Senna (plant)

Senna, the sennas, is a large genus of

flowering plants in the legume family
(Fabaceae, subfamily Caesalpinioideae,[2]
tribe Cassieae). This diverse genus is
native throughout the tropics, with a small
number of species in temperate regions.
The number of species is estimated to be
from about 260[3] to 350.[4] The type
species for the genus is Senna
alexandrina. About 50 species of Senna
are known in cultivation.[5]
 Senna

Senna alexandrina

Scientific classification

Kingdom: Plantae

Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms

Clade: Eudicots

Clade: Rosids

Order: Fabales

Family: Fabaceae

Tribe: Cassieae

Genus: Senna
Mill.

Type species

Senna alexandrina
 Mill.
Species

Over 300; see text

Synonyms[1]

List
Adipera Raf. 1838
Cassia (Mill.) Benth. 1871
Cassia sect. Senna (Tournefort)
DC. ex Colladon 1816
Cassia sect. Senna sensu Benth.
1865
Cassia subgen. Senna Benth.
1870
Cathartocarpus (partim)
Chamaefistula (DC.) G. Don
Chamaesenna (DC.) Raf. ex
Pittier
Desmodiocassia Britton & Rose
Diallobus
Earleocassia Britton
Echinocassia Britton & Rose
Gaumerocassia Britton
Herpetica (DC.) Raf.
Isandrina
Leonocassia Britton
Palmerocassia Britton
Peiranisia Raf.
Phragmocassia Britton & Rose
Pseudocassia Britton & Rose
Pterocassia Britton & Rose
 Sciacassia Britton
Senna sensu Gaertn. 1791
Senna sensu Link 1831
Senna sensu Roxb. 1832
Sericeocassia Britton
Tharpia Britton & Rose
Vogelocassia Britton

Description
Senna includes herbs, shrubs, and trees.
The leaves are pinnate with opposite
paired leaflets. The inflorescences are
racemes at the ends of branches or
emerging from the leaf axils. The flower
has five sepals and five usually yellow
petals. There are ten straight stamens.
The stamens may be different sizes, and
some are staminodes. The fruit is a
legume pod containing several seeds.[6]

Systematics
Chamaecrista, Cassia, and Senna form a
monophyletic group which some authors
have called Cassia sensu lato.[7] In 1982,
the group was named Cassiinae and
classified as a subtribe of the tribe
Cassieae.[8] The tribe Cassieae contains
21 genera and is now known to be
polyphyletic,[7] but the classification is still
accepted because a revision of Fabaceae
has yet to be published.[7]

The genus Senna has had a complex

taxonomic history.[9] What is now known
as Senna was included by Linnaeus in his
concept of Cassia in Species Plantarum in
1753.[10] Philip Miller segregated Senna
from Cassia in 1754 in the fourth edition
of The Gardeners Dictionary.[11] Until 1982,
many authors, following Linnaeus, did not
recognize Senna and Chamaecrista, but
included them in a broadly circumscribed
Cassia sensu lato. Phylogenetic analyses
of DNA have shown that Chamaecrista,
Cassia, and Senna are all monophyletic,
but the relationships between these three
genera have not been resolved.[3] They are
therefore shown in phylogenetic trees as a
tritomy.

Etymology
The genus name derives from the Arabic
sanā, describing plants whose leaves and
pods have catharitic and laxative
properties.[12]

Ecology
The caterpillars of many Lepidoptera
species feed on Senna plants. The black
witch (Ascalapha odorata), two-barred
flasher (Astraptes fulgerator), common
emigrant (Catopsilia pomona), and
mottled emigrant (C. pyranthe) have all
been recorded on candle bush (S. alata),
for example.

Pollination
Senna species are pollinated by a variety
of bees, especially large female bees in
genera such as Xylocopa.[3] They rely on
"buzz pollination" and some within that on
"ricochet pollination", which is a secondary
pollen presentation where the pollen is not
deposited on the pollinator's body by direct
contact with the anthers.[13] The flowers
have two sets of stamen: feeding
stamens, which are longer, and pollinating
stamens, which are smaller in size.[14] Due
to buzz pollination, the pollens from the
pollinating stamens get thrown from the
anthers and ricochets against the petals
multiple times before it settles on the
dorsal side of the pollinating bee. The
roughness on the petal walls causes the
pollen to slow down its speed. The
ricocheting effect alone cannot ensure
effective pollen dissemination. It is aided
by static charges wherein the flying bees
become positively charged owing to the
friction in the air and the pollen becomes
negatively charged because of which they
naturally get attracted to the bees body.
The pollinator bee ends up carrying the
pollen and also gets to feed on the pollen
which is on the feeding stamens.[13] Some
species also have extrafloral nectaries on
the leaves or flower stalks, which attract
ants, but do not benefit pollinators.[3]

