Jharkhand Climate Change Impact

Jharkhand- Action Plan on Climate Change
Government of Jharkhand,
Ranchi, Jharkhand
k 2014
Disclaimer
All the comments and suggestions received during the earlier consultative process have been duly incorporated
in this report. However, further deliberation is still required for relating figures, targets; specific strategies,
especially those requiring inter-departmental coordination etc. and yet certain indicative financial estimates for
specific sectors have also been proposed, with calculations made by external consultant in consultation with
concerned department using certain assumptions.
This report has been shared for review to various departments in the Government of Jharkhand or their
representatives and other stakeholders in the state on several occasions for their comments, also the report has
been shared with civil society and general public for comments. The comments have been incorporated
The various statistics that have been used herein are as per the information received from various Government
departments in Jharkhand and other specific sources. However no claim is made for their accuracy and user is
requested to confirm these figures from the official sources. Further all the projections are made with certain
assumptions and hence they should not be taken on face value (because of limitation of climate science and its
interaction with various ecosystems).
FOREWORD
Climate change is proving out to be one of the greatest challenges faced by the global community today. The
analysis of past trends and current erratic behaviour in climatic events shows that changes being experienced in the
climate of Jharkhand are the proof of natural climate variability prevailing in the state. Many studies for the state
show that the Jharkhand is in precarious situation due to its high climate sensitivity and vulnerability, combined with
low adaptive capacity.
The state is already suffering due to its high dependence on mineral resources. Further the forest and water resources
in the State are facing threat due to industrial and urban growth and being uneven in distribution both temporally and
spatially. Hence the challenge of climate change calls for appropriate, evidence based and coherent policy response,
followed by the adequate action that can help reduce its vulnerability and build resilience of the various sectors of
the state in the context of climate change impacts.
I am pleased to know that Department of Forest and Environment, Government of Jharkhand, has been able to draft
a State Climate Change Action Plan, building upon the inputs from the various departments of GoJ. Mrs Alka
Tiwari, Principal Secretary, Department of Forest and Environment, GoJ deserves compliments for her overall
coordination in this endeavour. I also thank all the departmental secretaries of GoJ for their support in this effort;
resulting in a valuable planning document.
Further the drafting team led by PCCF Jharkhand in general, its Co-chairman Dr. H. S. Gupta, State Programme
Director, Jharkhand Tribal Development Society, in particular deserve to be congratulated for completing this job in
a very short span of time.
I sincerely hope that the priorities identified under the Climate Change Action Plan will prompt us to have effective
execution strategies that will help the state to address the challenges of climate change and ensure a sustainable
pathway for development of Jharkhand.
Ranchi
Date: 19-02-2014 Development Commissioner
Government of Jharkhand
Nepal House
Ranchi
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
At the outset, I express my foremost gratitude to Shri S. Prasad, Development Commissioner GoJ and Shri
Debashish Gupta, and Shri A .K Sarkar both ex Development Commissioner, GoJ, for their constant guidance and
encouragement at each stage in drafting of the Jharkhand State Action Plan on Climate Change; in their capacity of
Chairperson of State Steering Committee on Climate Change Action Plan.
I am grateful to Principal Secretary Environment & Forest, GoJ,Smt. Alka Tiwari for her constant encouragement
and motivation. I am also grateful to Sri L. Khiangte, Principal Secretary, Welfare Department for supporting me
and allowing me to carry out this work beyond current responsibilities. I also extend my appreciation for the
support offered by UNDP and the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF), Government of India for playing a
role of catalyst in formulation of this “Plan”. I acknowledge the UNDP team of Priti Soni; P. Krishnan, New Delhi in
particular and Sri Deepak Bawari of Emergent Ventures India (EVI) for their sincere efforts towards the realisation
of this document.
I also take this opportunity to thank the officials from various departments of the Government of Jharkhand for
their time and valuable inputs for enriching this pioneer “Plan”. I also thank all the experts who participated in the
different workshop for sharing their expertise and experiences that has added to the scientific rigor, strength and
dynamism of this document. All this could be possible due to support provided by the various departmental
secretaries of GoJ and supplemented by their officials. A few names, worth mentioning are:-
Sri S.K.Satpathy, Principal Secretary, WRD, GoJ.

Sri B.C.Nigam, Spl. Secretary, WRD, GoJ.
Sri S.L.S.Jageshwar, Director, Ground Water, GoJ.
Sri Sinha, Director,CGWB,GoI,Ranchi
Sri Y. Mishra, Consultant WRD, GoJ.
Sri A.K.Singh, Principal Secretary, Agriculture, Animal Husbandry, Fisheries, Goj,
Sri. K.K.Sone, Director, Agriculture, GoJ.
Prof. A. Wadood, Birsa Agriculture University.
Sri V.K.Singh, Principal Secretary, Energy, GoJ.
Sri. V.S. Gour, Spl. Secretary, Energy, GoJ.
Sri K.K. Verma, Chief Engineer, JSEB, GoJ.
Addl. Chief Secretary, Mining, GoJ.
Sri B.B.Singh, Director, Mines, GoJ.
Sri Minz, Addl. Director, Mines, GoJ.
Sri Satish K. Sinha, IICM, Ranchi.
Addl. Chief Secretary, Drinking Water & Sanitation, GoJ.
Sri S. Verma, Engineer in Chief, Drinking Water & Sanitation, GoJ.
K. Vidyasagar, Principal Secretary, Health, Health Education and Family Welfare, GoJ.
Dr. S.S.Baraik, Dy Director Health, GoJ.
Secretary, Urban Development.
Chairperson, Jharkhand State Pollution Control Board, GoJ.
Sri S. Sinha, Secretary, JSPCB, Jharkhand.
Sri A. K. Singh ,Principal Chief Conservator of Forest, Jharkhand.
-Dr. A.K. Malhotra Principal Chief Conservator of Forest, Jharkhand
-Sri A. K. Mishra, Chairman, Jharkhand State Pollution Control Board, Ranchi
-Dr. D.K. Srivastava Addl. Principal Chief Conservator of Forest, Jharkhand
-Sri A.K.Patra. Chief Conservator of Forest, Jharkhand.
-Sri Rajiv Ranjan, Chief Conservator of Forest, Jharkhand
Sri D.K. Saxena, Spl. Secretary, Forest & Environment.
Dr. Mukesh K. Verma, Dy. Secretary, Environment & Forest, GoJ.
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Mamta Priadarshi
V.K.Srivastava, A.C.F., GoJ.
V. Choudhary A.C.F.
Sri R.S.Poddar, Addl. Chief Secretary, Rural Development Deptt., GoJ.
Sri A.P.Singh, Secretary, Industries, GoJ.
Smt. V. Dadel, Director, Industries, GoJ.
Sri D. P. Vidyarthy, Dy. Director, Industries, GoJ.
Dr. Manoj Kumar, Centre for Excellence on Climate Change, BIT, Mesra.
Dr. G. Pathak, Dean and Head, Environmental Engineering BIT, Mesra.
Dr. S.K. Singh, MECON, Ranchi.
Dr. D.K. Mohanty, Director, Meteorology, GoI, Ranchi.
Dr. Santosh Mishra, WWF, Jharkhand & Bihar.
Sri R.P.Singh, Director, State Institute of Rural Development, GoI
Sri B.Nijlingappa, Director, IWMP, GoJ.
Sri Atul Prakash, IIT, Roorkee
Sri D. Kundu, JTDS, Ranchi
This whole work could not have been possible without the coordination provided by Smt. Diksha Prasad, CF
(Training), Forest Deptt., GoJ who ensured the participation of various Stakeholders and enriched every meeting
with her ideas.
I also gratefully acknowledge the catalytic efforts of Shri R.R. Rashmi, Joint Secretary in the MoEF, Government of
India and his continued support. Last but not the least I thank my colleagues and official of JTDS and of Forest
Department of Jharkhand for their support and co-operation at different stages.
Dr H .S. Gupta, IFS

State Programme Director,
Jharkhand Tribal Development Society
Ranchi, Jharkhand
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Contents
Foreword ................................................................................................................................................................................. i
Acknowledgments ................................................................................................................................................................... ii
List of Figures .......................................................................................................................................................................... ix
List of Tables ........................................................................................................................................................................... xi
Abbreviations.....................................................................................................................................................................xiv
Executive Summary ............................................................................................................................................................... xiv
SECTION A: CLIMATE CHANGE AND JHARKHAND ..................................................................................................................... 0
Climate Change and its Impacts on Growth and Development ................................................................................................. 1
1.1 International Position and Efforts on climate change Regulation vis-à-vis India ............................................ 2
1.2 India’s National Initiatives towards Climate Change ........................................................................................ 2
1.3 Guiding Principles followed for Tackling Climate Change Adaptation Approach ............................................ 3
Jharkhand: an overview .......................................................................................................................................................... 4
2.1 Physiography of the state .................................................................................................................................. 4
2.2 Agriculture and animal husbandry .................................................................................................................... 4
2.3 Water Resources ................................................................................................................................................ 5
2.4 Energy ................................................................................................................................................................. 5
2.5 Urban Sector ....................................................................................................................................................... 6
2.6 Transport and Mobility Infrastructure .............................................................................................................. 6
2.7 Forests and Other land use ................................................................................................................................ 6
2.8 Mining and industries ........................................................................................................................................ 7
2.9 Emission footprint of various sectors in Jharkhand: ......................................................................................... 8
2.10 Observed climate change and development issues in Jharkhand: ................................................................. 9

Climate change and Jharkhand: state Actions .........................................................................................................................11
3.1 Public policy Initiatives in Jharkhand .............................................................................................................. 11
3.2 Jharkhand State Action Plan on Climate Change ............................................................................................ 12

Climate change in Jharkhand: Observations and patterns .......................................................................................................17
4.1 Rainfall trends in Jharkhand ............................................................................................................................ 17
4.2 Prevailing Maximum Temperature .................................................................................................................. 19
4.3 Projections for future climate .......................................................................................................................... 20

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4.3.1 Projections using PRECIS model: ............................................................................................................... 20
4.3.2 Projections using WORLDCLIM data: Precipitation projections for 2050 and 2080 ................................. 23
4.3.3 IPCC SRES emission scenario ..................................................................................................................... 24
4.4 People’s Voices are observed weather changes ............................................................................................. 25

Vulnerability and Adaptation with respect to Climate Change in Jharkhand ...........................................................................27
5.1 Methodology for preparing district vulnerability ranking ....................................................................... 27
5.2 Vulnerability Index with respect to climate change of different districts of Jharkhand ......................... 28
5.3 The way forward........................................................................................................................................ 29

SECTION B: SECTORAL ANALYSIS ............................................................................................................................................30
Agriculture sector and climate change ....................................................................................................................................31
6.1 Challenges faced by agriculture sector in Jharkhand ............................................................................... 33
6.2 Impact of climate change on agriculture/ allied sector .................................................................................. 34
6.3 Agriculture Vulnerability index with respect to Climate Change ................................................................... 36
6.4 Agriculture sector climate adaptation strategies ............................................................................................ 38
6.5 Sectoral action plan and budget ...................................................................................................................... 41

Forestry sector and climate change ........................................................................................................................................42
7.1 Jharkhand state of forest ................................................................................................................................. 42
7.2 Forestry Vulnerability index with respect to Climate Change ........................................................................ 43
7.3 Issues faced by forestry sector in Jharkhand................................................................................................... 45
7.3.1 Low productivity........................................................................................................................................ 45
7.3.2 Forest fires ................................................................................................................................................ 45
7.3.3 Diversion of forest land ............................................................................................................................. 45
7.3.4 Woodfuel dependency on forests ............................................................................................................. 46
7.3.5 Human activities on forest land ................................................................................................................ 46
7.4 Current policies, programmes and projects to protect forests and biodiversity ........................................... 47
7.5 Forests in Jharkhand as Carbon Sinks .............................................................................................................. 48
7.6 Concerns of Forests, Wild Life and biodiversity in Jharkhand due to climate change ................................... 48
7.7 Strategies to address concerns due to Climate Change in Forestry sector .................................................... 50

Human health and climate change .........................................................................................................................................53
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8.1 Health Indicators and Infrastructure ............................................................................................................... 53
8.2 health issues faced by the state ...................................................................................................................... 54
8.3 Health Policies and Interventions .................................................................................................................... 55
8.4 Climate change and health issues.................................................................................................................... 56
8.5 Health sector climate adaptation approach for Jharkhand ............................................................................ 59

Industries in Jharkhand and climate change ...........................................................................................................................61
9.1 Industrial Development and Characteristics ................................................................................................... 61
9.2 industrial sector in Jharkhand- Environmental footprint ............................................................................... 62
Overview of GHG emissions from industry ........................................................................................................ 62
9.3 Industrial growth in Jharkhand-Issues............................................................................................................. 63
9.4 Impact of Climate Change on Industries ......................................................................................................... 64
9.5 Climate Change vis-à-vis Gaps : Jharkhand Industrial Policy, 2012 ................................................................ 65
9.6 adaptation approaches for Industrial sector in Jharkhand ............................................................................. 66

Mining sector in Jharkhand and climate change .....................................................................................................................69
10.1 Mineral resources in the state ....................................................................................................................... 69
10.2 Mining sector associated issues in Jharkhand ............................................................................................... 70
10.4 Climate change and mining activities in Jharkhand ...................................................................................... 72
10.4.1 Natural Hazards ....................................................................................................................................... 73
10.4.2 Other risks ............................................................................................................................................... 75
10.5 Adaptation Plan.............................................................................................................................................. 76
10.6 Sectoral action plan and budget .................................................................................................................... 76

Power sector and climate change ...........................................................................................................................................77
11.1 Electricity generation ..................................................................................................................................... 77
11.2 Electricity sector issues in Jharkhand ............................................................................................................ 78
11.3 Energy policy of Jharkhand ............................................................................................................................ 79
11.4 GHG emissions of energy sector in the state ................................................................................................ 79
11.5 Impact of climate change on power situation............................................................................................... 80

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11.5.1 Impact on power consumption ............................................................................................................... 80
11.5.2 Water availability .................................................................................................................................... 81
11.5.3 Higher Temperature Leading to Reduced Efficiency ............................................................................... 82
11.5.4 Rainfall effect on fuel mining and transportation ................................................................................... 82
11.5.5 Climate change’s impact on hydropower plants ..................................................................................... 83
11.5.6 Impact of climate change on renewable energy sources ........................................................................ 83
11.5.7 Energy from renewable sources ............................................................................................................. 83
11.6 Climate change Adaptation measures for Power Sector in Jharkhand ........................................................ 83

Jharkhand- Urban and Transportation sector and Climate Change ..........................................................................................87
12.1 Population characteristics of the state .......................................................................................................... 87
12.2 Transport sector in Jharkhand ....................................................................................................................... 88
12.3 Impact of Human settlements on climate change ........................................................................................ 89
12.3.1 urban sector Emission Footprint ............................................................................................................. 89
12.3.2 Urban water demand .............................................................................................................................. 91
12.4 Climate change impact on urban sector ........................................................................................................ 91
12.4.2 Heat waves and rising temperature ........................................................................................................ 92
12.4.3 Climate change and Risk of flood ............................................................................................................ 92
12.5. Issues and Challenges: Urban sector and transportation ............................................................................ 94
12.6 Adaptation strategies ..................................................................................................................................... 96

Water Resources and climate change .....................................................................................................................................98
13.1 Water Sector Overview .................................................................................................................................. 98
13.1.1 Surface water resource ........................................................................................................................... 98
13.1.2 Ground water resources .............................................................................................................................. 98
13.2 Water sector issues & Challenges ............................................................................................................. 99
13.2.1 Ground water issues ............................................................................................................................. 100
13.2.2 Surface water issues.............................................................................................................................. 101
13.3 Water sector Vulnerability to climate change............................................................................................. 102

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13.4 Sectoral response ......................................................................................................................................... 104
13.4.1 Sectoral vision and commitment .......................................................................................................... 104
13.4.2 Strategies .............................................................................................................................................. 104
13.5 Sectoral action plan and budget .................................................................................................................. 107

Knowledge Management on Climate Change .......................................................................................................................108
14.1 Knowledge management- requirement of Jharkhand ................................................................................ 108
14.2 Data collection and information management requirement ..................................................................... 110
14.3 Current status of information and knowledge management ..................................................................... 111
14.4 Strategies for knowledge management ...................................................................................................... 112

Institutional Model for State Actions on Climate Change ......................................................................................................114
15.1 Institutional structure of the Climate Change Action ................................................................................. 114
15.2 Key areas of potential future work.............................................................................................................. 116

SECTION C: SECTORAL ACTION PLANS ..................................................................................................................................... 0
1. StretEgic Approach for Agriculture sector (2013-18) ....................................................................................................... I
2. Strategic Approach for Forestry sector ............................................................................................................................ IV
3. StrategiC Approach for Health sector .......................................................................................................................... VII
4. Strategic Approach for Industrial sector ....................................................................................................................... IX
5. Strategic Approach for Mining sector ........................................................................................................................... XI
6. Strategic Approach for Power Sector .......................................................................................................................... XIII
7. Strategic Approach for Urban and Transport sector ..................................................................................................... XV
8. Strategic Approach for Water sector ........................................................................................................................ XVIII
ANNEXURES ........................................................................................................................................................................ - 0 -
Annexure 1- National Missions ............................................................................................................................ - 1 -
Annexure 2 - GHG emissions ............................................................................................................................... - 3 -
Annexure 3 - Calculation of Climate Change vulnerability Index
............................................................................................................................................................................. - 4 -
Annexure 4 - Calculation of agriculture sector Vulnerability Index
............................................................................................................................................................................. - 5 -
Annexure 5 - Calculation of forestry sector Vulnerability Index
............................................................................................................................................................................. - 6 -
Annexure 6 - Captive power plants in Jharkhand
............................................................................................................................................................................. - 7 -
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Bibliography ........................................................................................................................................................................ - 8 -
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Jharkhand demography: Growth and composition........................................................................................................ 6
Figure 2: Distribution of primary, secondary and tertiary sectors in Jharkhand’s GSDP............................................................... 8
Figure 3: Seasonal precipitation distribution for Ranchi city (data from 1956-2008) ................................................................ 17
Figure 4: Decadal distribution of rainfall of Ranchi (1956 to 2008) of Jharkhand state .............................................................. 17
Figure 5: Comparative representation of average maximum temperature trend for the decades 1960-70, average (2001-06) and
normal (1956-2006) at Ranchi .................................................................................................................................................... 19
Figure 6: Projected changes in summer monsoon rainfall (upper panel) and surface air for A2 and B2 scenarios .................... 20
Figure 7: Percentage change predicted in the summer monsoon precipitation by three PRECIS runs in 2030 w.r.t. 1970s ...... 20
Figure 8: Projected changes in surface air for A2 and B2 scenarios for 2071-2100 .................................................................... 21
Figure 9: Changes in annual surface air temperatures in 2030 with respect to 1970................................................................. 21
Figure 10: Medium term and long term precipitation projections for Jharkhand ...................................................................... 23
Figure 11: Short, medium and long term temperature projections for Jharkhand..................................................................... 24
Figure 12: A1B Scenario and rainfall projections for Jharkhand ................................................................................................ 25
Figure 13: Predicted change in Rainfall (figure A) and Temperature ( figure B) and by 2085, B2 Scenario ............................... 25
Figure 14: Composite vulnerability mapping of Jharkhand......................................................................................................... 29
Figure 15: Variation in area under various crops in Jharkhand during 1999-2005 ..................................................................... 33
Figure 16: Variation in share of various crops (as % of total output) in Jharkhand during 1999-2005 ...................................... 33
Figure 17: Areas affected by drought situation in Jharkhand ..................................................................................................... 34
Figure 18: Agriculture sector vulnerability map of Jharkhand .................................................................................................... 38
Figure 19: Jharkhand area under forest cover and forest distribution ....................................................................................... 42
Figure 20: Forestry vulnerability map of Jharkhand ................................................................................................................... 44
Figure 21: Forest area diversion during last three decades ........................................................................................................ 46
Figure 22: A1B SCENARIO-Climate change and its impact on vegetation in Jharkhand .............................................................. 49
Figure 23: A2 SCENARIO (year 2085) -Climate change and its impact on forests in Jharkhand .................................................. 49
Figure 24: Cases of Malaria and Dengue in Jharkhand .............................................................................................................. 54
Figure 25: Concentration of deaths from Malaria diagnosed in Lancet survey .......................................................................... 55
Figure 26: Percent population covered during Mass Drug Administration................................................................................. 56
Figure 27: Change in incidence of malaria due to shift in transmission windows ...................................................................... 58
Figure 28: Industrial production and GHG emissions of selected products in Jharkhand ( year 2011)....................................... 62
Figure 29: Productivity levels-Jharkhand and India .................................................................................................................... 63
Figure 30: Impact of temperature ruse on power output of captive power plants in Jharkhand ............................................... 64
Figure 31: Contribution of mining sector in State GDP, employment and royalty collection .................................................... 69
Figure 32: Mineral production (in million tonnes) in Jharkhand during 2005-2010 ................................................................... 70
Figure 33: Losses to the Indian mining sector due to logistical issues ....................................................................................... 70
Figure 34: Jharkhand- Major mining areas and the rivers flowing through the region .............................................................. 71
Figure 35: GHG emissions from coal and iron ore mining activities in Jharkhand ...................................................................... 71
Figure 36: Water use of mining sector in Jharkhand .................................................................................................................. 72
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Figure 37: Mineral map of Jharkhand ........................................................................................................................................ 74
Figure 38: Districts under Forest fire risks .................................................................................................................................. 74
Figure 39: Electricity Production In Jharkhand ( 2006-2011) ...................................................................................................... 77
Figure 40: Electricity generation and installed power capacity in Jharkhand ............................................................................. 78
Figure 41: Actual and projected GHG emission trajectory from power plants in Jharkhand ...................................................... 80
Figure 42: Number of power outrages-Comparison of situation in Jharkhand........................................................................... 80
Figure 43: Projected impact of temperature rise on domestic electricity demand in Jharkhand ............................................... 81
Figure 44: Long term change in water stress and power plants ................................................................................................. 82
Figure 45: Temperature rise and its impact on energy output from thermal power plants ....................................................... 82
Figure 46: Climate change impact on various energy sources ................................................................................................... 83
Figure 47: Efficiency of coal fired power plants and plant load factor ....................................................................................... 85
Figure 48: Urbanisation Trend in Jharkhand ............................................................................................................................... 88
Figure 49: Vehicles on Jharkhand roads...................................................................................................................................... 88
Figure 50: Urban sector GHG emissions from MSD and waste water......................................................................................... 90
Figure 51: GHG emissions from transport sector in Jharkhand .................................................................................................. 90
Figure 52: Urban sector GHG emissions from fuel used during cooking and lighting (pertaining to year 2005-06) ................... 90
Figure 53: Urban sector GHG emissions from cooking, waste generation and transportation (pertaining to year 2005-06) .... 91
Figure 54: Estimated water demand for urban sector- Jharkhand ............................................................................................. 91
Figure 55: SPV energy solutions for domestic sector: Relative ranking of Jharkhand ( as on Jan 2011) ..................................... 95
Figure 56: Comparative analysis of Road density and Percentage of surface roads in Jharkhand ............................................. 96
Figure 57: Distribution of electric and diesel pumpsets in India (each dot represents 5000 borewells) .................................. 99
Figure 58: Ground water depletion in Jharkhand (depletion in cm/year) ................................................................................ 100
Figure 59: Water depth change in Jharkhand during 1980-2010 ............................................................................................. 101
Figure 60: National water demand-supply estimation ............................................................................................................. 103
Figure 61: Suggestive Institutional Structure for Jharkhand Climate Change Action Implementation ..................................... 115
Figure 62: Suggestive list of Directors with respective responsibilities .................................................................................... 115
Figure 63: Key areas of action to establish Climate Change Action Unit .................................................................................. 116
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Highlights of possible climate impacts ............................................................................................................................ 1

