
Users can import ASCII color tables in the standard
Geosoft RGB or CMYK formats. Exported color
5.1.3.3 Enable Block Fill tables are Geosoft RGB color tables. GM-SYS al-
This selection toggles on/off the display of block fill lows users to set up three separate color tables for
in the Cross Section and Plan View panes. This toggle density, susceptibility, and magnetization and toggle
can also be accessed in the Display menu and the between the three tables using the Block Foreground
Cross Section pane. If Enable Block Fill is not se- Color selection.
lected, the three following items do not appear in the
Image menu.
5.1.3.4 Block Foreground
Color
The Block Foreground Color

option displays a pop-up
menu that allows the user to
select one of four choices for selecting the foreground
color. The first selection, "Color Blocks as Normal"
selects the block-fill color and pattern as set via the
Examine Block function or via the Block Parameter
spreadsheet. The other three selections utilize the
color schemes defined via the Color Tool option de-
scribed below in Section 5.1.3.6. Note that the Den-

GM-SYS Interface 41
5.1.4 Display Menu 5.1.5 Profile Menu
The Display Menu is a se- Parameters which af-
lection list that allows you fect calculation of the
to toggle on/off all of the gravity and/or mag-
model elements that appear netic response of the
in the Cross Section, entire model profile
Anomaly, and Plan View may be found under
panes; with the exception of the Profile Menu.
the model surfaces. Addi- GM-SYS requires
tionally, the Action Tool that the magnetic
Box may be toggled on/off field parameters, the
from this menu. profile azimuth, and
the relative strike
The Display Menu is orga- angle be set in order
nized into sections for the to accurately calcu-
Gravity Anomaly, Magnetic late the model's mag-
Anomaly, and Cross Sec- netic response. The relative strike angle must be set
tion panes. GM-SYS dis- to properly calculate the gravity response of the
plays the same model ele- model.
ments in the Plan View pane
5.1.5.1 Set Mag. Field
as in the Cross Section
pane. Options which affect Use the Set Mag Field option to input the Earth's
the display of magnetic and magnetic field intensity, inclination, and declination
gravity curves may be ac- at the location of your survey and model.
cessed using the Magnetic
and Gravity Anomaly pop-up menus as well. All other If you do not have NGRF, this information may be
options may be accessed using the Cross Section pop- obtained from a variety of published sources. Maps
up menu. showing magnetic field data may be found in many
geophysical text books (e.g., Merrill and McElhinny,
These options affect all open models. Display toggles 1983, Fig. 2.2, and Dobrin and Savit, 1988, Fig. 15-
affect all Model Window panes and control the ap- 7 and 15-8), or from one of the numerous map series
pearance of model elements on plot output. available from the USGS (e.g., Fabino, 1983, a,b,c).
If you do not have access to these more accurate
sources, the field may be approximated by the Earth's
dipole field. For that approximation:
Dipole field intensity:

H = 31,200 * (1+ 3sin2 (lat))½ (gammas)
Dipole field inclination:

FI = tan -1 ( 2tan (lat))
Dipole field declination:

FD = 0.0

42 GM-SYS Interface
where "lat" is the latitude of the observation point. Data to be imported must be in generic, space-de-
GM-SYS defaults to values of 56,000 gammas, 60°, limited ASCII files. Importing any new gravity or
and 20° for the magnetic field intensity, field incli- gravity gradient data replaces all gravity and gravity
nation, and field declination, respectively. This op- gradient data. Importing any magnetic or magnetic
tion may also be accessed from the Magnetic gradient data likewise replaces all magnetic and mag-
Anomaly pane pop-up menu. netic gradient data.
5.1.5.2 Set Azi./Strike Angle
NOTE: Since GM-SYS requires that gravity or mag-
Set the Profile Azimuth to correctly orient your model netics stations exist at each point where gradients are
with respect to the geomagnetic field. Both positive calculated, adding or deleting gravity or magnetics
and negative entries are acceptable (e.g., a NW pro- stations produces a corresponding change in the re-
file azimuth may be represented by 315° or -45°). spective gradient components, and vice versa.
5.1.5.5 Edit Wells
If your model strike is oblique to the profile azimuth,
the Relative Strike Angle must be set. See Section The Edit Wells option allows you to add, delete, or
3.5 on Skewed Models for a description of the con- modify well markers that appear in the Cross Sec-
ventions used in GM-SYS to describe the model tion and Plan View panes. Either select one of the
strike. The default profile azimuth and relative model existing wells to edit, or click the New button and
strike are 90° (West to East) and 90° (orthogonal), create a new well.
respectively. The Set Azimuth/Strike Angle option
is also available in the Plan View pane pop-up menu. IMPORTANT: Well locations are input in model
coordinates; i.e. X-Distance along the profile and Z-
5.1.5.3 Set Plan View Depth
elevation of the ground surface (Z is positive down).
The Plan View Depth option allows you to numeri- Well horizons are input as depth below ground sur-
cally specify the depth of the horizontal slice through face and should always be positive. Units for X, Z,
the model which is presented in the upper pane as and depth to horizons may be independently selected
the Plan View. By default, the units used are those using the pop-up menus in the Edit Well dialog box.
of the Z-axis in the cross-section display. You may
5.1.5.6 Edit Blocks
select different units by clicking the units box and
choosing from the pop-up submenu that appears. The GM-SYS 4.6 introduces the Block Parameter spread-
Plan View depth may also be changed graphically by sheet. To activate the Block Spreadsheet, pull down
using the Move Plan View Depth option in the Cross the Profile menu and choose Edit Blocks. The pa-
Section pop-up menu. rameters for each block in the model are displayed
as a single row in the spreadsheet. You may edit the
5.1.5.4 Edit Anomaly
parameters and copy and paste one or many param-
Activate the Anomaly spreadsheet editor by select- eters from one block to another. This allows you to
ing the Edit Anomaly option. Within the spreadsheet quickly and easily duplicate block parameters (copy
editor, you may add or delete gravity and/or magnet- once, paste many) and perform quality-control on
ics stations, change the along-profile position (X) or your block parameters. The Undo function does not
elevation (Z) of stations, or change the observed val- include changes to the Block Spreadsheet. You must
ues at stations. You may edit, copy, and paste cells always perform a total recalculation of the model re-
and add or delete rows (stations) or import new data sponse after making changes in the Block Parameter
using the functions in the Edit Menu, which is vis- spreadsheet.
ible when the spreadsheet editor is active.

GM-SYS Interface 43
5.1.5.7 Magnetics Elevation Adjust 5.1.6 Gradients Menu
Use this option to give all magnetics stations a con- The Gradients Menu
stant terrain separation. The value entered is an ab- controls how gradi-
solute height above topography; GM-SYS does not ent data in your
add this value to the existing station elevations -- it model are displayed
replaces them. To move all stations to the topographic and calculated. The
surface, enter "0". This function is useful for model- Gradients Menu is
ing a magnetic survey that is draped above the to- always present, even
pography. This option is also available in the Mag- if your version of
netic Anomaly pane pop-up menu. GM-SYS is not con-
figured to calculate
5.1.5.8 Magnetics DC Shift
gradient responses.
This dialog allows the DC Shift to be applied in one
5.1.6.1 Enable Grav. Gradients / Magn. Gradient
of three ways:
1) GM-SYS automatically calculates the DC Shift These options allow you to toggle on and off the dis-
value to minimize the RMS error ("Auto"), play and calculation of all gravity gradients and the
2) by forcing the calculated curve and the observed magnetic gradient, respectively. If GM-SYS is not
curve to match at some user-selected reference registered to include one or both of these options,
station (" Station#"), or the unavailable option(s) will be "grayed-out" and
3) by explicitly subtracting a given value from the inactive. If neither of these menu options is toggled
calculated curve ("Absolute"). GM-SYS de- on, the following menu options will not be visible.
faults to the "Auto" option.
5.1.6.2 Gradient Axis
In addition to entering a station number, you may The Gradient Axis option displays a pop-up menu
also force the curves to match at a station by placing that allows the user to toggle the alignment of the X-
the cursor on an observed data point in the anomaly axis for gradient calculations. The X-axis defaults
pane (a green dot) and clicking the left mouse but- to being coincident with the profile azimuth (PRO-
ton. All the calculated values will be shifted by the FILE). The COMPASS option forces the X-direc-
amount necessary to make the calculated value and tion in the gradient calculations to be due East (90°).
the observed value agree at the station under the cur- The Profile Azimuth (see Section 5.1.4.2) must be
sor. This station is indicated on the screen by two set correctly, relative to True North, for this option to
vertical arrows above and below the selected point. function properly.
The point where the two values are the same can be
changed at any time by repeating the procedure. 5.1.6.3 Edit Gradients
The Magnetic DC Shift dialog is also available The Edit Gradientsoption activates the Anomaly
from the Magnetic Anomaly pane pop-up menu. spreadsheet editor. If the Enable Grav. Gradients or
5.1.5.9 Gravity Elevation Adjust & Gravity DC Shift Enable Magn. Gradients options are toggled on, tabs
will appear in the Anomaly spreadsheet editor which
The Gravity Elevation Adjust and DC Shift options allow you to edit gradient data. Within the spread-
operate identically to the corresponding Magnetics
options (see above). They are also available from
the Gravity Anomaly pane pop-up menu.

44 GM-SYS Interface
sheet editor, you may add or delete stations, change 5.1.7.1 Undo
the along-profile position (X) or elevation (Z) of sta-
tions, or change the observed values at stations. Stan- Select the Undo command to reverse the
action of any other command in the Action
dard Cut, Copy, and Paste functions are available
Menu. The Undo command is actually a
from the menu tool bar or the Edit Menu when the
stack of operations; you may undo several operations
spreadsheet editor is active.
in reverse order of their occurrence. Up to 10 opera-
tions may be "undone". Undo does not update the
NOTE: Since GM-SYS requires that gravity or mag-
calculations. Be sure to click on the calculate button
netics stations exist at each point where gradients are
after a sequence of Undo commands.
calculated, addition or deletion a station for any grav-
ity gradient component will produce a correspond-
The Undo button resides on the Menu Tool Bar in-
ing change for Gz and all gravity gradient compo-
stead of the Action Tool Box to reduce the chance of
nents; and vice versa. Similarly, the addition or de-
undoing operations by accident. Selection of the
letion of magnetic gradient station(s) will produce a
Undo command does not change the selected action
corresponding change in the magnetics stations.
in the Action Menu and Action Tool Box.
5.1.6.4 Show Gravity Gradients/Magnetic Gradients
5.1.7.2 Move Point
These options activate pop-up menus that allow you
The Move Point command allows the user
to toggle on and off the display of observed data and
to relocate a single point. Select the point
calculated response curves for individual gradient
by pointing to it with the mouse cursor and
components. These options are also available in the
clicking the left mouse button. Move the cursor to a
Gravity Anomaly and Magnetic Anomaly pop-up
new location while holding the mouse button down,
menus if the Enable Grav. Gradients or Enable Magn.
then release the button. If auto-calculation is enabled,
Gradient options, respectively, are toggled on.
dynamic recalculation of the magnetic and/or grav-
5.1.7 Action Menu ity response will occur as the point is being moved.
If multiple points lie within the search radius when
Commands available in the Action the button is pressed, GM-SYS will beep and an er-
Menu manipulate the geologic ror message will appear in the status bar. You may
model cross section. All of these need to zoom closer in order to isolate a single point.
commands are also available in the
Action Tool Box (shown at right), 5.1.7.3 Move Group
with the exception of the Undo func- The Move Group command allows you to
tion (see below). Only one of these move any number of points the same direc-
commands may be active at a time. tion and distance simultaneously. Multiple
The active command is denoted by points may be selected for movement using the Move
a check mark in the Action Menu Group radio toggle box (shown at right) which ap-
and as a "depressed" button on the pears when this item is selected. Points may be se-
Action Tool Box. Pressing the right lected or deselected for moving in any combination
mouse button prior to completion of of two ways: toggle selection of individual points
an action will abort that action. for moving while the Mark Point button is selected;
or toggle selection of all points defining a block by
choosing the Mark Block option and clicking within
a block. To move the selected points, choose the
Move Marks option, press the left mouse button

GM-SYS Interface 45
within the Cross Section pane, drag the mouse in the is completed, a block parameters box will appear to
desired direction, and release the button to complete allow modification of parameters for the new block.
the move. The Move Group toggle box will disap-
5.1.7.7 Delete Surface
pear when a different action is selected.
Place the cursor over a point on the surface
5.1.7.4 Add Point
to be deleted and press the left mouse but-
Place the cursor on a surface where you wish ton. A button release within the display area
to create a new point and press the left mouse is required for the deletion to actually occur. Since
button to create a new point. If a point al- the targeted surface represents the boundary between
ready exists within the search radius, GM-SYS will two blocks, one of the blocks must be deleted. A
beep and display a warning message and no point pop-up will appear that allows you to choose which
will be added. If the cursor is moved prior to releas- block to keep or to cancel the procedure.
ing the mouse button, the new point will follow the
5.1.7.8 Examine
cursor. Release the left mouse button. Dynamic re-
calculation of the magnetic and/or gravity response The Examine function is context-sensitive.
will occur if autocalculation is enabled. When the Examine mode is selected from
the Action Tool Box or the Action Menu, a
5.1.7.5 Delete Point
left-button press within the Model Window starts the
Place the cursor over the point to be deleted Examine Point or Examine Block modes.
and press the left mouse button. If no point
5.1.7.8.1 Examine Point
is within the search radius when the button
is pressed, if the point is a triple-point, or if two or If a single point lies within the search radius when
more points are within the search radius, GM-SYS the button is pressed, a dialog box showing the X-
will beep and display a warning message and no point and Z-coordinates of the point will appear. This box
will be deleted. If two or more points are within the will allow the location of the point to be redefined.
search radius, you must zoom in until a unique point If two or more points are within the search radius,
can be selected. The point is deleted when the mouse GM-SYS will beep and display a warning message
button is released. and no point will be selected. You must zoom in
until a unique point can be selected.
5.1.7.6 Split Block
When the Split Block option is selected, the If the cursor is over a surface, but no point is within
initial button press on an existing point will the search radius, the Examine Surface command will
define the start of a new surface dividing a be initiated.
block into two parts. Subsequent button presses and
5.1.7.8.2 Examine Surface
releases will define segments in the surface, until a
different, preexisting surface point (bounding the tar- Clicking the left mouse button on a surface between
geted block) is chosen. After each button press, a points activates the Surface spreadsheet. From within
"rubber band" line will appear from the last vertex to the spreadsheet, you may edit the coordinates of the
the new cursor position. The cursor position at but- points on the surface, add points, delete any or all
ton press becomes the next vertex. The end of the points except the endpoints, export the surface to an
new surface must be an existing surface point on a ASCII file, or import a new version of the surface
surface bounding the targeted block. After the split from an ASCII file. Please note that the data will be
exported as a space delimited file and no header in-
formation will be sent with data.