Uses
Some Senna species are used as
ornamental plants in landscaping. The
species is adapted to many climate types.
Cassia gum, an extract of the seeds of
Chinese senna (S. obtusifolia), is used as a
thickening agent. The leaves and flowers
of Siamese cassia (S. siamea) are used in
some Southeast Asian cuisines, such as
Thai, Shan/Burmese and Lao cuisines.
They are known as khi-lek in Thai, and are
used in curries.[15]

Laxative …
Historically, Egyptian senna (S.
alexandrina) was used as a laxative in the
form of senna pods, or as herbal tea made
from the leaves. Senna is considered to be
a bowel stimulant on the myenteric plexus
of the colon to induce peristaltic
contractions and decrease water
absorption from inside the colon, effects
that would provide relief from
constipation.[16]

Senna or its extracted sennosides, alone

or in combination with sorbitol or
lactulose, have been evaluated in
systematic reviews and Cochrane reviews
for treatment of constipation in children
and the elderly. Some studies showed
limited evidence for efficacy,[17][18][19]
whereas others indicated the study
designs were too weak to be certain of
senna having utility as a laxative.[16][20][21]

Species
As of December 2019, Plants of the World
Online accepts the following
species:[22][23][24]

Senna alexandrina
Senna artemisioides

Senna bicapsularis

Senna didymobotrya
Senna hirsuta
Senna lindheimeriana

Senna macranthera

Senna multiglandulosa
Senna occidentalis

Senna pendula
Senna pinheiroi

Senna spectabilis
Senna surattensis

Senna acanthoclada (Griseb.) H.S.Irwin

& Barneby
Senna acclinis (F.Muell.) Randell
Senna aciphylla (Benth. ex A.Gray)
Randell
Senna aculeata (Pohl ex Benth.)
H.S.Irwin & Barneby
Senna acunae (Borhidi) A.Barreto &
Yakovlev
Senna acuparata H.S.Irwin & Barneby
Senna acuruensis (Benth.) H.S.Irwin &
Barneby
Senna acutisepala (Benth.) H.S.Irwin &
Barneby
Senna affinis (Benth.) H.S.Irwin &
Barneby
Senna alata (L.) Roxb. – candlebush,
Christmas candle
Senna alexandrina Mill. – Alexandrian
senna
Senna andrieuxii (Benth.) H.S.Irwin &
Barneby
Senna angulata (Vogel) H.S.Irwin &
Barneby
Senna angustisiliqua (Lam.) H.S.Irwin &
Barneby
Senna ankaranensis Du Puy & R.Rabev.
Senna anthoxantha (Capuron) Du Puy
Senna aphylla (Cav.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
Senna apiculata (M.Martens & Galeotti)
H.S.Irwin & Barneby
Senna appendiculata (Vogel) Wiersema
Senna apsidoneura (H.S.Irwin &
Barneby) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
Senna araucarietorum H.S.Irwin &
Barneby
Senna argentea (Kunth) H.S.Irwin &
Barneby
Senna arida (Rose) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
Senna aristeguietae H.S.Irwin & Barneby
Senna armata (S.Watson) H.S.Irwin &
Barneby
Senna arnottiana (Hook.) H.S.Irwin &
Barneby
Senna artemisioides (Gaudich. ex DC.)
Randell – grey cassia, leafless cassia,
woody cassia
Senna atomaria (L.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
Senna aurantia (Ruiz & Pav. ex G.Don)
H.S.Irwin & Barneby
Senna auriculata (L.) Roxb. – avaram,
Matara-tea, tanner's cassia
Senna aversiflora (Herb.) H.S.Irwin &
Barneby
Senna aymara H.S.Irwin & Barneby
Senna baccarinii (Chiov.) Lock
Senna bacillaris (L.f.) H.S.Irwin &
Barneby – West Indian showertree
Senna barclayana (Sweet) Randell
Senna barnebyana Lass. – pepper-leaf
senna, smooth senna, yellow peabush