Table 2: Social and economic features of Jharkhand .................................................................................................................... 4
Table 3: District wise comparative analysis of the emissions ....................................................................................................... 8
Table 4: Jharkhand’s comparative ranking w.r.t. to infrastructure and social development indicators ....................................... 9
Table 5: Jharkhand state police vis-à-vis climate change ............................................................................................................ 12
Table 6: Correlation coefficient (r) of different decades from year 1961 to 2010 between monthly rainfall (mm) with normal at
Ranchi ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 18
Table 7: Coefficient of variability of different decadal (1956 to 2010) monthly rainfall distribution with individual month of the
year (decadal) of Ranchi, Jharkhand ........................................................................................................................................... 19
Table 8: Characteristics of simulated seasonal and annual rainfall an mean temperature for all-India ( baseline and A1B
Scenario- Q-O Simulation)...........................................................................................................................................................21
Scenario- Q-1 Simulation) ........................................................................................................................................................... 22
Scenario- Q-14 Simulation) ......................................................................................................................................................... 22
Table 11: Indicators for Vulnerability Assessment ...................................................................................................................... 27
Table 12: Vulnerability index for districts of Jharkhand .............................................................................................................. 29
Table 13: Snapshot of agriculture sector in Jharkhand ............................................................................................................... 31
Table 14: Food and nutritional Security in Jharkhand State (2008‐09) ...................................................................................... 32
Table 15: Vegetable Production in India and Jharkhand - Area and Productivity ...................................................................... 32
Table 16: Rainfall trends in the state of Jharkhand during last 100 years .................................................................................. 35
Table 17: Impact of temperature and rainfall variability on agriculture and allied Sector ......................................................... 35
Table 18: Core Criteria and Indicators for preparing agriculture vulnerability index ................................................................. 36
Table 19: Agriculture vulnerability index for Jharkhand ............................................................................................................. 37
Table 20: Forest area trend in Jharkhand ................................................................................................................................... 43
Table 21: Core Criteria and Indicators for selecting landscapes at L1 level ................................................................................ 43
Table 22: Forestry vulnerability index- Districts of Jharkhand .................................................................................................... 44
Table 23: Extent of fire incidents (ha) ......................................................................................................................................... 45
Table 24: Forest fire incidents-Jharkhand ................................................................................................................................... 45
Table 25: Carbon sequestration by the forests of Jharkhand ..................................................................................................... 48
Table 26: Health indicators and Jharkhand’s performance ........................................................................................................ 53
Table 27: Existing health infrastructure and shortfall ................................................................................................................. 53
Table 28: Human Resources ....................................................................................................................................................... 54
Table 29: Malaria and Dengue cases .......................................................................................................................................... 54
Table 30: Extreme weather events in Jharkhand during 2008-2012 .......................................................................................... 57
Table 31: Projected health impacts of climate change ............................................................................................................... 57
Table 32: Climate change and impact on power sector ............................................................................................................. 65
Table 33: energy saving potential of energy intensive SME clusters in Dhanbad ....................................................................... 67
Table 34: Number of mines in Jharkhand .................................................................................................................................. 69
Table 35: Districts with important minerals and frequently affected by forest fires .................................................................. 73
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Table 36: Impact of mining activity on surrounding resources .................................................................................................. 76
Table 37: Power availability and shortage in Jharkhand ............................................................................................................. 78
Table 38: Coal Bed Methane resources available in Jharkhand .................................................................................................. 84
Table 39: Decadal growth of population in Jharkhand ............................................................................................................... 87
Table 40: Urban population trend in Jharkhand ......................................................................................................................... 87
Table 41: Jharkhand’s Projected Slum Population from 2011 to 2017 (in millions) .................................................................. 88
Table 42: Climate change projections based on four GCM outputs for India ............................................................................ 92
Table 43: Household conditions in urban regions of Jharkhand ................................................................................................ 92
Table 44: Recorded Heat Waves in Jharkhand ........................................................................................................................... 92
Table 45: Projected climate change during the next century over India .................................................................................... 93
Table 46: Vulnerable urban infrastructure and impacts of climate parameters ........................................................................ 94
Table 47: SPC Appliance Penetration-Performance of Jharkhand .............................................................................................. 95
Table 48: Surface Water Snapshot of Jharkhand ........................................................................................................................ 98
Table 49: Groundwater Status and availability in Jharkhand ..................................................................................................... 99
Table 50: Groundwater availability, utilization and stage of development in Jharkhand ........................................................ 100
Table 51: Districts affected by dissolved chemicals .................................................................................................................. 101
Table 52: Waste water generated by urban settlements ......................................................................................................... 102
Table 53: National water demand estimation for Irrigation, domestic and industrial purpose ............................................... 103
Table 54: Projected water demand for Jharkhand.................................................................................................................... 104
Table 55: Projected water demand for Jharkhand.................................................................................................................... 109
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Abbreviations
AIADA Adityapur Industrial Area Development Authority
BAU Business as usual
Bcm Billion cubic meters
BIADA Bokaro Industrial Area Development Authority
CAGR Compounded annual growth rate
CDM Clean Development Mechanism
CO2 Carbon di-oxide
CPP Captive power plants (CPP)
FRA Forest Rights Act 2006
FSI Forest Survey of India
GHG Green House Gases
GSDP Gross State Domestic Product
Ha Hectares
HDI Human Development Index
INR Indian National Rupee
IPCC International Panel on Climate Change
JFM Joint Forest Management
JI Joint Implementation
JREDA Jharkhand Renewable Energy Development Agency
MDA Mass Drug Administration
MFP Minor Forest Produce
Mld Million litres per day
MSME Micro Small and Medium Enterprises
N2O Nitrogen oxide
NAPCC National Action Plan on Climate Change
NMDC National Mineral Development Corporation
NREGI New and Renewable Energy-Government of India
NSSO National Sample Survey Organization
PIM Participatory irrigation management
PRI Panchayati Raj Institutions
RIADA Ranchi Industrial Area Development Authority
SFR State Forest Report
Sq KM Square Kilometre
TW Transmission Window
WALMI Water and Land Management Institute
GDP Gross Domestic Product
IPR Intellectual Property Rights
ULB Urban Local Bodies
UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Climate change is one of the biggest challenges faced by the human race. IPCC has estimated the degree of threat to life and
economic well being associated with each degree rise in the global mean temperature. The scenarios are generated using GHG
concentrations resulting from varying economic growth estimations.
Impacts of climate change on India are going to be severe. Water resources, forests, agriculture and human health are going to
be impacted due to shift in precipitation and change in average minimum and maximum temperatures. To prepare for the
climate change, long term persistent efforts will be required on both the adaptation and mitigation fronts. The international
mitigation obligations are centred around the emission reduction for the developed countries. India, although not bound by
mitigation commitments has taken a proactive stance by coming out with voluntary emission reduction vision for the country as
well as prepared a forward looking adaptation plan for the country. Termed National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC),
the national adaptation strategies are guided by eight national missions. The NAPCC also sets the stage for the development of
state climate change action plans.
Jharkhand’s climate change action plan was envisaged with a vision of ‘achieving economic growth -poverty alleviation
objectives and enhancing livelihood opportunities while ensuring environmental sustainability.’ Supported by UNDP, the state
government of Jharkhand initiated the action plan development process in May 2011 with the formation of State Steering
Committee and State Advisory Group. The action plan development process included development of sectoral papers
identifying issues and constraints and developed climate change responses specific to each of the sectors. The responses
included both mitigation and adaptation measures. The climate change action plan thus developed was shared with
th
department heads on 28 Jan 2013, further the plan was open for wider public comments. Public consultation approach
included posting the report on the website of SPCB followed by advertisement in local newspapers inviting comments on the
report. The refined report was also shared with general public, industries, state departments through three regional workshops
conducted in each of the ecological zones. The workshops were organized in Dec 2013 in the cities of Ranchi, Hazaribag and
Jamshedpur.
The state action plan thus developed report is divided into three segments, Section-A sets the background for climate change
action plan. Describing the national level actions taken and quantifying the climate change impact on the state in the short,
medium and long duration the segment established the requirement for urgent action towards making the state adapt to
changing climatic conditions. The Section-B of the report analyzes the state of affairs of the selected sectors ( agriculture,
forestry, human health, industries, mining power, urban-transportation and water) quantifying the impact of climate change on
each of the sectors and details out the actions that will be required to prepare the capacity sectors to successfully deal with
issues arising from climate change. Section-C of the report charts the action plan for states action, resources required for
implementing the state actions and timeframe for implementation of the prescriptions.
The climate change impacts in the state of Jharkhand are apparent. In this report attempts have been made to quantify the
impacts of climate change on the natural resource stock and flows in the state. Multiple simulations carried out by reputed
national and international research institutions are analyzed to quantify the impact of climate change. All the major climate
change projects predict increase of rainfall in the state, under A1B scenario it’s projected that by the end of this century the
number of rainy days will go up by atleast 10 days, similarly B2 scenario predicts that the average rainfall in the state will rise by
~20%. The WORLDCLIM data (for A2B) scenario projects that the average temperature (both minimum and maximum) in all the
districts will rise over time and both summer and winters will become hotter by 2080. The summer temperature will go up by a
0 0
maximum of 2-3 C during 2020-2050 whereas average winter temperature will go up by 4.78-5.2 C during the same duration.
0
Similarly B2 scenario too predicts that on an average Jharkhand will witness a temperature rise of 2.5-3.0 C by the year 2085.
The climate change impacts are already recorded in the state. The weather pattern changes are reflected in the data recorded
by the weather station in the state. A snapshot of extreme weather events witnessed during 2008-2012 is provided in following
table.
Extreme weather events in Jharkhand during 2008-2012
Event Observations
Heat Waves 100 incidences in 2010
Highest temperature recorded 46.5° C in June 2010
Lowest temperature recorded 3.2°C in January, 2008
Highest rainfall recorded 338.1 mm in June 2008
The change in precipitation and temperature will reflect in the economic performance of the sectors. The experiments suggest
that the agriculture productivity will decrease in the state as the temperature rises. Also the incidences of pests and other crop
diseases will be on rise. And since most of the agriculture in the state is rain-fed, in absence of a robust irrigation infrastructure
the state’s agriculture production will go down over time. Water woes will increase over time, already marred with water
stress, climate change will trigger demand for water for agriculture, domestic and industrial sector adding to the stress on the
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water resources of the state. The forestry resources, being the cheapest available carbon sink will also suffer due to
temperature rise, of the 1148 FSI grids in the state, its projected (based on the A1B scenario) that due to climate change about
24.30 grids will get affected in ‘long term’ period, though there is no short term threat perceived for the forests in the state.
This will not only affect the plant species but will force the fauna to make adjustment to altered conditions by moving to newer
locations. This will increase the human-wildlife conflict over time.
Climate change will have repercussions on the performance of industrial processes and power generation in the state. The
water woes will reduce the output of the power plants. The hydro power plants will suffer as lesser water will be available,
whereas the thermal power plants will require larger amount of coolants (water in this case) to maintain production levels
(temperature rise reduces performance of machines that run on the principles of heat exchange). Similarly, industrial demand
for water and power will rise to maintain their productivity levels. Since the demand for these critical services (water and
power) will go up across sectors, hence the direct procurement cost of such services will rise, reducing the financial self
sufficiency of the industries.
Most importantly, climate change will constrain the availability of clean air, drinking water, sufficient and safe quality food and
also expose the human shelters to physical risk (due to extreme weather events).Provisioning of clean water for consumption
purpose will over time become more difficult and costly for the state and consumers will have to allocate additional resources
to ensure supplies of potable water. The climate change linked natural disasters due to heavy rainfall, floods can damage the
human settlements (in urban as well as rural areas) thus causing losses to human welfare, in addition the surge of water can
also temporarily spoil the clean water sources.
To combat climate change, the state will have to adopt two pronged approach. Actions will be required to help the state adapt
to climate change to a certain degree and efforts will have to be made to reduce the GHG emissions from anthropogenic
activities. The state will have to invest heavily to safeguard the welfare interests of the population, especially tribal who suffer
from acute poverty. Ensuring adequate and quality water and food will become the priority of the state as due to stress on
stock and flow of natural resources (water, agriculture, forestry) supplies of critical inputs to economy will dwindle. All the
sectors will have to invest on technologies and processes to improve their performance at the same time reduce emissions.
Sector wise detailed actions are prescribed in this report, the actions are based on the need to make the selected sectors
climate proof, hence most of the actions suggested are innovative and do no match with the existing departmental plans (BAU
approach). Thus it will be required for the state to develop capacities of the departments so that they can comprehend the
climate change issue and its impacts and accordingly make climate change linked planning integral part of the departmental
planning process. The prescriptions for the state are listed in Section- C of the report, which includes detailed action plan as
well as funds required to mobilize resources and develop capacities of various stakeholders.
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SECTION A: CLIMATE CHANGE AND JHARKHAND
Chapter 1
CLIMATE CHANGE AND ITS IMPACTS ON GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

Climate change is one of the biggest challenges ever faced by the human race. The projected rise in global mean
temperature and associated weather pattern shifts and sea level rise will have far reaching implications on the
balance of stock and flow of the environmental resources, with potential of wiping a large number of species
from the face of earth. The climate change models suggest that the direct short term impacts of the climate
change will be on fresh water availability, food security, energy security, biodiversity, and human health.
Scientists have estimated the degree of threat to life on Earth with each degree added to mean global
temperature. There are studies commissioned at the global and national levels to determine indicative as well as
highly probable impacts on the ecosystems.
Impact of climate change on India will be severe. India’s large and growing population, its 7500-km long densely
populated and low-lying coastline, and the extent to which its economy is closely tied to its natural resource
base, makes the country ‘considerably vulnerable’ to the impacts of climate change. India also has witnessed rise
0 1
in the mean temperature by about 0.2 per decade for the period 1971-2007 , sea level rise of approximately
one cm per decade has been recorded along the Indian coast, and there are concerns that global warming may
lead to an increase in extreme weather events such as cyclones. Disturbing trends have been witnessed in
precipitation, minimum and maximum temperature which presents an alarming situation for the country. It is
evident that farmers are already feeling impacts of climate change. Observed parameters include movement of
apple orchards to higher altitudes (ADB, 2010). There has been suggestion that global warming may influence
monsoon dynamics. In a country where 60% of farmland depends on rains, a shift in the rainfall distribution due
to climate change would have far-reaching implications for the agriculture based population.
nd
The 2 National Commission (Ministry of Environment & Forests, 2012) highlighted the impact of climate change
on various sectors affecting Indian ecological and economic health.
Table 1: Highlights of possible climate impacts (Ministry of Environment & Forests, 2012)
Sector Predicted impact

Impact on Most of the river systems (except Majority of rivers End of Century basin level
water Brahmaputra, Cauvery and Pennar) in precipitation increases by upto 40% ( except for Cauvery
resources India show increase in precipitation in an Krishna river basins which show decrease in
the mid-century scenario. precipitation)
Impact on Vegetation distribution as simulated by In A1B scenario during 2021-2050 period about 30.6% of
forests IBIS for baseline and A1B scenario the forest-grinds will become vulnerable, whereas this
predict expansion of tropical evergreen number will rise to 46% during 2071-2100.
forests in eastern Indian plateau and in
Western Ghats. There is no significant
impact on vegetation in northeast and
slight expansion of forests in western
part of India.
Agriculture An increase of In the absence of The stimulating Legumes are the major rain-fed
sector temperature adaptation and CO2 effect of CO2 could agro-ecosystems of the country.
0
from 1 to 4 C fertilization offset the negative Simulation studies were
0
reduced the benefits, a 1 C impact of climate conducted using InfoCrop models
grain yield of rice increase in on cotton for soybean and groundnut and
(0 to 49%), temperature alone production, hence the DSSAT CROPGRO model for
potato (5 to could lead to a the cotton chickpea with projected changes
1
India’s Second National Communication, 2012
1
Page
Sector Predicted impact
40%), green gram decrease of 6 production will in temperature, CO2 and rainfall.
(13 to 30%) and million tonnes of largely remain The current (baseline, 1961-
soybean (11 to wheat production. unchanged. 1990), A1B (2021-2050) and A1B
36%). The linear This loss is likely to (2071- 2100) scenarios all
0
decrease per C increase to 27.5 indicated a positive impact of
temperature rise million tonnes in future climate (combined change
0
was 14%, 9.5%, case of a 5 C in temperature, rainfall and CO2
8.8%, 7.3%, and increase in mean levels) on their productivity
7.2% in rice, temperature.
potato, soybean,
wheat and green
gram
respectively
Human The Transmission Window (TW) for malaria changes across the country and an increase in the open
health months (months when malaria incidences are possible) increases across the regions endemic to
malaria. Also Malaria window in some northern states opens up in climate change scenario.
nd
The impacts highlighted in 2 National Communication have been corroborated by several international and
regional research work. Based on such feedback, Government of India has already initiated climate change
mitigation and adaptation process. Current Government expenditure in India on adaptation to climate variability
is estimated to exceed 2.6 per cent of the GDP; with the priorities being agriculture, water resources, health and
sanitation, forests, coastal zone infrastructure and extreme events (DoEA).
1.1 INTERNATIONAL POSITION AND EFFORTS ON CLIMATE CHANGE REGULATION VIS-À-

VIS INDIA
Recognizing the need of an international effort for combating climate change, the United Nations Conference on
Environment and Development (popularly known as Earth Summit) was held in 1992 which laid a roadmap of
future international negotiations and treaties. The term ‘Sustainable Development’ was first mentioned in the
Brundtland Commission Report and it paved the way for further climate negotiations. Kyoto Protocol, signed in
1997, was adopted by Parties willing to take significant cuts in their emissions (referred to as Annex-I Parties).
This Protocol also laid down certain mechanisms for assisting the Annex -1 Parties to invest in developing
countries (i.e. Non-Annex) to reduce their emissions in order to meet their commitments to the Protocol. The
mechanisms such as Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), Joint Implementation (JI) and Carbon Market were
designed to provide flexibility to the Kyoto signatories and to reduce the economic burden of emission
reduction.
India’s per capita emission is estimated to be 1.38 tonnes (UNstats, 2010) and is much lower than those of the
developed countries. India has also maintained that its per capita GHG emissions in 2031 will be well below
global average in 2005 (MoEF, 2009). Despite that India has still agreed to take voluntarily emissions cut. India
has voluntarily agreed for reducing its emission intensity 2 of its Gross Domestic Product (GDP) by 20-25% by
2020 in comparison to 2005 level 3. Achieving this target might seem a daunting task and international
community further expects comprehensive national plans from India towards meeting its target.
1.2 INDIA’S NATIONAL INITIATIVES TOWARDS CLIMATE CHANGE

India, acting as a responsible nation, has made voluntary commitments to reduce the GHG emissions from
economic activities. Considering that a large population in India is vulnerable to climate change impacts, it also
2
Emission from agriculture not included
3
India’s Nationally Appropriate mitigation actions (NAMA) submitted to UNFCCC
(http://unfccc.int/files/meetings/cop_15/copenhagen_accord/application/pdf/indiacphaccord_app2.pdf)
2
Page
plans to pursue an Adaptation plan which is aligned with the economic growth targets of the country. In order to
take a comprehensive sector wide approach for adaptation India launched its National Action Plan on Climate
Change (NAPCC) in 20084. The plan, in itself, is an adaptation strategy considering the fact that India is still at an
early stage of economic development and such actions at this juncture would further push India on a sustainable
development pathway.
Under its NAPCC, India has enshrined eight National Missions which cover almost every sector representing a
long-term, multi-pronged and an integrated approach with time-bound programme. These eight missions focus
on enhancing energy efficiency; increasing the penetration of solar in the total energy mix; developing climate
friendly sustainable habitats; a water mission for integrated water resources management; a mission on
sustainable agriculture for making it more resilient to climate change; a green mission for enhancing ecosystem
services of forests and for enhancing its carbon sequestration capacity; a mission on Himalayan ecosystem for
sustaining and safeguarding the Himalayan glacier and mountain ecosystems; and the last mission is aimed
towards developing strategic knowledge base to address the concerns of climate change.
By asking State to prepare respective State Action Plans, India seeks to adopt a more decentralized approach and
to some extent, pursues the principle of ‘common but differentiated responsibilities since every State has its
own unique characteristics. This combined with eight National Missions would enable working on several sectors
with a focused approach by setting up relevant institutional mechanisms 5.
1.3 GUIDING PRINCIPLES FOLLOWED FOR TACKLING CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION

APPROACH
While India needs high economic growth to reduce poverty, sustaining high GDP would also require larger
development activities and hence more emissions, even in the business-as-usual scenario. With its growing
population and high demand for resources, India’s greenhouse gas emissions are expected to increase steadily.
Facing the twin challenges of sustaining its economic growth as well as mitigating and adapting to the impacts of
global climate change threats; a sustainable economic development path which strikes a balance between
development and conserving the environment is need of the hour. NAPCC, thus seeks to support economic
development which also not disturbs the climate, it is an inclusive strategic plan for adopting an ecologically
sustainable development path
Some of the key principles on which NAPCC is based are6:
Adopting an inclusive and sustainable development strategy to protect the poor and vulnerable
sections of the society which are most sensitive to climate change.
Achieving national growth objectives through a qualitative change in approach th at enhances
ecological sustainability, leading to further mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions.
Deploying appropriate technologies for both adaptation and mitigation of greenhouse gases
emissions extensively as well as at an accelerated pace.
Engineering new and innovative forms of market, regulatory and voluntary mechanisms to
promote sustainable development.
Effective implementation of programmes through unique linkages, including with civil society and
local government institutions and through public-private partnership.
Welcoming international cooperation for research, development, sharing and transfer of
technologies enabled by additional funding and a global IPR regime that facilitates technology
transfer to developing countries under the UNFCCC.
The overall approach, as laid down in the vision document is bringing a ‘directional shift in the development
pathway’ and identifying measures that promote development objectives with co-benefits for addressing climate
change7. This approach is valid to all the states, including Jharkhand.
4
Details of NAPCC are provided in Annexure 1
5
http://india.gov.in/innerwin20.php?id=15651
6
http://india.gov.in/innerwin20.php?id=15651
3
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Chapter 2
JHARKHAND: AN OVERVIEW
The state of Jharkhand was created in the year 2000 by bifurcating the hilly and plateau regions of the erstwhile
Bihar state. The state has an area of 79714 sq km and is home to 3.3 crore people (Government of Jharkhand,
2009).
Jharkhand is predominantly an agrarian state with 80% of the population still depending on agriculture and allied
industries for economic development and sustenance. But the vast mineral resources clubbed with the human
resource are shaping the future of the state. The state has proven reserves of 40% of the mineral resources of
the country, and it ranks first in the production of coal, mica, kyanite and copper in the country. On top of it, the
state is the sole producer of cooking coal, uranium and pyrite (Department of Industries, Jharkhand8).
2.1 PHYSIOGRAPHY OF THE STATE

Physiographically Jharkhand state consists of a series of four distinct plateaus, the highest plateau is formed by
western Ranchi plateau or the pat region, which is 800 to 1100 meters above the mean sea level. It covers the
north-western part of the Ranchi district and southern edge of Palamu district. The next plateau is known as the
Ranchi, except the pat region. This plateau is about 600 meters above mean sea level. The Ranchi plateau is
separated from the other surface of the same elevation by Damodar trough. The third plateau has an elevation
of 300 meters above mean sea level and may be termed as the lower Chotanagpur plateau. The fourth plateau is
a uniform surface formed by the river valleys, plains and lower parts of the outer plateau lying between 150-300
meters above mean sea level; Rajmahal hills and the Kaimur plateau belong to this category.
Table 2: Social and economic features of Jharkhand
The soil in the state of Jharkhand has been formed from disintegration of rocks and stones. The soil thus formed
can be divided into various soil types; including red soil, micacious soil, sandy soil, black soil and laterite soil. Red
soil, is found mostly in the Damodar valley, and Rajmahal area; the Micacious soil (which consists particles of
mica) is found in the regions of Koderma, Jhumeritilaiya, Barkagaon, and areas around the Mandar hill. Sandy
soil, generally found in Hazaribagh and Dhanbad; black soil that is found in Rajmahal area; Laterite soil is found in
western part of Ranchi, Palamu, and parts of Santhal Parganas and Singhbhum.
2.2 AGRICULTURE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
7
Ibid.
8
www.jharkhand.gov.in/new_depts/ap201011/industries201011.pdf
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Page
Despite being an agrarian state, Jharkhand fares very poorly in terms of irrigation of its agricultural land. The
state’s undulating hilly terrain and soil structure does not support canal based irrigation system, as much as 92%
of the cultivated area in the state is unirrigated in contrast, states like Punjab have as high as 95 percent of their
sown area under irrigation. The lack of irrigation facilities has restricted the agriculture sector growth of the
state, in addition small farm holdings and economic limitations result in low agricultural productivity. However,
high seasonal rains ensure that despite constraints, the farmers are able to grow crops and survive.
The favourable agro-climatic conditions also facilitate the year-round production of various types of off-season
vegetables and fruits. Just within a period of three years, the state has graduated from a vegetable procuring
state to a 100,000 tonnes vegetable surplus state. The soil as well as the climatic conditions of the state is also
favourable for the growth of mushroom, tea, ornamental plants and spices (indfy, 2011).
In Jharkhand’s agrarian economy, livestock plays an important role in augmenting income, employment and
women empowerment. Apart from supporting the agriculture operations, dairying has emerged as an important
enterprise to supplement rural economy. At the end of 9th five year plan, the milk production was 7.74 LMT
th
which increased up to 14.01 LMT at the end of 10 five year plan similarly egg and meat production at the end of
9th five year plan was 411 million and 386 lakh kg and increased up to 711 million and 426.36 lakh kg
respectively, after suitable interventions of different animal husbandry activities (Department of Animal
Husbandry, 2010-2011).
2.3 WATER RESOURCES

The state receives rainfall in the range of 1200-1600 mm per year. Precipitation is rather variable. Winter season
precipitation is meagre and highly variable. About 60 percent of the rainy days have rainfall below 2.5 mm. On
about 40 percent rainy days, evaporation level is more than 2.5 mm per day. As per estimate out of the average
annual precipitation of 10 million hectare meter in the state about 20% is lost in the atmosphere, 50% flow as
surface runoff and balance 30% soaks into the ground as soil moisture and ground water.
Despite the fact that the state has a good rainfall, the surface water availability is not sufficient especially for
agriculture due to inadequate storage facilities etc. as far as the status of ground water is concerned, it is also in
the poor state due to little recharging of ground water by natural process.
3 3
Presently, the availability of water resource is only 327790 lakh m , out of which 275280 lakh m is from surface
3
water (Second Bihar State Irrigation Commission report – 1994) and rest 52510 lakh m is from ground water
(Report of central ground water board – 2004). The total utilization of surface and ground water in the state for
3 3 3
irrigation purposes so far is only 47360 lakh m out of which 39640 lakh m is surface water and 7030 lakh m is
ground water (Report of central ground water board – 2004).
2.4 ENERGY
Jharkhand being a resource rich state has immense potential and expectation for industrial growth. The large
mineral deposits and other natural resources attract industries to state, hence ensuring sufficient energy is a
priority of the state for promoting a conducive industrial growth.
Jharkhand is rich in both renewable and non-renewable resources of energy with abundance of water-falls,
rivers, nuclear minerals and huge coal reserve. As of March 2012, Jharkhand had a total power generation
installed capacity of 3,037.86 MW, which comprised 1,414.00 MW under private sector (this includes captive
power generation facilities as well), 1,324.05 MW under the state utilities and 299.81 MW under central utilities.
Backed by large coal reserves in the state, about 93 per cent of the total power generation installed capacity in
the state is coal-based thermal power (2,828.88 MW) (Department of Mines & Geology, 2011-12). Besides, the
state had total 200.93 MW of installed hydropower generation capacity and 8.05 MW is from renewable
sources.
The existing power generation capacity utilization in the state is abysmally low, compared to the national
average generation of 100 watts per person, Jharkhand’s power production is abysmally low at 20 watts per
capita (Department of Energy, 2011).There is immense scope for further development of mini, micro hydro
power stations and non-conventional energy, apart from mega thermal power stations.
5
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The State Government has encouraged captive power generation in the state and it is expected that the total
power generation capacity of the state will go up to 4,500 MW in the coming years (Department of Mines &
Geology, 2011-12). In 2009, the construction of the 3,960 MW, Ultra-Mega Power Project (UMPP) at Tilaiya
started and is expected to start generating power from the year 2015 (Department of Mines & Geology, 2011-
12).
2.5 URBAN SECTOR

Jharkhand has (as per census 2001) 152 small and medium townships and state’s 24 percent population lives in
urban areas. After the state formation, high rate of urbanization is witnessed and it has outpaced the population
growth trend in the state due to migration from rural to
urban centres. During 2001-2011, the urban population
expanded by 32%, this is in line with the decadal national
urban population growth rate of 31.8% (Census of India
2011, 2011).
Urbanisation in Jharkhand is however less than the National
Average of 27.78 % and far less than the urbanization in
relatively developed states (in Tamilnadu 43.9% and in
Maharashtra 42.4% population lives in cities).
Figure 1: Jharkhand demography: Growth and composition
2.6 TRANSPORT AND MOBILITY INFRASTRUCTURE

Roads are the major means of transportation in the state. The total length of National Highway, State Highway
and others metalled roads in Jharkhand is 8724 km while that of district roads and rural un-metalled roads is
24,300 km (Department of Planning and Development, 2011).
The rise in economic development has resulted in increase in the numbers of vehicles both for private utility and
economic benefits. Two wheelers constitute the largest number of vehicles registered in the state (almost 77%
of the total registered vehicles), followed by cars and commercial heavy and light duty vehicles (Department of
Forests and Environment, 2006).
Railways form the backbone of the mass transportation and catalyst to industrial development as well. The total
rail length in the state is 1053 km, thus for every 100 sq km of area, there is 2.5 km of railway route length in the
state, compared to Jharkhand, Maharashtra has just 1.8 km whereas Bihar has 3.4 km of railway route length for
each 100 sq km of land area. The state although has a well developed rail network but many of the mineral
bearing areas still lack evacuation logistics due to absence of railway connectivity. Several last mile railway
connectivity projects are underway in the state to connect mineral rich areas to the national corridors to ensure
smooth and cheap transportation (Bose, 2011).
The air-connectivity in the state is poor, although the capital city is well connected to major North Indian cities,
other important cities like, Jamshedpur, Dhanbad, Deoghar and Bokaro although have requisite infrastructure (
air strips) yet are not well connected. The state’s connectivity to major Indian cities although do exists but the
overall air-traffic to and from Jharkhand is poor. Total landings and takeoff of commercial flights from the state
in 2010-2011 were just 4,508, whereas this number was 297,992 for Maharashtra and 10,139 for Bihar displaying
poor air traffic flow in-out of the state (Thadani, Tuli, & Karulkar, 2011).
2.7 FORESTS AND OTHER LAND USE

At present, the State is having 28.82% of its total geographical area under forest cover, the estimations are
based on the satellite data of November 2008-January 2009. Forest type mapping using satellite data shows that
6
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the state has five forest types which belong to two forest type groups, viz. Tropical Moist Deciduous and Tropical
Dry Deciduous Forests (Forest Survey of India, 2011).
Based on the forest canopy density classes, the forest land of Jharkhand can be classified under three broad
2 2
categories, 2,590 Km is classified as very dense forest, 9,917 km as moderately dense and remaining 10,470
2
km as open forest (Forest Survey
of India, 2011).
Due to the efforts by the state
forest department, the quality of
the forest in the state has
improved. There has been an
2
increase of 18 km in the
moderately dense forest and 65
2
km in open forest. The estimated
tree cover in the state (estimated
using TOF inventory data collected
2
over a period of six years, i.e. 2004-10) is 2,914 km which is 3.66% of its geographical area (Forest Survey of
India, 2011).
Percentage-wise distribution of forest cover in different forest type groups found in the state is displayed in the
pie diagram.
2.8 MINING AND INDUSTRIES