46 GM-SYS Interface
5.1.7.10 2X Zoom In
Prior to accepting the changes, GM-SYS checks to
After this mode is enabled, a button press in
ensure that the changes will not result in crossed sur-
any of the four display panes Zooms In on
faces. If the changes are acceptable, they are incor-
the pane by about a factor of 2. The hori-
porated into the model. If not, an error message warns
zontal limits of the other panes will be adjusted to
of a problem and indicates the node which caused
match those of the pane in which the box was drawn.
the first error encountered.
5.1.7.11 2X Zoom Out

any of the four display panes will Zoom Out
of the selected pane by about a factor of 2.
The horizontal limits of the other panes will be ad-
justed to match those of the pane in which the box
was drawn.
5.1.7.12 Invert
The Inversion Setup dialog, shown at right,

is activated by selecting the Invert option
from the Action Menu or Action Tool Box.
Setting up the inversion calculations entails three
steps:
1) selecting the param-

eters to be freed for
the inversion,
2) enabling constraints
5.1.7.8.3 Examine Block on the motion of
Click the left mouse button when the cursor is within points in the X- and/
a block in the Cross Section pane to activate the Block or Z-Direction, if de-
Attributes dialog box. Attributes (including fill color sired, and
and pattern) for the selected block may then be 3) setting the weighting
changed. Block attributes are described in detail in ratio for the inver-
the Model Elements section. sion between gravity
and magnetics.
5.1.7.9 Box Zoom
5.1.7.12.1 Inversion Setup
any of the four display panes starts the Box Up to 100 parameters may be freed for inversion:
Zoom function. Hold the mouse button parameters include the X-coordinate of a point, the
down, drag the mouse to draw a box around the area Z-coordinate of a point, the density of a block, the
to be viewed and release the mouse button. The pane susceptibility of a block, and the DC level. To free
will be resized to match the limits you defined. The the position of a point, click on the of
horizontal limits of the other panes will be adjusted the Invert dialog and select "X", "Z", or "XZ" (2 pa-
to match those of the pane in which the box was rameters!) from the pop-up menu. Click the mouse
drawn. on the model point you wish to free. The point is

GM-SYS Interface 47
replaced by a bar or bars oriented in the direction of optimize for only gravity, use 1.0; for only magnet-
freedom. In order to free block parameters, choose ics use 0.0.
density or susceptibility from the pop-up menu and
5.1.7.12.2 Go
click on the block you wish to free. A <d> or <s>
symbol will appear near the block label to indicate Once the desired parameters are freed, selecting the
that the density or susceptibility, respectively, has Go button initiates the first iteration of the inversion
been freed for that block. Notice that when selected, computations. The revised model and calculated re-
each item acts to toggle the parameter between free sponse curves are then displayed and the Iterations
and fixed. dialog box is activated. Fields at the bottom of the
Iterations dialog box report the change in the RMS
Checking the Auto DC Level box allows the DC level, error for the gravity and magnetic response. (Note:
or DC offset, to vary within the optimization pro- the reported errors are calculated only for an "active
cess. Allowing the DC level to be free may allow area" of the profile that may be affected by changes
the optimization to fit the shape of an anomaly with- being made to the model.) Other GM-SYS functions
out matching the DC level. The "reference station" are disabled during the inversion/optimization pro-
does not change in the optimization process, so the cess.
final " solution" may appear to be shifted from the
observed data. The Next option initiates another inversion iteration.
Undo returns the model to its state prior to the last
Generally, when modeling a realistic geologic sec- step of the iteration. Choosing the Accept option
tion, the DC level should remain fixed. Make sure terminates the inversion/optimization process.
the "reference station" is not in the section of the GM-SYS then incorporates the changes into the
profile which you are trying to optimize. As a gen- model, completes the inversion process, and closes
eral rule, the fixed point should be near one end of the Iterations dialog box. Selecting Cancel rejects
the profile, in a section where you are not changing all changes, returning the model to the state prior to
the geologic model. initiation of the inversion process, and closes the It-
erations dialog box.
The Clear All button fixes all model parameters, but
does not reset the Gravity:Magnetics weighting (see Inversion is a non-linear process with non-unique
below). solutions in most cases. Inverting on the suscepti-
bility or density of a single block should result in
You may limit the distance that freed points may move convergence after a single iteration. Freeing the po-
during each inversion iteration by checking the Con- sitions of multiple points and the properties of sev-
straints box and entering a maximum distance for dX eral blocks may produce geologically unreasonable
or dZ in the Constraints dialog box. The check-box solutions, even though the fit of the model response
to the left of the constraints button must be checked to the data is good. In general, it is better to free only
in order for these constraints to take effect. The units a few parameters at one time. GM-SYS leaves the
for each direction may be changed independently, but interpretation of geologic "reasonableness" to you,
default to the horizontal and vertical units of the Cross the interpreter.
Section pane.
The inversion defaults to give equal weight to the

gravity and magnetics calculations (gravity:magnetics
= 0.5:0.5). A value greater than 0.5 favors the grav-
ity calculations; less than 0.5 favors magnetics. To

48 GM-SYS Interface
5.1.7.13 Move Label 5.1.9 Window Menu
The Move Label option allows you to relo- The Window
cate block labels and block attributes on the Menu controls the
Cross Section model for display or plotting arrangement of
purposes. When you select the Move Label option open model win-
from the Action Menu or the Action Tool Bar, a ra- dows within the
dio-toggle box allows you to choose between "Snap Main Window.
mode" and "Drag mode". In "Snap mode", clicking The Cascade op-
the mouse with the cursor inside a block will move tion arranges the open un-iconized model windows
the block label to that location with a zero-length so that all header bars are visible. The Tile option
pointer. To use "Drag mode", place the mouse cur- arranges and resizes all of the open, un-iconized win-
sor at the lower left-hand corner of the block label dows so as to totally fill the model space in the Main
(not the block attributes) you wish to move and press Window with equally-sized open windows. The Ar-
the left mouse button. The block associated with the range Icon option moves icons to the lower-left cor-
label will be highlighted. While holding the mouse ner of the model space in the Main Window.
button, drag the label to the desired location. The The selection list allows you to choose which of the
end of the "pointer" line may be dragged in the same open models (iconized or not) that you wish to have
manner. in the foreground; i.e. make the active model. The
active model is "checked", as in the example menu
5.1.8 Compute Menu
above.
The Magn. Auto and Grav. Auto options toggle on/
5.1.10 Help Menu
off the autocalculation function of GM-SYS. When
Autocalc is on, GM-SYS calculates the changing Access the Table of Contents for
response of the model in real time as you make the online Help function for GM-
changes. This is especially useful when adding and SYS with the Contents option.
moving a point or moving a group of points. Most of The online Help may also be
the editing options in the Action Menu and Action searched by keyword.
Tool Box support autocalculation. The Undo option
does not support autocalculation. About will display version and registration infor-
mation about your copy of GM-SYS.
Selecting Magn. Total Calc. and/or Grav. Total Calc.
tells GM-SYS to perform a total recalculation of the 5.2 MENU TOOL BAR
model response for the selected parameter the next
The Menu Tool Bar on the Main Window performs
time the Calculate option is selected. When these
some of the basic file handling, editing, and calcula-
options are not checked, the Calculate option (also
tion functions. Placing the mouse cursor over a but-
on the Menu Tool Bar) calculates the effects of
ton activates Balloon Help, which identifies the
changes to the model.
button's function.

GM-SYS Interface 49
5.3 MODEL WINDOW displayed in this pane if the Magnetic Gradient op-
tion is enabled. The magnetic gradient is displayed
A Model Window contains a single model opened using the same scale, in either gammas/m or gam-
for editing. GM-SYS allows multiple models to be mas/km (cgs) and nanotesla/m or nanotesla/km (SI).
open at one time. A Model Window consists of four The display limits may be changed by using the scroll
panes (from bottom to top): Cross Section, Gravity, bar, or by using the Magnetic Anomaly Axis pop-up
Magnetics, and Plan View. Sliding sashes between menu and either entering the limits explicitly or us-
the panes allow them to be resized or closed. The ing the Autoscale feature.
status of each Model Window is completely inde-
pendent of other Model Windows; each may be in- 5.3.4 Plan View Pane
dependently opened, closed, iconized, or resized. The Plan View pane displays a horizontal slice
Elements of a Model Window are described in detail through the model at the specified Plan View depth.
in the following sections. Only display items that are turned on in the Cross
5.3.1 Cross Section Pane Section pane will appear in the Plan View pane (e.g.
wells, block fill). The Y-axis of the Plan View may
The Cross Section pane contains a view of the struc- be displayed using meters, kilometers, feet, kilofeet,
tural, geologic model. The horizontal axis is anno- or miles and may use units different than those of the
tated across the top of the pane and the vertical axis X-axis, selected in the Cross Section pane. Axis units
is annotated along the left-hand side of the pane. The and limits may be changed using the Plan View Axis
two axes may be displayed in different units. Click- pop-up menu. Axis limits may also be modified us-
ing the right mouse button on either axis activates a ing the scroll bar.
pop-up menu to allow you to change units (see Sec-
tion 5.3.8.1). A scaled bitmap image may be dis- 5.3.5 Scroll Bars
played as a background layer. Scroll bars are located at the right-hand margin of
5.3.2 Gravity Anomaly Pane each pane in the Model Window and at the bottom of
the Cross Section pane. The scroll bars allow you to
The Gravity Anomaly pane displays the observed and dynamically change the limits and scaling of each
calculated gravity anomalies, in milligals (mGal), for pane. A scroll bar is composed of two elements: a
the portion of the model displayed in the Cross Sec- narrow black bar which represents the display limits
tion pane. Observed and calculated gravity gradi- of the current "View" of the model, and an open box.
ents are also displayed in this pane, if the Gravity Click the mouse within the open box and drag it along
Gradients option is enabled. Gradients are displayed the scroll bar to slide the window along the axis with-
using the same scale, in Eotvos units. The display out changing the scale. Click and drag one of the
limits may be changed by using the scroll bar, or by ends of the open box to change the limit of that end
using the Gravity Anomaly Axis pop-up menu and of the display window. Changes to the display made
either entering the limits explicitly or using the using the scroll bars are not automatically saved in
Autoscale feature. the Previous View stack. Use the Mark Current View
5.3.3 Magnetic Anomaly Pane option from the View Menu to add a view to the stack.
The Magnetic Anomaly pane displays the observed 5.3.6 Resizing Panes: Sashes
and calculated magnetic anomalies for the portion of The border area between each of the panes in a Model
the model displayed in the Cross Section pane. The Window are sashes, which may be moved to resize
vertical axis units are gammas (cgs) or nanotesla (SI). the panes. To move a sash, position the mouse over
The observed and calculated magnetic gradient are a sash so that the double-arrow cursor appears, press

50 GM-SYS Interface
the left mouse button, and drag the sash to its new
to the Cross Section pane. Each may be toggled on/
position. The total size of the Model Window does
off to customize the display of your models, both for
not change when sashes are moved.
ease of use and for plotting purposes.
5.3.7 Balloon Help 5.3.8.2 Gravity Pop-up Menus
Balloon Help is provided for all Menu Tool Bar and The Gravity Axis and Gravity Anomaly pop-ups may
Action Tool Box buttons. Simply hold the mouse be activated from within the Gravity Anomaly pane.
cursor over a button for a second and a message will The Gravity Axis pop-up allows you to set the range
appear adjacent to it describing its function. of anomaly values displayed within the pane, either
5.3.8 Pop-up Menus by explicitly entering the limiting values or by se-
lecting "autoscale". The autoscale function adjusts
GM-SYS pop-up menus allow you to quickly and the scale and limits of the pane so that the observed
efficiently edit model and display parameters for the data points and calculated curve fill the anomaly pane.
active model. Clicking the right mouse button any- The Gravity Anomaly pop-up contains options for
where within a Model Window activates a context- autoscaling the pane, editing the anomaly data (sta-
sensitive menu. The pop-up menus encapsulate many tion locations and observed values), Elevation Ad-
of the functions found in the Main Window menu just, Set DC Shift, and a Display sub-menu that al-
system described above, as well as additional func- lows you to toggle on/off the observed, calculated,
tions described in the following sections. There are and error curves. If gravity gradients are enabled, an
nine pop-up menus and several secondary pop-up additional Display sub-menu is available.
menus available in an open Model Window, as shown
in the figure on the following page. 5.3.8.3 Magnetics Pop-up Menus
The Magnetic Anomaly pop-ups possess identical