Senna barronfieldii (Colla) Hewson
Senna bauhinioides (A.Gray) H.S.Irwin &
Barneby
Senna benitoensis (Britton & P.Wilson)
H.S.Irwin & Barneby
Senna bicapsularis (L.) Roxb. – rambling
senna, Christmas bush, money bush,
yellow candlewood
Senna biglandularis A.O.Araujo &
V.C.Souza
Senna birostris (Dombey ex Vogel)
H.S.Irwin & Barneby
Senna bosseri Du Puy & R.Rabev.
Senna bracteosa D.B.O.S.Cardoso &
L.P.Queiroz
Senna brongniartii (Gaudich.) H.S.Irwin
& Barneby
Senna burkartiana (Villa) H.S.Irwin &
Barneby
Senna cajamarcae H.S.Irwin & Barneby
Senna cana (Nees & Mart.) H.S.Irwin &
Barneby
Senna candolleana (Vogel) H.S.Irwin &
Barneby
Senna cardiosperma (F.Muell.) Randell
Senna catingae (Harms) L.P.Queiroz
Senna caudata (Standl.) H.S.Irwin &
Barneby
Senna cearensis Afr.Fern.
Senna centranthera H.S.Irwin & Barneby
Senna cernua (Balb.) H.S.Irwin &
Barneby
Senna chapmanii (Isely) A.Barreto &
Yakovlev
Senna charlesiana (Symon) Randell
Senna chloroclada (Harms) H.S.Irwin &
Barneby
Senna chrysocarpa (Desv.) H.S.Irwin &
Barneby
Senna cladophylla (W.Fitzg.) Randell
Senna clavigera (Domin) Randell
Senna cobanensis (Britton) H.S.Irwin &
Barneby
Senna coimbrae M.Nee & Barneby
Senna collicola H.S.Irwin & Barneby
Senna confinis (Greene) H.S.Irwin &
Barneby
Senna corifolia (Benth.) H.S.Irwin &
Barneby
Senna cornigera H.S.Irwin & Barneby
Senna coronilloides (Benth.) Randell
Senna corymbosa (Lam.) H.S.Irwin &
Barneby – Argentine senna, Argentine
wild sensitive plant[25]
Senna costata (J.F.Bailey & C.T.White)
Randell
Senna covesii (A.Gray) H.S.Irwin &
Barneby – Coues' cassia, Coves' cassia,
desert senna[25]
Senna crassiramea (Benth.) H.S.Irwin &
Barneby
Senna crotalarioides (Kunth) H.S.Irwin &
Barneby
Senna cruckshanksii (Hook.) H.S.Irwin &
Barneby
Senna cuatrecasasii H.S.Irwin & Barneby
Senna cumingii (Hook. & Arn.) H.S.Irwin
& Barneby
Senna curvistyla (J.M.Black) Randell
Senna cushina (J.F.Macbr.) H.S.Irwin &
Barneby
Senna cuthbertsonii (F.Muell.) Randell
Senna dardanoi Afr.Fern. & P.Bezerra
Senna dariensis (Britton & Rose)
H.S.Irwin & Barneby
Senna davidsonii (V.Singh) V.Singh
Senna demissa (Rose) H.S.Irwin &
Barneby
Senna didymobotrya (Fresen.) H.S.Irwin
& Barneby – candelabra-tree, peanut
butter cassia, African senna
Senna divaricata (Nees & Blume) Lock
Senna domingensis (Spreng.) H.S.Irwin
& Barneby
Senna durangensis (Rose) H.S.Irwin &
Barneby
Senna ellisiae (Brenan) Lock
Senna ferraria (Symon) Randell
Senna flexuosa (Randell) Randell
Senna × floribunda (Cav.) H.S.Irwin &
Barneby
Senna foetidissima (Ruiz & Pav. ex
G.Don) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
Senna formosa H.S.Irwin & Barneby
Senna fruticosa (Mill.) H.S.Irwin &
Barneby
Senna galeottiana (M.Martens)
H.S.Irwin & Barneby
Senna gardneri (Benth.) H.S.Irwin &
Barneby
Senna garrettiana (Craib) H.S.Irwin &
Barneby
Senna gaudichaudii (Hook. & Arn.)
H.S.Irwin & Barneby – climbing cassia,
heuhiuhi (Pacific Islands,
Queensland)[26]
Senna georgica H.S.Irwin & Barneby
Senna glanduligera (H.St.John) A.C.Sm.
Senna glaucifolia (Randell) Randell
Senna glutinosa (DC.) Randell
Senna goniodes (A.Cunn. ex Benth.)
Randell
Senna gossweileri (Baker f.) Lock
Senna guatemalensis (Donn.Sm.)
H.S.Irwin & Barneby
Senna gundlachii (Urb.) H.S.Irwin &
Barneby
Senna hamersleyensis (Symon) Randell
Senna harleyi H.S.Irwin & Barneby
Senna haughtii (J.F.Macbr.) H.S.Irwin &