Jharkhand is widely acclaimed as the growth engine of the future, having immense potential for industrialisation
with its large deposits of minerals, which could provide a firm launching pad for various industries. It is one of
the richest zones of minerals in the world.
The chief mineral resources of the state include iron ore, coal, mica, limestone, manganese, mica, copper ore
among others (40 percent of the country's mineral reserves are from Jharkhand). They form the pivot of the
business and economy of Jharkhand. It is the only Indian state to produce uranium, coking coal and pyrite, and
the state heads the production of coal, copper, kyanite and mica in India. Large deposits of coal and iron ore
support concentration of industry, some of the country’s highly industrialised locations such
as Jamshedpur, Ranchi, Bokaro Steel City, Dhanbad and Ramgarh are there.
In the heavy industries sector, Jharkhand is home to steel and metallurgy plants, power generation facilities,
cement manufacturers, fertilizer and explosive factories. The industrial reputation of Jharkhand is established by
the fact that India’s first Iron & Steel factory was established in Jamshedpur and Asia’s largest steel plan is
situated in Bokaro. Adding to the list of achievements, country’s first methane gas well has been established in
Bokaro.
In the MSME (Micro, small, medium enterprises) space, only 5% of the units in Jharkhand are registered with the
District Industrial Corporation, and only 26% of the units run on engines. The major SME sector units are into
processing of the mineral. In the absence of proper environmental laws and enforcing agencies, these industries
never follow pollution check methods and are a big source of pollution.
Post separation from Bihar, Jharkhand’s industrial sector has witnessed tremendous growth. As evident from
the Figure-2 the contribution of the secondary sector has grown by about 8 percentage points during last
decade. Contrary to the growth trends of the country where tertiary sector’s contribution is the main contributor
to the GDP growth, Jharkhand state has utilized its resource stock to fuel the development in the state.
7
Page
Figure 2: Distribution of primary, secondary and tertiary sectors in Jharkhand’s GSDP (Department of Planning and
Development, 2011)
2.9 EMISSION FOOTPRINT OF VARIOUS SECTORS IN JHARKHAND:

Jharkhand’s high dependency on heavy industries and mining makes it a big emitter of green house gases
(GHGs). The emission footprinting of the state is necessary to identify sectoral contribution of such gases.
The GHG numbers derived/ discussed in this chapter are not accurate but indicative. All necessary precautions
are taken to ensure that the numbers reflect true picture. It is difficult to assign an accurate GHG number to
respective sectors for two reasons; (1) There are gaps in the sectoral information that is required to calculate
GHG emissions. For many sectors either numbers are not there, or numbers are not accurate. (2) Partial
overlapping between operations/processes of sectors is common. In order to avoid double counting of emissions
(due to overlapping) techniques are used that result in shifting of part of emissions to other sector; i.e.
transportation linked emissions of mines and industries are captured in ‘transport’ sector.
The GHG footprint of Jharkhand is calculated using two approaches; in the first approach existing research work
is used to extrapolate GHG numbers for Jharkhand. The second approach takes a bottom-up approach to
generate GHG emission numbers using sector specific information.
Emission footprint using secondary research work: Garg & Shukla (2012) in their work titled Emissions Inventory
of India calculated district level information for each district of the country for years 1990 and 1995. The
information for Jharkhand was extracted from the numbers available for undivided Bihar. District wise emission
details are listed in annexure 2 and a comparative summary of emissions is depicted in figure below.
Table 3: District wise comparative analysis of the emissions (Garg & Shukla, 2002)
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The total emissions for the state of Jharkhand as calculated in Emissions Inventory of India (Garg & Shukla, 2002)
stood at 51.8 MtCO2eq in 1990 and rose to 56.11 MtCO2eq in next five years. The state witnessed increment an
increment of 8.3% during the duration.
Considering the fact that the 1991 population of undivided-Jharkhand was 2.18 crores, and the population as
reported in 2011 census is 3.29 crores. Using 1991 and 2011 population figures to develop a population series
for 1991 to 2011 and generating a population linked GHG emission factor for the year 1995 (Population for year
1995 is calculated to be 2.402 crores and emissions are 56.11 MtCO 2eq ), finally using the derived population
linked emission factor ( which is calculated to be 23.35 MtCO2eq /crore) the GHG emission for year 2012 is
estimated to be 76.85 MtCO2eq.
GHG emissions for Jharkhand using bottom up approach:
During the process of JAPCC development sectoral GHG emissions for Jharkhand are calculated using IPCC
guidelines. The emission for major sectors is calculated based on the information available in public (for some
subsectors where no information is available, logical estimations are made). The sector specific emissions are
described in respective chapters.
2.10 OBSERVED CLIMATE CHANGE AND DEVELOPMENT ISSUES IN JHARKHAND:

The Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC 2007) has confirmed
many uncertainties about climate change. The various climate change models predict that it is a great problem
that cannot be avoided completely. It is now very clear that the anthropogenic green house gases (mostly CO 2)
are responsible for weather pattern shifts and global mean temperature rise (UNFCCC, 2007).
Because of increased GHG concentration, the global surface temperatures have increased about 0.74°C (plus or
th
minus 0.18°C) since the late 19 century, and the linear trend for the past 50 years of 0.13°C (plus or minus
0.03°C) per decade is nearly twice that for the past 100 years (National Climatic Data Center, 2012).
The impact of the climate change (as described by the IPCC) will have implications with severe negative
externalities on the whole of state. Sectors dependent on natural resources (i.e. vegetation, water resources,
rains and land) will be the worst sufferers whereas other sectors will have to allocate additional resources to
adapt to the weather pattern shifts and temperature rise.
As explained, Jharkhand has the biggest reserve if minerals in the country, most importantly coal reserves of
Jharkhand are key to India’s energy security and economic development. Industrial development in the state has
picked up after the bifurcation of the state and the state’s GDP is expanding at the rate of 6.35% per annum.
Contrary to industrial development, the state lags behind when social indicators are taken into consideration.
Agriculture is although backbone of the rural economy but lacks modernization and suffers with low
productivity.
Table 4: Jharkhand’s comparative ranking w.r.t. to infrastructure and social development indicators
States India State Ranking ( year 2013) HDI and GDI

estimates based on
ranking by WCD (
States and UTs)
GSDP Per Urbanisation Road & Rail Literac 1996 2006
Capita Infrastructure y rate
Maharashtra 5 6 9 7 9 11
Goa 1 2 6 4 3 2
Delhi 2 1 1 5 4 4
Tamil Nadu 11 4 6 9 15 16
Karnataka 14 8 13 17 23 25
Kerala 7 5 3 1 1 2
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States India State Ranking ( year 2013) HDI and GDI
estimates based on
ranking by WCD (
States and UTs)
GSDP Per Urbanisation Road & Rail Literac 1996 2006
Capita Infrastructure y rate
Gujarat 6 7 9 13 18 23
Uttrakhand 9 13 19 12 28 19
Sikkim 3 19 24 8 16 17
Jammu & Kashmir 22 17 26 24 26 27
Jharkhand 24 21 19 26 33 29
Manipur 27 14 26 11 12 7
Assam 29 27 13 20 26 27
Chhattisgarh 19 22 19 21 32 30
*WCD: Women and Child Development

**HVS is a private research entity
Compared to other states in the country, Jharkhand fares poorly considering parameters of social development,
economic development, infrastructure and other welfare indicators (refer to Table-4). The HVS ranking of Indian
9
states for various social parameters gives a poor ranking to Jharkhand . The composite state ranking based on
Human Development Index (HDI) and Gender Development Index (GDI) information of the state for the year
th
2006 as calculated by the Women and Child Development Department puts Jharkhand at 29 position (among
10
28 states and seven union territories) .
In this scenario, Jharkhand has a dual responsibility of equity centric economic development along with reducing
the climate change vulnerability of rural masses. This will only be possible when the state takes a proactive
approach by incorporating climate change scenarios in its developmental planning and preferential resource
allocation for reactionary and anticipatory adaptation strategies.
The state’s ranking makes it clear that Jharkhand lacks essential resources to put it in a fast track climate
adaptation mode. Although Jharkhand should plan and bear the responsibility for mitigation and adaptation
efforts to be carried out in the state, it cannot be treated or expected to perform as aggressively on climate
mitigation and adaptation as the states that enjoy high NSDP. Hence, mitigation and adaptation targets defined
and adopted for the Jharkhand will be based on the ‘shared vision yet differential responsibility’ principle.
9
http://www.hvs.com/article/6714/2013-india-%E2%80%93-state-ranking-survey/
10
http://wcd.nic.in/publication/GDIGEReport/Part2.pdf
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Chapter 3
CLIMATE CHANGE AND JHARKHAND: STATE ACTIONS
3.1 PUBLIC POLICY INITIATIVES IN JHARKHAND

Jharkhand State Pollution Control Board- Jharkhand State Pollution Control Board (JSPCB) has launched Vision
2012-2017 and Strategic Planning report which aligns its role with sustainable use of resources (JSPCB, 2000).
JSPCB, being a regulatory body, encourages industries to switch to newer and advanced technology that are
environment friendly. The regulatory body has adopted standards that motivate sustainable use of resources
with objectives of reduction in water consumption, rain water harvesting, reduced use of wood/coal for
industrial purpose by switching over to efficient and cleaner fuel options.
Jharkhand Energy Policy, 2012- In order to reduce its GHG emissions, Jharkhand adopted Energy Policy, 2012
which specifies electricity generation through non-conventional energy sources. It gives a waiver of 50% of
electricity duty for a period of 10 years for entities generating electricity from renewable sources and further
extends concessional access to Transmission and Distribution (T&D) network. Also to promote renewable energy
in the state, Jharkhand Renewable Energy Development Agency (JREDA) was set up in 2001, which is the nodal
agency for implementation of programs of Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) and Indian
Renewable Energy Development Agency (IREDA). Energy conservation is also a major thrust of Energy Policy and
has laid down a comprehensive Demand Side Management policy which encompasses improving energy
efficiency in industrial, commercial and agricultural establishments (DoE, 2012).
Jharkhand State Water Policy, 2011- Jharkhand has launched its State Water Policy in 2011. It lays down
approaches for ‘better and more equitable and productive water resources management in an environmentally
sustainable manner for promoting growth reduction in poverty and minimizing regional imbalance’ (WRD, 2011).
It also aims to create incentives for water users’ organisations and enables creation of new institutional
mechanisms to decentralize water resource planning. The approach of water policy also includes promotion of
technologies to improve efficiency in water usage and formulating appropriate legislations to support other
approaches.
Jharkhand Disaster Management Plan- The objectives of State Disaster Management Authority are two-fold (a)
development and updating of Plans and Strategies to handle any type of disaster (b) undertaking projects for
restoration and strengthening of infrastructure damaged by disasters (JDMD, 2011).
Private Initiatives in Jharkhand- Private entities have also taken keen interest in reducing their Green House Gas
(GHG) emissions and generating revenues as a co-benefit. CDM registry at UNFCCC has seen many clean energy
projects being launched in Jharkhand including waste-to-energy, GHG reduction through use of super critical
technologies or biomass based cogeneration project. Apart from these some private entities have been focusing
on sustainable use of their resources as part of their Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) catering to better
resource allocation and taking up development projects which ultimately yields environmental benefits.
Central schemes and multilateral initiatives in Jharkhand- Jharkhand has also been receiving Central
government support under NAPCC. Seraikela-Kharswan, one of the twenty-four districts of Jharkhand, has been
selected for the Green India Mission under NAPCC to improve the quality of over 5000 hectares of land through
social and farm forestry, and through participation of gramsabhas. This would improve not only the
environmental performance of district but it’s also a giant leap towards strengthening village institutions. A
UNDP funded project titled ‘Strengthening Institutional Structures to Implement the Biological Diversity Act’ is
underway in collaboration with Jharkhand Biodiversity Board with the objective of strengthening of institutional
capacities for better management of natural resources in a participatory manner.
State’s forestry sector initiatives -Forest in Jharkhand has long been under tremendous pressure due to mining
and meeting the demands for fuel. Initiatives have been taken by the State government to increase its forest
cover in response to climate change under the Green India Mission to enhance and improve the status of forest
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in the state. Forest Resource Surveys are also being conducted at district level for better resource management
and planning which also includes utilize the existing scope of social forestry and afforestation, for the wasteland
development on activities.
Mining is an important economic activity in Jharkhand and mining activities have high ecological and social
impact. To minimize the impacts of mining, the State Government also proposes to bring some legislation in
mining in line with Andhra Pradesh model so that resources generated from mining sectors can be used to
replenish the development funds available with the local bodies. It also has plans to create a separate
directorate of environment.
Table 5: Jharkhand state police vis-à-vis climate change
Addresses Reduces
Reduces/ Confirms with
adaptation vulnerability Confirms with
controls business-as-
Initiatives/ policies capabilities of towards climate change
GHG usual
institutions/ natural scenarios
emissions scenario
community hazards
Jharkhand Industrial Policy
2012/ State pollution control
norms
Jharkhand Energy Policy, 2012
Jharkhand State Water Policy,

2011
Jharkhand Disaster
Management Plan
Private Initiatives in Jharkhand
National and International
Initiatives in Jharkhand
State initiatives in Forestry
However the extensive policies taken by the State government, though relevant in context of climate change,
need further strengthening as they are designed keeping in mind the business-as-usual scenario. Hence
overarching strategy and institutional framework also accounting for the extreme climatic events needs to be
developed. It is, therefore, a viable justification that the State government should prepare a comprehensive
State level action plan which is inclusive of above elements and also considers extreme erratic events due to
climate change. Such a plan would be an initiative on part of State government to align its economic and ecology
development goals with that of central government and it would also act as a tool for the State for assessment,
designing and execution of projects aimed at mitigating the effects of climate change on Jharkhand.
3.2 JHARKHAND STATE ACTION PLAN ON CLIMATE CHANGE

JAPCC Vision -“The underlying principle of Jharkhand’s State Action Plan on Climate Change (SAPCC) is achieving
economic growth and poverty alleviation objectives and enhancing livelihood opportunities while ensuring
ecological sustainability. The strategic approach has to be extensive and has to be based upon identification and
use of appropriate technologies for adaptation-mitigation and effective implementation with support from civil
society.”
Approach:
Keeping in view the SAPCC principles and state specific requirements, the JAPCC focused on experience of sector
experts for developing the sector-approach by utilizing primary and secondary information available in public
and state domain. The action plan is finalized by aligning the plan with state adaptive capabilities to strengthen
the state response towards climate change.
The objectives of the plan are to:
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Identify the climate change risks to various sectors in the state.
Develop a comprehensive state level vulnerability mapping and risks associated to climate change
Determine the sectoral resilience to manage the climate linked risks and prescribe measures that help
fill the policy and planning gaps
Identify, assess and recommend specific adaptation and mitigation measures that help define the policy
and action framework in the climate change regime. The recommendations have to be tested against
the underlying principles of as defined by JAPCC of finding a balance between development and
conservation.
Considering the fact that coal and mineral based industries are going to be the economic drivers of the
state for considerable long period , hence mitigation strategies are given emphasis while developing
JAPCC
Identification of appropriate and competent implementing agencies for better coordination and
integration to enhance the efficiency of prescribed approaches and actions.
Assess and recommend specific measures for climate change mitigation and adaptation co-benefits
which represent the stakeholders views and concerns and conform with the regional perspective
The culmination of the efforts will be in finalization of the Jharkhand Climate Change Mitigation Plan
that will be acceptable to all the departments and will be able to lead Jharkhand to a green and equity
centric development path.
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While designing the JAPCC has taken into consideration:
Setting up of a coordination structure ;Identification of key

departments and sectors; Formation of 'sectoral working groups'
Climate profiling of identified sectors: Sector Profile, GHG and water

footprinting of selected sectors , Sectoral vulnerability assessment and
understanding of climate change impact of priority sectors
State Vulnerability Assessment: Sectoral and regional vulnerability

assessment based on agro-climatic classification , stock and flow of
resources , capturing community resilience by measuring risk exposure,
climate sensitivity and adaptive capacity
Mitigation and Adaptation planning: Based on sectoral planning develop an

mitigation and adaptation approach that does not compromise the economic
development neither dilute climate change commitments of the state
Jharkhand State Climate Change Action Plan: List of approaches and

suitable actions with time frame & financial allocation
Administrative approach to develop plan: Sectoral working groups were formed by the convener of the JAPCC.
The working groups represent all the important sectors in the state. The working groups are responsible for
developing the sectoral base papers by investigating the impact of climate change in respective sectors. The
‘working group’ approach ensures convergence of intellect, technical knowhow, administrative understanding
ensuring pragmatic solutions for each sector.
Sectoral working State Steering State Advisory

groups Committee Group
•Responsible for •Responsing for • Working under

developing providing the guideknce of
sectoral papers constructive steering
based on feedback to the committee and
available working groups colloborating
information and and ensuring with UNDP for
research. resource technical inputs,
mobilization for the SAG develops
development of the JAPCC by
the plan. incorporating
Responsible for feedback from all
timely delivery of relevant
plan. stakeholders.
Considering the specific climatic impact, sectoral sensitivity towards climate change due to its degree of
exposure to climate change and the adaptive capacity (resilience) of the sector; specific plans have been
14
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developed for all the selected sectors. The sectoral Working Groups (WGs) worked on selected sectors to ensure
the convergence of the science, intellect and governance to produce pragmatic solutions. The final plan has been
put forth by subject matter experts in active consultation with the state departments.
Supported by UNDP, the state government of Jharkhand initiated process to develop JAPCC. On May 2011 the
State Steering Group and State Advisory Group (SAG) were formed through state government notification.
The state level steering committee is headed by the Development Commissioner of the state and included chief
secretaries of 13 departments, chairperson of state pollution control board and Member Secretary Pollution
control board of Jharkhand. The SAG on the other hand is a 25 member team comprising experts and
administrators from government, education institutions and private entities.
The steering committee was to coordinate the whole planning process by ensuring interaction and action
between various departments. The committee was mandated the role of overseeing aspects of the state’s
preparations and initiatives to develop plan on climate change. The SAG on the other hand was to work under
the guidance of the steering committee, collaborating with the UNDP for technical support work for the
development of JAPCC and also periodically update the stakeholders on milestones achieved.
The Department of Environment and Forests led the preparation of JAPCC in consultation with various line
departments. Information and issues on various sectors was shared with the JAPCC through presentations and
sectoral reports.
Report development process: Initial rounds of inputs from various departments and subject experts were.
Preparation of a consolidated SAPCC report: After the initial rounds of workshops and meetings it was felt to
carry out a compilation of the reports submitted to the JAPCC and also carry out document revision and gap
filling and updating of the work.
A timeline of events, meetings and workshops undertaken during the JAPCC process is:
Date/ Month Activity

th
30 June 2008 National action plan on climate change was released
th th
9 Feb- 10 Feb 2011 Workshop on Role of Forests in Climate Change
th State steering committee on CC -Constituted vide notification no.1706 of the department
6 May 2011
of forests and environment, GoJ
th State advisory group-Constituted vide notification no.1707 of the department of forests
6 May 2011 th
and environment, GoJ dated 6 May 2011
st
th 1 Meeting of the SAG- State advisory committee meeting to identify sectors and develop
26 May 2011
framework for SAPCC
th
24 June 2011 Second SAG meeting
th
20 July 2011 Third SAG meeting
th
27 June 2012 Fourth SAG meeting
th
4 July 2012 Fifth SAG meeting
th
24 July 2012 Jharkhand pollution control board organized inception workshop
First draft report presented by the State Programme Director (Jharkhand Tribal
th
30 Jan 2013 Development Society) to the state officials representing concerned departments
Draft JAPCC shared with concerned departments and general public for comments and
March 2013
feedback
Draft JAPCC report uploaded on the Department of Environment and Forests website for
April 2013
public comments
rd First public consultation meeting organized at Ranchi for sharing of draft JAPCC shared
December 13 2013
with concerned departments and general public for comments and feedback
th Second public consultation meeting organized at Hazaribag for sharing of draft JAPCC
December 17 2013
shared with concerned departments and general public for comments and feedback
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Date/ Month Activity
rd Final public consultation meeting organized at Jamshedpur for sharing of draft JAPCC
December 23 2013
shared with concerned departments and general public for comments and feedback
The draft SAPCC has been widely disseminated and comments invited from various government departments
and civil society in general for comments and feedback. The inputs are collated, examined and, where
appropriate, incorporated to produce this final draft version of JAPCC.
st st
1 Regional Public Consultation Meeting 2 Regional Public Consultation Meeting
th th
Ranchi ( 13 Dec 2013) Hazaribagh ( 17 Dec 2013)
rd rd
3 Regional Public Consultation Meeting 3 Public Consultation Meeting
rd rd
Jamshedpur ( 23 Dec 2013) Jamshedpur ( 23 Dec 2013)
The outcome: The JAPCC identifies action points/strategies in the context of climate change on the basis of
existing scientific knowledge, climate modelling and sectoral experience of the state.
JAPCC endeavours reframing development pathways with low carbon growth, at the same time ensuring that
development opportunities are protected, supported and increased.
16
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Chapter 4
CLIMATE CHANGE IN JHARKHAND: OBSERVATIONS AND PATTERNS
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has come out with global and regional emission pathways in
its special report. Four CO2 concentration based scenarios were used for projections (Chaturvedi, Joshi,
Jayaraman, Bala, & Ravindranath, 2012). These scenarios predict changes in global temperatures and rainfall.
The climate change impacts are also witnessed and measured in India. The Indian subcontinent is witnessing rise
0
in temperature. The annual mean minimum temperature rose by 0.27 C during 1901-2007. However, in the
recent decade 1998-2007, the maximum temperature shows stagnation in trend. Further, the predictions show
0 0
that mean winter temperature in the county will increase by as much as 3.2 C by 2050 and 4.5 C by 2080.
Extreme temperature and heat spells have already become common over Northern India. Like precipitation which
is highly dependent on temperature will also show changes. Its predicted that the rainfall in most part of the
country will rise significantly in coming years.
In this chapter, the climate change impacts on Jharkhand have been reported. Various climate change scenarios
are presented to make the case for immediate climate change actions required in the state.
4.1 RAINFALL TRENDS IN JHARKHAND

The rainfall pattern in the state has witnessed significant changes during past decades. Figure-3 displays the
seasonal pattern of rainfall based on the data from 1956-2008 for the Ranchi region, it is evident that maximum
annual rainfall (82.2%, with the average of 1149.3 mm) was received during South West monsoon season (June
to September) and only 6.5% (average amount of rainfall 92.3 mm) was received during North East Monsoon
(October to December) months in the state. The remaining of rain was received in winter (3.7%, with average of
52.4 mm), from January to February and summer (7.5%, with average of 104.7 mm) from the March to May,
respectively. Hence the state receives majority of rains during monsoon and only 17.7% of the annual rainfall
received during other seasons.
1600
1398.8
1400 JHARKHAND
Figure 3: Seasonal precipitation distribution
1149.3
1200 for Ranchi city (data from 1956-2008) (Anil
& Manoj, 2010)
Rainfall (mm)
1000
800
82.2%
600
400
200 92.4 104.7

52.4
0 6.5% 3.7% 7.5%
Annual (Jan-Dec) SW Mosoon (June- NE Monsoon (Oct- Winter (Jan-Feb) Summer (March-May)
Sept) Dec)
Decadal Feature of Rainfall Distribution

JHARKHAND
1700 1623.2
1500 Normal 1398.8 mm 1418.4 1435.3

1357.8
1300 1237.2
1160.8 Figure 4: Decadal distribution of rainfall of
Average rainfall (mm)
1100 Ranchi (1956 to 2008) of Jharkhand state

900
700
500
300
17
100
Page
1956-60 1961-70 1971-80 1981-90 1991-2000 2001-08

Decadal rainfall distribution
The decadal distribution of rainfall over this state is shown in Figure-4. It is clear from comparison of rainfall
during 1956-2008 that the average rainfall didn’t follow a range, it was continuously rising during the period. The
year 1991 to 2000 received the maximum rains (average of 1623.5 mm) among all the decades whereas
minimum average rainfall was received by the state during 1956 to 1960.
In sharp contrast to the observed trend during 1956-2000, period 2001-08 witnessed sharp decline in annual
rainfall. The state witnessed severe droughts post 2000.
Inter decadal seasonal precipitation trend
A statistical analysis was carried out to understand the seasonal variation in the rainfall. Rainfall data from 1956-
2008 was clubbed in decadal format (average rainfall for every month during the corresponding decade) and
statistical analysis was carried out for the respective decade based on the available seasonal rainfall information.
The correlation coefficient deviation for winter and summer rainfall for the duration 1956-2008 was ±0.05 and it
was ±0.07 for the SW monsoon (June-September). The NE precipitation (rainfall during October till December)
showed statistically high correlation of 1 due to the variations. The variations were less for the monsoon months
(June-September). Again, statistically there were high deviations in the Feb-May rainfall.
Table 6: Correlation coefficient (r) of different decades from year 1961 to 2010 between monthly rainfall (mm) with
normal at Ranchi
1956- 1961- 1956- 1971- 1981- 1991- 2001- (1991-

1971-90
Month 60 70 70 80 90 2000 2010 2010
(r)
(mm) (mm) (r) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (r)
Jan 21.2 20.01 0.99 19.89 19.5 0.96 23.2 11.5 0.95
Feb 23.1 24.2 0.99 41.52 38.5 0.96 31.5 33.2 0.95
Mar 25 24.1 0.99 24 23.5 0.96 23.2 30.1 0.94

April 25.5 26.2 0.99 26.2 26.4 0.96 23.2 27 0.94
May 26 49.8 0.98 83.7 46.2 0.95 44 41 0.93
June 150 152 0.98 198 248.5 0.95 263.5 280 0.92
July 320 380 0.99 420 300 0.98 270 240 0.93
Aug 285 280 0.98 320 300.1 1.00 380 252 0.93
Sept 200 260 0.99 265 263.5 1.00 210 200 0.93
Oct 98 92.5 1.00 54.5 56.5 1.00 60 130 1.00
Nov 5.4 8.4 1.00 9.5 12.5 1.00 8.2 3.4 1.00
Dec 2 3 1 4 6 1.00 2 1.4 1.00
Decadal Monthly Rainfall Distribution and its Variability

The decadal monthly rainfall for the period 1956-60 to 1961-70, 1971-80 to 1981-90 and 1991-2002 to 2001-08
and its variability (Coefficient of variability or CV%) are presented in the Table-7. The results reveal that the
variability is high in case of NE Monsoon (October to November), winter (January to February) and summer
(March to May) and comparatively less variation were observed in south west monsoon (June to September).
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Table 7: Coefficient of variability of different decadal (1956 to 2010) monthly rainfall distribution with individual month of
the year (decadal) of Ranchi, Jharkhand
1956- 1961- 1956- 1971- 1981- 1991- 2001- 1991-

1971-90
Month 60 70 70) 80 90 2000 2010 2010
(CV%)
(CV%) (CV%) (CV%) (CV%) (CV%) (CV%) (CV%) (CV%)
Jan 21.2 20.01 10.46 19.89 19.5 9.75 23.2 11.5 10.07
Feb 23.05 24.12 10.33 41.52 38.5 9.64 31.5 33.2 9.93
Mar 25 24.1 10.31 24 23.5 9.81 23.2 30.1 9.91
April 25.5 26.12 10.37 26.2 26.4 9.81 23.2 27 9.98
May 26 49.8 10.42 83.7 46.2 9.85 44 41 10.00
June 150 152 10.46 198 248.5 9.99 263.5 280 10.04
July 320 380 10.84 420 300 10.28 270 240 10.00
Aug 285 280 9.66 320 300.1 9.56 380 252 9.93
Sept 200 260 8.58 265 263.5 8.58 210 200 8.14
Oct 98 92.5 6.78 54.5 56.5 5.92 60 130 6.89
Nov 5.4 8.4 7.01 9.5 12.5 6.42 8.2 3.4 6.92
Dec 2 3 7.15 4 6 6.87 2 1.4 7.07
4.2 PREVAILING MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE

The temporal temperature figures were analyzed for the city Ranchi. The results of the average long term trend
of the maximum temperature for the city of Ranchi for the period 1961-1970, 2001-2006 and the normal
average temperature for the period 1956-2006 were plotted in graph to observe temperature trends. The
maximum temperature was observed in the month of May, and then gradually decreasing trend was observed
with minimum oscillations. Displayed in figure are average temperature variations for ten year period 1961 to
1970 year, current (2001 to 2006) and normal average temperature for the period 1956 to 2006 year.
Maximum Temperature…….Present vrs Previous
40
Jan Feb March April May June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
35
30
Temp (deg.C)
25
20
Av (61-70) Av (2001-2006) Nml(56-06)

15
1 15 29 43 57 71 85 99 113 127 141 155 169 183 197 211 225 239 253 267 281 295 309 323 337 351 365
Julian Dates
Figure 5: Comparative representation of average maximum temperature trend for the decades 1960-70, average (2001-06)
and normal (1956-2006) at Ranchi
From the figure, it is evident that the normal average temperature (nml) is very close to the temperature
observed during the period 1961 to 1970 in all the months, while in case of comparison of 1961-1970 and 2001-
2006 maximum temperatures a high oscillation or deviation is observed.
For the pre-monsoon period, high variation between the average 2001-2006 temperatures is observed
compared to the average for 1961-1970 and nml for the 1956-2006 periods.
19
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It can be concluded from the analysis that the average temperature in the city of Ranchi in recent years (2001-
2006) has seen high deviations from normal temperature in comparison to the historic data available. Also the
highest annual temperature average (for the month of May) has remained comparatively higher.
4.3 PROJECTIONS FOR FUTURE CLIMATE

Climate variability in the state of Jharkhand: Various study results are analyzed to depict the impact of climate
change in the state of Jharkhand. In these studies changes in weather pattern, rainfall and the temperature are
captured at the national and regional levels. The climate change projects for the state of Jharkhand are made
using interpretations and conclusions from different studies. Most of the studies (i.e. climate modelling) makes
projections are the national or regional level, political boundaries of India and Jharkhand are superimposed over
such results to identify Jharkhand specific information. Also, district level projection numbers are used from
http://www.worldclim.org/ to develop short term and long term temperature and precipitation projections for
the state.
4.3.1 PROJECTIONS USING PRECIS MODEL:

Impact of global warming on the Indian monsoon is examined using Hadley Centre’s high resolution regional
climate model, PRECIS (Providing Regional Climates for Impact Studies). The PRECIS simulations corresponding to
the IPCCSRES A1B emission scenario are carried out for a continuous period of 1961–2098. The climate
projections are examined over three time slices, viz. short (2020s, i.e. 2011–2040), medium (2050s, i.e. 2041–
2070) and long (2080s, i.e. 2071–2098).
Figure 6: Projected changes in summer

monsoon rainfall (upper panel) and
surface air for A2 and B2 scenarios for
2071-2100 (Kumar et al (2006)
Figure 7: Percentage change

predicted in the summer
monsoon precipitation by
three PRECIS runs in 2030
w.r.t. 1970s
20
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Figure 8: Projected changes
in surface air for A2 and B2
scenarios for 2071-2100
(Kumar et al. (2006)
Figure 9: Changes in annual surface air temperatures in 2030 with respect to 1970
Table 8:
21Page
Table 9:
Table 10:
The model projections indicate significant warming over India towards the end of the 21st century. The summer
monsoon precipitation over India is expected to be 9–16% more in 2080s compared to the baseline (1970s, i.e.
1961–1990) under global warming conditions. Also, the rainy days are projected to be less frequent and more
intense over central India.
Simulated percentage changes in mean monsoon precipitation in the 2020s, 2050s and 2080s with respect to
baseline (1961–1990) are shown in Table-8, Table-9 and Table-10 for all the three simulations. Q0, Q1 and Q14
simulations project 16%, 15% and 9% rise respectively, in the monsoon rainfall at the all-India level. However,
st
towards the end of the 21 century the projections indicate a slight decrease in monsoon rainfall over Tamil
Nadu and Andhra Pradesh. These three simulations indicate a possibility of higher monsoon rainfall in future for
all other states.
PRECIS simulations for the 2020s, 2050s and 2080s indicate an all-round warming over the Indian subcontinent
associated with increasing greenhouse gas concentrations. The annual all-India mean surface air temperature
rise by the end of the century ranges from 3.5°C to 4.3°C in the three simulations.
In near future, i.e. 2020s, Q0 and Q14 show decrease in the number of rainy days over the west coast, central
India and the Indo-Gangetic plains and increase over northwest India and the east peninsula. Q0, on the other
hand, indicates increase in the number of rainy days everywhere, except northeast and east central India. In
2050s, Q1 and Q14 depict decrease in the number of rainy days over major part of the country, whereas Q0
shows decrease over Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand and northeast India only. Towards 2080s, the number of
rainy days may increase everywhere except northwest India in the Q14 simulations, whereas Q0 and Q1 show
increase over the west coast and decrease over central India.
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4.3.2 PROJECTIONS USING WORLDCLIM DATA: PRECIPITATION PROJECTIONS FOR 2050
AND 2080
Figure 10: Medium term and long term precipitation projections for Jharkhand
District level climate change scenarios for Jharkhand, generated through WORLDCLIM for A2B scenario indicate
rise in average rainfall in all the districts. The projections indicate that the rainfall in all the three seasons will go
up in future and this increase will be significantly large for some of the districts. The model does not predict the
indicative number of rainy days over the state.
23
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Projections using WORLDCLIM data: Minimum and maximum temperature projections for 2020, 2050 and
2080
Figure 11: Short, medium and long term temperature projections for Jharkhand (Source http://www.worldclim.org/)
According to the WORLDCLIM projections, in the A2B scenario, maximum temperature will gradually rise in all
the districts of Jharkhand during 2020 to 2080. The summer as well as the winter will become hotter by 2080s.
There will be rise in average summer maximum temperature as well as average winter minimum temperature.
0 0
The summer temperature will go up by a maximum of 2.3 -3.0 between 2020-2080, whereas winter
0 0
temperature will go up by 4.78 C to 5.2 C during the same period. To put this in perspective, the winter
temperature will rise by such an extent that the lowest minimum temperature in 2080 will be higher than the
highest minimum temperature in 2020s.
4.3.3 IPCC SRES EMISSION SCENARIO

The IPCC SRES scenario indicates a rise in annual mean surface air temperature for all parts of India.
0 0
Temperatures are likely to rise by 2-5 C and 2.5-4 C in A2 Scenario by the end of 21st century (2071-2100), with
warming more pronounced over the northern parts of India. The warming is also expected to be relatively
greater in winter and post-monsoon seasons than in the summer monsoon season. Spatial pattern of rainfall
24
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change estimates a 20% rise in all India summer monsoon rainfall for the future in both A2 and B2 scenarios as
compared to present.
Based on the A1B scenarios, mean summer rainfall
A
withdrawal are compared for two sets of years 1981-2000
and 2081-2100. A positive value indicates a later
withdrawal date in the A1B scenario. For Jharkhand, this
implies that the summer rainfall will go up by the end of
century and since every unit increase corresponds to 5
days hence the number of rainy days during summer will
go up by (upto) 10 days by the end of century.
The adjacent figure projects the consistency in the
B summer rainfall withdrawal date. For Jharkhand, there is
very high probability that the mean summer rainfall will
experience a positive change.
Figure 12: A1B Scenario and rainfall projections for Jharkhand (Christensen, et al.)
Under B2 scenario, most of the places in Jharkhand are

A expected to get more rain by the end of the century. On
an average a 20 per cent rise in all India summer monsoon
rainfall over all states is expected. Number of rainy days
may come down but the intensity is expected to rise at
most of the parts of India. Many research works show that
extremes in maximum and minimum temperatures are
also expected to increase. The average temperature rise in
B 0
Jharkhand will be between 2.5-3 C by the end of century
(Lead International, 2008).
Figure 13: Predicted change in Rainfall (figure A) and Temperature ( figure B) and by 2085, B2 Scenario (Lead International,
2008)
It is clear from all the climate change projections that Jharkhand will be witnessing an unprecedented
precipitation and temperature variations in coming years. The models clearly indicate that the temperature rise
will affect the minimum as well as maximum temperatures. Further, the precipitation will go up significantly in
most of the districts. But all the results are indicative, and have not taken into considerations the micro-level
variations. Hence its advisable to undertake more detailed temperature and precipitation modelling for the state
so that a definitive understanding on weather changes can be predicted for the state.
4.4 PEOPLE’S VOICES ARE OBSERVED WEATHER CHANGES
During the public consultation workshops the public views on weather pattern shifts were captured. Most of the
people (farmers, forest dwellers, industrialists, government officials and foresters) were of view that they had
observed shifts in the weather patterns including temperature and rainfall. Foresters narrated observations
25
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around the behaviour of insects (lac cultivation and falling production) whereas farmers talked about the rising
summer temperature and abrupt rainfall patterns affecting the cropping patterns.
26
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Chapter 5
VULNERABILITY AND ADAPTATION WITH RESPECT TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN JHARKHAND
Climate change linked problems in all likelihood will aggregate further and its effects on natural and human
systems will be apparent in coming decades. The IPCC in the Fourth and subsequent Assessment Reports has
predicted extreme weather conditions and erratic rainfall patterns in various part of the world along with further
cascading effects on every walk of life.
The predicted effects of climate change are likely to pose serious concern to the economy and society of the
state of Jharkhand. The stress on the resources is slated to grow further. The state’s increasing population and
rapid rate of urbanization and poor infrastructure will most likely aggravate the situation.
Resource constraints will be limiting factor when it comes to implementation of Jharkhand State Action Plan,
identification of priority sectors for fund allocation to maximize benefits from the state’s actions will be a desired
condition for the successful implementation of such plans.
5.1 METHODOLOGY FOR PREPARING DISTRICT VULNERABILITY RANKING
Vulnerability indices can be used to ascertain the level and compare relative vulnerability of different districts of
Jharkhand. Vulnerability indices are applied for many purposes (e.g., for identifying causal processes and
explaining attributes of vulnerable systems, for linking system attributes to vulnerability outcomes, and for
mapping, ranking and comparing vulnerabilities across districts), at many scales (from local to global), and with
different policy objectives (e.g., more realistic assessment of climate change risks, aiding the allocation of
resources across regions, monitoring the progress in reducing vulnerability over time, and identifying suitable
entry points for interventions) (Füssel and Klein 2006, Eakin and Luers 2006). Different decision contexts and
scales generally require different kinds of information. Based on these general vulnerability indices sector,
specific indices can be prepared to understand the climate change effects on different facets of economy and
society.
Vulnerability is a dynamic concept, as exposure to climate change and the capacity to cope with those impacts
shifts across temporal and spatial scales. Assessment of vulnerability to climate change mainly involves research
into the exposure, sensitivity and adaptive capacity of a system in the context of a specific threat. In order to
capture the vulnerability issues for Jharkhand, relevant and acceptable proxies were identified and multiple
indicators were clubbed under the three subsets, viz. exposure, sensitivity and adaptive capacity. District level
information was used to prepare a composite vulnerability index for the state.
Annexure 2 summarizes the methodology which has been used for calculating the vulnerability index. The
analysis presented in this report is based on the available secondary data from various sources.
Table 11: Indicators for Vulnerability Assessment
Input
Component Profile Indicators Output
Precipitation variance ( projected rainfall w.r.t. current average
rainfall) Climate
Climate change
Temperature variance ( projected temperature w.r.t. current Profile
average temperature)
Exposure Sex Ratio
Percentage of ST population
Demographic
Demographics Child population (0-6 years) Profile
Decadal Population Growth
Percentage of Population below poverty line
Dense forest Ecosystem
Sensitivity Ecosystem
Open forest Profile
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Input
Component Profile Indicators Output
Scrub
Land put to non-agricultural use
Barren & unutilised land
Permanent pasture and other grazing land
Cultivable wasteland
Land under miscellaneous trees
Other than current fallow(2-5years)
Current fallow land Agriculture
Agriculture
Net sown agriculture area Profile
Area sown more than once
Area under paddy cultivation
Area under wheat production
Area under vegetable production
Area under spices production
Area under horticulture plantation
Livestock population
Literacy rate
Percentage of household having toilet
Percentage of household having TV Socio-
Socio-Economic
Percentage of household having motor vehicle Economic
Adaptive Structure
Percentage of household having electricity Profile
capacity
Credit/Deposit ratio
Household having concrete roof
Number of agricultural Worker
Health Facilities (hospital, PHC, APHS, HCS etc.) Infrastructure
Infrastructure
Number of School and College Profile
Adaptive capacity is the capacity of the system to adapt to the changing environment. As applied to the socio-
economic structures, the adaptive capacity is captured through household’s access to services and facilities. Also
society’s access to assets (both tangible and intangible assets) is considered as proxy to capture its adaptive
capacity. Further availability of quality physical infrastructure also adds to the state’s capacity to adapt.
Particular to climate change, health and education infrastructure is considered in this study to compare districts.
The climate change exposes the society to vulnerabilities as there are weather pattern shifts and associated
feedback loops that change the ecological balance forcing societies to realign themselves to the new conditions.
The realignment is a long term process and requires resources. For example, IPCC demonstrates that climate
change leads to health consequences through pathways of direct exposures (e.g., extreme heat), indirect
exposures (e.g., changes in water, air, and food quality). Thus, climate change produces a dynamic system where
a change in one condition exerts influence in multiple pathways with associated health consequence. The
climate exposure in vulnerability terms is measured by quantifying the predicted changes in the temperature
and precipitation. Whereas the coping capacity of the society is measured by identifying social characteristics
that help cope with shift in weather patterns.
5.2 VULNERABILITY INDEX WITH RESPECT TO CLIMATE CHANGE OF DIFFERENT

DISTRICTS OF JHARKHA ND
The details of the calculation are explained in Annexure-3. The summary of calculations is provided in Table-12.
28
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Table 12: Vulnerability index for districts of Jharkhand
Adoptive Vulnerability Index { (Exposure-

District Sensitivity Exposure
Capacity Adoptive Capacity)* Sensitivity }
Purbi Singhbhum 0.68 0.31 0.73 -0.29
Ranchi 0.52 0.41 0.81 -0.21
Pashchimi Singhbhum 0.70 0.39 0.56 -0.12
Saraikela-Kharsawan 0.78 0.26 0.35 -0.07
Palamu 0.60 0.33 0.38 -0.03
Dhanbad 0.34 0.51 0.59 -0.03
Bokaro 0.46 0.43 0.48 -0.02
Giridih 0.27 0.52 0.49 0.01
Dumka 0.25 0.6 0.51 0.02
Deoghar 0.20 0.48 0.36 0.02
Gumla 0.49 0.46 0.38 0.04
Hazaribagh 0.29 0.52 0.35 0.05
Godda 0.23 0.59 0.34 0.06
Khunti 0.72 0.38 0.28 0.07
Kodarma 0.27 0.43 0.12 0.08
Chatra 0.37 0.45 0.19 0.10
Jamtara 0.26 0.59 0.21 0.10
Sahebganj 0.25 0.65 0.21 0.11
Garhwa 0.57 0.38 0.17 0.12
Ramgarh 0.60 0.47 0.25 0.13
Latehar 0.52 0.42 0.15 0.14
Lohardaga 0.38 0.5 0.11 0.15
Simdega 0.66 0.48 0.22 0.17
Pakur 0.30 0.82 0.17 0.20
*(Scaling is done from -1 to +1 indicating low to high vulnerability)
Figure 14: Composite vulnerability mapping of Jharkhand
From the above figure it is clear that districts of Pakur, Simdega, Loharanga and Lather are highly vulnerable to
climate change. Lack of adaptive capacity is the main reason of the backwardness of these districts. Whereas
districts like Ranchi, Bokaro and Dhanbad have scored much better in respect to adaptive capacity and thereby
vulnerability index.
5.3 THE WAY FORWARD
The vulnerability map presented in the chapter is only indicative, the secondary data used for preparing the
index and map is not updated and the set of information used may not be representative of the micro variations
existing between districts, regions and societies. It is recommended that a comprehensive exercise is carried out
to identify the threats and capacity of the state in order to develop a precise vulnerability map for the state.
29
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SECTION B: SECTORAL ANALYSIS
30
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Chapter 6
AGRICULTURE SECTOR AND CLIMATE CHANGE
The total agriculture land in the state is 22 lakh hectares which can be broadly categorized under three agro
climatic zones viz. Central and North Eastern Plateau sub zone, Western plateau Sub Zone and South Eastern
Plateau Sub Zone. Contribution of agriculture in Jharkhand’s GSDP is close to 20% though a large population
(approx 70%) depends on it for livelihood support.
Agriculture in Jharkhand is heavily monsoon dependent and irrigation facilities in the state are limited. The state
receives 80-82% of the annual rainfall during monsoon hence majority of state’s agriculture production is
confined to kharif season (June-September). Due to poor irrigation facilities (only 6-10% of the agriculture area is
supported by irrigation infrastructure) and scanty rainfall, raising kharif crop is not an option for a large number
of farmers in the state. Hence, 40% of the area in the state is under mono crop (Department of Agriculture &
Sugarcane Development, 2009).
Table 13: Snapshot of agriculture sector in Jharkhand (Department of Agriculture & Sugarcane Development, 2009)
Agriculture in Jharkhand
Particulars Area % of total area
Geographical area 79.7 lakh ha
Cultivable area 38.0 lakh ha 47.67%
Cropped area 22.38 lakh ha 28.08%
Agriculture wasteland 19.32 lakh ha 24.33%
Area under irrigation* 2.05 lakh ha 10.6%
* (Department of Agriculture & Cane Development , 2009)
The topographical, physiographic constraints add to difficulties faced by the agriculture sector in the state,
vagaries of climate put greatest limitation before the agricultural production system. The culmination of the
constraints is reflected in large scale diversion of rural human resources towards non-agriculture activities. Only
12% of the rural labours make their living from agriculture activities whereas 48% of the labours are engaged in
non-agriculture casual wage employment (Poverty Reduction and Economic Management-India Country
Management Unit, 2007).
Increase in frequency and severity of extreme weather events like heat wave (unexpected rise in temperature in
summer months), hail storm (decreased frequency but increased severity) drastic decrease in pre-monsoon
convectional rainfall and cold wave/frost in winter further restricts the agriculture productivity in the state.
The poor agricultural productivity is ultimately reflected in the food deficiency prevailing in the state. The State
Department of Agriculture has assessed that the food grain deficiency in the state is 14%, for other nutritional
items like fruits, milk and meat this deficiency is 69%, 43% and 35% respectively. For a state where a large
population is poor, this deficiency is alarming as households are exposed to market forces to meet their
nutritional demand.
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Table 14: Food and nutritional Security in Jharkhand State (2008‐09) (Department of Agriculture & Cane Development ,
2009)
Item Production (Lakh Minimum Food

tonnes) requirements Deficiency/Surplus
(Lakh tonnes)
Food grains 42.2 49 (14%)
Vegetables 34 28 21%
Fruits 3.88 12.5 (69%)
Milk 13.3 23.3 (43%)
Meat 4.33 6.7 (35%)
Fish 0.27 5.3 (95%)
Egg (lakhs) 6,980 8,380 (17%)
The agriculture sector share of GSDP has remained almost constant and has been hovering around 20-22% since
1993-9411. But the state witnessed a sharp increase in agriculture growth post 2010 (after formation of
Jharkhand). The growth rate of the Agriculture (and allied) sector during 1994-2004 remained at 4% per annum
(in comparison to India’s 2.2% per annum) (Poverty Reduction and Economic Management-India Country
Management Unit, 2007).
Despite all the challenges and limitations, the vegetable sub-sector in Jharkhand has excelled in the recent past.
Not only has the state become self-sufficient in vegetable cultivation but also for most of the vegetables, the
productivity of the sub-sector is better in comparison to all India average numbers.
As per the analysis carried out by the Council for Social Development (Delhi), Jharkhand’s agriculture sector is
witnessing a slow shift from agriculture to horticulture species. As is evident from Figure-15 and Figure-16, the
area under cereal crop has been dropping over time and so is the share of cereal crops in the total output of the
sector (in value terms). On the other hand the rural focus on fruits and vegetables is growing rapidly.
Table 15: Vegetable Production in India and Jharkhand - Area and Productivity (NABARD Consultancy Services , 2007)
Area under vegetable cultivation Productivity in tonnes/ hectares Productivity

(hectares) Compared
to National
average*
Item India Jharkhand India Jharkhand
Brinjal - 98000 - 11.96581
Cabbage 3861684 82000 17.68324 14.88203 ↓
Cauliflower 2473987 136000 11.24412 14.98623 ↑
Lady's Finger 4031811 154000 9.364871 10.00975 ↑
Onion 4080000 79000 10.36849 14.91692 ↑
Tomato 5441967 183000 15.30001 16.49986 ↑
*Northward arrow indicates better productivity and southward arrow indicates lower productivity
11
http://siteresources.worldbank.org/SOUTHASIAEXT/Resources/223546-1181699473021/3876782-1181699502708/ch1.pdf
32
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Figure 15: Variation in area under various crops in Jharkhand during 1999-2005 (Haque, Bhattacharya, Sinha, Kalra, &
Thomas, 2010)
Figure 16: Variation in share of various crops (as % of total output) in Jharkhand during 1999-2005 (Haque, Bhattacharya,
Sinha, Kalra, & Thomas, 2010)
6.1 CHALLENGES FACED BY AGRICULTURE SECTOR IN JHARKHAND
The agriculture sector is marred with multiple issues, which include:
Lack of irrigation facility is the major infrastructural bottleneck. Due to slow growth in irrigation, the
agricultural sector has not been able to perform to its full potential both in terms of food production as
well as crop diversification. However, the expansion of area under irrigation in the state faces a number
of techno-economic challenges.
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As agriculture is heavily dependent on rain, and farm productivity falls sharply if rainfall is not adequate.
In addition there are certain zones in the state which face water shortage
throughout the year.
In the adjacent map, areas marked with dark brown display regions that are
affected by drought situation (Gumla, parts of Kodarma and Hazaribagh,
Chatra and Palamu are the districts worst affected by water shortage).
12
Figure 17: Areas affected by drought situation in Jharkhand
At the national level 76% of the total cultivable area is under net sown area, whereas in Jharkhand only
43% of land is cultivated. Cropping Intensity in the state is 117%, the per capita net sown area is just
0.083 hectare which is quite low in relation to the per capita land holding (0.14 ha approx).
(http://rkvy.nic.in/sap/jh.pdf)
Average land holding is small: 83% of the agriculture land in the state belongs to small and marginal
farmers and only 1% of holdings are above 10 hectares. Agricultural operations are primarily of
subsistence type due to the adverse land to farmer ratio (per capita land holding is just 0.14 ha).
Predominance of cereal crops: About 92% cropped area is covered under food grains and less than 5%
of the area is under commercial crops. Also, 40% of the total cropped area remains largely mono-
cropped under rice leaving farmers exposed to risks associated with rainfall and other weather changes.
Poverty: High poverty in the state reduces the farm sector efficiency, most of the farmers are poor.
Hence rural markets for products and services are less developed. Rural areas neither have reach nor
mean to afford modern financial products and agriculture sector goods and services to support and
augment the farm activity.
Low productivity: The farm sector productivity in the state is low due to:
o The poor farmers in the state have little access to resources to provide for high cost of inputs
required to increase agriculture productivity. The instructional credit flow to the agriculture
sector is negligible and agricultural extension activities are minimal.
o Agriculture is basically dependent on rain.
o About 50% of the soil in the state has high concentration of minerals and other chemicals that
do not support crops. The state faces acute problem of soil acidity, about 4 lakh hectare of
cultivated area in Jharkhand faces soil acidity problem.
o The agriculture land in the region is also vulnerable to erosion; the agriculture field are located
on slight to moderate slopes. Also uneven land surface is subject to sheet and gully erosion. It
is estimated that about 23 lakh hectare of total land area of Jharkhand are subjected to severe
erosion13.
Low profitability: Inadequate or non –existent post harvest management infrastructure at farm level,
lack of price incentives, low access to credit and high transaction cost involved in institutional credit are
some of the reasons which have affected productivity.
Rising chemical use: The chemical use in the agriculture sector is steadily on rise. This is not only
resulting in the increase of the input cost but also contaminates the local water bodies and the soil 14.
6.2 IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON AGRICULTURE/ ALLIED SECTOR
12
http://www.nicra-icar.in/nicrarevised/index.php/events?id=64
13
http://www.advanceagriculturalpractice.in/w/index.php/Farming_in_Jharkhand
14
Inputs received during public consultation workshop
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Climate change is already apparent in Jharkhand, there is reported rise in average rainfall in parts of state and
this increase is not only undeniably steady but also significant and has potential of changing the agriculture
pattern. The rainfall data available for Ranchi region for last five decades clearly indicates that the average
rainfall has been rising steadily and now the state gets 30% more rainfall than what it was getting in 60’s
(Wadood & Kumari). But precipitation trends of the state as whole show a very different trend. The information
available on a 100 year time frame establishes that the annual precipitation in the state have gone down
significantly by an average of 150mm, monsoon rains have seen the biggest shift. Although there is an increase
in winter rainfall but the change is not very significant.
The seasonal rainfall trends witnessed in the state during last 100 years are depicted in the following table.
Table 16: Rainfall trends in the state of Jharkhand during last 100 years(Guhathakurta & Rajeevan, 2006)
Season Increase/ Decrease In mms Confidence level

Monsoon Decreasing -95.7 95%
Winter Increasing +4.1 90%
Pre monsoon Decreasing -17.1 90%
Post Monsoon Decreasing -6.6 Not significant
Annual Decreasing -150.6 99%
Impact of climate change: The summary of the impact of change in temperature and CO2 concentration are
tabulated below.
Table 17: Impact of temperature and rainfall variability on agriculture and allied Sector
Crop Impacts of increase in temperature Impacts of increase in CO2 concentration