All secondary pop-up menus are checklists, which functionality to the corresponding pop-ups available
allow you to either toggle display features on/off or in the Gravity Anomaly pane, with the exception that
to select axis units. the Magnetic Anomaly pop-up has an additional op-
5.3.8.1 Cross Section Pop-up Menus tion to allow you to Set Mag. Field. If the magnetic
gradient is enabled, an additional Display sub-menu
There are three primary pop-up menus available in is available.
the Cross Section pane: Horizontal- and Vertical-
Axis pop-ups and a Cross Section pop-up. The axis 5.3.8.4 Plan View Pop-up Menus
pop-ups for this pane are identical. Each allows you The pop-up menu for the Plan View pane axis con-
to change the units of the axis display and to set an tains options to Change Units in the ±Y direction,
axis range by entering upper and lower limits in a scale the pane to a 1:1 View (scale is the same in the
dialog box. If you specify a vertical exaggeration, X and Y directions), and an option to Change Range
GM-SYS recalculates the limits for that axis to gen- in the ±Y directions. The Plan View pane pop-up
erate the selected exaggeration. Limits are entered contains the 1:1 View option, and options to set the
in the units specified for each axis, or they may be Plan View Depth and Set Azi/Strike Angle.
changed from within the dialog. Limits may also be
changed using the horizontal and vertical scroll bars.
The Cross Section pop-up allows you to change the
altitude at which the Plan View "slice" is taken
through the model. Items in the Display sub-menu
are those found in the Display Menu which pertain

GM-SYS Interface 51
5.4 STATUS BAR
The Status Bar, located at the bottom of the Main
Window, provides information about the present sta-
tus of GM-SYS. The bar is segmented into five fields.
The first field from the left and largest field reports
the present status of the mouse operation. When se-
lecting commands from the menus, this field displays
the command function. When performing one of the
editing operations from the Action Menu, this field
reports error information if an operation is used im-
properly or out-of-context.
The second field reports the current mouse opera-

tion selected from the Action Menu.
The third and fourth fields report the position of the

mouse cursor. The third field displays the name of
the pane in which the mouse is moving and the fourth
reports the coordinates of the mouse cursor in the
units of that pane.
The fifth field reports the vertical exaggeration of

the Cross Section pane as presently displayed.

52 GM-SYS Interface

Printing a GM-SYS Model 53
6. PRINTING A GM-SYS
MODEL
The GM-SYS Print option, found in the File Menu 6.1 THE PRINT DIALOG
and the Menu Tool Bar, allows you to print precisely-
scaled models to several common vector-graphics The Print dialog box displays the current configura-
formats or to one of the installed printers. GM-SYS' tion of the model as it will appear on paper. The
internal drivers generate the following graphic for- dialog is partitioned into three sections. The left half
mats for printing or importing into external graphics of the dialog displays a preview of the model layout,
or image-processing applications: Encapsulated showing the positions and sizes of the model panes,
Postscript, Binary and Clear Text CGM (Computer titles, and axis labels on the printed page. The up-
Graphics Metafile), Geosoft Plot (.plt), and DXF per-right section of the dialog shows the currently
(R12). active printer driver and allows you to select a differ-
ent driver from a pop-up menu. The active driver

54 Printing a GM-SYS Model
may be configured (page size, orientation, and some as Adobe Illustrator and Corel Draw. This driver sup-
driver-specific parameters) by clicking on the Setup ports patterns, color fill, and backdrop images.
button. The lower-right section of the dialog dis-
plays the current scale and vertical exaggeration of 6.2.2 Binary CGM
the plot and contains three buttons that allow you to Output from this option will be a "Binary" Computer
edit, save, and recall the specifics of the page layout Graphics Metafile (CGM) that may be sent directly
(fonts, scale, units, extents). These options are dis- to a CGM print-queue or imported into another docu-
cussed in detail in Section 6.4. ment or graphics viewing program. This driver sup-
ports patterns, color fill, and backdrop images.
6.2 GM-SYS PLOT OUTPUT
OPTIONS 6.2.3 Clear Text CGM
GM-SYS provides five internal drivers that produce Output from this option will be a "Clear Text" Com-
precisely-scaled, high-quality graphics files from puter Graphics Metafile (CGM) which may be sent
your models, for printing or importing into other directly to a CGM print-queue or imported into an-
graphics and image-processing applications. Win- other document or graphics viewing program. This
dows users may also use all of the installed print driv- driver supports patterns, color fill, and backdrop im-
ers on the system. ages.
6.2.1 Postscript 6.2.4 Geosoft Plot (.plt)
The Postscript driver produces generic encapsulated The Geosoft .PLT output option will generate a
postscript (EPS) files designed to be compatible with Geosoft PLT file and the associated attribute file. This
most printers, plotters, and graphic applications, such file is compatible with Geosoft's DOS-based soft-
ware and may be imported into MAP files in Geosoft's
Oasis montaj. Importing Geosoft PLT files is not
supported by GeosoftX's OASIS montaj (UNIX) soft-
ware. Solid color fill is supported in this driver. Pat-
terns are converted to solid colors. Backdrop im-
ages are not supported.
Table 6.1 Driver Capabilities

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Printing a GM-SYS Model 55
6.2.5 DXF 6.4 SETUP PAGE LAYOUT
Output from this option will be a Release 12- Selecting Setup Page Layout activates the Plot Set-
compatible.DXF file which may be read into any tings dialog, which is comprised of six tabs for con-
CAD package that reads DXF files. The DXF out- figuring various aspects of your plot. The tabs bring
put file contains several layers corresponding to the each of the settings menus to the foreground in turn,
various features of the plot. This allows easy editing allowing you to specify how the titles and axes in
of the file once it is imported into the CAD program. each model pane will be plotted. Fonts, scale, tick-
Raster components such as patterns, color fill, and spacing, and units may be individually set for each
backdrop images are not supported in DXF files. pane.
6.3 PRINTER SETUP You may click the OK button to keep your changes
Choosing Printer Setup activates the Printer Setup or Cancel to discard them and return to the Print dia-
dialog, which allows you to change paper size, ori- log at any time. Selecting the Apply button incorpo-
entation, and any printer-specific settings. You may rates your changes into the model plot preview.
also enter the number of copies you wish to print. Choosing another tab applies your changes and
moves to the next Settings menu.

56 Printing a GM-SYS Model
6.4.1 Layout 6.4.6 Plan View
The Layout settings control the general appearance The Plan View settings determine the appearance of
of the plot, including model titles, margins, fonts and the Plan View pane on the plot. You may set the Plan
font attributes for titles, time/date and text annota- View axis (Y) limits and units, the aspect ratio of the
tion. Plan View pane, the tick and label intervals, and the
axis title and title font. Check the include units box
6.4.2 Horizontal to append the axis units to the axis title.
The Horizontal settings determine the appearance of
the horizontal (X) axis of the plot. You may change
6.5 PLOT PARAMETER FILE (.PPF)
the axis limits and units, set the axis scale or length Once you have modified the default settings in the
on the page, the tick and label intervals, as well as Page Layout dialog, you may save these settings for
the axis title and title font. Check the include units later use in a Plot Parameter File (PPF) using the
box to append the axis units to the axis title. Save Config option. By default, this file is called
6.4.3 Vertical gmwin.ppf. Later, you may choose to reload the PPF
file and use the same settings for subsequent plots.
The Vertical settings determine the appearance of the
vertical (Z) axis of the Cross Section pane on the The PPF file is an ASCII file which contains all of
plot. You may set the axis limits and units, the axis the settings specified using the Page Layout dialog.
scale, vertical exaggeration, or height on the paper, Although the file may be edited by hand, it is best to
the tick and label intervals, as well as the axis title change the settings from within GM-SYS to avoid
and title font. Check the include units box to append errors.
the axis units to the axis title.
6.4.4 Gravity
The Gravity settings control the appearance of the
Gravity pane on the plot. You may set the axis lim-
its, the anomaly axis scale in mGal/paper unit, the
tick and label intervals, and the axis title and title
font. Check the include units box to append the
anomaly units to the axis title.
6.4.5 Magnetics
The Magnetic settings control the appearance of the
Magnetics pane on the plot. You may set the axis
limits, the anomaly axis scale in gammas/paper unit,
the tick and label intervals, and the axis title and title
font. Check the include units box to append the
anomaly units to the axis title.

GM-SYS Model File Formats 57
7. GM-SYS MODEL
FILE FORMATS
A GM-SYS standard model consists of eight files the .GRV file. The magnetic gradient option also
with the model name as the root and eight different creates an additional ASCII file type, the .MDO file,
extensions: which is analogous to the .MAG file.
<modelname>.sur Surface file
<modelname>.blk Block file If the .GRV, .MAG, .VEW, .GMS, .GDO, .MDO and/
<modelname>.grv Gravity file or the .WEL files are not present, GM-SYS will build
<modelname>.mag Magnetics file default versions of those files when the model is
<modelname>.vew View file loaded. Thus only the two files, .SUR and .BLK, are
<modelname>.wel Well file required when building a model external to GM-SYS.
<modelname>.gms Workspace file .ECS files are generated when GM-SYS models are
<modelname>.ecs External Coordinate Sys- generated by CVTGMS or XYZGMS from external
tem file model formats or XYZ data, respectively.
Other files which may be present are:
<modelname>.gdo Gravity gradient file GM-SYS reads all ASCII values in a general format.
<modelname>.mdo Magnetic gradient file. The number of entries per line must match the ex-
amples and each entry should be separated by at least
The first six model files are ASCII text files that de- one space. The format of numbers given in the ex-
scribe the model. They may be edited or altered if amples need not be strictly followed. The forms
care is taken to preserve the integrity of the model. 123.4, 1.234E2, and 0.1234000E+003 will all be read
The .GMS file describes model-specific workspace equivalently. .GSR, .MSR, .GDR, and .MDR binary
parameters. The .ECS file contains information for files generated by earlier versions of GM-SYS are
converting "Profile" coordinates (x,z) into "real- no longer used and may be discarded.
world" coordinates (x,y,z).
Note: All distances in the files are in kilometers,
GM-SYS version 4.6 introduces extensions and with z (depth) positive down.
changes to the .BLK, .SUR, and .GMS file for-
mats. By default, GM-SYS uses the new formats 7.1 SURFACE (.SUR) FILE FORMAT
when saving a model. If backward compatibility
is an issue, you must deselect the USE V4.6 FILE The surface and block files describe the geologic
FORMATS box. Earlier versions of GM-SYS will
model. The surface file defines the surfaces in the
read these models, but will lose block color/pat- model.
tern information and may fail to load large mod- Line 1: The first line of this file should contain:
els. 1) the azimuth of the profile in degrees,
2) a flag value (128),
The gravity gradient option creates one additional 3) the model strike angle (degrees from north),
ASCII file type, a .GDO file, which is analogous to 4) GM-SYS model-format version number

58 GM-SYS Model File Formats
Line 2: The second line contains two integer flags the left block would be on the right-hand side of the
that represent the units used for the vertical and model.
horizontal axes of the model respectively.
1) vertical unit flag, and Line 5: The third line of the group contains four
2) horizontal unit flag. Boolean flags (0 or 1):
The flag values for the units are: 1) gravity model changed flag,
1 = Km 2) magnetic model changed flag,
2 = meters 3) surface deleted flag, and
3 = feet 4) reserved for future use.
4 = Kilofeet
5 = miles The model changed flags indicate that surface has
been changed since the last calculation, and its sur-
Note: distances are always stored in the file as kilo- face response must be recalculated.
meters. Unit flags control only the display.
For models constructed external to GM-SYS, these
Surface groups: Beginning on the third line and con- four flags should all be set to 0.
tinuing to the end of the surface file are the data for
the individual surfaces. A single surface is repre- Line 6: This line is not used or updated by GM-SYS
sented by a group of 7 to 22 lines of data. There can versions 4.0, but is maintained for backward com-
be a maximum of 300 surfaces in the Professional patibility. It contains four real numbers representing
Edition and 750 surfaces with the Extended Model X and Z limits of the surface:
option.
1) the minimum value of X,
Line 3: The first line of each group consists of a 2) the maximum value of X,
single integer, the surface number (Allowable range: 3) the maximum value of Z, and
1-750). 4) the minimum value of Z.
Note that z is positive downward.
1) surface index number
Line 7: A single integer then occurs on the next
Line 4: The second line of each group consists of line of the group which is the number of points in
two integers, the index of the left and right blocks the surface. (Allowable range: >1)
sharing this surface, respectively. (Allowable range
for block index numbers: 1-300.) 1) number of points in surface
1) index number of left block, Line 8: The remaining lines of the group contain
2) index number of right block. coordinates for each point in the surface.
If you start at the first point on the surface and travel 1) X coordinate (kilometers),
through the succeeding points to the last point, the 2) Z coordinate (kilometers positive down).
block on your right is the right block and the block
on the left is the left block. Thus, if a vertical sur- Since a surface must have at least two points, this is
face went from bottom to top, then the left block how the minimum of seven lines per surface is ar-
would be on the left-hand side of the model; whereas rived at: two lines will represent the two points.
if the vertical surface went from top to bottom, then