Barneby
Senna hayesiana (Britton & Rose)
H.S.Irwin & Barneby
Senna hebecarpa (Fernald) H.S.Irwin &
Barneby – American senna, wild senna
Senna heptanthera Randell
Senna herzogii (Harms) H.S.Irwin &
Barneby
Senna hilariana (Benth.) H.S.Irwin &
Barneby
Senna hirsuta (L.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby –
woolly senna
Senna holosericea (Fresen.) Greuter
Senna holwayana (Rose) H.S.Irwin &
Barneby
Senna hookeriana Batke
Senna huancabambae (Harms)
H.S.Irwin & Barneby
Senna huidobriana (Phil.) Zoellner & San
Martin
Senna huilana (Britton & Rose) H.S.Irwin
& Barneby
Senna humifusa (Brenan) Lock
Senna incarnata (Benth.) H.S.Irwin &
Barneby
Senna insularis (Britton & Rose)
H.S.Irwin & Barneby
Senna intermedia (B.D.Sharma, Vivek. &
Rathakr.) V.Singh
Senna italica Mill. – Port Royal senna,
dog senna, Italian senna, Spanish senna
Senna itatiaiae H.S.Irwin & Barneby
Senna koelziana H.S.Irwin & Barneby
Senna kurtzii (Harms) H.S.Irwin &
Barneby
Senna lactea (Vatke) Du Puy
Senna lasseigniana H.S.Irwin & Barneby
Senna latifolia (G.Mey.) H.S.Irwin &
Barneby
Senna leandrii (Ghesq.) Du Puy
Senna lechriosperma H.S.Irwin &
Barneby
Senna leiophylla (Vogel) H.S.Irwin &
Barneby
Senna leptoclada (Benth.) Randell
Senna ligustrina (L.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
– privet senna
Senna lindheimeriana (Scheele)
H.S.Irwin & Barneby – velvet-leaf senna,
showy senna
Senna longiglandulosa (Benth.)
H.S.Irwin & Barneby
Senna longiracemosa (Vatke) Lock
Senna loretensis (Killip) H.S.Irwin &
Barneby
Senna lourteigiana H.S.Irwin & Barneby
Senna macranthera (DC. ex Collad.)
H.S.Irwin & Barneby
Senna macrophylla (Kunth) H.S.Irwin &
Barneby
Senna magnifolia (F.Muell.) Randell
Senna malaspinae H.S.Irwin & Barneby
Senna mandonii (Benth.) H.S.Irwin &
Barneby
Senna manicula (Symon) Randell
Senna marilandica (L.) Link
Senna martiana (Benth.) H.S.Irwin &
Barneby
Senna mensicola (H.S.Irwin & Barneby)
H.S.Irwin & Barneby
Senna meridionalis (R.Vig.) Du Puy –
Madagascar senna
Senna mexicana (Jacq.) H.S.Irwin &
Barneby – Mexican senna
Senna mollissima (Humb. & Bonpl. ex
Willd.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
Senna monilifera H.S.Irwin & Barneby
Senna monozyx (H.S.Irwin & Barneby)
H.S.Irwin & Barneby
Senna montana (B.Heyne ex Roth)
V.Singh
Senna morongii (Britton) H.S.Irwin &
Barneby
Senna mucronifera (Mart. ex Benth.)
H.S.Irwin & Barneby
Senna multifoliolata (Paul G.Wilson)
H.S.Irwin & Barneby
Senna multiglandulosa (Jacq.) H.S.Irwin
& Barneby – glandular senna, downy
senna
Senna multijuga (Rich.) H.S.Irwin &
Barneby – false sicklepod
Senna mutisiana (Kunth) H.S.Irwin &
Barneby
Senna nana (Benth.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
Senna neglecta (Vogel) H.S.Irwin &
Barneby
Senna nicaraguensis (Benth.) H.S.Irwin
& Barneby
Senna nitida (Rich.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
Senna notabilis (F.Muell.) Randell
Senna nudicaulis (Burkart) H.S.Irwin &
Barneby
Senna obliqua (G.Don) H.S.Irwin &
Barneby
Senna oblongifolia (Vogel) H.S.Irwin &
Barneby
Senna obtusifolia (L.) H.S.Irwin &
Barneby – coffee-weed, java-bean,
American sicklepod
Senna occidentalis (L.) Link – antbush,
coffee-senna, negro-coffee, septicweed,
stinkingweed[27]
Senna oligoclada (F.Muell.) Randell
Senna orcuttii (Britton & Rose) H.S.Irwin
& Barneby – Orcutt's senna