Paddy Keeping the CO2 level constant at 380 ppm, a Keeping the temperature rise constant at
0 0
temperature increase of 2 C will result in yield 0 C, and an increase in the CO2
loss of ~ 18% (Krishnan et al. 2007). concentration at 400 ppm, the yield is
expected to rise by 16.27%.
0
Wheat A 0.5 C increase in winter temperature could
reduce wheat crop duration by seven days and
reduce yield by 0.45 ton/hectare. An increase in
winter temperature of 0.5◦ C could cause 10%
reduction in wheat production.
Maize Increase in mean air temperature by 3°C above An increase in CO₂ concentration up to 700
the present ambient conditions would reduce ppm has a positive effect on the maize yield.
maize yield. However, temperature rise dominates over
the positive effect of CO₂ concentration
0
significantly when it is 3 C above the current
ambient temperature conditions.
0
Mustard Rise in temperature by 5 C would reduce yield Increase in CO2 level to 450 and 550ppm
by 20.9% (Boomiraj et al.2010) respectively would increase the crop yield.
0
Milk The decline in minimum temperature (>3 C)
0
Production during winter and increase (>4 C) in summers
-
can negatively impact milk production by upto
30% (Upadhaya et al. 2012)
0
Poultry For ambient temperature >34 C, mortality due
to heat stress increases in heavy meat type
chickens (8.4%), 0.84% in light layer type, and
-
native type (0.32%) chickens. the temperature
rise affects the health and habits of chicken, the
feed consumption decreases from 108.3
35
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Crop Impacts of increase in temperature Impacts of increase in CO2 concentration
g/bird/day at 31.6°C to 68.9 g/ bird/day at
37.9°C. At shed temperature of 42°C, the
mortality rate of chickens will be very high.
Egg For ambient temperature >34 °C, the egg
production production is expected to decrease both in -
broiler (by 7.5%) and layer (by 6.4%) breeders.
Maximum temperature which is increasing in Jharkhand has been found to have adverse affect on rice yield if it
-1 o -1
coincides with the flowering stages, a yield reduction of 10.2 q ha C is possible. Increase in minimum
-1 o -1
temperature at grain filling stages is expected to have a positive effect on rice yield (2.7 q ha C ). Both the
increasing trend of maximum temperature and decreasing trend of minimum temperature are apprehended to
reduce the rice yield in particular and yield of most of the other kharif crops in general15.
-1
High rainfall at rice flowering stage has been found detrimental causing a yield reduction of up to 7 q ha
whereas at grain filling stage the high rainfall is beneficial causing yield increase up to 6.3 q/ ha. High evening RH
-1
at emergence-flowering stage can cause rice yield reduction (up to 3 q ha ) while variation in radiation seems to
have no effect on rice yield16.
High Tmax with High evening RH during vegetative stage has been found to invite Brown spot disease and high
-1
rainfall at flowering stage causes chaffy grain of rice. Altogether, a yield reduction of 10-15 q ha is reported17.
Temperature Impact on wheat crop- Above normal high maximum temperature coinciding with the flowering
stage of wheat and other rabi crops has been found to cause pollen/flower sterility thereby causing appreciable
yield reduction of rabi crops. However, as per a research result increase in both maximum and minimum
18
temperature during the growing period of wheat has been found negatively correlated with yield .
Appearance of new strains of disease/pests- Bristle Beetle in Arhar, Sheeth Blight and Rust in Kharif maize,
Powdery mildew in Lentil, Alternaria Blight in Rapeseed-Mustard, Swarming caterpillar in Rice, root Knot
19
Nematode in Rice have been observed in Jharkhand.
In general, overall predictability of weather and climate will decrease, making the day-to-day and medium-term
planning of farm operations more difficult. Increases in the frequency of droughts and floods are likely to affect
production negatively, especially in subsistence sectors.
6.3 AGRICULTURE VULNERABILITY INDEX WITH RESPECT TO CLIMATE CHANGE
An agriculture vulnerability index was developed to carry out a comparative study of administrative units of
Jharkhand and identify districts where population and agriculture sector is highly susceptible to climate change
linked changes. The analysis considered the climatic conditions, demographic features, agricultural productivity
attributes and socio-economic structure of the majority of population in the districts.
Table 18: Core Criteria and Indicators for preparing agriculture vulnerability index
Criteria Layers Indicative Rationale Data type
indicators
15
Communication from, K.K. Soan, Director Agriculture, Government of Jharkhand
16
Ibid
17
Ibid
18
Ibid
19
Ibid
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indicators
2.Projected Projected Identify changes from current 2030 and 2080
vulnerability variation in temperature and rainfall expected due projections on
to climate rainfall and to change in climatic factors- temperature (
change temperature rainfall/temperature patterns minimum and
maximum) and
precipitation
2.Demographi 1a) Population Demographic features on selected Decadal
c features Population growth and indicators help identify the pressure on population
pressure rural the farm land. It is also a proxy for growth rate, rural
population direct agriculture dependence. population in the
district
1b) SC+ST and Vulnerable population helps identify SC+ST and BPL
Vulnerable poor the demographic strength of the population in the
population population community districts
3.Stock and 3a) Facilities Help identify the infrastructure status Number of
capacity and services and penetration of services in rural electrified villages
available in areas. These can become the backbone in the district,
rural areas of the coping mechanism of rural availability of
economy. credit and saving
services.
3b) Features Agriculture land and its usage is the Agriculture area
of basic resource stock available to the available in each
agriculture community. district, Area
land sown annually
and area sown
more than once.
4. Resource 4a) Quality of resource defines the quality Farm productivity
quality Productivity and quantity of output that can be and horticulture
of generated from the resource. In productivity
agriculture agriculture based economy, land
resource productivity is the defining feature of
the quality of resource.
The detailed calculation is explained in Annexure-4. The outcome of the calculations is displayed in table below.
Table 19: Agriculture vulnerability index for Jharkhand
Agriculture
Climate Demographic Stock and Vulnerability
Districts Productivity
vulnerability features capacity index
index
Pashchimi Singhbhum 0.70 0.48 0.21 0.32 -0.65
Saraikela Kharsawan 0.78 0.38 0.27 0.26 -0.64
Garhwa 0.57 0.39 0.15 0.25 -0.56
Simdega 0.66 0.43 0.40 0.23 -0.46
Latehar 0.52 0.46 0.39 0.16 -0.43
Palamu 0.60 0.48 0.28 0.53 -0.27
Lohardaga 0.38 0.68 0.66 0.17 -0.22
Pakaur 0.30 0.60 0.54 0.15 -0.21
Chatra 0.37 0.25 0.33 0.12 -0.16
Gumla 0.49 0.56 0.49 0.46 -0.10
Bokaro 0.46 0.22 0.27 0.35 -0.06
Kodarma 0.27 0.29 0.39 0.14 -0.03
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Giridih 0.27 0.52 0.43 0.41 0.05
Sahebganj 0.25 0.54 0.58 0.27 0.06
Purbi Singhbhum 0.68 0.17 0.27 0.64 0.06
Hazaribagh 0.29 0.48 0.43 0.41 0.07
Godda 0.23 0.49 0.66 0.22 0.17
Jamtara 0.26 0.37 0.60 0.21 0.18
Dhanbad 0.34 0.17 0.53 0.29 0.32
Deoghar 0.20 0.45 0.64 0.37 0.37
Dumka 0.25 0.36 0.68 0.43 0.50
Ranchi 0.52 0.25 0.67 0.79 0.70
Khunti NA
Ramgarh NA
*The more positive number indicates less vulnerability
Figure 18: Agriculture sector vulnerability map of Jharkhand
The agriculture vulnerability index is a composite index that captures climate change parameters, agriculture
sector capacity, infrastructure and social vulnerabilities. The resultant index predicts that for future climatic
changes, the districts with least vulnerability are Ranchi, Dumka, Deoghar and Dhanbad. These are the districts
where climate changes (precipitation and temperature change) is comparatively lesser but agriculture
productivity is highest.
6.4 AGRICULTURE SECTOR CLIMATE ADAPTATION STRATEGIES
Adaptation measures
Assessing climate risk in detail: Jharkhand is divided into three agro-climatic zones, Central and North Eastern
Plateau sub zone, western plateau Sub Zone and South Eastern Plateau Sub Zone. There is need to have accurate
weather information at least for each of the climatic zones.
Further, there is need to have more micro level weather prediction system, sub district level weather
information and weather advisory services are required to prepare farmers for climate change conditions. For
this purpose a network of weather forecasting stations can be established.
Policy Options Agriculture sector adaptation strategies require continuous inputs from technological advances
to combat climate change, since majority of agriculture dependent communities are relatively poor residing in
villages with limited access to resources hence there has to be a sound and supportive policy framework to
facilitate adaptation process. The adaptation framework should address the issues of redesigning social sector
with focus on vulnerable areas/populations, introduction of new credit instruments with deferred repayment
liabilities during extreme weather events and weather insurance as a major vehicle to manage risk.
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The state government should encourage research and identify and prioritize adaptation options in areas with
high impact on agriculture sector (micro level seasonal weather forecasting systems, water diversion, storage
and distribution, agriculture planning and other infrastructure needs). The focus should be on integrating
national development policies into a sustainable development framework that complements adaptation. The
action plans based on this should accompany technological adaptation methods.
In addition, the role of SHGs, rural banks and agricultural credit societies should be widened. Role of community
institutions and private sector in relation to agriculture should be a matter of policy concern. Also given the
gravity of the challenge posed by climate change it is time to display and develop strategies for economic
diversification in terms of risk spreading, diversifying livelihood strategies in rural sector, strategies to cope with
migrations (arising from crop failures) and financial mechanisms to meet the potential rise in rural requirements
to cope with weather fluctuations. Policy initiatives in relation to access to banking, micro-credit/insurance
services before, during and after a disaster event, and access to communication/information services are
imperative in the envisaged climate change scenario. Some of the key policy initiatives that are to be considered
are:
o Mainstreaming adaptations by considering impacts in all major development Initiatives

o Facilitating greater adoption of scientific and economic pricing policies, especially for water,
land, energy and other natural resources.
o Considering financial incentives and package for improved land management and explore
Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) benefits for mitigation strategies.
Using appropriate traditional knowledge for adaptation: Globally, it has been established that many traditional
knowledge is a valuable asset in observing and managing environmental change. Communities living in locations
where climatic changes are fast and frequent have survived by traditional knowledge to adapt to biophysical
changes in their environment for centuries (McNamara et al. 2010c), and India is no exception.
In this context, this is argued that traditional local knowledge such as local crop varieties (seeds and crops which
can tolerate extreme weather conditions), decision on crop sowing time based on traditional understanding of
weather pattern (rains, heat etc), use of intercropping to minimize crop failure risks, and use of plants/herds to
control weed, insects etc are some very commonly practised mechanism that are purely based on traditional
knowledge system.
Further, the traditional practice to regulating and use of water bodies during the time of stress is something that
has been found to work effectively. As this traditional knowledge is being used in isolation and in sporadic
manner; therefore it can be streamlined into the mainstream agricultural practise by associating all the three
tiers of panchayatiraj system –in the planning and execution process.
Institution promotion: Opening new agriculture college and institutions in the country to develop human
resource and R&D facilities that can support the advanced agriculture activities in the state. ICAR and other
national/international have also already established few centres/schemes to assess the impacts, adaptation and
vulnerability of Indian agriculture to climate change. In the state also such centres/schemes can be established
with collaboration with ICAR etc in few strategic locations.
Research and development (R&D): The state government can develop a network of institutions within state that
can provide necessary research and development support to all the sectors in the state in the context of climate
change. In this regard institutes like Birsa Agricultural University and Birla Institute of Technology (Mesra) etc can
take a leading role as they have expertise in the field of climate change adaptation. This set of institutions can be
used as a platform to interact with national and international institutions working on agriculture specific climate
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change issues. A financial support system should be promoted to strengthening research on adaption, mitigation
and impact assessment. The specific R&D needs are:
R&D to increase the agriculture productivity and reduce vulnerability against climate
extremities (photo and drought resistant). Use of indigenous techniques to reduce fertilizer use
(i.e. crop rotation and mixed cropping) to increase land productivity and reduce nutrient
deficiency.
R&D for each micro agro-climate zones in the state by engaging with the state agriculture
universities and other research facilities.
R&D focuses on improving fertility of the barren lands.
The agriculture extension facilities should focus on incentive driven approaches to enable
technology options at the farm level.
Vulnerability reduction support program: Weather insurance plays an important role in mitigating climatic risks.
But this strategy has worked successfully in regions having long term weather data, farmers have large holding
and have a business approach for farming. In Jharkhand, the small holders are generally more prone to risks, the
government sponsored crop insurance scheme has made some progress but it has a long way to go. Considering
the climate trends being witnessed in recent years all over the country, weather based insurance appears to be a
better alternative for mitigating risks in agriculture for Indian farmers. The state should work with agriculture
research institutes and insurance companies to jointly develop crop wise data on weather sensitivity so that
appropriate policies can be designed, which are friendly to farmers without affecting the viability of the
insurance companies. The state can also develop a fund to share the insurance premium burden. Sporadic
attempts for crops like lac, tasar have been made, besides other agriculture crops.
State level seed-banks can be created that can help the farmers select tested and suitable crop varieties. Further,
the R&D in the agriculture universities can be translated into development of crop varieties that can tolerate
high sun and rainfall.
Increasing resource base through development of wasteland: A pilot study is required to assess the reclamation
potential of the waste land in the state. Micro and mini water harvesting programs can be developed for the
rural regions which are less costlier yet result in effective water conservation.
Adoption of climate smart agriculture:
The agriculture productivity can be improved and at the same time emission reduction co-benefits can be easily
achieved by improving the efficiency of the agriculture operations, this will also reduce the input costs. The
efficient use of area under agriculture, fertilizer selection and method of application and water use can help
reduce methane as well as NOx emissions.
 Crop selection: Switching to rice varieties that require relatively lesser amount of water.
 Multi cropping: Adopting multi cropping practices to reduce the crop failure risks.
 Smart irrigation: Utilizing water saving techniques, using energy efficient water pumps, sprinkler/ drip
irrigation. Smartly locating percolation tanks that help maintain soil moisture reducing irrigation
requirements.
 Reducing irrigation linked energy use: Discouraging use of energy inefficient water pumps by smart
energy pricing and controlling leakage of kerosene from PDS system.
 Promotion of RE irrigation systems: Technique to reduce Urea use (FAO, 2012)
Promotion of solar water pumps will Urea Deep Placement (UDP) technique, developed by the
not only help the farmers reduce international Rice Research Institute (IRRI) and International
Fertilizer Development Center (IFDC), is a good example of a
climate-smart solution for rice systems. The usual technique
40
for applying urea, the main nitrogen fertilizer for rice, is

Page
through a broadcast application. This is a very inefficient

practice, with 60 to 70 percent of the nitrogen applied being
lost, and contributes to GHG emissions and water pollution.
dependence on rainfall but also help control the GHG emissions.
 Increasing resource stock by converting wasteland, barren land into productive land through technical
interventions.
 Discouraging sales of adulterated fuel in rural areas can improve the efficiency of the farm equipments
and at the same time reduce agriculture sector fuel linked emissions.
 Fertilizer use management: Lower usage of fertilizers can be achieved through smarter use of soil
testing, precision application and crop rotation or mixed cropping (see box item). Further, organic
fertilizer program should be seriously developed for the state.
 Using Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) to develop
underutilized and unutilized land for agriculture purposes and for maintaining water harvesting
structures.
6.5 SECTORAL ACTION PLAN AND BUDGET
For Agriculture sector action plan and budget please refer to Section C: Sectoral Action plans.
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Chapter 7
FORESTRY SECTOR AND CLIMATE CHANGE
7.1 JHARKHAND STATE OF FOREST
As per the State of Forest Report (SFR) 2005, published by the Forest Survey of India (FSI) on the basis of satellite
data, the forest cover of Jharkhand is 22,591 sq km, which is 28.34% of the total geographic area.
th
Jharkhand ranks 10 among all the States and Union Territories of India considering the geographical area under
forest cover. The dense forest distributed in the northwest and the southeast of the State constitutes about 15%,
the open forest areas are evenly distributed in the north, central and south-eastern parts of the State and
constitute about 13.6% of the forested area whereas the non-forested area is about 71.6% of the state’s
geographic area. The total recorded forest area is about 23,605 sq km which contains reserve forest of about
18.6%, protected forest of 81.3% and unclassified forest about 0.1% (Ministry of Environment and Forest 2001).
The main forest types in the state are:
(a) Peninsular Dry and Moist Sal Forests,

(b) Hill Valley Swamp Forest,
(c) Moist Sal Savannah,
(d) Moist Mixed Deciduous Forest,
(e) Riverine Forest,
(f) Bamboo and Cane brakes
Figure 19: Jharkhand area under forest cover and forest distribution
The state is very rich in biodiversity. To protect and conserve this biodiversity, two reserve areas (one tiger
reserve and one elephant reserve) and 10 wildlife sanctuaries have been carved out of the area under forests.
Forest in Jharkhand has long been under pressure from mining and for meeting the demands for fuel. Initiatives
have been taken by the State government to increase its forest cover. Forest Resource Surveys are also being
conducted at district level for better management and planning. The state has also formed Joint Forest
Management (JFM) committees besides forest-based livelihood development, wildlife management, biodiversity
conservation, clean environment and waste disposal plans. To tackle the impacts of mining, the State
Government also proposes to bring legislation in mining sector so that resources generated from mining sectors
can be pumped back for local developmental activities.
The results of state actions are visible in the form of improvement in the health and area under forests in the
state. During 2001-2011 about 194 sq km of area was brought under tree cover, similarly vegetation cover in 162
sq km of scrub land has also improved. The net area under very dense forest category witnessed reduction
during last decade but no changes in area were seen during last five years (see table below).
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20
Table 20: Forest area trend in Jharkhand
Change during Very Dense Moderately Open Forest Scrub Non – Forest
Forest Dense Forest (sq km) (sq km) (sq km)
(sq km) (sq km)
2001-2003 -106 185 -169 90
2003-2005 0 2 20 0 -22
2005-2007 -5 7 170 7 -179
2007-2009 NA NA NA NA NA
2009-2011 0 18 65 0 -83
Net change -111 27 430 -162 -194
during 2001-
2011
7.2 FORESTRY VULNERABILITY INDEX WITH RESPECT TO CLIMATE CHANGE
A forest vulnerability index was developed to carry out a comparative study administrative units of Jharkhand
and identify districts where population is highly susceptible to climate change linked changes. The analysis
considered the climatic conditions, demographic features, ecosystem, agricultural attributes and socio-economic
structure of the majority of population in the districts. Landscape level indicators were selected and a composite
index was created based on the GIM guidelines for L1 level planning.
Table 21: Core Criteria and Indicators for selecting landscapes at L1 level

indicators
1.Forest cover 1a) Forest Forest cover Basic layer – helps identify forest District level
and cover class – Dense, patches by density classes. It is also a data on forest
degradation open & scrub proxy for direct biomass dependence. area
- Priority will be given by appropriate
- weightage for areas with higher
opportunities for attaining mission
objectives, e.g. higher priority for open
& scrub forests compared to high
density forests.
1b) Degraded Wasteland map helps identify areas of District area
Wastelands areas degradation outside as well as inside under
forest areas and types of degradation wasteland
in all areas
2.Projected Vulnerability Variation in Identify level of forest type change 2085 scenario,
Forest maps and forest type, expected due to change in climatic areas
vulnerability attribute rainfall, factors- rainfall/temperature patterns. identified as
to climate data temperature Need at multiple scales. under threat
change - from climate
change
3.Vulnerable 3a) Ratio of SCs Help identify concentrations of SCs/ SC and ST
Population/ Scheduled /STs to Total STs at district and block level population in
communities Caste/Tribe Population the district
and Total
20
Calculated from available FSI data
43
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indicators
population
3b) Presence of Identify whether district/block in Districts
Scheduled Scheduled landscape is a Scheduled area categorized as
areas Areas scheduled area
The calculations for developing forestry vulnerability index are explained in Annexure-5. The outcome of the
calculations is displayed in table below.
Table 22: Forestry vulnerability index- Districts of Jharkhand
Forest
Vulnerable
Forest Degraded Vulnerability Scheduled or Vulnerability
Districts community
sensitivity areas to climate not index
sensitivity
change
Deoghar 0.35 0.49 0.00 0.00 0.15 0.23
Bokaro 0.31 0.56 0.00 0.00 0.17 0.24
Dhanbad 0.55 0.33 0.00 0.00 0.15 0.24
Lohardaga 0.27 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.70 0.28
Saraikela Kharsawan 0.39 0.22 0.00 1.00 0.41 0.33
Chatra 0.00 0.22 1.00 0.00 0.33 0.35
Kodarma 0.34 0.06 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.35
Hazaribagh 0.69 0.67 0.00 0.00 0.19 0.36
Latehar 0.34 0.25 0.00 1.00 0.81 0.37
Giridih 0.77 0.79 0.00 0.00 0.12 0.40
Jamtara 0.62 0.35 0.00 1.00 0.41 0.42
Pakaur 0.63 0.41 0.00 1.00 0.52 0.45
Godda 0.96 0.35 0.00 1.00 0.27 0.49
Simdega 0.39 0.57 0.00 1.00 1.00 0.49
Purbi Singhbhum 0.77 0.61 0.00 1.00 0.28 0.51
Sahebganj 0.89 0.55 0.00 1.00 0.33 0.52
Garhwa 0.92 0.12 1.00 0.00 0.38 0.56
Dumka 0.91 0.90 0.00 1.00 0.57 0.65
Gumla 1.00 0.79 0.00 1.00 0.88 0.68
Pashchimi Singhbhum 0.85 1.00 0.00 1.00 0.88 0.70
Palamu 0.96 0.28 1.00 1.00 0.34 0.73
Ranchi 0.89 1.28 0.00 1.00 0.51 0.73
Khunti NA
Ramgarh NA
(A more positive number indicates higher degree of vulnerability)
Figure 20: Forestry vulnerability map of Jharkhand

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According to the forestry focused analysis, Ranchi, Gumla, Paschim Singhbhum and Gumla districts are most
vulnerable to future climate related changes, all the five districts have high tribal and economically backward
population and fall under the scheduled areas. At the same time, all the districts falling under the most
vulnerable category also possess comparatively lesser forest resources. At the same time, districts like Bokaro
and Dhanbad are less vulnerable to climate change due to their high adaptive capacity and less social
vulnerability.
7.3 ISSUES FACED BY FORESTRY SECTOR IN JHARKHAND
7.3.1 LOW PRODUCTIVITY
The contribution of forestry sector in the GDP of the State is low, it declined from 2% (2001-02) to 1.5% (2009-
10). The productivity of forest land is as low as INR 2500/ha whereas the productivity of pond and agriculture
land in the state are INR 1.30 lakhs/ha and INR 30000/ha, respectively. The low productivity has resulted in
abject poverty in regions of the state where communities are highly dependent on forest resources (minor forest
products) for sustenance and income generation. Overall, the poverty ratio for the poor is as high as 48% which
21
is among one of the highest in the country .
7.3.2 FOREST FIRES
Forest fires constitute a major threat, the forests in the state are mostly dry deciduous and are prone to forest
fires during summer season. Most of the fires are associated with the activities of the forest dependent
communities for mahua and sal seed collection and the desire to promote better under growth post rains. The
fires caused by mahua collectors are common in March and April and are the cause of wide spread damage to
the forest growth22.
Table 23: Extent of fire incidents (ha)
Very heavy Heavy Frequent Occasional No fire Total

1% 0% 9% 62 % 28 % 100 %
Source: Jharkhand State Disaster Management Plan, 2011
The forest fire detail as provided by the forest department of Jharkhand is tabulated below:
Table 24: Forest fire incidents-Jharkhand
Year Observations Affected forest area

Year 2012(15 Feb-15 June) 307 42.61 hectares ( based on data from 37 sites)
Year 2011 (15 Feb-15 June) 195 155.72 hectares ( based on data from 71 sites)
7.3.3 DIVERSION OF FOREST LAND
21
http://www.jharkhand.gov.in/New_Depts/ap201011/Forest201011.pdf
22
http://www.jharkhand.gov.in/DEPTDOCUPLOAD/uploads/40/D201140003.pdf
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In the state, till 31st October, 2012, a total number of 42,003 claims have been filed under the Forest Rights Act
23
(FRA-2006) and 15,296 titles have been distributed . Since the state is predominantly tribal (30% population is
tribal) hence in coming years as the awareness on the Act increases, the number of claims and settlement is
slated to go up (in the state of Orissa which is also predominantly tribal state, about 13 lakh titles have been
distributed so far).
Interestingly, despite mining pressure and other economic development activities Jharkhand does not figure in
the list of top 10 states in the land diversion category. Only about 23,000 ha of forestland has been diverted in
24 25
Jharkhand since 1981 , of which 9169 ha was diverted till year 2000 . Definitely post state formation economic
development has picked up and more of forest land has been diverted to make way for infrastructure
development and mining leases.
Average land diversion

(hectare/ per year)
1400
Forest land ( hectares)
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
Average land diversion during
Average
1981-2000
land diversion during 2000-2011
Figure 21: Forest area diversion during last three decades
7.3.4 WOODFUEL DEPENDENCY ON FORESTS
Woodfuel is the largest use for wood in the rural Jharkhand, there are no studies to estimate the exact
consumption or source of woodfuel in the state.
Based on NSSO data on the free collection of woodfuel, only 25 percent of freely collected and 20 percent of
total woodfuel in India came from forests. Taking this estimate as the most accurate, the production of woodfuel
from forests is calculated to be 52 million cubic metres (FSI, 2009b) for India, considering population proportion,
approximately 1 million cubic metres of woodfuel in Jharkhand comes from state owned forests.
7.3.5 HUMAN ACTIVITIES ON FOREST LAND

Forest degradation due to pressure from human settlements: The high poverty rate in rural areas has put heavy
pressure on forests in Jharkhand as villagers are dependent on forest resources. The human as well as cattle
26
population has been growing in villages and this pressure is resulting in forest degradation .
23
http://www.parimalnathwani.com/images/in-the-parliament-mr/forest-rights-act-in-jharkhand-17-12-2012-eng.pdf
24
http://cseindia.org/userfiles/Forest%20clearance.pdf
25
http://www.jharkhandforest.com/files/forest%20Diverted%20Upto%2014.11.2000.pdf
26
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Mining activities damaging forests and biodiversity: Mining activities and mineral transportation takes place in
close vicinity of forests. As discussed in mining and mineral section of the report, this results in damages to
27
forest resources. Rampant mining for decades has turned large tracts of forests in Jharkhand into wastelands .
Open cast mining, particularly in Jharkhand (and Odisha), has dealt a severe blow to elephant conservation
28
efforts as the movement of elephants has suffered . The tiger habitats have also come under threat, from the
FSI-CMPDI map of Auranga coalfield, it is apparent that a significant portion of the coalfield, over 57 sq km,
actually lies within the 10 km buffer of the Palamau Tiger Reserve.
7.4 CURRENT POLICIES, PROGRAMMES AND PROJECTS TO PROTECT FORESTS AND

BIODIVERSITY
Some of the policies and programmes to govern the forestry sector of the state are as follows:
1. Tenancy Act. (Bihar, Santhal Paragana and Chotanagpur): These Acts have provisions for the
protection of trees and also some provisions for regulating unhindered destruction of trees. These Acts
also support the promotion of TOF (trees outside forests).
2. Joint Forest Management: JFM Regulations are meant for eliciting the response of community in
conserving the forest. As an adaptive social process, JFM is striving to create sufficient future forest
production opportunity to satisfy potentially competitive/ conflicting interest that would diminish the
forest if left unresolved, benefiting lakhs of population in the process.
3. Jharkhand Forest Policy and Wildlife Management Plans: The State Govt. envisages a forest sector
contribution of 3% to SGDP. Rehabilitation of degraded forests, afforestation of public wastelands,
plantation on private fare/fallow lands, use of appropriate technology, environment for efficient use of
forest produce, integration of JFMC with PRIs and effective benefit sharing and urban forestry are some
of the measures the state Govt. is going to take up. Besides, forest based- livelihood development,
wildlife management, biodiversity conservation, clean environment and waste disposal plans are some
planned measures for the management of environment.
The new forest management planning includes eco-development schemes and also incorporates
ecotourism that helps manage the forests on scientific lines.
The State Government also proposes to bring some legislation in mining in line with Andhra Pradesh
Model so that resources generated from mining sectors can be pumped back to the local bodies. The
State Govt is intending to make the rights of the forest dwellers available to them through the Forest
Right’s Act, as it will enable them to start production of agricultural crops on the forest land which will
add to the GSDP of the state.
State interventions to improve forest output and community benefits: Under this scheme, plantations of
desired species, including fruit grafts, are taken up on non-forest land, such as gair-majarua land, land belonging
to government institutions and raiyats/ farmers. In 2010-11, the works on new plantations on non-forest land
are proposed besides carrying out the works under on-going work programmes approved under the scheme in
previous years. Further, it is proposed to help villagers form SHGs to pursue forest produce based clean
29
employment collectively, train them and provide necessary equipments for improvement of their livelihood .
Development and Value Addition of Lac and other Gums and Resin: Enhancing rural income by facilitating
widespread cultivation of lac and value addition through processing by villagers through SHGs in lac growing
30
areas of the state (to be marketed through state marketing federation) will be the focus of this scheme .
27
http://www.rulnr.ac.in/display.asp?fn=1
28
http://www.greenpeace.org/india/Global/india/report/How-Coal-mining-is-Trashing-Tigerland.pdf
29
30
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Augmenting rural income by facilitating processing of MFPs, such as sal seeds, mahua seeds, bamboo,
medicinal plants, etc. (other than kendu leaves) as well as edible fruits/ flowers (mango, jamun, kathal, mahua,
etc.) for value addition by providing requisite training and equipments to primary collectors/ SHGs will be the
focus of this scheme. It will be complemented by policy interventions in the form of Minimum Support Price
regimes and an alternative marketing arrangement through JHAMCOFED/ JSFDC. Another policy intervention
31
through rationalization of transit rules for forest produce is also proposed in order to make it conducive .
This scheme aims to augment the growing stock in the degraded forests by raising quick growing species to meet
the future household/ industrial/ commercial demand of timber by raising plantations of timber species, such as
shisham, gamhar, teak etc. Besides this, special efforts are made to plant fruit trees and other fuel wood
32
species .
7.5 FORESTS IN JHARKHAND AS CARBON SINKS
Forests are a source as well as store of carbon and other GHG gases. When forests grow, they act as store of
carbon as during the photosynthesis process they absorb CO2 from the atmosphere. Whereas during
deterioration process (due to forest fire, decaying process or other form of erosions of carbon stock), forests
release CO2 and other GHG gases in the atmosphere.
As discussed in the state of forests in Jharkhand, the forests in the state are growing hence they are acting as
carbon sink. Based on the data available for years 2009 and 2011, the forests in the state were able to sequester
136.03 and 145.86 million tonnes of carbon.
Table 25: Carbon sequestration by the forests of Jharkhand
Year Carbon stock Growing stock (m Million tonne-C