Beginning with version 4.6, GM-SYS no longer label arrow. A fifth entry describes the pattern,
breaks long surfaces into segments of 17 points foreground/background colors and block transpar-
or fewer. ency. Two additional entries describing these
parameters for the +Y and -Y blocks are present if
Last Line: The end of the surface file is marked by the block is 2 ¾-D.
a line containing a single integer equal to -999.
1) X coordinate of the block label,
1) -999 2) Z coordinate of the block label,
3) X coordinate of label pointer,
7.2 BLOCK (.BLK) FILE FORMAT 4) Z coordinate of label pointer,
The block file consists of four lines of data for each 5) hexadecimal block pattern/color fill specifier
block in the model. #PPRRGGBB/#TTRRGGBB
Block groups: There can be up to 300 block 6) block pattern/color fill specifier for +Y block
groups with four lines for each block. 7) block pattern/color fill specifier for -Y block.
Line 1, 5, : The first line of a block is the block The PP characters specify one of 40 possible pat-
index number. This number is referenced in line 4 terns; subsequent RRGGBB defines the block fore-
of the surface file. ground color. The TT characters are set to 01 if
the block is transparent, 00 otherwise. The sec-
1) block index number. ond RRGGBB triplet describes the block background
color. Note that a block may have a background color
Line 2, 6, : The second line is the name of the defined, but have transparency enabled.
block. This is a character string which may contain
spaces. It should not be in quotes. Last line: As with the surface file, the end of the
block file is denoted by the line containing the inte-
1) block name. ger -999.
Line 3, 7, : The third line consists of at least 5 1) -999

entries; 9 entries are present if the block is 2 ¾-D. 7.3 GRAVITY (.GRV) FILE FORMAT
The parameters are: Line 1: The first line of the gravity file contains
1) the block density, four integers that determine the method used to
2) the inclination of the remanent magnetization, calculate the DC Shift when displaying calculated
3) the declination of the remanent magnetization, gravity data.
4) the susceptibility,
5) the intensity of remanent magnetization, 1) station number for offset calculation; zero if
6) the maximum Y length, "Station" option is not used;
7) the minimum Y length, 2) reserved;
8) the density beyond the maximum Y, and 3) absolute offset, in mGals; zero if "absolute"
9) the density beyond the minimum Y. method not used or if no offset is used;
4) "Auto" mode; "1" if this method is used, "0"
Line 4: The fourth line of a block consists of four otherwise.
entries defining the X and Z coordinates of the
block label and the X and Z coordinates of the

Line 2: The second line also consists of a single GM-SYS.
integer representing the number of stations in the
file. (Allowable range: 1-1000) 1) Boolean flag.
1) number of stations in the file. Following lines: Following these lines is a line for
each station.
Following lines: Following the number of stations
is a line for each station. Line 4: For each gravity station there is a line with
fourteen entries (all distances are in kilometers, with
Line 3: For each gravity station there is a line with z positive down):
four entries (all distances are in kilometers, with z
positive down): 1) X-coordinate (in km)
2) Z-coordinate (in km)
1) the X coordinate of the station, in km, 3) Gzx observed (in Eotvos units)
2) the Z coordinate of the station, in km, 4) Gzx calculated (in Eotvos units)
3) the observed value of gravity at the station, in 5) Gzy observed (in Eotvos units)
mGals, and, 6) Gzy calculated (in Eotvos units)
4) the calculated value of gravity due to the model 7) Gzz observed (in Eotvos units)
(which initially should be zero). 8) Gzz calculated (in Eotvos units)
9) Gxx observed (in Eotvos units)
Last line: End of File marker. 10) Gxx calculated (in Eotvos units)
1) -999 11) Gyy observed (in Eotvos units)
12) Gyy calculated (in Eotvos units)
7.4 GRAVITY GRADIENT (.GDO) 13) Gxy observed (in Eotvos units)
FILE FORMAT 14) Gxy calculated (in Eotvos units).
The gravity gradient file is analogous to the gravity GDO files written by GM-SYS contain additional
file described above but may contain comment lines information at the end of the file, regarding the num-
that begin with *. ber of surfaces and the (re)calculation status of each
surface. If this information is not present, GM-SYS
Line 1: The first non-comment line consists of a assumes all surfaces require recalculation.
single integer representing the number of stations in
the file. (Allowable range: 1-1000) 7.5 MAGNETICS (.MAG) FILE
FORMAT
1) number of stations in file.
The magnetics file is similar to the gravity file but
Line 2: The second non-comment line consists of contains an extra line with the Earth's magnetic field
six Boolean flags (0 or 1). These flags should be set parameters.
to 1 for models constructed external to GM-SYS.
Line 1: The first line of the magnetics file contains
1) Boolean flag. four integers that determine the method used to cal-
culate the DC Shift when displaying calculated mag-
Line 3: The third non-comment line consists of six netic data.
additional Boolean flags (0 or 1). These flags should
be set to 1 for models constructed external to 1) station number for offset calculation; zero if

"Station" option is not used; 1) number of stations in file.
2) reserved;
3) absolute offset, in gammas; zero if "absolute" Line 2: The second non-comment line consists of a
method not used or if no offset is used; single Boolean flag (0 or 1). The flag should be set
4) "Auto" mode; "1" if this method is used, "0" to 1 for models constructed external to GM-SYS.
otherwise.
1) Boolean flag.
Line 2: The second line also consists of a single in-
teger representing the number of stations in the file. Line 3: The third non-comment line consists of a
(Allowable range: 1-1000) single Boolean flag (0 or 1). The flag should be set
to 1 for models constructed external to GM-SYS.
1) number of stations in the file.
1) Boolean flag.
Line 3: The third line contains the values for the
Earth's magnetic field: Following lines: Following these lines is a line for
each station.
1) inclination,
2) declination and Line 4: For each magnetics station, there is a line
3) total magnetic field strength (gammas). with four entries (all distances are in kilometers, with
Z positive down):
Following lines: Following the magnetic field pa- 1) X-coordinate (in km),
rameters is a line for each station. 2) Z-coordinate (in km),
3) Btz observed (in gammas/meter),
Line 4: For each magnetics station, there is a line 4) Btz calculated (in gammas/meter).
with four entries (all distances are in kilometers, with
Z positive down): 7.7 VIEW (.VEW) FILE FORMAT
Views are generally created by the user during inter-
1) the X coordinate of the station, action with GM-SYS, but each model is initially cre-
2) the Z coordinate of the station, ated with two default views. Each view consists of
3) the observed value of magnetic field at the sta- five lines:
tion, and
4) the calculated value of magnetic field due to the Line 1: View number
model (which initially should be zero.) Line 2: View Name
7.6 MAGNETIC GRADIENT (.MDO) Line 3: Model Window Limits:
1) Minimum X-coordinate of view,
FILE FORMAT 2) Maximum X-coordinate of view,
The magnetic gradient file is analogous to the mag- 3) Maximum depth of view,
netics file described above, but may contain com- 4) Minimum depth of view.
ment lines which begin with *.
Line 4: Gravity Anomaly Window Limits:
Line 1: The first non-comment line consists of a 1) Minimum X-coordinate of view,
single integer representing the number of magnetics 2) Maximum X-coordinate of view,
stations in the file. (Allowable range: 1-1000) 3) Minimum anomaly value in view,
4) Maximum anomaly value in view,

5) Minimum Y-coordinate in Plan View. .
.
Line 5: Magnetic Anomaly Window Limits: Line 23: Depth to 10th horizon
1) Minimum X-coordinate of view, Line 24: Name of 10th horizon
2) Maximum X-coordinate of view, Line 25: End of file flag (-999) or 2nd Well name.
3) Minimum anomaly value in view,
4) Maximum anomaly value in view, 7.9 GMS (.GMS) File Format
5) Maximum Y-coordinate in Plan View.
The GMS file stores model-specific information
about your GM-SYS environment, such as the name,
Last line: end-of-file flag
location, and registration of a backdrop image. The
general format of the .GMS files is similar to that of
1) -999
an INI file. The size of the Model Window and the
7.8 WELL (.WEL) FILE FORMAT relative sizes of the Cross Section, Anomaly, and Plan
View panes are stored in this file. Display units and
Wells are used as a type of annotation, but are not user-defined "custom" colors are stored in this file
used in the computations by GM-SYS. By display- as well.
ing a well, you may show various horizons, or changes
from one type of material to another. This data may 7.10 EXTENDED COORDINATE
come from well logs, core samples, magnetotellurics, SYSTEM (.ECS) FILE FORMAT
resistivity studies, geologic maps, or any other source
that you may have. Wells allow you to display on The ECS file contains information describing the
screen all of the geological and geophysical con- orientation of the model in 3-D space. Models im-
straints of the model. ported as 3-D DXF files through CVTGMS may be
reexported by CVTGMS to DXF files which retain
The .WEL file consists of a single entry on each line. the original position information.
The description of each well consists of a well name, 7.11 GENERIC SPACE-DELIMITED
location, and the depth (not elevation) and annota-
tion for each horizon (0 to 10). Entries in the first
ASCII
four lines are required; the others may be left blank. GM-SYS utilizes a generic, space-delimited ASCII
GM-SYS allows up to 20 wells per model. The last format for model files, as well as for imported and
well entry must be followed by a line containing only exported data files. Internally, all distances are stored
an end-of-file flag (-999). in meters. Observed and calculated values are stored
using cgs units.
Line 1: 1st Well name
Line 2: X-coordinate of the well, in kilometers
Line 3: Z-coordinate of the well, in kilometers (Z
positive downward)
Line 4: Number of horizons allowed (fixed at 10)
Line 5: Depth to 1st horizon (km)
Line 6: Name of 1st horizon (optional, may be left
blank)
Line 7: Depth to 2nd horizon (km)
Line 8: Name of 2nd horizon
.

CVTGMS 63
8. CVTGMS
CVTGMS is a file conversion utility designed to input file from the pull-down menu. Simply typing
generate GM-SYS model files from digitized geo- the new extension will cause CVTGMS to attempt
logic models, DXF files, and GMA, LCT, and SAKI to read the file with the wrong filter and the
model files. By default, CVTGMS will read and write operation will abort with an error.
GM-SYS model files, allowing you to shift or deci-
mate your models. Depending upon which optional 8.2.1 Modifying the model
modules have been licensed, CVTGMS may import After reading the input file, CVTGMS displays a plot
and export DIG, DXF, GMA, LCT, SAKI, and of the model in the upper pane of the window with a
GM-SYS model files. dashed red line showing the model "limits" read or
calculated from the file. The model limits are either
The CVTGMS main window consists of a menu bar explicitly supplied, as in a DIG file, generated from
and two scrollable panes: an upper model pane which the "Full" view, as in a GM-SYS model, or calcu-
graphically displays the input model, and a lower lated by CVTGMS from the input model extents. One
progress pane which provides a log of operations or more green lines within the limits define the sur-
performed on the model. faces of the model. The lower pane will display a
log of operations performed on the model.
8.1 INSTALLATION
CVTGMS will be installed automatically with If the plot appears "upside down," choose Flip over
GM-SYS. A CVTGMS icon will be placed in the Z from the Execute menu to change the sense of the
GM-SYS for Windows Program Group in the Start Z-axis. At this time, you should also check that the
Menu. Unless you have licensed other conversion units are appropriate for each axis (Execute Menu |
options, CVTGMS will only read and write GM-SYS Alter Unit). You may also specify a lateral- (along-
model files. profile) or depth-shift and/or reverse the direction of
the profile at this time. If the input file is of type
8.2 GETTING STARTED DIG or DXF, you may also set the default block pa-
rameters at this time. DIG and DXF input files must
To execute CVTGMS on Windows® operating sys- also be "Snapped" prior to output (see Section 8.3.2.7
tems, double-click on the CVTGMS icon. for a description of this function).
On UNIX and Linux systems, simply type CVTGMS will also Decimate files prior to output.
nga%> cvtgms &
This function is particularly useful when the input
Following the appearance of the registration screen, file is either a seismic model (e.g. GMA) or a digi-
an empty window will appear on the screen. Use the tized model which contains many points along nearly
File Menu to open the file-selection dialog. You may straight surfaces. The Decimate function may dra-
now select the file-type and file you wish to convert. matically reduce the number of points in the model
The default file-type is GM-SYS (*.sur). without sacrificing the quality of the model, which
Note: You must choose the correct file type for the will increase the calculation speed of GM-SYS.