Senna organensis (Glaz. ex Harms)
H.S.Irwin & Barneby
Senna oxyphylla (Kunth) H.S.Irwin &
Barneby
Senna pachyrrhiza (L.Bravo) H.S.Irwin &
Barneby
Senna pallida (Vahl) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
Senna papillosa (Britton & Rose)
H.S.Irwin & Barneby
Senna paposana (Phil.) Zoellner & San
Martin
Senna paradictyon (Vogel) H.S.Irwin &
Barneby
Senna paraensis (Ducke) H.S.Irwin &
Barneby
Senna pendula (Humb. & Bonpl. ex
Willd.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby – Easter
cassia
Senna pentagonia (Mill.) H.S.Irwin &
Barneby
Senna peralteana (Kunth) H.S.Irwin &
Barneby
Senna perrieri (R.Vig.) Du Puy
Senna petersiana (Bolle) Lock
Senna phlebadenia H.S.Irwin & Barneby
Senna phyllodinea (R.Br.) Symon
Senna pilifera (Vogel) H.S.Irwin &
Barneby
Senna pilocarina (Symon) Randell
Senna pilosior (B.L.Rob.) H.S.Irwin &
Barneby — Trans-Pecos senna
Senna pinheiroi H.S.Irwin & Barneby
Senna pistaciifolia (Kunth) H.S.Irwin &
Barneby
Senna planitiicola (Domin) Randell
Senna pleurocarpa (F.Muell.) Randell –
stripe-pod cassia[28]
Senna pneumatica H.S.Irwin & Barneby
Senna podocarpa (Guill. & Perr.) Lock
Senna polyantha (Collad.) H.S.Irwin &
Barneby
Senna polyphylla (Jacq.) H.S.Irwin &
Barneby
Senna praeterita H.S.Irwin & Barneby
Senna procumbens Randell
Senna pumilio (A.Gray) H.S.Irwin &
Barneby – dwarf senna
Senna punoensis Lass.
Senna purpusii (Brandegee) H.S.Irwin &
Barneby
Senna quinquangulata (Rich.) H.S.Irwin
& Barneby
Senna racemosa (Mill.) H.S.Irwin &
Barneby – limestone senna
Senna reniformis (G.Don) H.S.Irwin &
Barneby
Senna reticulata (Willd.) H.S.Irwin &
Barneby
Senna rigidicaulis (Burkart ex L.Bravo)
H.S.Irwin & Barneby
Senna ripleyana (H.S.Irwin & Barneby)
H.S.Irwin & Barneby – Ripley's senna
Senna rizzinii H.S.Irwin & Barneby
Senna robiniifolia (Benth.) H.S.Irwin &
Barneby
Senna roemeriana (Scheele) H.S.Irwin &
Barneby – twoleaf senna, Roemer senna
Senna rostrata (Mart.) H.S.Irwin &
Barneby – New Mexico wild sensitive
plant
Senna rugosa (G.Don) H.S.Irwin &
Barneby
Senna ruiziana (G.Don) H.S.Irwin &
Barneby
Senna rupununiensis H.S.Irwin &
Barneby
Senna ruspolii (Chiov.) Lock
Senna saeri (Pittier) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
Senna sandwithiana H.S.Irwin & Barneby
Senna santanderensis (Britton & Killip)
H.S.Irwin & Barneby
Senna scabriuscula (Vogel) H.S.Irwin &
Barneby
Senna scandens (G.Don) H.S.Irwin &
Barneby
Senna septemtrionalis (Viv.) H.S.Irwin &
Barneby – arsenic-bush, Dooleyweed,
laburnum, smooth senna
Senna sericea (Symon) Albr. & Symon
Senna siamea (Lam.) H.S.Irwin &
Barneby – kassodtree, Siamese cassia,
Thai cassia, Thailand shower
Senna silvestris (Vell.) H.S.Irwin &
Barneby
Senna singueana (Delile) Lock
Senna skinneri (Benth.) H.S.Irwin &
Barneby
Senna smithiana (Britton & Rose)
H.S.Irwin & Barneby
Senna sophera (L.) Roxb.
Senna sophora Roxb.
Senna sousana H.S.Irwin & Barneby
Senna spectabilis (DC.) H.S.Irwin &
Barneby
Senna spinescens (Hoffmanns. ex
Vogel) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
Senna spiniflora (Burkart) H.S.Irwin &
Barneby
Senna spinigera (Rizzini) H.S.Irwin &
Barneby
Senna splendida (Vogel) H.S.Irwin &
Barneby
Senna stenophylla (Britton) H.S.Irwin &
Barneby
Senna stipulacea (Aiton) H.S.Irwin &
Barneby
Senna stowardii (S.Moore) Randell
Senna stricta (Randell) Randell
Senna suarezensis (Capuron) Du Puy