33
cum) sequestered
2011 In forest 116.308 145.86
In TOF 51.308
2009 In forest 103.78 136.03
In TOF 53.32
At the same time, there were damages to the forests of the state due to forests fires, since these fires are limited
to the forest floor hence their net impact on the carbon sequestration by forests has not been discounted (also,
data to calculate carbon release from forest fires is difficult to calculate due to limited information available).
7.6 CONCERNS OF FORESTS, WILD LIFE AND BIODIVERSITY IN JHARKHAND DUE TO

CLIMATE CHANGE
There are 1148 FSI grids in the state, its projected (based on the A1B scenario) that due to climate change about
24.30 grids will get affected in ‘long term’ period, though there is no short term threat perceived for the forests
in the state. As reflected in following figure, there is no negative impact predicted in medium term (by year
2035), whereas by the end of century (projections for year 2085) the forests in the north-western districts will
come under severe stress.
31
32
33
Data for BEF, root:shoot ratio, specific gravity and carbon fraction taken from IPCC 2006 guidelines
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Vegetation change by 2035 Vegetation change by 2085
Areas marked by RED depict negative impact on vegetation
Figure 22: A1B SCENARIO-Climate change and its impact on vegetation in Jharkhand
The A2 scenario (Figure-23) predicts similar results projecting that by 2085 the forests in the north-western part
of the state (displayed using red colour) will become highly vulnerable due to temperature and rainfall
variations.
Figure 23: A2 SCENARIO (year 2085) -Climate change and its impact on forests in Jharkhand
The maps depict the scale of vulnerability of the forest in India. This vulnerability has been measured by using
the Density of the forest Biodiversity and vegetation type change as indicators. According to the Figure-23 north
western part of Jharkhand i.e. Garhwa, Palamu, Chatra, Koderma and northern part of Hazaribag will be exposed
to moderate to high vulnerability. Except this region overall Jharkhand is less vulnerable compared to other
states of India.
Both the scenarios predict the stress based on temperature and precipitation only, other factors that affect the
forest health (human activity) have not been considered.
Increase in incidences of Forest Fires: As the climate warms, the soils are likely to be drier in the summer
months, leading to less evaporation, less recycled moisture in the atmosphere, and hence less rain during
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summer. Further fire mediates the responses of forests to climate change, either by accelerating species
turnover or by selecting fire-adapted species (Overpeck et al. 1990). In the same way, changes in species
composition may alter fire occurrence by changing the concentration and arrangement of flammable fuels (Bond
and Keeley 2005). The strong potential for interactions and feedbacks between fire and its controls suggest that
fire occurrence over long periods may reflect indirect (i.e. vegetation and human land use) as well as direct
climatic controls (Bergeron et al. 2004).
Impact on Livelihoods: Climate change leading to degraded biodiversity of forests, is likely to impact the quality
and quantity of forest products and hence adversely impact the associated livelihoods of communities.
Impact of climate change on Forest products –A CASE STUDY
Tribal women in Khunti are involved in the production and sale of Lac, a natural polymer produced by a
tiny insect Kerria lacca that is cultivated on the shoots of several species of trees mainly palash (Butea
monosperma), ber (Zizyphus mauritiana), peepal (Ficus religiosa) etc. For the past 3-4 years, lac host trees
have been affected by unseasonal, short and heavy rains followed by extreme cold weather and week -
long fog and frost around mid-March, when the insect is ready to produce lac.
As a result of extreme cold, the insects tend to die. This has occurred since 2006, reducing the production
of lac to 25% of what was harvested in 2004-05. Consequently, the local lac industry has started importing
lac from Thailand. People are greatly affected due to this, but they have adapted to these challenges by
shifting their livelihood to commercial logging and agriculture. (UNIFEM Report, Adivasi women engaging
with climate change, Govind Kelar).
7.7 STRATEGIES TO ADDRESS CONCERNS DUE TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN FORESTRY

SECTOR
The overall sectoral vision and commitment will be to improve forest and biodiversity management practices
through multiple strategies and initiatives in the state to minimize the impacts of climate change and for the
overall well-being of the state and its people.
Research and development:
1. Development of Sustainable Forest Management Plans for different forest types in view of Climate
Change: Detailed studies are recommended to understand impacts of climate change on forest
productivity in different forest types using different climate and biodiversity models. This would help in
developing climate resilient forest management plans. Revival of preservation plots, sample plots and
yield plots is also recommended. To move from business as usual scenario, adaptation plans for each
forest type of Jharkhand according to their biophysical be developed and maintained.
2. Promote Research to Understand the Impacts of Climate Change on Forest Ecosystem- The forest
department should invest resources on developing ‘centres of excellence’ to undertake regional analysis
for the climate change related threats analysis using climate models. Researches to forecast the likely
impact of climate change phenomenon in forest areas, to assess the vulnerability, carbon sequestration
potential and adaptability of indigenous tree species should be undertaken on high priority.
3. Development of baseline methodology of carbon sequestered in the state forests- State should develop
methodologies for inventorization of the carbon stock available to take advantage of the REDD+ and
other forestry carbon initiatives.
4. Vulnerability Mapping of Forest of Jharkhand-Detailed vulnerability mapping of the forest ecosystem
and livelihood of forest dependent community with reference to climate change should be taken up and
accordingly the adaptation plans should be made and implemented in the state.
Capacity enhancement:
1. Capacity Building-Orientation of the forest managers, officers and workers to the implications of
climate change on forest ecosystem as a whole with emphasis on impact of forest growth, carbon
sequestration, water balance and overall effect on the productivity of different ecosystems. Imparting
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training to communities on various schemes/programmes associated benefits of social forestry, PPA,
water conservation, market instruments etc so that they could participate in such initiatives and build
their adaptive capacities.
2. Promote use of alternate source of energy in forest villages and adjoining revenue villages-So far the
forest dwellers have been mostly dependent on forest biomass for lightning, cooking and heating. They
need to be encouraged for the use of non-conventional source of energy (e.g. solar) for these purposes.
Interventions like green livelihoods to promote ultimate fuel use and mechanism to support these
interventions need to be done.
Change in forest management approach:
1. Enhancing the levels of forest conservation, afforestation, reforestation activities through viable models:
Most forest areas of the state are well demarcated on the ground and on map. However in view of
implementation of FRA, 2006 there may be some honey -combing and fragmentation required. Proper
demarcation of forest boundaries in view of the vulnerability of remaining forest areas from further
encroachments is needed. Similarly for sustainable protected area management the forest/wildlife
corridors need to be identified connecting different National Parks and Sanctuaries of the state. This will
allow conservation and migration of gene pool from high concentration areas to lower concentration.
Carbon Revenue based project on Artificial Regeneration may be undertaken to harness the market
based opportunities for forest conservation like REDD+, Forest-plus, etc. Regular plantation activities as
a measure for restoration of degraded ecosystems should be continued in a well planned manner. To
avoid the conflicts on the issue of biodiversity conservation and livelihood, effective implementation of
“care and share” mechanism should be adopted.
2. Prioritise Soil and Water Conservation in Forest Management- The role of forests in conserving the
biodiversity and the hydrological function performed by forests needs to be re-emphasized to prepare
for meeting the challenges posed by climate change. The catchment area treatments need to be taken
on high priority basis with some scientific approach. An integrated approach is required to treat the
landscape irrespective of its current uses (forest, grassland, agriculture, etc.). Integrated Watershed
Management with the help of silvi-pasture development should be promoted in the forest fringe areas.
Identification of critical areas within forests for soil and water conservation should be under taken.
Similarly, water harvesting and storage structures in the form of water bodies, wetlands should be
created in the forest areas also. This would help in soil moisture conservation and would also provide
drinking water to wildlife.
3. Protecting and Enhancing sustainable forest based Livelihoods- These is need of NTFP focused forest
management to help forest dependent communities adapt to climate change. Traditional sources of
livelihood dependent on lac shall also be enhanced and related skill building programmes should be
undertaken. Ecology linked programmes like ecotourism have emerged as potential for enhanced
employment and income to local people, these should be built in proper way so that real aim of these
programmes could be achieved. Involving the communities in the conservation of the forest and
providing opportunity for forest based livelihoods like silviculture, lac culture, honey collection, etc.
need to be taken up on high priority basis.
4. Enhance green cover outside Forests-To create good forest cover it is necessary to bring the non-forest
areas also under green cover. This could be achieved by giving impetus to social forestry, agro forestry
and under trees outside forests (TOFs) mainly along roads, canals, railways, etc.
5. People’s Participation-The state has already been engaged in promoting people’s participation in
sustainable forest management. Over 10,903 JFMCs (FPCs, VFCs and EDCs) have already been formed in
the state. These need to be strengthened and actively involved in sustainable forest development
activities. Community participation in conservation and monitoring activities should be encouraged in
order to resolve the conflict between forest and people. This would inculcate sense of ownership
among the communities.
6. Forest productivity enhancement: Forest is a big resource for the locals and the state. A renewable
source of timber and firewood, forests also support the local livelihoods. It is suggested to plan forest
resource development strategically so that it augments the rural livelihoods; and also supports rural
energy requirements.
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7. Water harvesting in forest areas: Water harvesting practices are integral to forestry management,
focusing on small check dams soil erosion can be checked.
8. Using Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) to develop forest
plantations and water harvesting structures in jointly managed forests.
For Forestry sector action plan and budget please refer to Section C: Sectoral Action plans.
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Chapter 8
HUMAN HEALTH AND CLIMATE CHANGE
Climate change affects social determinants of health-clean air, safe drinking water, sufficient food and secure
shelter. With projected temperature fluctuations and changes in rainfall patterns along with extreme weather
events including droughts climate change will significantly challenge the public health. With changing climatic
conditions the burden of diseases in central India including Jharkhand is slated to go up.
While the whole of state is projected to be vulnerable to climate induced health risks, the low income groups
residing in cities and rural areas with poor affordability and limited access to health services will be most
affected. Reducing vulnerabilities and increasing resilience to help people cope with health effects of climate
change will have to be priority for the state, and this will require new innovative and cost effective approaches
to reach all sections of populations. This chapter aims to assess the impact of climate change on human health in
the state and how adaptation measures need to be designed well in advance so that to reduce pressure on
state’s resources.
8.1 HEALTH INDICATORS AND INFRASTRUCTURE
As already discussed in previous chapters, in Jharkhand a large population lives in villages and is extremely poor.
On top of it, the health infrastructure in the state is underdeveloped (Table-27). The result is that Jharkhand’s
performance on health parameters is extremely poor (Table-26).
Table 26: Health indicators and Jharkhand’s performance
Indicators Status Source

Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) 42 per 1000 live birth SRS, 2011
Maternal Mortality rate (MMR) 261 per 100000 births SRS 2011
%Full Immunisation 59.7 CES 2010
Crude Death rate 7 per 1000 population SRS 2011
%Households with no latrine facilities 77.96 Census 2011
%Households without no drainage for 70.5 Census 2011
wastewater
% HHs without access to clean drinking water 40.8 Census 2011
Table 27: Existing health infrastructure and shortfall
Establishment Available Required Shortfall*

Sub Centres (as on March 2010) 3958 5057 1099
Primary Health Centre 330 806 476
Community Health Centre 188 201 13
Sub Divisional Hospital 6 - -
District Hospital 21 - -
Mobile Medical Units 66 - -
Poor infrastructure and facilities is aggravated by the fact that the state does not have enough trained health
professionals. The RHS bulletin presents a very alarming picture. Apart from doctors at PHCs, other health
facilities face an acute shortage of professionals (Table-28).
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Table 28: Human Resources (Source: RHS Bulletin-March 2010)
Numbers required Number in Shortfall Shortfall %

Positions as per norm position
Total Specialists (Surgeons, OB&GY,
752 84 668 88.83 %
Physicians & Paediatricians)
Radiographers at CHC 188 23 165 87.77 %
Health worker (male) at Sub Centres 3958 648 3310 83.63 %
Doctors at Primary Health Centres 330 404 NA 0%
Health Assistants (female)/LHV at
330 90 240 72.73 %
PHCs
Pharmacists at PHCs & CHCs 518 344 174 33.59 %
Nursing Staff at PHCs & CHCs 1646 578 1068 64.88 %
8.2 HEALTH ISSUES FACED BY THE STATE
Malaria and Dengue: Jharkhand is considered to be endemic to malaria and is also affected by other vector
borne diseases. A large number of malaria cases are reported every year across the state. The numbers of
reported malaria cases have decreased in recent past (Bhattacharya, 2006), the decline is mainly attributed to an
increase in better health infrastructure and large population coverage under the Mass Drug Administration
(MDA). On the other hand, the state has seen a sudden rise in number of dengue cases which is worrisome.
Heavy rainfall is one of the reasons attributed to transmission of such diseases.
Table 29: Malaria and Dengue cases (Jharkhand)
Year Malaria Cases Dengue Cases

2007 184878 0
2008 214299 0
2009 230683 0
2010 199842 27
2011(Provisional) 134814 32
250000 100
90
No. of malaria cases
No. of Dengue cases
200000 80
70
150000 60
50
100000 40
30
50000 20 Malaria Cases
10
0 0
Dengue Cases
Year
Figure 24: Cases of Malaria and Dengue in Jharkhand (Source: Jharkhand State Disaster Management Plan, 2011)
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Figure 25: Concentration of deaths from Malaria diagnosed in Lancet survey34
Chikungunya: This disease re-emerged in the state in 2011 with a reported case of 816 till December. This is also
a weather linked disease and transmission of chikungunya virus depends on the ambient temperature and
occurs in areas not experiencing severe winters.
Respiratory Infection and Diarrhoea: In Jharkhand, 22% of children below age three have acute respiratory
infection, 22% of children suffer from Diarrhoea at a given point of time and another 3% have Diarrhoea
(source).
Malnutrition: The state witnessed multiple droughts or drought like situation during the last decade. In 2010
rainfall deficit in the state was 47%, this resulted in food production falling by more than 50%. Such conditions
can create huge malnutrition problems for the population. Currently, 54% of children under age three are
underweight, 49% are stunted. Based on the body mass index, 41%, of women are undernourished and 73%
women have some degree of anaemia. Young children, older adults, people with medical conditions and below
poverty line families (BPL) are most vulnerable in Jharkhand35.
The malnutrition and other deficiencies increase the vulnerability of population making them susceptible to
health problems.
Vulnerable population: 46.3% of rural Jharkhand (10.3 million people) was below the poverty line in 2004-05,
with a figure of 20.2% for urban Jharkhand (1.3 million people). Overall, 40.3% of Jharkhand was below the
poverty line (BPL). This figure represents the most vulnerable people in the State in terms of exposure and low
resilience towards diseases.
8.3 HEALTH POLICIES AND INTERVENTIONS
The Department of Health, Medical Education and Family Welfare has set forth certain short-term and long term
objectives which are relevant in context of climate change and are mentioned below:
1. Short term objectives

Enhancing Micro-Nutrient and Routine immunisation coverage in the State of Jharkhand.
Create capacity, both physical as well as human
2. Long term objectives
Increase complete immunization coverage from 9% in 1999 to 40% by 2005, and reach 100% of
population by 2015
Reduce deaths due to acute respiratory infections and diarrhoea among children.
34
http://www.newscientist.com/data/images/ns/cms/dn19619/dn19619-1_1070.jpg
35
www.jharkhand.gov.in/new_depts/healt/healt_intervention2.html
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The State has adopted certain plans to achieve the above targets through:
Strengthening of regular immunization services: improving the cold chain system for vaccines and mobilising
support for immunization programme by involving community members and grass-roots workers. Taking
effective steps for increasing Vaccine coverage and reducing drop-out rates for children.
Plan to control Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI) like Pneumonia: Government measures include mass
education to inform mothers, anganwadi workers, female health workers, and other community-based
volunteers, training of Paramedics in standardized diagnosis and treatment of pneumonia, and availability of
medicines particularly at block PHCs.
Diarrhoea control: For management of acute Diarrhoea, Government plans to take measures on proper
procedure for preparing and administering ORS, dietary fluids and foods. Government also plans to introduce,
cheap but effective ORS packets, approved by World Health Organisation. Role of Village Health Committee is
explored to make ORS packets available in rural areas.
Malnutrition management: For managing malnutrition, the Government plans to design Community-based
interventions. It is in process of identifying appropriate complementary and supplementary foods for children,
adolescents, and pregnant women. Strengthening of government programmes, such as the food for work
programme, ICDS, and the public distribution system (PDS) to ensure that the need and hunger are eliminated
through equitable distribution of food and dietary supplements. Setting up of Malnutrition Treatment Centre
(MTCs) in every CHC to cover severely acute malnutrition children is planned.
Urban Health Systems: Jharkhand has 20% of its population in urban areas and nearly 40% of the urban
population lives in slum areas. For providing services to meet the health needs of urban slum population,
Government plants to launch a public and private partnership and initiate mapping of urban slums in each
town of Jharkhand. Further, Primary health care institutions would be set up with an emphasis on the care of
women and children.
% Population coverage during MDA

100
80
60
% Population
40 coverage during
20 MDA
0
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Figure 26: Percent population covered during Mass Drug Administration (MDA)
Malaria control: 79582 cases of malaria were reported in 2012 which was lower than 160653 in 2011.
Jharkhand has plans to strengthen malarial and other vector borne disease testing facilities at CHC and PHCs.
Interventions to develop heath sector resources: the State government has prepared concept notes for
establishing Super-specialty hospitals, medical college, nursing schools/college for filling the existing human
resource and infrastructure gap.
8.4 CLIMATE CHANGE AND HEALTH ISSUES

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Climate change will constrain the availability of clean air, drinking water, sufficient and safe quality food and also
expose the human shelters to physical risk (due to extreme weather events).
Climate change impacts have direct bearing on availability of ‘clean’ water. As projected in the chapter on water,
temperature rise and weather pattern changes will put additional strain on water resource of the state.
Provisioning of clean water for consumption purpose will over time become more difficult and costly for the
state and on the other hand consumers will have to allocate additional resources to ensure supplies of potable
water.
Rainfall pattern shifts, temperature swings towards warmer side will make provisioning of clean water difficult,
exposing communities with lesser purchasing power to water borne diseases. Further, warmer temperatures will
also increase the spread of waterborne communicable diseases, and malaria and dengue fever.
Jharkhand has witnessed extreme weather events during past 4-5 years (tabulated below). Such extremities will
increase over time exposing the population to health problems and other associated vulnerabilities.
Table 30: Extreme weather events in Jharkhand during 2008-2012
Event Observations
Heat Waves 100 incidences in 2010
Highest temperature recorded 46.5° C in June 2010
Lowest temperature recorded 3.2°C in January, 2008
Highest rainfall recorded 338.1 mm in June 2008
Climate change will reduce the agriculture productivity in the state; nourishment levels in the state are already
among the lowest in the country, reduced food-grain availability will further deteriorate the public health. The
rising use of chemicals (fertilizer, insecticides, pesticides) to enhance agriculture productivity will rise to boost
agriculture output which will further deteriorate human health by becoming part of the food cycle( due to
chemical concentration and its ill effect).
The climate change linked natural disasters due to heavy rainfall, floods can damage the human settlements (in
urban as well as rural areas) thus causing losses to human welfare, in addition the surge of water can also
temporarily spoil the clean water sources.
Table 31: Projected health impacts of climate change
Climate Change and Health

Health outcome Contribution of Effects of climate change
Impacts for Jharkhand
Cardiovascular and Heat waves cause short-term increase in The most prominent climate-
respiratory diseases mortality linked health impacts in
Deaths from heat stroke increase during heat Jharkhand include
waves Malaria
Weather affects concentration of harmful air Dengue
pollutants Acute respiratory infections
Allergic rhinitis Weather affects the distribution, seasonality Water borne diseases
and production of aeroallergens Malnutrition due to reduced
Deaths and injuries, Floods, landslides and windstorms cause death agriculture productivity
infectious diseases and injuries Heat stress
and mental disorders Floods may provide breeding sites for mosquito Air quality deterioration due
vectors to reduced soil moisture
Floods may increase post-traumatic stress (during hot season)
disorders Poultry and animal
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Climate Change and Health
Health outcome Contribution of Effects of climate change
Impacts for Jharkhand
Starvation, Drought reduces water availability for hygiene husbandry linked diseases
malnutrition and Drought increases the risk of forest fires which that can make way to
diarrheal and adversely affect air quality Jharkhand
respiratory disease Climate change may decrease food supplies (crop
yields and fish stocks) or access to food supplies
Mosquito, tick and Malaria is strongly influenced by climate. The
rodent-borne disease Aedes mosquito vector of dengue is also highly
sensitive to climate conditions. Studies suggest
that climate change could expose an additional 2
billion people to dengue transmission by the
2080s (WHO, 2012).
Changes in climate are likely to lengthen the
transmission seasons of important vector-borne
diseases and to alter their geographic range
(WHO, 2012).
Higher temperature shorten the development
time of pathogens in vectors and increase the
potential of transmission to humans
Water borne and food Climatic conditions strongly affect water-borne
borne disease diseases and diseases transmitted through
insects, snails or other cold blooded animals
(WHO, 2012).
Survival of disease-causing organisms is directly
linked with surrounding temperature
Climate conditions affect water availability and
quality
Extreme rainfall can affect the transport of
disease-causing organisms into water supply
Table source: Kovats, K., L., Ebi, and B. Menne. 2003. Methods of Assessing Human Health Vulnerability and
Public Health Adaptation to Climate Change. Geneva: World Health Organization cited in Accounting for health
impacts of climate change, Asian Development Bank (2011)
An INCAA report developed a district wise map to display the malaria specific transmission window (TW) for the
baseline year 1970 and for year 2030. Considering changes in temperature, precipitation the analysis predicted
changes in the TA for whole of country. Specific to Jharkhand, the study predicts that TW will reduce significantly
in most of the state.
1970s 2030s
Figure 27: Change in incidence of malaria due to shift in transmission windows (Sharma, 2010)
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These findings are nevertheless subject to a number of uncertainties related mainly to the presence of various
environmental and socioeconomic factors, other than climate, which influence the transmission of the malaria
and other diseases. (Sharma, 2010)
8.5 HEALTH SECTOR CLIMATE ADAPTATION APPROACH FOR JHARKHAND
Unless Jharkhand systematically plans and prepares responses to the health effects (projected) resulting from
the climate change, the state bodies won’t be able to cope with the additional burden on health system of the
state. The logical approach expected from the state is preparation and integration of health concerns into state
adaptation policies and actions.
The goal of the adaptation plan is to prepare a robust public as well as private health system in Jharkhand which
addresses the health consequences of climate change in an integrated and coordinated manner. The
Department of Health, Medical Education and Family Welfare, local health departments will have to work
together to prepare and put an effective plan in place. The broad plan may include:
Health Hazards Possible Adaptation action

Water-stress Short term Adaptation Actions
(Drought and Pre-defined plans for response to diarrhoea outbreaks
Heat Stress) Promotion of water reuse and prevention of water contamination
Updating current statistical and meteorological models, and connecting environmental
and disease outcome data
Long Term Adaptation Actions
Contingency funds for upgrading health infrastructure and man power
Establishing an early-warning system for drought monitoring
Developing responses for emergencies related protective especially towards vulnerable
populations
Developing communication plans and materials for public education focusing on
Vector‐borne diseases
Diarrhoea, Short term Adaptation Actions
malaria, Increasing the number of localized automatic weather stations for setting up of a robust
Dengue weather monitoring system and use of Geo-spatial technologies for identifying the hot-
(climate spots of climate-sensitive diseases using the data obtained from the weather monitoring
sensitive system
diseases) Conducting regular survey and surveillance for heat related illness and Filling up the
existing shortfalls in the health infrastructure of the State and increasing the percentage of
population covered under the health drugs
More robust data collection and increasing capacity for improvement in data analysis.
Long Term Adaptation Actions

Filling up the existing shortfall in the health infrastructure of the State and increasing the
percentage of population covered under the health drugs
Increasing the full immunisation to 100% from the current 59.7 %
Strengthening of current Health Schemes of the State
Developing communication plans and materials for public education focusing on
Vector‐borne diseases
Integrating climate change in State’s water policy and encouraging water conservation
Improving inter‐agency discussion, coordination, and communication
Research and data collection:

A detailed and systematic study on the climate sensitivity of diseases outbreak with focus on both vector borne
and water borne diseases is required. The study should focus on historical data availability in different climatic
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zones and identify trends and also find a link between climatic conditions and spread of diseases. The
international research on disease outbreak and climate patterns should be studies to develop state specific
hypothesis and test the same using ground data.
Identification of communities and regions that fall under the most vulnerable category is necessary. The climate
vulnerability and disease outbreak linkage can be assessed and validated using geospatial analysis.
Identify data gaps, create guidelines for sampling, quality and periodicity on data collection. Standardized
reporting system for reporting and periodic sharing of state health reports with relevant departments.
Awareness and capacity building:
Awareness building for the decision makers: Awareness generation and training programs to sensitize them on
the climate change and its impact on human health.
Training programs for the health sector staff.
Senior officers of the health department should be sensitized on climate change impact on short and long term
human health and climate change linked disease spread patterns.
Disease monitoring and early warning system:
A geospatial tool to maintain location wise disease outbreak and robust enough to predict disease outbreak well
in advance. Tie-ups with likes of Google and other IT companies operating in similar areas can be explored for
information sharing and capacity building requirements.
Rapid response system:
A close network of laboratories for testing and reporting of diseases is required to accurately identify and report
outbreak of diseases. Also a strict protocol to be developed to ensure active tie-ups with national level
laboratories. A rapid response mechanism needs to be in place to address diseases outbreaks. Close tie-ups with
central and international health institutions and a protocol to quickly mobilize resources to control disease
spread should be in place and put to test at frequent intervals to not only check readiness of the concerned
departments and associated staff and also it can act as feedback for improvement of such mechanism.
Training of human resources at each level (right up to the anganwadi workers and lab technicians) is required to
ensure early detection of disease and smooth flow of information between hierarchies and stakeholders.
Further, aligning state health sector efforts with that of central schemes will be necessary to avoid duplicity of
work and also to efficiently utilize the apparatus in place.
Corporate participation in health care management:
In order to promote and modernize health care facilities in rural areas private sector and PSU participation
should be motivated. CSR guidelines for the private and PSU players can be designed to streamline the CSR fund
flow to systematically fill the health sector gaps in the state (specifically for the tribal regions).
For Health sector action plan and budget please refer to Section C: Sectoral Action plans.
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Chapter 9
INDUSTRIES IN JHARKHAND AND CLIMATE CHANGE