64 CVTGMS
Choose a "straightening tolerance" that is appropri- extension to ".dig" when the List Files of Type selec-
ate to your model. tor is set to DXF Files (*.dxf) will result in an error
because CVTGMS is expecting a file of type "DXF".
8.2.2 Output Because GM-SYS uses specific file extensions for
When all of the parameters have been set to your its models, we recommend that the default file type
satisfaction, choose Save As... from the File menu ".sur" always be used when reading or creating GM-
and select the file-type you with to create as output. SYS models.
The default file-type is GM-SYS (*.sur). Choose an 8.3.1.3 Save As...
output file name - make sure the file-extension is in-
cluded - and click OK. A message in the lower pane The Save As... dialog allows the user to save the con-
will indicate that the file has been saved. verted model in any of the available formats. Avail-
able formats are displayed when the List Files of Type
8.3 MENUS pull-down is selected. Again, with the exception of
GM-SYS model files, a file may be saved with an
8.3.1 File Menu alternate extension if desired.
8.3.1.4 Exit
8.3.1.1 Erase Model
Exit CVTGMS unconditionally, without saving any
This command will remove the currently-loaded file loaded file.
from memory, unconditionally and without saving.
8.3.2 Execute Menu
8.3.1.2 Open...
The Open... command activates the file-selection dia- 8.3.2.1 Set Block
log. Here the user may select the file and file-type to
When creating a GM-SYS model from DIG or DXF
be used as input. Allowable file-types are displayed
formats, the Set Block dialog allows you to set the
when the List Files of Type pull-down menu is se-
default block parameters for the "Air" block or other
lected. The default file-type is GM-SYS with the
blocks. These parameters include density, magnetic
default extension ".sur". Other files types which may
susceptibility and remanent magnetization, and the
be available include:
±Y-extent of the block(s).
· AutoCAD DXF (.dxf); 8.3.2.2 Alter Unit
· 2D (.dig) and 3D (.xyz) generic ASCII files;
· LCT, Inc.'s 2-MOD (.lct); The Alter Unit dialog allows the user to independently
· Geophysical Micro Computer Appl., LTD. (.gma); change the X or Z units of the model. Available units
· Chevron's GAMMA (.gam), and include kilometers (km), meters (m), feet (ft), kilofeet
· US Geological Survey's SAKI (.cmd). (kft), and miles (mi).
8.3.2.3 Shift XZ...
File types for conversion modules not purchased will
not be displayed. The Shift XZ... dialog permits the user to shift the
model laterally (along the profile) and/or in depth.
IMPORTANT: Although each file-type has a default The amount of shift to be applied must be entered in
extension (e.g. ".dig"), the user may select a differ- units of kilometers (km).
ent extension for a given file type (e.g. ".txt"). How- 8.3.2.4 Flip over X
ever, changing the default extension does not alter
the expected file format. Therefore, changing the This command reverses the model profile direction.

CVTGMS 65
8.3.2.5 Flip over Z will change color as different operations are per-
formed and completed. Each task will be logged in
This command flips the model upside-down.
the lower pane, along with any errors in the event
8.3.2.6 Decimate dialog that any occur.
CVTGMS allows the user to decimate superfluous 8.3.3 Views
points on surfaces using a "straightening tolerance"
entered by the user. Points along a surface which GM-SYS allows the user to save multiple named
deviate from a straight line by less than the straight- "views" -- screen views or windows -- of each model.
ening tolerance are deleted, thereby decreasing the A view is defined by the current X and Z limits of the
number of points in the model. Better results are model and the current gravity and magnetic limits of
generally achieved if decimation is done after "snap- the anomaly windows. Views are useful in returning
ping" the model (see below), when necessary. The to a specific portion of the model at a later time.
straightening tolerance must be entered in kilome- 8.3.3.1 Full View
ters.
The default or "Full" view includes the full extent of
8.3.2.7 Snap... (DIG, DXF inputs only) the profile to be modeled. The Full view is created
In order to produce a valid GM-SYS model, surfaces by CVTGMS from the model limits of the input file.
must be continuous across the model and nodes 8.3.3.2 Infinity
should exist where surfaces cross. Digitized and DXF
files, and LCT and GAM models do not inherently The "Infinity" view includes the entire GM-SYS
satisfy these conditions. When you ask CVTGMS model, which extends to "infinity" (±30,000 kilome-
to "Snap..." a DIG or DXF file, it will calculate a ters in either direction) to eliminate edge-effects.
default "snap distance" based on the minimum point 8.3.3.3 Other - only GM-SYS input
separation of the input file. CVTGMS will "snap"
points together (i.e. force the points to be coincident) If a GM-SYS model is being used as input, any of
that miss by the snap distance and create new points the views present in the .vew file may be selected to
where surfaces cross. The snap will force any un- limit the extents of the output model.
snapped endpoint to snap to the nearest point. Gen- 8.3.4 Help
erally the "snap distance" should be kept small. If
the input model has no closely spaced points you may CVTGMS on-line help accesses the WinHelp screen.
want to decrease the default snap distance. You may More recent documentation may be found in the
need to fine tune this parameter to get your desired HTML help accessed from within GM-SYS.
output model.
About... brings up the registration screen, which con-
The Snap... command also performs several addi- tains licensing information, the version of CVTGMS
tional "clean-up" functions. Surfaces which extend being used, and customer support information. There
beyond the "limits" are truncated at that boundary. are no user-changeable options in this window.
"Hanging" surfaces which do not connect to another
surface or extend to the limit box are extended to the
nearest limit (vertically or horizontally). Overlap-
ping surfaces are either separated or combined, ac-
cording to the "snap distance." Finally, surfaces are
extended laterally from the model limits to "infinity"
(± 30,000 kilometers). The model surfaces and points

66 CVTGMS
8.4 FILE FORMATS For DIG output, CVTGMS creates unique surface-
id strings from the block numbers on either side of
8.4.1 Generic ASCII digitized file: .DIG & the surface. No additional block information is re-
.XYZ tained in the output .DIG file.
8.4.1.2 Three-dimensional .XYZ file
The "DIG2GMS" option actually includes two for-
mat sub-options: The format of the .XYZ file is similar to the .DIG
file described above (in Section 8.4.1.1), but includes
1) two-dimensional (profile) coordinates and Y-coordinates for each point.
2) three-dimensional (map) coordinates.
/Sample CVTGMS input .XYZ file
Two-dimensional coordinate files are referred to as X1 Y1 Z1 Limits
".DIG" files and three-dimensional files are referred X2 Y2 Z2 Limits
X Y Z Horizon_name1
to as ".XYZ" files. XYZ files in this case are not the .
same format as Geosoft XYZ Line files. .
X Y Z Horizon_name1
8.4.1.1 Two-dimensional .DIG file X Y Z Horizon_name2
.
A .DIG file is an ASCII file containing two "limit" .
points followed by a series of surfaces. The "limit" X Y Z Horizon_name2
points define a box enclosing the digitized model and
are used to create the "Full" view. Surface nodes For three-dimensional .XYZ input files, CVTGMS
which follow are free format and must contain X and transforms the "real world" 3-D input coordinates
Z coordinates and a surface-id string, each separated into 2-D "model-space" coordinates for GM-SYS.
by at least one space. The surface-id string must be a CVTGMS uses the X, Y coordinates from the two
string of letters and/or numbers (no spaces or com- "Limit" points at the beginning of the file to define a
mas) which uniquely identifies the surface. straight line in the Z=0 plane. CVTGMS then
CVTGMS interprets each change in the surface-id projects the X,Y coordinates of each point in the file
string as the beginning of a new surface. Comment onto that line to calculate the model-space X-coordi-
lines begin with "/", "*", or "#" and are ignored by nate. The model-space X=0 location corresponds to
CVTGMS. the "limit" point with the smallest X-coordinate. The
model-space Z-coordinate is equal to the real world
/Sample CVTGMS input file Z-coordinate. CVTGMS retains the transformation
/ X Z Surface-ID coefficients in a .ECS file which is associated with
123.947 -555.693 limits # X1, Z1, "limit" - Lower left (or
the model so that model space coordinates can be
Upper right) limits of the model
transformed back to real world coordinates.
1509.401 -30.572 limits # X2, Y2, "limit" - Upper right (or
lower left) limits of the model

Output in the .XYZ format is similar to the .DIG file
442.271 -313.329 1st_surf # X, Z, "surface-id" -X
(see Section 8.4.1.1), with the exception that any
and Z of points on surface
transformation information saved in the .ECS file is
346.609 -329.817 1st_surf
234.453 -349.601 1st_surf used to recalculate X,Y coordinates from the model-
123.947
480.206
-365.382
-179.782
1st_surf
2nd
space X coordinates. CVTGMS assumes that the
396.09 -204.513 2nd output profile is a straight line in X,Y-space; i.e. it
305.375 -227.595 2nd
194.869 -245.731 2nd
can not "unproject" the points from the straight line
123.947 -254.821 2nd if they were originally non-linear.
734.206 -221 3rd
694.622 -222.649 3rd

CVTGMS 67
8.4.2 DXF - AutoCAD® If a view file (.vew) exists, CVTGMS will allow you
to select the view you wish to export. For instance,
AutoCAD DXF files must specify 2D or 3D you may wish to export only a small portion of the
polylines. The ENTITIES SECTION should con- model to another format. Simply choose the view
tain several POLYLINES which CVTGMS converts you with to use from the View menu, manipulate the
to surfaces. Model limits are calculated from the model with any of the commands available under the
minimum and maximum coordinates of the polylines. Execute menu, then save the model to the selected
output format using the Save As... command under
"Elevation" and "Extrusion" information contained the File menu. All portions of the model outside the
in the DXF file are saved in a .ecs (External Coordi- red dashed line (the view boundary) will be excluded
nate System) file. When a GM-SYS model is con- from the output file.
verted back to DXF format, the .ecs file is used to
orient the model in the world coordinate system. CVTGMS writes at least five files when creating a
8.4.3 GeoGraphix (GMA) GM-SYS model: .sur, .blk, .vew, .grv, and .mag. The
.sur and .blk files written by CVTGMS define the
CVTGMS expects an ASCII version of the .MMD model in GM-SYS format. A view file is created
model description file as input, which may be gener- with two views, a default "full view" designed to in-
ated using MMD_ASC.EXE. Note that clude the entire model, and an "infinity" view. The
MMD_ASC.EXE expects a STRUCT .MMD file in well file contains no wells, only an end-of-file flag.
R2 format. The .grv and .mag files contain only end-of-file flags
unless data were contained in the input file (e.g. LCT
CVTGMS retains block names from the GMA model. and GAMMA formats).
The density for each block is calculated by CVTGMS
as the simple average of all densities within the GMA If the imported file is of DXF format and contains
model block. "Elevation" and "Extrusion" information, CVTGMS
saves this information in an additional GM-SYS
CVTGMS output to GMA format is not implemented model file with a .ecs extension.
at this time.
8.4.4 GM-SYS
When importing a GM-SYS model, CVTGMS ex-
pects a surface file (.sur) and a block file (.blk) as the
minimum inputs. An external coordinate system
(.ecs) file, if present, will be used to orient the model
in the world coordinate system for DXF output.

68 CVTGMS
8.4.5 Fugro-LCT - 2MOD
CVTGMS preserves block names, density, suscepti-
CVTGMS reads ASCII model files generated by bility, and remanent magnetization (magnitude, in-
Fugro-LCT, Inc.'s 2-MOD program. Fugro-LCT clination, declination) and lengths of 2 ½-D blocks.
models must consist of connected polygons; "float- CVTGMS constructs an initial view from the xxx,
ing" polygons are not allowed. zzz, ggg, and hhh parms, if available; otherwise the
"Full" view is identical to the "Infinity" view.
CVTGMS outputs ASCII 2-MOD model files. User
may specify output distance units. When converting SAKI models generated by CVTGMS consist of a
GM-SYS models with 2-1/2 D blocks, CVTGMS minimum of two files, .cmd and .bod., containing the
averages the densities of bodies beyond the +y and - parms and polygon information, respectively. If grav-
y limits of the blocks to generate the single value ity and/or magnetic data are present in the input model
required by 2-MOD models. format, .ggg and/or .mmm files will also be written.
8.4.6 GAMMA - Chevron CVTGMS writes parm records for all of the param-
eters described in the Input Section, above. The xxx,
CVTGMS reads ASCII model files generated by zzz, ggg, and hhh parms are generated from the se-
Chevron's GAMMA program. GAMMA models lected view (default is "Full" view), if applicable.
must consist of connected polygons; "floating" poly- Note that SAKI does not support skewed models;
gons are not allowed at this time. CVTGMS "snap" relative model strike is assumed to be 90 degrees.
mode ensures that polygon boundaries match exactly.
CVTGMS outputs ASCII GAMMA model files.
When converting GM-SYS models with 2-1/2 D

blocks, CVTGMS averages the densities of bodies
beyond the +y and -y limits of the blocks to generate
the single value required by GAMMA models.
8.4.7 SAKI - US Geological Survey
CVTGMS imports ASCII model files from the US
Geological Survey's SAKI modeling program.
CVTGMS looks for a .CMD command file, where it
expects to find the SAKI parameter (parms) list.
Loading will fail if CVTGMS does not find the
"mfile" parameter in the command file. CVTGMS
loads polygon information from mfile, and gravity
and magnetic data from gfile and hfile, respectively,
if they exist. The Earth's field is extracted from the
efield, einc, and edec parms and the profile azimuth
from azimuth. All prisms are assumed to lie perpen-
dicular to the profile azimuth, i.e. relative strike ==
90 degrees.

Supporting Software 69
9. SUPPORTING SOFTWARE
Supporting software NGRF and XYZGMS make to change with the left mouse button. Two clicks
working with GM-SYS easier and more efficient. with the right mouse button anywhere on the screen
will cause the program to end and return you to DOS.
9.1 NGRF Press <Esc> twice or <Ctrl><Enter> to exit NGRF.