Senna subtrijuga H.S.Irwin & Barneby
Senna subulata (Griseb.) H.S.Irwin &
Barneby
Senna sulfurea (DC. ex Collad.) H.S.Irwin
& Barneby
Senna surattensis (Burm.f.) H.S.Irwin &
Barneby
Senna symonii (Randell) Randell
Senna talpana H.S.Irwin & Barneby
Senna tapajozensis (Ducke) H.S.Irwin &
Barneby
Senna tenuifolia (Vogel) H.S.Irwin &
Barneby
Senna timoriensis (DC.) H.S.Irwin &
Barneby
Senna tocotana (Rose ex Britton & Killip)
Silverst.
Senna tonduzii (Standl.) H.S.Irwin &
Barneby
Senna tora (L.) Roxb. – sickle senna,
foetid cassia
Senna trachypus (Mart. ex Benth.)
H.S.Irwin & Barneby
Senna trianae H.S.Irwin & Barneby
Senna trolliiflora H.S.Irwin & Barneby
Senna tropica (Vell.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
Senna truncata (Brenan) Lock
Senna tuhovalyana (Aké Assi) Lock
Senna uncata H.S.Irwin & Barneby
Senna undulata (Benth.) H.S.Irwin &
Barneby
Senna uniflora (Mill.) H.S.Irwin &
Barneby
Senna unijuga (Rose) H.S.Irwin &
Barneby
Senna urmenetae (Phil.) H.S.Irwin &
Barneby
Senna vargasii (Schery) H.S.Irwin &
Barneby
Senna velutina (Vogel) H.S.Irwin &
Barneby
Senna venusta (F.Muell.) Randell
Senna versicolor (Meyen ex Vogel)
H.S.Irwin & Barneby
Senna viarum (Little) H.S.Irwin &
Barneby
Senna viciifolia (Benth.) H.S.Irwin &
Barneby
Senna viguierella (Ghesq.) Du Puy
Senna villosa (Mill.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
Senna viminea (L.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
Senna weddelliana H.S.Irwin & Barneby
 Senna williamsii (Britton & Rose)
H.S.Irwin & Barneby
Senna wislizeni (A.Gray) H.S.Irwin &
Barneby
Senna wurdackii H.S.Irwin & Barneby –
Wislizenus' senna, shrubby senna

Fossil record
This section needs expansion.
Learn more

A fossil seed pod of Senna sp. from the

middle Eocene epoch has been described
from the Rancho clay pit in Henry County,
Tennessee (United States).[29]

References
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3. Marazzi, B.; et al. (2006).
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. Irwin H. S., Barneby R. C. (1982). "The
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 9. Singh, V. 2001. Monograph on the
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12. B.R.Randell, B.R. & Barlow, B.A.
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14. Bruna Karen Pinheiro-Costa, José
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15. Teangpook C.; et al. (2011).
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17. Mueller-Lissner, S. A.; Wald, A (2010).
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19. Izzy, M; Malieckal, A; Little, E; Anand,
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20. CADTH Rapid Response Reports
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21. Gordon, M; MacDonald, J. K.; Parker,
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22. "Senna Mill" . Plants of the World
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24. USDA, ARS, National Genetic
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2 . "kolomona, kalamona, heuhiuhi,
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2 . "Senna pleurocarpa" . Germplasm
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 29. The Fossil History of Leguminosae
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Kew, ISBN 0 947643 40 0

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