Jharkhand’s economy is based on industries (including mining). The rich mineral deposits including coal make it
one of the most preferred locations for a range of industries in the country. The state has one third of country’s
mineral reserves, particularly ‘coal’ and ‘iron’36. The abundance of coal supports the mineral based and the steel
industry forming the back-bone of the state economy (Source CII). This is the reason why some of the country’s
highly industrialized cities such as Jamshedpur, Ranchi, Bokaro and Dhanbad are located in Jharkhand.
A number of heavy engineering companies and consulting organizations located in the state produce
equipments and provide turnkey and consulting services to the existing metal and mining industry. The state also
has an expanding automotive industry, which includes original equipment manufacturers as well as auto
component production units.
9.1 INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT AND CHARACTERISTICS
Early industrialization in the state of Jharkhand started with Tata’s investment into the iron industry during the
th
first decade of 20 century. Availability of raw material and cheap labour attracted more numbers of heavy
industries to the state and some of the biggest ones now operate in Jharkhand. Tata Steel, Tata Motors, Heavy
Engineering Corporation and Bokaro Steel Plant are the biggest industries based in Jharkhand. On the public
sector domain renowned names include Steel Authority of India (SAIL), Hindustan Zinc Limited, National Mineral
Development Corporation (NMDC), Pyrex Phosphate and Chemical Limited and Indian Aluminium Company
Limited. There are a number of medium and small-scale units in the state manufacturing a variety of products.
Besides, a number of business giants like Rungtas, Jindals, Birlas etc. are associated with the state. Many foreign
and national industry leaders like Posco, JSW and Arcelor Mittal are already operating or interested in
associating with the state.
To facilitate industrial development process, there are three industrial development authorities that are
operational in the state, these are Adityapur Industrial Area Development Authority (AIADA- Adityapur), Bokaro
Industrial Area Development Authority (BIADA-Bokaro) and Ranchi Industrial Area Development Authority
(RIADA-Ranchi).
Close to half of the state DSDP (Gross State Domestic Product)comes from industry with mining, quarrying and
registered manufacturing contributing nearly 78 percent of the state’s industrial output, with mining and
quarrying accounting for 14.3 and manufacturing contributing 27 percent (compared to the national average of
17%)(Source: CII).
Industry contribution to Jharkhand’s GSDP (Gross State Domestic Product) in 2009-10 stood at 35.82%. Since the
inception of its Industrial Policy in 2001, almost 26 mega industries, 106 large and medium industries and 18,109
micro and small industries have been set up with an approximate investment of Rs 28,424.06 Cr. In individual
th
category of industries, during the 11 Plan Period, steel production increased from 8 MT to over 12 MT per
annum. The production of alumina also witnessed an increase from about 80,000 metric tonnes to over 200,000
metric tonnes.
36
Minerals ranging from (state’s rank in the country) from Iron ore (1st), coal (3rd), copper ore (1st), mica (1st), bauxite (3rd),
Manganese, limestone, china clay, fire clay, graphite (8th), kainite (1st), chromite (2nd), asbestos (1st), thorium (3rd),
sillimanite, uranium (Jaduguda mines, Narwa Pahar) (1st), gold (Rakha mines) (6th), silver and several other minerals are
found in the state
(http://www.jharkhandonline.in/About/profile/economy/index.html).
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Small enterprises (commonly referred to as micro, small and medium enterprises) act as economic equalizer as
they provide employment and benefits in urban as well as rural areas and employ a large population. As of
March 2007, there were about 163220 small scale industries that were operating in the state, of which about
28,000 were registered. The organized sector units mostly operate as ancillary units operating close to big
industries, the activities in rural areas are largely unregistered. Steel rerolling, coke oven plants, brick kilns,
foundry units, ceramics and agriculture processing form major units. In addition, a large number of cottage and
tiny industry operate in the state, the contribution of the small scale industries can be understood by the fact
that Jharkhand produced a record 716 metric tonnes of Tasar Silk during the period 2010-11.
9.2 INDUSTRIAL SECTOR IN JHARKHAND- ENVIRONMENTAL FOOTPRINT
As discussed, Jharkhand is home to many heavy industries (due to mineral reserve). The industrial emissions are
considered as a proxy to environmental footprint of the sector and to arrive at the emission footprint, emissions
associated with three sources are considered; the energy that goes into operations, from the production process
and the waste generated in the process.
OVERVIEW OF GHG EMISSIONS FROM INDUSTRY
The industrial production and respective CO2 equivalent emissions from selected very-heavy industries are
displayed in Figure-28. From the figure it’s clear that steel manufacturing contributes the largest percentage of
emissions (38.8%) whereas the CO2 intensity of copper industry is the most.
Figure 28: Industrial production and GHG emissions of selected products in Jharkhand (year 2011)
The SME sector emissions are calculated only for selected energy intensive industries including brick kilns and
coke oven. Due to lack of data, any emission estimation for other SME sub-sectors is not possible. For brick kiln
and coke-oven sub-sectors too the information available is scant, hence logical estimations are used to generate
relevant numbers.
The brick kilns are spread across the state, there is no data available on the number of brick-kilns or the amount
of energy consumed by such units. But single brick industry is one of the biggest consumers of coal/fuel wood,
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hence this sector cannot be ignored. Based on the brick production in India37, the annual GHG emission of the
brick kiln sector is estimated at 2.33 lakh tonnes of CO 2.
Apart, the annual GHG emission from Beehive coke industry is estimated at 18000 tonnes of CO 2.
9.3 INDUSTRIAL GROWTH IN JHARKHAND-ISSUES
nd
Among 28 states, Jharkhand ranks 22 on the aggregate infrastructure index which covers the power,
communications, and transportation sectors. Competing states such as Chhattisgarh, Orissa, and West Bengal
th th
rank 17 , 14th, and 11 . Given that labor force participation rates are roughly similar (32.9 percent for the state
against 33.6 percent for India), lower per capita GSDP in the state can be largely attributed to lower productivity
across different sectors (see Figure-29). In 1999/2000, nearly 90 percent of the state’s workforce was employed
in sectors where productivity levels were lower than those for India. These sectors included agriculture, mining,
utilities, construction, trade and hotels, and storage, transport and communication; they contributed close to 60
percent of GSDP. Manufacturing accounted for 30 percent of GSDP but employed less than 10 percent of the
workforce.
Access to finance is a major hurdle faced by industry in Jharkhand. The problem of access to finance for
entrepreneurs appears more severe for Jharkhand’s firms than those in most other major states. The ICS
2005/06 survey reveals that far fewer firms in Jharkhand had active bank credit lines as compared to firms in
other states. As an additional indicator of the level of access to finance for firms based in Jharkhand, the per
capita credit to deposit ratio is considerably lower in Jharkhand than in states like Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu,
Karnataka and AP, the all-India average and even some of the other “lagging states” like UP, Rajasthan and MP.
Availability and quality of infrastructure is a critical constraint faced by firms operating in Jharkhand, and this
may also be resulting in withholding of investments. Jharkhand does not perform better than the all-India
average on most infrastructure availability indicators. This has direct implications on the performance of the
state. As depicted in figure below, productivity level of the state is well below the average national values
(except for manufacturing industry).
Figure 29: Productivity levels-

Jharkhand and India
37
A population based (per capita production of bricks) estimation is made for the number of bricks that are consumed in the
state, considering the fact that a large population is poor and urban population is small hence a multiplier is used to reduce
the total emissions by the sector by 50%.
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9.4 IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON INDUSTRIES
The climate change is expected to have direct implications on the industrial performance. In a study conducted
by Indian Institute of Ahmadabad (IIMA), it was concluded that the impact of Climate Change on industries
would be mostly through impacts on associated infrastructure including transport, machinery and water and
wastewater systems (Department of Energy and Climate Change, 2011).
Various factors that can have bearing on the industrial performance are described in the following section.
1. Climate change will have impact on certain elements of the industrial processes that are sensitive to
temperature. Power plant cooling using river water is an example of a process that is sensitive to
climate variables: if the temperature of the water rises beyond a certain level, the efficiency of the
(though not significantly).
The impact of climate change on captive energy production by industry is depicted in figure below. The
analysis assumes that the captive power generation stabilizes in 2035 and average annual temperature
goes up.
Three temperature rise scenarios (linked to low, medium and high GHG emissions (globally) are
considered to derive at the respective temperature rise for respective scenarios. The figure represents
the reduction in the electricity produced for three scenarios during the period 2036-2050.
Figure 30: Impact of temperature ruse on power output of captive power plants in Jharkhand
o
Clearly, the impact of climate change on power generation is not huge, the overall productivity for a 2
rise in temperature reduces the output only by 1% but as we will see in the following section, the
impact of the temperature rise on water use of the plant is huge.
2. The climate change will affect the heating and cooling demand of the industries (depending on the
nature of operations). There will be huge financial implications for such shift in demand as this will be
industry wide phenomenon which will be witnessed across the country.
3. Natural resource use pattern: Climate change will impact availability of resources to the industries;
industries relying on agriculture and allied sector will be worst affected and so are the industries that
use high amount of water.
Temperature rise will reduce the power production efficiency of the captive power plants owned by
industries (effect of temperature rise on efficiency of power plants explained in Chapter on Power (page
92)). To achieve same level of productivity, the power plants will have to increase their water intake (for
cooling).
The demand of resources required for energy production will rise. This will put pressure on existing coal
and water resources. Small and medium enterprises are going to be the first to suffer when coal
demand of power plants and industries goes up across country.
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4. The climatic changes may force the state (and also the nation) to adopt industrial performance
standards that are more stringent in terms of environmental performance, in addition the cost burden
of environment management may be shared with the industries. Industries may be required to incur
heavy investments in modernize operations to meet the new standards.
5. The climate disasters (storms, ﬂood, droughts and cold waves) may cause direct or indirect damage to
the industrial base, leading to escalation in the cost of the products.
For Jharkhand, specifically the following anticipated impacts are of relevance:
Table 32: Climate change and impact on power sector
Climatic Parameter Impact Parameter Impacts

Temperature Reduced efficiency of thermal Energy prices will rise
Increase power generation facilities Energy demand will go up
Increase in use of indoor cooling Energy production will shrink especially during
systems dry season
Rainfall pattern Changes in the water availability Power generation will get effected
shifts in dams Industry will have to alter their water use
Ground and Surface water level approach
change Rain will affect transportation which will have
Rainfall may damage impact on productivity and efficiency
communication
9.5 CLIMATE CHANGE VIS-À-VIS GAPS : JHARKHAND INDUSTRIAL POLICY, 2012
Though the state industrial policy does not explicitly talk of any activities/ plans for adaptation or mitigation of
the impacts of climate change, its chief objective is promoting the sustainable growth in state and facilitating
optimal utilization of state’s minerals and natural resources. For achieving sustainable growth and consequent
natural resource use, it does lay down some guidelines:
Water use efficiency
The policy is designed to promote minimum water consumption technologies. The policy guidelines
provides for periodical review of allocation of water to industries/power plants and also relevant state
departments are empowered to issue directives to industries to reduce/reallocate the water on actual
requirement keeping in view the limited availability.
Industrial Area Development Authority (IADA) will ensure the implementation of rain water harvesting,
storm water harvesting and recycling and re-use of waste water in industrial units under their command
area.
Compliance monitoring by Department of Water Resource for areas outside the command area of IADA
for industries other than MSME. Suitable guidelines would be laid regarding use of underground water by
the Industries in different areas / zones of the state. Industries would also be encouraged for adopting in-
house storage interventions, to meet their industrial water demand during non-monsoon period.
Energy Efficiency
Though the policy does not lay any specific guideline for the industrial energy or operational efficiency
but it provides incentive for promotion of the nationally adopted efficiency guidelines/ standards. As per
the policy, industrial units wanting to obtain certificates from ISO, Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) or
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LEED Certification would be given high priority and would be provided financial assistance by the State
government.
Renewable Energy
The Industrial Policy 2012 also promotes renewable energy and environmental friendly sources of energy.
It also proposes to purchase 10% of state’s total power purchase from renewable. It also offers incentives,
by providing waiver of 50% electricity duty for 10 years for power plants generating power from
renewable sources. It also promotes technological up-gradation of industrial units for improved
productivity.
Infrastructure development
The industrial policy lays emphasis on development of quality infrastructure which is key to industrial
efficiency. Development of road, water, land, power and provide it at the doorstep of especially for steel,
automobile, food and agro-processing, electronics, information and communication technology are the
agendas laid down by the policy.
9.6 ADAPTATION APPROACHES FOR INDUSTRIAL SECTOR IN JHARKHAND
The major climate mitigation strategies suggested for the industries in Jharkhand include:
Adaptation measures for Industries: The climate change adaptation measures for industries are not fully
independent of the mitigation measures as ‘energy’ is one of the most critical inputs to the industrial processes
and the biggest direct impact of climate change on industries will be on the availability and economics of energy.
In order to survive and remain competitive in changed weather scenario, industries will have to use their existing
resources efficiency to immune the bottom line from price rise due to scarcity of resources.
In climate change scenario, the vulnerability exposure of industries can be reduced by adjusting the industrial
policies and performance gradually putting prime focus on energy and natural resource management.
Issues to be addressed at the state level planning include:
Inclusion of risk assessment and vulnerability studies in infrastructure planning, specifically in mining regions
and areas which are flood prone.
Involving industries in energy planning, promotion of energy efficiency by gradually replacing the old
technologies and processes by more efficient ones. In addition, promotion of investment in renewable and
other green energy sources will not only help reduce dependency of industries on grid but also (partially)
isolate them from power shortages.
Protection against extreme events would require development of adaptation options such as ensuring high
design standards for new infrastructure.
Integration of climate change adaptation strategies into policies that promote industrial growth and urban
development.
Industry specific adaptation strategies:
Diversification: To promote inclusive growth as well as reduce emission footprint, the state will in long
term have to shift focus towards broadening of the manufacturing base beyond mining and mining
industries. There are already multiple industrial clusters focusing on steel and steel products, auto
ancillary units, rubber component manufacturers and other small and medium sized plants are
operating in the state. There is further potential to develop clusters of ancillary units in vicinity of mega
projects.
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Green Performance standards: There is need to revise the environmental performance standards of the
existing and new industries. The new industries, whether small or big should be motivated to introduce
best operational practices in the local production environment. Thus economising on resource input
and reducing pollutant outputs.
Supply chain management: The industries in the state should also revisit their raw material supply
chains. For example, import of basic materials (including coal) should be considered. Some of the big
industrial players have already started diversifying their raw material sourcing. For example Tata is
considering improved coal procurement from blocks in Africa.
Smart energy options:
1. Industries are highly dependent on coal for electricity as well as for kiln firing. Burning coal emits
harmful gases and wastes such as CO2, SO2, NOX, arsenic and ash. CO2 emission from coal alone is twice
that of what is emitted by natural gas to produce same amount of heat energy (http://fossil-
fuel.co.uk/coal/the-disadvantages-of-coal).
Jharkhand will have to adopt carbon smart energy options and also improve the energy efficiency of the
existing plants to reduce emission footprint of coal fired process.
2. Carbon free energy: To reduce dependency on grid electricity and also reduce carbon emissions the
industries would have to invest in renewable energy options. The technologies adopted by industries
could be as simple as solar heating for small enterprises, whereas waste to energy and more complex
options like solar and wind energy options can be evaluated by the industries with financial implications
w.r.t. climate change scenarios.
Jharkhand government (as well as central government) has developed on incentive systems that captive
power plants and this is reflected in the number of CPPs operating and in pipeline in the state.
3. Efficiency improvement: The industrial efficiency in the state is low, specifically in the metal processing
and SME sector. The poor energy efficiency is a technological issue and any efficiency transitions require
overall overhauling of the manufacturing operations. The BEE-NPC joint study indicated that coke oven
plants alone have the potential of saving 20% of the energy.
Table 33: energy saving potential of energy intensive SME clusters in Dhanbad
Energy saving potential Cluster Units Energy Energy saving

in identified energy Consumption potential (%)
intensive coke oven (MU)
plants (BEE & NPC,
2009) State
Jharkhand Dhanbad 36 21.16 20
4. Smart carbon management: Reducing carbon emissions add to industrial competitiveness. Carbon
emission reduction through process and technology modernization is directly linked to industrial
efficiency whereas GHG emission reduction makes the project eligible for carbon revenue.
As developed countries shift towards low carbon regime, barriers to reduce flow of products with high
carbon footprint are set to rise (through carbon taxation).
SME specific interventions: While a number of policy recommendations concerning access to finance are being
dealt with at the Central Government level, particularly with regard to the policy, regulatory and institutional
framework for SME financing. Similarly enabling policies at the state level can create a more conducive
environment for market-based financing of energy efficiency and environmental friendly technologies in SMEs
by the formal financial sector. Some of the medium to long-term actions could include:
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Improving the credit evaluation and risk management skills of banks and other financing
institutions to improve lending practices. This will involve building institutional capacity to reduce
transaction costs, reduce and manage risks related to SME lending. A risk sharing facility (by state
agencies through NABARD, SIDBI) to accelerate commercial bank lending to SMEs could be
explored wherein the facility could provide partial credit guarantees for commercial bank loans to
SMEs.
Strengthening business development services and market linkage programs for SMEs thereby
helping SMEs improve profitability and competitiveness, and become more credit-worthy.
Other interventions should include: Establishing a monitoring, evaluation and communication
system for environmental performance of SMEs. Facilitating adoption of improved performance
standards for SME sector is required to guard them from potential change in national/international
binding regulations for product process standards (eq. Carbon taxes).
For Industries sector action plan and budget please refer to Section C: Sectoral Action plans.
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Chapter 10
MINING SECTOR IN JHARKHAND AND CLIMATE CHANGE
Jharkhand is a state endowed with a rich natural resource base. It possesses about one third of the country’s iron
ore reserves, huge quantities of precious minerals like uranium and most of the coal reserves. The abundance of
mineral puts Jharkhand in a unique position to realize inclusive development using the mining industry as a
stepping stone.
10.1 MINERAL RESOURCES IN THE STATE
Jharkhand is rich in minerals and holds 40% of country’s mineral wealth. At present, it has approximately 27.6%
38
of total estimated reserves of coal of India . Table-34 shows the number of mines of some of the important
minerals.
Table 34: Number of mines in Jharkhand (Jharkhand State Disaster Management Plan, 2011)
Mineral No. of mines

Coal 198
Iron ore 45
Bauxite 45
Lime Stone 41
Copper ores 2
Mica 4
Kyanite 7
China clay 28
The mining sector has given a major boost to the economy of the State. The various kinds of minerals found in
Jharkhand include iron ore, granite, coal, copper, mica, bauxite, and chromite. Mineral based economy in the
state is on rise and every year capacity has been added to meet the domestic and international demand.
Jharkhand also exports its mineral products to various countries such as Saudi Arabia, Bangladesh, South Africa,
and Nepal.
Figure 31: Contribution of mining sector in State GDP, employment and royalty collection (Ministry of Mines, 2011)
As per the mining sector projections, the mining sector will be contributing close to 14% to state’s economy and
will be creating additional 2.4 lakh job opportunities by 2025 (refer Figure-31).
38
Source: www.indiastats.com
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Figure 32: Mineral production (in million tonnes) in Jharkhand during 2005-2010 (Department of Mines and Geology, 2011-
12)
10.2 MINING SECTOR ASSOCIATED ISSUES IN JHARKHAND
The state has a strong mining sector program but it is riddled with numerous issues. Moreover, the lack of
infrastructure and environmental considerations act as significant deterrents for investments in the sector. The
major issues and challenges faced by the mineral industry in the state are:
Inefficiency: The mining industry in India loses approximately INR 9000 crores every year due to logistical issues
(Ministry of Mines, 2011); the poor infrastructure including power and road connectivity are the major
deterrents. It is expected that the situation is not going to improve in coming years.
Figure 33: Losses to the Indian mining sector due to logistical issues
(Ministry of Mines, 2011)
Pollution: Mining activity pollutes the local surrounding, the extracted minerals and soil (overburden) is piled on
land; exposed to natural forces this flows into water bodies and surrounding land. It is estimated that in 2006
alone 1.6 billion tonne of waste and over burden from coal, iron ore, limestone and bauxite was generated. In
addition air pollution from mines and mineral transport deteriorates the surrounding environment.
The mineral belt in the state falls in watershed of the major rivers (see Figure-34). Hence water related problems
are common issues faced by the mine managers and the community.
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Figure 34: Jharkhand- Major mining areas and the rivers flowing through the region
Environmental impact of mining: The impact of mining on forests is captured in detail in Chapter on Jharkhand
forest. A study on impact of coal mining carried out in the district of Ramgarh indicated that there was an
apparent decrease on forest cover of 15.50 % during the 1981- 1996 and 11.05 % during 1996-2004. It has been
observed that major loss of forest areas occur in the vicinity of coal mining areas. Total destruction of forest
cover has been noted in the certain coalmines. Similarly, the coal mining area, which was 10.16 sq km in 1981
(2.92 %) increased to 20.08 sq km in 1996 (5.78 %) and further spread over to 26.33 sq km (7.58 %) by the year
2004. it was observed during the study that the spread of coal mining activity leads to total destruction of forest
cover within the mine area and also leads conversion of surrounding agricultural lands into wastelands
dominated by open and dense scrub. (Mishra, Singh, & Jeyaseelan, 2009)
Large bodies of stagnant water accumulated in the depression areas of mine due to accumulation of surface and
ground water over a period of time indicating a changing geo-hydrological regime with possible threat of ground
water contamination in potential aquifer passing through the area or located at lower stratigraphic level.
Emissions from mining activity: Mining activity is a big source of global GHG emissions. For example in Australia
39
alone the methane emissions from coal mining accounts for about 6% of the national GHG inventory . The GHG
emissions from mining are due to the energy used in extracting the minerals. Specific to coal mining, methane
emissions take place during the extraction process (fugitive emissions). Since Methane’s GHG emission potential
is 21 times more than that of coal, hence the total emission from coal mining is huge. Specific to mining activity
in Jharkhand, emissions from coal and iron mining are considered for calculating carbon footprint of the sector
(for remaining minerals required data does not exist) as shown in Figure-35.
Figure 35: GHG emissions from coal

and iron ore mining activities in
Jharkhand
39
http://www.ccsd.biz/publications/files/TA/TA%2035%20Mitigation_of_GHG-final.pdf
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The above graph shows that the emission from the mining sector is on rise and has been growing at the rate of
5% per annum.
Water use in mining: Mines not only use the precious land but also directly consume lots of water in different
process. The water use in mines is to gain access to minerals, metal and non-metal by dewatering using
pumping wells, diversion techniques and near-horizontal drainage passages. In mining operations water is also
used to extract and process the ore at the mine site. This water is often reused and recycled, and water
cascading is put to use and as a result many mines are able to minimize water discharge during operation;
however the concentration of contaminants increases. Water is then discharged into freshwater bodies post
primary treatment. After ore recovery is complete, previously drained underground mines and open pits are
refilled with water, further diverting ground and surface water flows. Precise estimates of water intake and
discharge associated with mining activities are difficult to obtain due to uncertainties associated with
evaporative losses, and gains and
losses through subsurface flow
during both the active and
40
inactive stages of mining .
The water use footprint of the

mining activity is huge. Water
footprint calculation of mining
activity becomes important due to
the fact that through seepages
and surface runoffs, mines
contribute to damaging
(temporarily or permanently) the
water bodies in vicinity.
Figure 36: Water use of mining sector in Jharkhand
The Figure-36 displays direct water use footprint of coal, bauxite and iron mining in Jharkhand, the calculations
are based on the secondary information on water use. Most conservative estimations are used to develop a
representative picture of water use in the sector.
10.4 CLIMATE CHANGE AND MINING ACTIVITIES IN JHARKHAND
The following section highlights the vulnerability and risk of mining sector of Jharkhand in light of impending
climate change impacts. Generally, climate change effects will be associated with reduced efficiency, increased
operation cost and slowing of mining expansion into new areas.
Climate change impacts can be categorized in two forms: natural hazards and changing weather patterns.
Natural hazards include flood, droughts and forest fires while the changing weather pattern includes increased
temperature and rainfall (along with increased erraticity).
40
http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/sustainable-development/freshwater/2347
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10.4.1 NATURAL HAZARDS
Flood:
Mining activities are highly vulnerable to heavy rain and erosion and their accessibility might be affected due
to extreme events such as flood. The 7% area of state is flood prone (during 2000-04, 11 districts were
affected by flood and in 2008 Sahebganj district was hit by a massive flood. The 11 affected districts are also
home to large number of mines). Flooding can cause interruption in mineral production and increase energy
requirement to treat flood water. It also poses threat to the life of mine workers (A recent flooding accident in
a mine in Bokaro left 2 people dead)41
Disruption of land transportation routes and supply of raw materials (construction material, fuel) which might
delay extraction and dispatch of minerals.
Forest fires:
22 districts of Jharkhand are currently at forest fire risk, with rising temperature and reduced top soil moisture
(due to lesser rains) the forest fire risk will go up in future. This could pose a threat to mining operations and
facilities since majority of these districts are also rich in minerals and subjected to huge mining activities.
Table 35: Districts with important minerals and frequently affected by forest fires
Districts affected by forest Main minerals

fires
Garwha Dolomite, Limestone
Palamau Dolomite, Limestone, Graphite, Fireclay, Gold ore, Quartz,
Magnetite, Baryte
Latehar Coal, Bauxite, Laterite, Dolomite, Graphite
Chatra Coking coal, uranium and pyrite
Hazaribagh Limestone, Fireclay, Quartz, Mica
East Singhbhum China clay, Gold ore, Kyanite, Quartz, Cobalt. Magnetite,
Bartye, Pyroxenite, Magnesite, Soap stone,
West Singhbhum Coal, Apatite, Asbestos, China clay, Limestone, Gold ore,
Chromite, Kyanite, Manganese ore, Quartz, Ocher
Simdega Gold ore, Beryl
Gumla Bauxite, stone
41
http://www.indiavideo.org/news/india/2012/08/28/jharkhand-mine-floods-one-killed-35661.php
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Figure 37: Mineral map of Jharkhand (Source: Jharkhand State Mineral Development Corporation Ltd)
Figure 38: Districts under Forest fire risks (Source: Jharkhand State Disaster Management Plan, 2011)
Droughts:
Water consumption in mines depends on size, method of mining and equipment used. Generally
underground mining require water which is used for cooling the mining machinery and for inhibiting friction
induced ignition of coal fines and gas. This consumption is lower than consumption of open cast mining
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where majority of water is used for dust suppression. For Jharkhand, average water consumption (excluding
domestic) in iron ore mine of Tata Steel is about 600 liters per tonne of iron ore 42.
Minerals Specific Water Consumption (water required per tonne
of mineral extracted)
Coal NA
Iron ore 600 litres (Jharkhand specific)
Bauxite 87.6 litres (based on Orissa reading)
Limestone 20 litres (India average for large companies)
Changing weather patterns
Rising temperature:
Mining process require power to cool underground mines and surface facilities. A rise in temperature
increases power demand and associated costs. This could also constrain future expansion of mining operations
The temperature fluctuations can increase strain on transmission and distribution facilities due to shifts in
power demand.
Increasing temperature might increase cases of malaria, dengue, heat stress or other health-related illness,
thus causing health hazards among the mine workers.
Increased mineral extraction requires removal of top soil. Top soil is later required in abandoned mines for
vegetation and reclamation. Increased temperature can reduce soil moisture which affect plantation. Heavy
rainfall can also lead to runoff of top soil and causing heavy silting as well as pollution downstream (Ghosh and
Banerjee, 2012).
Extreme rainfall
The geology of the state has predominantly hard rocks (East and West Singhbhum, Ranchi, Gumla, Dhanbad,
Lohdarga, Palamu, Giridih, Hazaribagh, Chatra, Ramgarh, Godda, Deogarh, Dumka) 43 Mining on hard rock
requires use of sulphur which increases the possibility of release of sulphuric acid when the mine tailings (the
material left over after separating minerals from the ore) come in contact with water. Changing rainfall
especially extreme rainfall can cause the release of sulphuric acid if the tailings are not managed properly on
site and create environmental problems for the local population.
Heavy rainfall also causes other environmental impacts which include heavy silting downstream. Damodar
River Basin, which is the repository of 46% coal reserves in India , is one of the most industrialized and
mineralized regions. Damodar River, which runs through the mineral rich regions of Jharkhand Coal Fields
(JCF), Dhanbad, has witnessed heavy pollution load caused by the mining industries. Heavy rainfall combined
with faulty waste management practices on site can lead to an enhanced increment of pollutants in the river.
A study by Sundararajan and Anand (2011) discovered increased concentration of Total Suspended Solids (TSS)
and Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) during post monsoon season as compared to pre monsoon in the Damodar
River stretch in Dhanbad and this was attributed to soil erosion and surface run off. In the event of uncertain
rainfall and especially heavy rainfall, management of surface runoff would become more difficult and huge
pollution load can cause the rejuvenation of river difficult with time.
10.4.2 OTHER RISKS