NGRF provides an easy way to find the Inclination,
Declination, and Total Field strength anywhere on 9.2 XYZGMS
earth, at any elevation, at any time between 1900 and
the present. Version 1.5 included the new DGRF XYZGMS is a command-line driven GM-SYS util-
1990, the new IGRF 1995, and IGRF's for 1900 to ity program that will read GEOSOFT format 'XYZ'
1940. files with several fields of data, and create a GM-SYS
model. Input data fields may include topography,
To use NGRF, simply type "NGRF" and change any additional global horizons, gravity data, magnetic
of the four input parameters displayed on the left side data and station elevations.
of the screen (Date, Latitude, Longitude, or Eleva-
tion). NGRF will recalculate the Magnetic Refer- XYZGMS incorporates the following features:
ence Field Values for those parameters when you type
"Enter" or move to another parameter with the arrow · XYZGMS reads free format ASCII files, (i.e.
keys. The calculation uses the latest theoretical model fields of data separated by spaces). Data fields
of the earth's magnetic field published by the Inter- can be in any order you chose. Geosoft line head-
national Association of Geomagnetism and Aer- ers need to be present. You select which 'Line'
onomy, Division V, Working Group 8 (C.E. Barton, will be used for building the model
Revision of International Geomagnetic Reference · XYZGMS can window and decimate your data
Field Released, EOS Transactions 77, #16, April 16, to a subset of your data file.
1996). · XYZGMS allows you to select default values
for missing data types (e.g. magnetic station el-
NGRF allows the elevation (positive values are above evations).
sea level) to be input in meters, kilometers, feet, · XYZGMS creates all necessary files for a GM-
kilofeet, or miles. From the elevation field, press SYS model including conveniently recalled
<enter> or the right-arrow key until the units field is views.
highlighted. Press the space bar to cycle through the · XYZGMS allows you to specify a starting X-
unit choices. coordinate offset.
Context-sensitive help is available by pressing the Note that XYZGMS converts a multi-segment line
'F1' key. Press <Esc> to exit help. into a single-segment profile as shown on the fol-
lowing page. The black line represents the original
You can use a mouse to pick the parameters you want profile as digitized by the user. The red line is the

70 Supporting Software
*06<63URMHFWHG
3URILOHORFDWLRQ
2ULJLQDO3URILOH
location of the model profile in real-world X,Y space magnetics column is required)
with values projected perpendicularly onto the model -zeg= column for gravity elevation values (+ is up)
profile. The model-profile azimuth is based on the -zem= column for magnetics elevation values (+
first and last points in the original profile. The pro- is up)
file location is then shifted to minimize the average -eg= value for constant gravity elevation (+ is up)
mis-fit. -em= value for constant magnetics elevation (+ is
up)
RUNNING XYZGMS: -zt= column for topography values (+ is up)
-t= value for constant topography (+ is up)
XYZGMS is a command line driven program. Typ- -u= unit conversion (default meters). If input is
ing XYZGMS followed by a number of parameters in:
and options runs it. feet -u=3.28
kilofeet -u=0.00328 or -u=3.28E-3
Usage: kilometers - u=0.001 or -u=1E-3
miles -u=6.2121E-4
XYZGMS in out -l= -zg= -zm= -zeg= -zem= -eg= - -d= decimation factor. Take only every d th
em= -zt= -t= -u= -d= -x= -x0= -y= -s= point (Default -d=1)
-x= min,max X limits. The default is to pass
where: entire X range.
-x0= x-coordinate of first point in profile. The
in (required) name of the XYZ file (.XYZ as- default is 0.
sumed) -y= min,max Y limits. The default is to pass
out (required) root name of the output files (six entire Y range.
files) -s= min,max Station limits. The default passes
-l= (required) line type [B, T, or L] and line all stations.
number -h= h1,h2,h3... columns for up to 15 layer hori-
-zg= column for gravity values (a gravity or mag- zons. ( + is down )
netics column is required) -q 'quiet mode' (i.e., suppress version message
-zm= column for magnetics values (a gravity or and other non-error messages)

Supporting Software 71
The first point in the model will be placed at X=0

(GM-SYS model coordinates) and GM-SYS model
coordinates will be calculated as the distance from
that point. The -x0 parameter may be used to shift
the starting X-coordinate to any value. Those coor-
dinates may also be shifted using the GM-SYS util-
ity program CVTGMS.
XYZGMS calculates the profile azimuth and assigns

relative strike angle=90, magnetic inclination=60,
declination=20 and field intensity=56,000 as default
values. You may change these for each model in GM-
SYS (Profile menu, set field and set azimuth) to the
proper values for your profile.
Example: XYZGMS test test -l=L19 -d=5 -t=400

-eg=400 -zg=5
This example will read data from file test.xyz and

create a GM-SYS model named test. Only every 5th
point will be read, topography elevation is constant
at 400 meters, gravity data is in the 5th field of the
input data file, and the elevation of the gravity sta-
tions is constant at 400 meters.
Two sample files are included with the distribution:
1. gms.xyz is a sample input data file

2. sample.bat is a sample batch file using gms.xyz
SPECIFICATIONS:
Max. number of columns (characters) in input record: 256
Max. number of data fields in input file: 50
Max. number of data points in output model: 2000

72 Supporting Software

References 73
10. REFERENCES
Barton, C. E., 1996, Revision of International Grant, F. S., and West, G. F., 1965, Interpretation
Geomagnetic Reference Field Released, EOS theory in applied geophysics: McGraw-Hill Book
Transactions 77, #16. Co.
Blakely, R. J., 1995, Potential theory in gravity & Grauch, V. J. S., Phillips, J. D., Hoover, D. B.,
magnetic applications: Cambridge University Pitkin, J. A., Livo, K. E., and McCafferty, A., 1993,
Press, New York, 441p. Materials provided at the workshop "Geophysical
map interpretation on the PC", convened April 21-
Blakely, R. J., and Connard, G. G., 1989, Crustal 22, 1993: USGS OF 93-560, 150p., 14 diskettes.
studies using magnetic data, in Geophysical
framework of the continental United States: Hubbert, M. K., 1948, A line-integral method of
Geological Society of America Memoir 172. computing the gravimetric effects of two-dimen-
sional masses: Geophysics, 13, 215-225.
Campbell, D.L., 1983, BASIC Programs to Calcu-
late Gravity and Magnetic Anomalies for 2-1/2 - Di- Lillie, R. J., 1999, Whole Earth Geophysics: An
mensional Prismatic Bodies, U.S.G.S. Open-File Introductory Textbook for Geologists and Geo-
Report 83-154. physicists: Prentice-Hall, Inc., New Jersey, 360p.
Carmichael, R. S., ed., 1982, Physical properties of Marqardt, D.W., 1963, An algorithm for least-
rocks and minerals: CRC Press, Inc., 741p. squares estimation of non-linear parameters:
J.SIAM, v.11:431-441.
Clark, S. P., 1966, Handbook of physical constants:
Geological Society of America Memoir #97, 587p. Merrill, R. T., and McElhinny, M. W., 1983, The
Earth's magnetic field: Its history, origin and
Dobrin, M. B., and Savit, C. H., 1988, Introduction planetary perspective: Academic Press, Inc., 401p.
to geophysical prospecting: 4th edition: McGraw-
Hill Book Co., 867p. Rasmussen, R., and Pedersen, L. B., 1979, End
corrections in potential field modeling: Geophysi-
Fabiano, 1983a, Magnetic Field of the Earth, 1980, cal Prospecting, 27, 749-760.
Magnetic declination: USGS Investigation I-1457.
Shive, P. N., 1986, Suggestions for the use of SI
Fabiano, 1983b, Magnetic Field of the Earth, 1980, units in magnetism: EOS Transactions of the
Magnetic inclination: USGS Investigation I-1458. American Geophysical Union, 67, 25.
Fabiano, 1983c, Magnetic field of the earth, 1980,

Magnetic Total Intensity: USGS Investigation I-
1561.

74 References
Talwani, M., and Heirtzler, J. R., 1964, Computa-
tion of magnetic anomalies caused by two-
dimensional bodies of arbitrary shape, in Parks, G.
A., Ed., Computers in the mineral industries, Part
1: Stanford Univ. Publ., Geological Sciences, 9,
464-480.
Talwani, M., Worzel, J. L., and Landisman, M.,

1959, Rapid gravity computations for two-
dimensional bodies with application to the
Mendocino submarine fracture zone: J. Geophys.
Res., 64, 49-59.
Won, I. J., and Bevis, M., 1987, Computing the

gravitational and magnetic anomalies due to a
polygon: Algorithms and Fortran subroutines:
Geophysics, 52, 232-238.
Webring, M., 1985, SAKI: A Fortran program for

generalized linear inversion of gravity and mag-
netic profiles: USGS Open File Report 85-122,
29p.

Tutorial - Create New Model 75
11. TUTORIAL - CREATE

NEW MODEL
This tutorial is designed to lead the new user through
11.1 OVERVIEW
the features of GM-SYS. In it, we assume that the Before we begin the step-by-step tutorial, let's stop
user has a basic understanding of the features of and take a look at the steps we will use to create a
Windows or X-Windows. Most users will pick up model. We will:
the basics very quickly, allowing them to manipulate
models and obtain a reasonable fit of the model re- 1) create a single block, extending from minus "in-
sponse to the data. finity" (x=-30,000 km) to plus "infinity"
(x=+30,000 km), and to a specified depth (de-
The largest section of the tutorial leads the user fault value: z=+50 km);
through the "Create New Model" procedure. Some 2) use a sample data file to import topography and
steps in that procedure may not be intuitively obvi- observed gravity and magnetic data;
ous to the first-time user, but after having worked it 3) insert key geologic horizons extending from mi-
through once, it is relatively straight forward.
Figure 11.1: Complete model SIMPLE2.

76 Tutorial - Create New Model
nus infinity to plus infinity; and will also import topography, observed gravity data,
4) create a detailed geologic model in the area of and observed magnetic data and station elevations,
interest that fits the observed data. although this is not required.
Steps 1 and 2 are performed using the New Model To begin, start GM-SYS and click "OK" on the reg-
Creation dialog. Steps 3 and 4 are carried out using istration screen; an empty Main Window will appear.
the mouse modes available in the Action Tool Box Select New Model from the File Menu (or click
or Action Menu. We will change views of the model on the New Model icon at the left end of the Menu
to work first at the mega-scale, and finally at a de- Tool Bar) to activate the New Model Creation dia-
tailed scale, looking at smaller portions of the model. log, shown on the following page.
Our exercise will be to input a simple model with a The New Model Creation dialog is partitioned into
basement high and overlying sediments, shown in four sections. We will work with them in order of
Figure 11.1. occurrence.
11.2 CREATE NEW MODEL Cross-Section: Set the horizontal and depth extents
The "Create New Model" procedure will create the for the model. For this exercise, the observed data
single block referred to in Step 1. In this tutorial, we extend from 0 to 45 km along the profile and the
Figure 11.2: New Model Creation dialog.

model will extend from 0 to 50 km in depth. Enter
these values in the "Cross-Section" area of the dia- 1) Select the "File" button to activate a file-se-
log, as shown in Figure 11.2. lection dialog and choose the file SIMPLE2.ASC
included with this tutorial. You will then be given
Azimuth/Strike Angles: An azimuth of 180° means an opportunity to view the contents of the se-
that the profile goes from north to south, with the lected file, as shown in Figure 11.4 on the fol-
plus X direction being due south (180° clockwise lowing page.
from True North). The profile azimuth is not used in 2) Observe that there are seven lines of header in-
the gravity calculations, but must be entered correctly formation prior to the beginning of the data in
if you intend to do magnetic modeling. this example, that all distances are supplied in
kilometers, and that Z-values are supplied as el-
In our example, the profile runs from south to north; evations (positive upward), not as depths (posi-
i.e. the profile has an azimuth of 0º. Select the tive downward). Also, the magnitude and di-
"Change" button and enter 0 in the Profile Azimuth rection of the Earth's field at the time and loca-
field. We will accept the default relative strike of tion of the survey is supplied in the header; listed
90º. That means that the strike direction will be 90° as "Earth's field". You will need to supply this
from the direction of the profile. In our example, information for your own magnetic modeling.
the strike is east-west. Now click "OK" and return to the Import From
File dialog.
Topography, Gravity Stations, and Magnetics Sta-
tions: We will now import topography, gravity sta-
tions and magnetic stations from our sample data file.
Select the "Import From File" option in the Topogra-
phy sub-section. The dialog shown in Figure 11.3
will appear:
Figure 11.3: Default values for the Figure 11.4: File viewer displaying
Import from File dialog. SIMPLE2.ASC.

3) Now, select "+up" (elevations are positive) and tical scale and limits on each pane to include all of
enter "7" in the "Skip Lines" field. We will ac- the data.
cept the default units and default fields for X
and Z (topo). Click "OK" to return to the New By default, GM-SYS calculates and displays an "er-
Model Creation dialog. Now go through the ror curve" (calculated - observed) for the Gravity and
same process for the Gravity Stations and Mag- Magnetic panes. To hide these for now, you may
netics Stations. Note that the second field (topo) select the "Display" option from the same pop-up
is also the appropriate field for gravity station menus and toggle the display of the Gravity Error
elevations (Z), but the "Z" field for Magnetics
Stations will be "5" and the observed data (Obs)
are in column 4.
Earth's Magnetic Field: You may now enter the val-
ues for the Earth's field strength and direction sup-
plied in the header (see Figure 11.4) by selecting the
"Change" button and filling in the appropriate fields.
Click "OK" to return to the New Model Creation dia-
log. If all of the settings are satisfactory, click "Cre-
ate".
and Magnetic Error curves off. They may be toggled
You should now have a new model on the screen like on at any time by re-accessing these menus. If grid-
that shown in Figure 11.5, below. lines are present on your initial image, they may be
turned off in a similar fashion.
Click the right mouse button in each of the anomaly
panes to activate a pop-up menu and select "Auto Now is a good time to save your newly-created
Scale". This function automatically adjusts the ver- model.
Figure 11.5: Initial view of newly-created model.

11.3 TYING TO INFINITY
or,
The next step in entering the model from Figure 11.1
is to enter the surfaces that extend from one side of 2) Use the scroll bar on the right side of the cross-
the model to the other. In our example, there are section pane to modify the range. Dragging the ends
two such surfaces: the top of the "Basement" block, of the white box changes the range within the pane,
and the horizon between "Upper Sediments" and and dragging the middle of the box shifts the view
"Lower Sediments". Both of these horizons should upward or downward without rescaling.
be extended to "Infinity" to remove edge-effects in You should now see a view of the model similar to
our calculations. that shown below:
Select the View Menu Now we need to enter the two new surfaces using
and choose Infinity. the Split Block command. Note: When "splitting a
Now change the upper block," the intended starting and ending points must
and lower limits of the be visible on the screen before beginning Split Block.
cross-section view so that Thus we must first use the Add Point mode to insert
you are only looking at the starting and ending points for our new surface.
the top 6 km of the model. The points we wish to add are circled in the figure
This may be done in one above.
of two ways:
Select the Add Point mode by clicking on the "+"
1) Click the right mouse button in the vertical axis icon on the Action ToolBar or by selecting it from
area of the cross-section pane (near the "Depth" la- the Action Menu. Move the cursor to the surface
bel) to activate the pop-up menu and select "Change where you want to add a point (approximately X=-
Range". Enter "-1.5 km" for the minimum depth (Z 30,000 km, Z=3.5 km) and click the mouse button to
is positive downward in GM-SYS) and "6.0 km" for insert the point. Insert another point in a similar
the maximum depth, then click "OK". manner on the other side of the model (X=+30,000
Figure 11.6: Adding regional surfaces in the infinity view.

km, Z=3.5 km).
We can now move these new points to the exact co- In the dialog box, change the block name to "Lower
ordinates desired by using the Examine function. Sediments" and the density to 2.35 g/cm3. Click
Select Examine from the menu or the "eye" on the "OK".
toolbar and click on one of the points that you have HELPFUL HINT: Following the instructions above,
just added. Its coordinates will appear in the dialog you started on the right side of the model and ended
box. Enter the values shown below: with a point on the left. The highlighted block was
above (to the right of) the new surface as you drew
Point 1: X=-30000 Z=3.5 it. While using Split Block, the new block is always
Point 2: X= 30000 Z=3.5 created on the right-hand side of the new surface,
when traveling along the new surface in the direc-
You are now ready tion in which it was created. If you had started on
to start the Split the left side of the model and ended on the right, the
Block operation. new block would have been below the new surface,
instead of above. This should not be a problem, but
Select Split Block you may need to Examine the blocks and enter the
from the menu or proper information in the dialog box.
toolbar. Click on Now, in a similar fashion, insert a new surface for
"Point 2" which you have just added on the right side the horizon between the upper and lower sediments.
of the screen (refer to Figure 5 on the previous page). The two ends of that surface should be:
A "rubber band" will now be
attached to your cursor (see
figure above). Move the cur-
sor to the "Point 1" that you
added on the other side of the
screen. Make sure the cursor
is exactly over the point and
click the mouse button. When
the dialog shown at right ap-
pears, choose "Accept/Edit
new block".
You should now have a new
block highlighted with its
block data displayed in the
dialog box, as shown on the
following page.
You can change the block

name and density by clicking
on the appropriate item in the
dialog box and typing in the
desired value.
Figure 11.7: Examine Block dialog, allowing the user to set the
parameters for the newly-created block.

11.4 SKETCHING YOUR MODEL
Point 3: X=-30000 km; Z= 2.0 km
Point 4: X= 30000 km; Z= 1.5 km Looking back at Figure 11.1, we see that we still need
to build the basement high and truncate the "Lower
In the dialog box, change the block name from "Copy Sediments" on either side of that high.
of Lower Sediments" to "Upper Sediments" and the
density to 2.50 g/cm3. First, use the Add Point command to place anchor
points on both surfaces near the edge of the area of
Now we have the gross features of our model built. interest (see Figure 11.9). Placing anchor points pre-
The surfaces that need to be tied to infinity are taken vents changes on-screen from propagating into areas
care of and we can return to the geologic model of off the screen. Notice that as long as you hold the
interest. We will do this through the View Menu. mouse button down, the newly added point will move
with the cursor.
This is a good time to save your model.
Secondly, add and move points upward on the intra-
In the View Menu, select Startup. Again set the up- sediment horizon (between upper and lower sedi-
per and lower limits of the model window to -1.5 ments) to make room for the basement high. In the
and 6.0 respectively. Your model should look like same fashion, add and move points on the basement
the figure on the following page. surface until it is where you want it. Your model
should be similar to the one shown in Figure 11.9,
Now save this view so you can easily return to it. below.
Select the View Menu and select Edit Views to acti-
vate the View List dialog. Select the Startup view,
click "Repl. w/CView" (replace with current view),
then click "OK" to close the dialog.
Figure 11.8: Working view of the new model.

Figure 11.9: "Anchor points" may be used to limit the area affected
by changes to a surface.
Now, create two new surfaces to truncate the "Lower ToolBar. Move the cursor to the surface you want to
Sediments" against the "Basement", as shown in Fig- delete and click on a point on that surface. The fig-
ure 11.10 on the following page. This will leave a ure below shows one of the two points that would
remnant block with lower sediments above the base- work in this example.
ment high.
A new block has now been formed joining the two
Delete the remnant block of lower sediments. Select blocks on either side of the deleted surface. The
Delete Surface from the Action Menu or Action blocks on either side were the "Upper Sediments"
Figure 11.10: Truncating the lower sediments against the base-

ment high, leaving a remnant block to be removed.

Figure 11.11: Select a point on the surface to be deleted.
and "Copy of Lower Sediments" (they may have

Block dialog. While the dialog is open, you may
slightly different names depending upon which di-
also change the block parameters to those shown in
rection you drew the surface using the Split Block
the table. Click "OK" when you are finished with
function). You must select the block you wish to
each block and then select another block. Note that
keep from a pop-up menu, thereby extending the
it is possible to have more than one block with the
properties of that block into the area where the other
same name.
block existed. Indicate that you wish to keep the "Up-
per Sediments" block.
You should now have a completed model which ap-
You should now use the Examine function to make
proximates the one shown below:
sure the densities, susceptibilities, and names of all
the blocks have been set to the desired values, shown
You are now ready to calculate the gravity and mag-
in the table below. For instance, change the name of
netic response to your geologic model and to start
the lowermost block from "Crustal rock" to "Base-
refining the model.
ment" by selecting Examine from the Action Menu
(or the "eye" in the Action Toolbar) and clicking the
mouse within the polygon to bring up the Examine
Table 11.1 Tutorial Table

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Figure 11.12: Completed "roughed-out" model. Display of block labels

and block parameters are turned off.
11.4.1 Applying a DC Shift

Select the Calculate function from the Menu ToolBar (Auto mode). To enter your own DC shift value,
(calculator icon) or select Calculate from the Com- select Gravity DC Shift or Magnetic DC Shift from
pute Menu. the Profile Menu, or click the right mouse button in
When you first perform the Calculate function the the appropriate anomaly pane and select DC Shift
calculated gravity and magnetic response may be off from the pop-up menu. You then have the option of
the screen, as the calculated absolute gravity values selecting Auto, entering an Absolute shift, or choos-
are of the magnitude of 5,000 mGal. A "DC shift" ing a Station on the profile to serve as an "anchor
must be applied to the data in order to match the cal- point", at which point GM-SYS will always force
culated curve with field data. the curves to match. If you choose the Station op-
By default, GM-SYS calculates an RMS difference tion, that point is highlighted in the anomaly pane by
between the observed data and calculated response a double arrow, as indicated in the display shown
and applies that difference to the calculated response below.
Figure 11.13: Arrows indicate the location of the Station

used to calculate the DC Shift using the Station option.

If you use the Station option for applying a DC Shift, 11.4.2 Label Placement
you should pick a station outside the area of interest,
probably at one end of the profile. If you make a Labels are turned "on" by default, but they may ini-
change in the model which affects the gravity at this tially appear outside of the working view. Using the
point, it will alter the entire curve in order to main- Move Label option, the labels for each block be
tain the "fit" at this station. It is often advantageous placed in their desired locations. Select the Move
to select a point which is normally off the screen and Label option from the Action Menu or Action
beyond any portion of the model which is likely to ToolBar, and click the "Snap Mode" radio button.
be altered. When modeling regional features extend- Click the mouse in the desired block and its label
ing across the entire model, the effects of this "an- will automatically be moved to that location. If you
chor point", and its location, should be kept in mind. wish to change the block name, use the Examine func-
For this example, select the Auto option. After ap- tion.
plying a DC Shift, you will want to apply Auto Scale
to each of the anomaly panes to be sure that all of the If there is not enough room within the block to dis-
observed and calculated curves are visible. In the play the label, the label may be moved outside of the
above display, the limits have been changed to -120 block and a pointer extended to the block. Select the
and 120 gammas. "Drag Mode" radio button and place the mouse cur-
sor at the lower left-hand corner of the block name
You may now save the anomaly pane limits by se- (above the block parameters, if they are displayed).
lecting Edit Views from the View Menu and replac- Depress the mouse button and drag the label to its
ing the Startup with the current view. new location; the pointer will extend from the old
location to the new one. You may also drag the other
This is a good time to save your model.
Figure 11.14: Finished model, with labels positioned on-screen.

end of the pointer by selecting and dragging it. When
you are happy with the placement of the labels, save
your model.
If you don't want the air block label to appear on the

screen, you may zoom out and "Snap" it to a location
well beyond the area of interest before zooming in.
Your finished model should appear something like

that shown in Figure 11.14.
Don't forget to save your model.
This concludes the Create New Model Tutorial. We

have worked through the procedure for generating a
starting model and importing data, and have devel-
oped a simple model. A more complex model can be
developed using the same simple steps introduced
here.
You may continue to explore features of GM-SYS

by manipulating the model using the Add Point, De-
lete Point, Move Point, Move Group, Split Block,
Delete Surface, and Examine functions.

GM-SYS Models from OASIS montaj 87
12. GM-SYS MODELS FROM

OASIS montaj
This chapter has been included for the benefit of 2.1 RUNNING GM-SYS FROM
clients who run both GM-SYS and Geosofts OASIS WITHIN OASIS MONTAJ
montaj software programs.
The three GXs that start GM-SYS from within
In this release, the link between GM-SYS and OASIS OASIS montaj are conveniently accessed via the
montaj has been strengthened and improved. There GM-SYS menu. The Existing model... selection
are three GXs that allow modelers to start GM-SYS runs gms.gx which starts GM-SYS in a separate
and create initial models from within OASIS montaj. window. If you leave the model name blank,
In addition, from within the GM-SYS environment, GM-SYS starts without loading a model. If you
modelers can create Geosoft-format plot files that can choose an existing model name, GM-SYS will load
easily be loaded into and combined with Geosoft that model. Note that OASIS montaj version 4.3 fixes
maps. a bug that prevented the loading of any model stored
outside the default directory.

88 GM-SYS Models from OASIS montaj
The New model selection in the GM-SYS menu Note the new button labeled Next> in the lower
allows OASIS montaj users to create GM-SYS mod- left. This new feature brings up a second dialog
els from either database channels or profiles drawn (shown below) allows you to select up to 10 chan-
across grids. The first option, From current mark.., nels that define geologic horizons in the GM-SYS
run gmsmark.gx which expects an open database model created by this GX. These geologic horizons
with some portion of a line to be marked. An en- must extend completely across the model and cannot
tire line can be marked by clicking twice on a chan- intersect other horizons.
nel header. The mark designates which portion of
the line (in a spatial sense) will be used to build the The second option in the GM-SYS New model se-
GM-SYS profile. The channels for observed grav- lection is From map profile..... This option runs
ity values, etc. are chosen in the GX dialog. gmsprof.gx which allows you to interactively digi-
tize a profile location on a map and extract a GM-
In the main dialog shown below, users can select the SYS starting model from a series of grids. The
database channels to be used for the topographic sur- gmsprof dialog is similar to the gmsmark dialog
face and observed gravity and/or magnetic data in but expects grid names rather than channel names.
the GM-SYS model. It also has a second dialog screen to select up to 10
grids that define geologic horizons in the GM-SYS
model created by this GX. These geologic horizons
must extend completely across the model and cannot
intersect other horizons.

GM-SYS Models from OASIS montaj 89
Note that these GXs convert multi-segment profiles 12.2 LOADING GM-SYS PLOTS
into a single-segment profile as shown below. The INTO GEOSOFT MAPS
black line represents the original profile as specified
by the user. The red line is the location of the model To generate a Geosoft-compatible plot from GM-
profile in real-world X,Y space with values projected SYS, just select the Geosoft Driver as the printer
perpendicularly onto the model profile. The model- selection in the GM-SYS printer setup. This will
profile azimuth is based on the first and last points in generate a Geosoft .PLT file that can be loaded
the original profile. The profile location is then into a Geosoft Map. Patterns do not translate but are
shifted to minimize the average mis-fit. displayed as the solid foreground color.
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90 GM-SYS Models from OASIS montaj

Index 91
Index B
.MAG 60
.MDO 61
.MMD 12 B 24
.SUR 57 Backdrop Images 32
.VEW 61 Seismic Bitmap Option 32
.WEL 62 Balloon Help 50
Symbols
17 Point Surface 59 Barton, C. E. 73
2½-D Modeling. See 2 ¾-D Best Fit. See Inversion
2x Zoom In 46 Modeling Bevis, M. 74
2¾-D Modeling 21, 22 Binary CGM 54
2x Zoom Out 46 2-D Modeling 21 Bitmap Display 29
2X Zoom In 46 Blakely, R. J. 73
2X Zoom Out 46 Block 31
Add Point 45 Asymmetric 21
4p 26
Background Color 40
Box Zoom 46 A Block Data 32
Block Labels 32
A/m 26 Edit Blocks 42
Delete Point 45 Abort. See Undo Foreground Color 40
Absolute Gravity 21 Mark Block 44
Delete Surface 45 Action Menu 44 Split Block 45
Activator 17 Spreadsheet 42
Add Current View 38 Block (.BLK) File Format 59
Examine 45 Add Point 45 Bouguer Values 24
AIX® 12 Box Zoom 46
Invert 46 Alter Unit Bt 28
CVTGMS 64 Btz 28
Anomaly
Move Group 44
Bouguer 24 C
Free-Air 24
Move Label 48 Residual 24 Campbell, D. L. 73
Applying a DC Shift Carmichael, R. S. 73
Tutorial 84 CGS 24
Move Point 44
ASCII 19 Clark, S. P. 73
Aspect Ratio 50 Clear Text CGM 54
Split Block 45 Asymmetric blocks 21 Close 36
Auto DC Level 43, 47 Color Tool 40
Undo Button 44 Autocalc 20, 45 Computational Basis for GM-
Autoscale SYS 23
.BLK 59 Gravity Anomaly Pane 49 Compute Menu 48
.DIG 12 Axes 49, 55 Connard, G.G. 73
.DXF 12 Azimuth 18, 22, 28, 41, 57 Create New Model
.ECS 62 Default Profile 42 Tutorial 76
.GDO 60 Cross Section 37
.GMS 62 Pop-up Menus 50
.GRV 59

92 Index
Cross Section Pane 49 Exit 37 LAB Edition 11
CVTGMS CVTGMS 64 Professional Edition 11
Decimate dialog 65 Extended Coordinate System GM-SYS Models
Execute Menu 64 (.ECS) File Format 62 Backward Compatibility 37
File Conversion Formats 64 GM-SYS Options 12, 89
Installation 63 F GM-SYS Plot Output
Modifying the model 63 Fabiano 73 Options 54
Output 64 File Menu 36 GMA 67
Views 65 Close 36 CVTGMS 67
What is it? 63 Exit 37 GMS (.GMS) File Format 62
New Model 36 Go 47
D Gradient Axis 28, 43
Open Model 36
DC Shift 21 Preferences 36 Gradients 28
Decimate dialog Previously Opened Model Gradients Menu 43
CVTGMS 65 List 37 Grant, F. S. 73
Delete Point 45 Print 37 Grauch, V. J. S. 73
Delete Surface 45 Save as 36 Gravity
Display Menu 41 Save Model 36 Gradients 28
Dobrin, M. B. 73 Flip over X Print Settings 56
Dongle 17 CVTGMS 64 Gravity Anomaly 24
DXF 55 Flip over Z Gravity Anomaly Pane 49
CVTGMS 67 CVTGMS 65 Gravity DC Shift 43
Formats Gravity Elevation Adjust 43
E Bitmap Display 29 Gravity Gradient (.GDO) File
Forward Modeling 22 Format 60
E-mail address 13 Gravity Gradients Display 29
Earth Free-Air 24
Full View Gravity Pop-up Menus 50
Magnetic Field 19 Gravity Stations 33
Edit Anomaly 42 CVTGMS 65
Gravity Units 26
Edit Blocks 42 G Gravity/Magnetic Gradient
Edit Gradients 43 Option 28
Edit Views 38 GAMMA GX's
Edit Wells 42 CVTGMS 68 gms.gx 87
Enable Gaussian 24, 26 gmsmark.gx 88
Gradients 43 Generic ASCII gmsprof.gx 88
Enable Backdrop 39 CVTGMS 66 Gz 28, 29
Engineering Edition 11 GeoGraphix 67
Erase Model Geologic Reasonableness 21 H
CVTGMS 64 Geosoft Plot (.plt) 54
Examine 45 Getting Started H 24
Examine Block 46 CVTGMS 63 Heirtzler, J. R. 74
Examine Point 45 GM-SYS Help Menu 48
Examine Surface 45 Components 31 Horizontal
Execute Menu CVTGMS 67 X axis of the plot 56
CVTGMS 64 Engineering Edition 11 HP-UX® 12

Index 93
Hubbert, M. K. 73 Move Label 48 Plan View Pop-up 50
Label Placement Profile 20
I Tutorial 85 View 19
Image Menu 39 Landisman, M. 74 Window 20
Seismic Bitmap 39 Layout 56 Menu Tool Bar 48
ImageMagick 9, 15 LCT Merrill, R. T. 73
Images CVTGMS 68 Microsoft
Bitmap Display 29 Lillie, R. J. 73 Window NT® 12
Infinity Limitations 28 Windows® 95 12
CVTGMS 65 Linux 12 Windows® 98 12
Tying To Infinity 79 Load Backdrop 39 Microsoft® 12
Installation 16 Model
M Creating
Activator
Installing Activator 17 M 24 Strike Angle 18
CVTGMS 63 Magnetic Earth Magnetic Field 19
OASIS montaj Gradients 28 Importing 19
GM-SYS 16 Magnetic Anomaly Pane 49 New Model
UNIX 16 Autoscale 49 Cross-Section Limits 18
Red Disk 17 Magnetic Gradient (.MDO) File Model Window 49
UNIX 16 Format 61 Models
Hostid Protection 18 Magnetic Gradient Display 28 New Model
Windows 15 Magnetic Reference Field Overview 18
Inverse Modeling 22 Values 69 Modifying the model
Inversion 22 Magnetic Stations 33 CVTGMS 63
Parameters 23 Magnetic Units 24 Move Group 44
Uniqueness 22 Magnetics Move Label 48
Inversion Setup 46 Print Settings 56 Move Point 44
Inversion/Optimization Magnetics (.MAG) File Format N
GM-SYS Option 23 60
Invert 46 Magnetics DC Shift 43 New Model 36
IRIX® 12 Magnetics Elevation Adjust 43 Creating 18
Mark Current View 38 NGA
J Marqardt, D.W. 73 Address 13
J 24 Maximum # of Surfaces 58 NGRF 69
Joint Inversion/Optimization McElhinny, M. W. 73 Non-linear 47
23 Menu 19, 36
Action 20 O
K Compute 20 OASIS montaj 16, 87
Display 20 Oblique 42
Koenigsberger ratio 24 File 19 Oersted 26
Gradients 20
L Help 20
Open Model 36
Open...
LAB Edition 11 Image 19 CVTGMS 64
Label Magnetic Pop-up 50 Optimization 22, 47

94 Index
GM-SYS Option 23 37 Load Backdrop 39
Options Print 37 SentinelPro 17
2¾-D Modeling 12 Print dialog 53 Set Azimuth 42
Extended Model Size 12 Printer Setup 55 Set Block
Gravity/Magnetic Gradients Professional Edition 11 CVTGMS 64
12 Profile Menu 41 Set Magnetic Field 41
High Resolution Modeling Set Plan View Depth 42
12 Q Setup Page Layout
Joint Inversion/Optimization Q 24. See also Koenigsberger Printing 55
12 ratio Shift XZ...
Model Translators for CVTGMS 64
CVTGMS 12 R Shive, P. N. 73
Seismic Bitmap 12 Show
Output Rasmussen, R. 73 Gradients 44
CVTGMS 64 Reference Station 47 Silicon Graphics® 12
Overview Relative Strike 22, 41 Sketching Your Model
Tutorial 75 Remanence Parameters 32 Tutorial 81
Remanent Component 24 Skewed Models 22
P Remanent Inclination 24 Snap
Remanent Magnetization CVTGMS
Pane 24, 32
Cross Section 49 DIG, DXF only 65
Residual Values 24 Software License Agreement
Gravity Anomaly 49 Resizing Panes: Sashes 49
Magnetic Anomaly 49 10
RMS error 43, 47 Solaris® 12
Plan View 49 Rotated-to-Pole Magnetic Data
Panes Space-delimited ASCII files
23 62
Resizing 49 RS/6000® 12
Pedersen, L. B. 73 Sparc® 12
Split Block 45
Permeability of free space 24 S Spreadsheet
Plan View
Print settings 56 SAKI Block Parameter 42
Plan View Pane 49 CVTGMS 68 Surface 45
Plot Parameter File (.PPF) Sashes 49 Standard Model
Page Layout Dialog 56 Save as 36 Eight File Types 57
Point Save As... Stations
Free for Inversion 23 CVTGMS 64 Gravity 18
Points 31 Save Model 36 Magnetic 18
Examine Point 45 Savit, C. H. 73 Topography 18
Pop-up Menus 50 Scroll Bars 49 Status Bar 51
Postscript Seismic Bitmap Option Stike Angle
Printer Driver 54 Block Background Color 40 Profile Azimuth 18
PowerPC® 12 Block Foreground Color 40 Strike Angle
Preferences 36 Color Tool 40 Relative 18
Previous View 38 Enable Backdrop 39 Supported platforms 12
Previously Opened Model List Enable Block Fill 40 Supporting Software 15
Surface 31

Index 95
17 Points 59 Tying To Infinity 79 Z
Examine Surface 45 Two-dimensional .DIG file
Number Of Points 58 CVTGMS 66 Z axis
Spreadsheet 45 Tying To Infinity Print Setting 56
Surface (.SUR) File Format 57 Tutorial 79 Zoom
Surfaces 2X Zoom In 46
Maximum # 58 U 2X Zoom Out 46
Susceptibility 23 Box Zoom 46
UltraSparc® 12 zx 29
Block Data 32 Undo 44
Block Parameters 32 zy 29
Uniqueness 21 zz 29
Factor of Difference 26
Inversion Setup 46 V
Magnetic 24
Vertical
T Z axis of the plot 56
View (.VEW) File Format 61
Tables View List 39
Driver Capabilities 54 View Menu 38
Example Susceptibilities 26 Views
GM-SYS Units 25 CVTGMS 65
Gravity Conversion Factors
27 W
Magnetic Conversion
Factors 25 Webring, M. 74
Rock Densities 27 Well (.WEL) File Format 62
Tutorial Table 83 Wells 33
Talwani, M. 74 West, G. F. 73
Technical Support 13 What is CVTGMS? 63
Terrain Effects 24 What is GM-SYS? 11
Three-dimensional .XYZ file Window Menu 48
CVTGMS 66 Won, I. J. 74
Topography Worzel, J. L. 74
Gravity Stations 18, 33
Magnetic Stations 18
X
New Model 18 X axis
Surface 31 Print Setting 56
Tutorial xx 29
Applying a DC Shift 84 xy 29
Create New Model 76 XYZGMS 69
Label Placement 85
Overview 75 Y
Sketching Your Model 81
Y axis 21, 22
yy 29

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GM-SYS

Gravity/Magnetic Modeling Software

GM-SYS software is now delivered on CD-ROM

Trademarks, Copyrights, & Credits ...................................................................... 9

5.1.1.2 Save Model and Save as ....................................................... 36

6.2.2 Binary CGM .................................................................................... 54

GM-SYS® v. 4.6 for Windows & X-Windows

TRADEMARKS, COPYRIGHTS, &

AutoCAD is a registered trademark of Autodesk, Inc.

ImageMagick is Copyright 1999 E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company.

Users Guide Revision 1.30

GM-SYS® v. 4.6 for Windows & X-Windows

SOFTWARE LICENSE AGREEMENT

GM-SYS® v. 4.6 for Windows & X-Windows

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NGA encourages users who have internet access to

Northwest Geophysical Associates, Inc.

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GM-SYS® v. 4.6 for Windows & X-Windows

GM-SYS® v. 4.6 for Windows & X-Windows

GM-SYS® v. 4.6 for Windows & X-Windows

GM-SYS® v. 4.6 for Windows & X-Windows

GM-SYS® v. 4.6 for Windows & X-Windows

2.3 CREATING A NEW MODEL 2.3.3 Profile Azimuth/Relative Strike Angle

GM-SYS® v. 4.6 for Windows & X-Windows

When you have entered all of the information, select

GM-SYS® v. 4.6 for Windows & X-Windows

GM-SYS® v. 4.6 for Windows & X-Windows

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Inversion, optimization, or inverse modeling involves

GM-SYS v. 4.6 for Windows & X-Windows

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