Hazards ( due to heavy rainfall, flashflood) might discourage insurers and investors in investing in mining in
areas that are mineral rich but hazard prone, thus slowing down the growth of mining activities
Revegetation measures in the adjoining areas might be affected due to water shortage and increased
temperature.
Climate change can also lead to conflicts of mining industries with other sectors which are explained in the
following table:
42
http://www.scribd.com/doc/21951305/7-Hydrology-Mining-and-Water-Resource
43
Department of Mines and Geology, Jharkhand, 2012
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Table 36: Impact of mining activity on surrounding resources
Sector Conflict with mining industry
44
Agriculture Competition for land for crop cultivation and grazing. Mishra and Pujari (2008) provided
evidences that there is loss in agriculture productivity due to mining activities and a shift in
livelihood activities to mining.
Biodiversity With increased impact of Climate change on biodiversity and wildlife, it has been difficulty
for granting environmental clearance to mining projects. In Central India (Madhya Pradesh,
Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Odisha, Maharashtra), existing and proposed mines near wildlife
reserves threaten habitat destruction and habitat fragmentation.
Water Conflict can occur over access to water resources and quality deterioration of water due to
mining activities especially in areas with limited fresh water resources
Human Resource Farmers engaged in agriculture might shift to mining work to supplement their income and
might also abandon agriculture all together.
10.5 ADAPTATION PLAN
Climate change adaptation strategies for mining sector: The mining sector will see tremendous pressure due to
climate change. The demand for resources (such as agriculture land) will go up as well as the energy demand will
rise. This will put pressure on the mining sector to improve not only efficiency (to meet the power sector
demand) but become more environment friendly so that the pressure on land resources is minimal.
Adaptation measures:
Private sector initiatives leading to changes in standard operation procedures which are aligned towards
reducing risks to mining operations due to climate change impacts. This can include improved facilities
management and climate change concerns in the annual plan of individual companies.
Formulating a localized climate model and conducting a vulnerability mapping of current and future mining
operations towards natural hazards through data obtained from the model.
Regular auditing of water consumption and energy requirement for all operations associated with mining.
Developing access to new water resources and initiating water conservation strategies, reducing water
evaporation in the mining townships and facilities and improving water use efficiency.
Public-private partnership to develop legislation and policies promoting adaptation.
Social & Environmental Compliance: The industry has a huge social & environmental impact. Adequate
measures have to be taken to ensure environmental compliance which will be a key factor on the
sustainability of the sector in the state. Along with environmental measures, land rationing & rehabilitation
measures also have to be put in place for ensuring minimum quality of health for the people in the mining
affected regions of the state.
For Mining sector action plan and budget please refer to Section C: Sectoral Action plans.
44
http://intl-sae.sagepub.com/content/9/2/337.abstract
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Chapter 11
POWER SECTOR AND CLIMATE CHANGE

State of Jharkhand is endowed with both conventional and non conventional sources of energy. Thermal power
plants (mainly coal fired) dominate the existing energy mix of the state. In unorganized sector too, coal is the
major source of thermal energy (purely for heating purposes). Big hydro and renewable sources add to the
power generation capacity of the state. In renewable sector, apart from biomass and small hydro, state is also
promoting solar power generation facilities.
A significant amount of power is generated by industries to support their respective operations through captive
power plants, part of which is fed into the national grid after meeting the industry demand.
This chapter focuses on mitigation-adaptation issues related to electricity generation by public and private
sector utilities in the state. Other form of energy, i.e. directly produced for transport requirements and
domestic cooking and lighting requirements are discussed in Chapter 12 on ‘Urban and Transport Sector’.
11.1 ELECTRICITY GENERATION
Electricity is the major driver of economic development; it fuels the industrial growth and promotes favourable
environment facilitating individual’s participation in economic development process. The With rise in agro-
processing industries in the hinterland and ever increasing dependency of agriculture on irrigation, dependency
on electricity for economic development in Jharkhand is at all time high and growing.
Total installed capacity of the Power Plants of Jharkhand State Electricity Board (JSEB) and Tenughat Vidyut
Nigam Limited (TVNL) is 1336 MW, out of which 1190 MW is thermal 130 MW is hydro-electric and about 16
MW is solar. Thus the share of hydro-electric power in the state is only about 9.4% of total capacity against the
national average of about 24%.
As per the data available with CEA, the electricity generation in the state has steadily increased overtime as both
public and private entities have invested in adding electricity generation capacities. The electricity production in
the state is displayed in the figures below.
Figure 39: Electricity Production in Jharkhand (2006-2011)
The power generation in Jharkhand is dominated by state owned power plants, apart there are large power
plants owned by centre and private entities. The private entities have invested in power generation both to meet
their operational demand as well as for commercial electricity trading. The adjacent graph shows the installed
capacity in Jharkhand state by State sector, Private sector and Central sector and other installed powers in the
state.
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Figure 40: Electricity generation and installed power capacity in Jharkhand
A large amount of power is generated by private sector players to support industrial operations, such captive
power plants (CPP) are promoted and supported under state industrial policy. An estimate indicates that in 2012,
the total installed capacity of the thermal CPP in the state was approximately 4172.8 MWs and 22 such facilities
45
were operational in the state (this includes coal and waste heat recovery based plants) (see Annexure-6 for
detail list of CPP projects).
Renewable energy in Jharkhand- The major sources of renewable energy in Jharkhand are biomass, small hydro
and solar. Significant progress is made in power generation from renewable energy sources because of efforts
put by ministry of New and Renewable Energy-Government of India and Jharkhand Renewable Energy
46
Development Agency Ltd (JREDA) .
Jharkhand has an installed capacity of about 17 MW of Solar power, about 1.2 MW of biomass power and it has
been proposed to install nearly 300 MW of Solar energy in the state in the next two years. At present total
installed renewable energy is 1.19% of total installed energy capacity of state. The topography and climatic
conditions of the state offers enormous potential for harnessing the biomass and solar energy. The vast river
stretches also offers huge potential for small hydro plants47.
Energy Department has also initiated work on promoting energy efficiency in the state. There are sectoral
demand side management initiatives under way as also initiatives in industrial clusters to promote energy
efficiency, opportunities are being explored for realising the potential of coal bed methane.
11.2 ELECTRICITY SECTOR ISSUES IN JHARKHAND
The state’s per capita power consumption in the state is 552 units/pa, this is very low in comparison to national
average of 720 units. Power consumption by high tension (HT) consumers is about 46.65% of the total
consumption, whereas agriculture consumption is about 1.20%48.
Although power demand of the state is low, still the state faces power deficit situation. The demand supply gap
has been widening every year (the electricity demand-supply mismatch is displayed in the table below).
Table 37: Power availability and shortage in Jharkhand (Source: CEA)
45
Secondary research, list of captive power plants provided in Annexure-6
46
JREDA (Government of Jharkhand agency under Energy Department) has been entrusted with this task to promote
development of renewable energy in the state.
47
Communication from Chief Engineer, Energy Department, Ranchi
48
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2009-10 2010-11 Apr 2011- Feb 2012
Energy (MUs) Peak (MW) Energy (MUs) Peak (MW) Energy (MUs) Peak (MW)
Requirement 5867 1088 6195 1012 5,619 1030
Availability 5407 947 5985 1012 5,439 842
Shortage -460 -141 -210 0.00 -180 -188
% Shortage -14.4 -13.0 -3.4 0.00 -3.2 -18.3
The current deficit of power is to the extent of 200-400 MW. Clearly the state is struggling to meet the electricity
demand in the state. At this juncture when Jharkhand is trying hard to pursue investment, the rural and urban
consumption is set to move northwards, the power deficit has the potential to derail the economic growth.
The major cause of power deficit in the state is transmission and distribution (T&D) losses. The national level
T&D losses range between 22-27% during 2007-2012 whereas for the same period Jharkhand’s T&D losses
ranged between 41.99-30.89%. The state is investing in reducing the T&D losses and for the year 2012-2-13 the
Jharkhand State Electricity Board’s (JSEB) T&D losses will be lower than the previous years and estimated to be
at 29.25% (FeedbBack Infra, 2012).
To achieve the national average per capita consumption, the State would require over 2400 MW of new capacity
with an investment requirement of over Rs. 12000 crores. To match supply and demand, the state has planned
many initiatives to increase the energy generation and to reduce the transmission and distribution losses. It is
expected that by 2015-16 Jharkhand will be able to match the supply and demand of the state and would be able
to generate energy in surplus.
11.3 ENERGY POLICY OF JHARKHAND
In order to contain the energy issues and put the state on accelerated growth track, Energy Policy 2012 for the
state was designed. The key objectives of the Energy policy include providing access to electricity to all
households as well as fully meeting the power demand by 2014, increasing the per capita availability of
electricity to 1000 units by 2017, optimization of power generation of existing plants, encouraging eco-friendly
generating units, encourage efficient use of electricity and efficient transmission networks among others.
Renewable energy focus of energy policy: The energy policy of the state envisages that for areas where grid
supply will be uneconomical, power supply through renewable energy is proposed. Specific to renewable, a
separate solar policy for the state is in process of development.
Access to energy: The policy envisages to increase rural penetration of electricity use by encouraging households
to switch to grid supplied electricity. Incentive mechanism are in place to achieve 100% rural electrification,
specifically this includes 100% household coverage and a minimum of 10 hours supply to rural areas.
Focus on energy conservation through demand side management: The energy policy proposed for compulsory
audit for all major industrial and large commercial establishments. It also puts thrust on initiating measures to
increase efficiency of agricultural pump sets and electrical installations, promoting use of energy efficient
equipment and energy efficient buildings and organizing awareness campaign.
Capacity addition through plant modernization: The energy policy of the state focuses on improving capacities of
the existing plants by investing in plant modernization. It is projected that by modernization alone, the state will
be able to add 200 MW of power generation capacity by the end of 2012.
11.4 GHG EMISSIONS OF ENERGY SECTOR IN THE STATE
Thermal power plants in the state of Jharkhand mostly run on coal. The GIG emission foot printing of the coal
based power plants in Jharkhand is displayed in following figure, the actual GHG footprint is based on the
numbers available at the CEA website.
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Considering the fact that the state’s Energy Policy (2012) favours coals based power plant, it’s assumed that the
coal fired power plants will generate majority of power in the state in years to come. Based on such assumption,
the GHG footprint of the state power sector is estimated for next four decades.
Figure 41: Actual and projected GHG emission trajectory from power plants in Jharkhand
Keeping state’s power scenario and growth trends in consideration, emission footprint of the power plants is
projected till year 2050. And it is estimated that the net GHG emissions will reach almost 105 million tonnes of
CO2 equivalent from the current 44 million tonnes of CO2 (estimations refer to year 2010-2011)
Apart from the direct emission from electricity generation, a large amount of emissions take place from fuel
(especially diesel) to meet the power deficit situation. The findings of the survey of private firms in Jharkhand, as
part of the ‘Third Investment Climate Survey -2005/06’ indicates that on average, firms in Jharkhand face over 38
power outages every month, this number is more than double the number of outrages faced by firms in rest of
India. To manage the operations during times when electricity from grid is unavailable, the firms have to depend
on generators running on petroleum and this result in huge GHG emissions (Poverty Reduction and Economic
Management-India Country Management Unit, 2007).
Figure 42: Number of power outrages-Comparison of situation in Jharkhand
11.5 IMPACT OF CLIMATE CH ANGE ON POWER SITUATION
Power sector is sensitive to temperature changes and water availability; the shift in temperature not only
influences the power demand but also affects the efficiency of the power generation facilities. The impact of
climate change on the performance of electricity generation facilities is described in following section.
11.5.1 IMPACT ON POWER CONSUMP TION

A study by Filippinia & Pachauri (2004) based on the NSSO data measured the impact of temperature rise on
domestic electricity use in Jharkhand predicted that with rise in temperature the cooling demand in the state will
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go up thus resulting in high electricity demand during summer month as during the summer months, because of
the high temperatures, the use of air conditioners and air ventilators is very intense and necessary (Filippinia &
Pachauri, 2004).
Increase in summer temperatures will most likely increase the summer peak electricity demand, excess power
will be required to meet the cooling requirements of the office and residential spaces and commercial
establishments. Since summer season demand surge will be witnessed across the country hence regional
generation facilities will have to be promoted in order to maintain the quality and quantity of electricity reaching
consumers. This would require investments to promote facilities that can support additional electricity during
peak demand periods.
Based on the results of Filippinia & Pachauri study results for Delhi region (Filippinia & Pachauri, 2004), climate
change linked power demand projections are made for the state of Jharkhand. Three climate change scenarios
are considered, in scenario 1 (which is the most conservative estimate), its projected that the average
o
temperature in the state will go up by 1.5 C by the year 2050, and this will increase the domestic electricity
demand for cooling by almost 2.5% ( with respect to the baseline consumption). In scenario 2 and 3, the average
o o
projected temperature rise will be 1.8 C and 2.1 C and the resulting electricity demand for cooling will go up by
3.1 and 3.5% respectively.
Figure 43: Projected impact of temperature rise on domestic electricity demand in Jharkhand
Further to it, the rising temperature will also increase irrigation frequency, this will surge demand of energy for
water management. Temperature rise will result in high water evaporation and this will result in increased
irrigation frequency to maintain soil moisture at levels that support plant growth.
11.5.2 WATER AVAILABILITY

Among various sectors, power generation depends heavily on water and is one of the largest consumers of
water. Water shortages result in power generation losses; in summer of 2010, not only hydro capacity but also
over 6,400MW of thermal capacity was adversely affected by water shortages in the country. A joint study by
49
World Resource Institute (WRI) and HSBC indicated that 79% of the new generation capacity to be built by
three key power generation companies in India is located in water scarce or stressed areas. Hence in future
water crisis will have severe implications on the power management in India (FICCI-HSBC, 2012).
The following figure depicts the IPCC Scenario A1B, according to this by 2025 the state will face extreme stress
having repercussions on the operational performance of the power generation facilities.
49
The joint report by WRI and HSBC is titled as ‘Over Heating’
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50
Figure 44: Long term change in water stress and power plants (2025 IPCC Scenario A1B)
11.5.3 HIGHER TEMPERATURE LEADING TO REDUCED EFFICIENCY

Higher temperatures tend to reduce the efficiency of thermal power stations, of particular interest in the state of
Jharkhand given its overwhelming reliance on thermal technologies for power production. Heat engine
performance is fundamentally driven by the temperatures of the hot source and the cold sink to which heat is
rejected. The rising temperature will decrease the electricity production efficiency of the fossil fuel based power
plants. Water is used in these plants for cooling purposes, the colder the water, the more efficient the generator.
The thermodynamic cycles in the power plants are inherently inefficient, the water temperature difference have
the potential to further reduce efficiency of the power generation units. Thus, higher air and water temperatures
could reduce the efficiency with which these plants convert fuel into electricity.
The 4th Assessment report of the IPCC reports that “Climate change could have a negative impact on thermal
power production since the availability of cooling water may be reduced ...”. The main finding is that the power
output decrease by about 0.45% and the thermal efficiency by approximately 0.12% for 1°C increase in cooling
water extracted from environment (Held, Strepp, Patt, Pfenninger, & Lilliestam, 2012).
Figure 45: Temperature rise and its impact on energy output from thermal power plants
11.5.4 RAINFALL EFFECT ON FUEL MININ G AND TRANSPORTATION

Going by precedents, too much rainfall can degrade the quality of coal stockpiles by increasing moisture content.
It can also affect mining and transportation of coal. In August- September 2011, heavy rainfall caused enough
damage to roads and mines in Jharkhand, Orissa and West Bengal to disrupt large scale coal production and
transportation operations. Coal transportation came to a halt as bridges and rail lines were damaged (PTI, 2011).
There are concerns that changing weather patterns may spread rain more equally throughout the year, with no
dry season to make up for wet season losses (Bose, 2012).
50 50
http://insights.wri.org/aqueduct/2012/08/4-ways-water-connected-indias-blackouts
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11.5.5 CLIMATE CHANGE’S IMPACT ON HYDROPOWER PL ANTS
Hydropower plants will also be directly affected by any changes in precipitation and temperature. As reservoir
capacity gets affected because lower river flow, hydropower generation will dwindle. Power generation from the
Damodar Valley Corporation’s Tilaiya, Maithon and Panchet dams suffered badly due to draught like conditions
during the period 2009-2011 (PTI, 2011).The impact is more severe on small hydropower projects as they
depend on seasonal rivers, which can dry up quickly with higher temperatures and recurring droughts.
11.5.6 IMPACT OF CLIMATE CH ANGE ON RENEWABLE ENE RGY SOURCES

There is little evidence based studies on impact of climate change on efficiency of wind and solar energy.
Impact of climate change on Solar power plants: The electricity generation from Solar PV system depends on
intensity and wavelength of spectrum of solar radiation reaching the Earth's surface which in turn depends on
the location’s latitude, cloud cover, air borne particles, smog, soot and time ( time of day and year).
The climate change models predict rising temperature’s impact on cloud cover. Under cloud cover, solar-thermal
and photovoltaic (PV) systems deliver only a fraction of their energy compared to that under clear sky
conditions. The operation of PV-devices is also dependent on meteorological parameters such as ambient
temperature, wind, and relative humidity (Clouds, aerosols, and increased ultraviolet radiation alter the sunlight
spectrum, which may mean that adjustments to the PV-cells are necessary.
Impact of climate change on wind power plants: As wind turbines are highly dependent on wind speed, any
change in wind variability and intensity would influence the wind-energy potential and this will have an effect on
the degree to which wind resources are economically viable. The impact of rain may also be important as wind-
turbine efficiency will be reduced, by as much as 20%, with only light rainfall (Lundahl, 1995).
11.5.7 ENERGY FROM RENEWABLE SOURCES

Current climate models provide little detail on future changes in wind and solar insolation. Hence, the discussion
here is more of a speculative nature than the discussion on hydropower and bio energy. The intensity and
wavelength spectrum of solar radiation reaching the Earth's surface are governed by the degree of latitude,
cloudiness, atmospheric aerosol composition, and time of day and year. Greenhouse-induced changes in cloud
cover are uncertain. The picture is further complicated by atmospheric aerosols affecting cloud reflectivity and
lifetimes. Aerosols also change the radiation balance through their direct backscattering effects. The speculative
impact of climate change on renewable energy sources is captured in table below.
Figure 46: Climate change impact on various energy sources (Bull, Bilello, Ekmann, Sale, & Schmalzer, 2008)
RE Power generation facility Impact of climate change

Renewable Hydropower Water availability and quality, temperature-related stresses,
operational modification from extreme weather (floods/droughts)
Wind Wind resource changes (intensity and duration), damage from
extreme weather
Solar Insolation changes ( due to clouds), damage due to extreme
weather
11.6 CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION MEASURES FOR P OWER SECTOR IN JHARKHAND
Adaptation measures: In view of the expounded challenges to thermal power stations that arise from future
climate change impacts, the question arises how power plants can be adapted in order to deal with anticipated
future developments. Some adaptation measures that can help the power sector to cope with the changing
climate are as following:
Alternate and cleaner sources of electricity:
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Focus on renewable for power generation: Jharkhand is highly dependent on thermal and partially on hydro
energy. The state has some RE portfolio, but given the fact that the country has aggressive RE targets and
strategies. Jharkhand can work on increasing the contribution of RE in the state’s energy mix.
Strategies to encourage RE based energy projects may include-
Promoting and incentivizing renewable energy: Jharkhand Government realizes the potential of
renewable energy and has formulated energy policy for solar and biomass energy to promote
investment in the state. Though Jharkhand Government has set ambitious renewable purchase
obligation (RPO) targets; the implementation of projects in the long run need to be ensured by bringing
in more investment through policy incentives.
The state with many small rivers and streams offers good opportunity for small hydro project. To
increase hydro power generation, 66 potential sites have already been identified in the state. Private
entities, non-governmental organizations and local bodies shall be encouraged to tap energy from
51
mini/micro hydro projects wherever feasible .
Awareness and capacity Building: Capacities of different stakeholders need to be built on renewable
energy aspects i.e. generation handing, maintenance, operations research and development activities.
The renewable energy can be effectively developed as an off-grid power solution for the remote
villages. Cost effective handy RE products also have huge potential in urban areas, public buildings and
institutions can be used as a demonstration projects for RE options (e.g. solar lighting, solar water
heating etc).
Power Generation from ‘Coal Washery Rejects’: Jharkhand has large reserves of coal and consequently there are
a large number of coal washeries operating in the state. Rejects from the coal washeries can be used for power
generation in Jharkhand. Coal washery rejects have calorific value as low as 1500 Kcal/ kg and also create
serious environmental and disposal problems. As a step to mitigate the environmental problem, washery rejects
can be gainfully used as a fuel for power generation. The washery rejects can be burnt in a specially designed
fluidised bed boiler to generate steam for producing power. This has already been successfully implemented in
a number of coal washeries of Coal India Ltd such as Rajarappa, Gidi and Madhuban. The low calorific value of
rejects is offset by the low price of handling of rejects thus making the power project a viable option. New
technologies of burning such low value rejects are being adopted in countries such as China which can be
gainfully used in Jharkhand washeries.
Coal Bed Methane (CBM) in Jharkhand: CBM can be used in new thermal power plants on count of lower capital
investment and higher operational efficiency. It can also be used as a fuel for co-generation power plants to bring
in higher efficiency. On the basis of predicted per day recovery from the identified CBM blocks in Jharkhand,
800MW of power generation is possible.
Table 38: Coal Bed Methane resources available in Jharkhand
Coalfield / Block Area of delineated Block ( sq Prognosticated CBM Resource

km)
(billion cubic meter)
Jharia 69.20 68.16

East &West Bokaro 93.37 45.02
North Karanpura 340.54 61.75
TOTAL 503.11 174.93
3
There is also a demand of 50,00,000 Nm of natural gas/CBM in the state for industrial purposes. CBM can also
be used in the production of steel, fertilizer and methanol. Currently, ONGC is producing 5,000 cubic meters of
gas from the Jharia block and is in the process of raising it to 15,000 cubic meters.
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Improving efficiency of existing facilities:
Jharkhand’s electricity generation is dominated by inefficient coal based power plants which constitutes about
53% of the generation capacity. Since most of the coal power plants in the country, including Jharkhand, use
sub-critical technology, which have low efficiencies. The net efficiency of coal plant fleet in the country in 2003
was just 29 percent (compare this with 33 percent efficiency in the United States (Rao, Sant, & Rajan, 2009)).
At the country level, several measures are being taken to increase the efficiency of these coal plants. Several
Renovation and Modernization (R&M) and life extension programs have led to the overall improvement of the
Plant load factor (PLF) of Thermal Power plants. Hence there is huge potential of improving performance of the
power plants in the state.
Figure 47: Efficiency of coal fired power plants and plant load factor
Renovation and Modernization of Existing Power Plants: For existing power projects, renovation and
modernization of the plants requires to be undertaken for upgrading capacity and improving efficiency of the
plant. If the state doesn’t see much value in investment in technology up-gradation, it is suggested to opt for a
success fee model wherein the private developer takes over existing facilities of the power plant and brings in
fresh investments, technology and expertise to renovate and modernize the power plant.
Reduction of T&D losses: Electricity losses during Transmission and Distribution process in the state have ranged
between 46.77 -32.87% during the period 2003-2012, although the losses are declining but they are still very
high. Other electricity utilities operating in the state JUDCO and TSL have achieved T&D loss of 7.79% ( year
2010-11) and 2.61% ( proposed for 2012-12) respectively (FeedbBack Infra, 2012). There is huge potential of
reducing the T&D losses through technical measures and appropriate legislation.
Pumps with higher capacity for thermal power plants- Thermal power plants using water pumps with higher
capacity could significantly reduce warming-up of cooling water flowing through the condenser by pumping
higher volume of cooling water.
However, the water withdrawal is limited by the naturally available amount of water. On the other hand
environmental regulations stipulate how much water is needed bypassing the power plant without passing
through it. Furthermore the pumping capacity is determined when constructing the power plant and an
upgrading with a new or enlarged cooling system is difficult and expensive. Therefore, the increasing of
withdrawal capacities can be a possible adaptation measure, but should rather be considered, similar to the
choice of the location, mainly for the construction of new power plants.
Improving water footprint of the power plants:
Alternative cooling systems in thermal power plants: Water use efficiency will be critical for performance of the
power plant in scenarios when water availability is under stress. With regard to long term adaptation approach,
switching of cooling systems from ‘once-through’ to ‘closed loop systems’ is recommended. Systems with
cooling towers are considered to be much less vulnerable towards temperature increases and the involved
impacts of climate warming such as declining water availability and increasing stream water temperature (Koch
and Vögele, 2009).
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Source of cooling water for thermal power plants- Another measure to improve water-efficiency in power plants
could be the reuse of secondary/treated municipal waste water and ash pond effluent. Further it is
recommended to enable power plants to produce some of their own water, i.e. by using the thermal discharges.
Energy demand management:
Peak Demand Management: With changing temperature, peak demand for power is also expected to rise. Hence
a robust peak demand management approach is required to reduce pressure on power generation facilities.
Demand side energy management: In Jharkhand immense amount of energy saving potential exists as energy
use in households and industries is highly inefficient. The estimated magnitude of such saving potentials will be
addressed in chapters on industry and domestic sectors focussing the demand side of electricity. It is suggested
that various demand side energy (DSM) management instruments are applied for containing the rising energy
demand in the state52.
Other options:
Different choice of location for establishing thermal power plants: New power plants coming up in the state have
the advantage of choosing locations that are less vulnerable to climate change linked impacts. The new plants
can be located at places where temperatures are relatively lower, such sites will help the power generation
facilities to isolate themselves from water temperature linked efficiency issues. For site selection of renewable
power sources (wind and solar) elaborate site selection guidelines already exist that consider existing and future
weather pattern shift during the project design phase itself.
For Power sector action plan and budget please refer to Section C: Sectoral Action plans
52
DSM approach essentially reduces the power demand by improving efficiency of the appliances through technological
innovations or process modifications.
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Chapter 12
JHARKHAND- URBAN AND TRANSPORTATION SECTOR AND CLIMATE CHANGE
12.1 POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS OF THE STATE
As per the 2011 India census, Jharkhand’s population is close to 3.2 crores which is 3.5 percent of India’s total
53
population. This population resides in 32,394 villages and 228 towns . About 76% of state’s population lives in
54 55
rural areas (in comparison nations 69% population is rural ). Most importantly, state’s 28% population is tribal
56
in comparison all India average of tribal population is just eight percent .
The urbanisation however has picked up after the formation of new state due to increase in economic activities
in the urban areas. The rural urban population divide in the state is fast filling up and the urban population has
increased by 32.29 % in last 10 years. It is estimated that the urban population of Jharkhand will reach 93 lakh by
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2026 .
58
Table 39: Decadal growth of population in Jharkhand
Yr 1981-1991 Yr 1991-2001 % Decrease

Urban 29.86% 28.99% 0.87%
Rural 22.54% 21.62% 0.92%
Total 24.02% 23.19% 0.83%
Table 40: Urban population trend in Jharkhand (Kundu, 2006)
Percentage urban population Annual exponential growth rate
1971 1981 1991 2001 2011 1971-81 1981-91 1991-01 2001-11

Jharkhand 16.01 20.29 21.25 22.25 24.05 4.61 2.61 2.55 -
The recent population figures indicate that there is ‘negative decadal growth’ in urban and rural population.
From annual exponential population growth numbers in Table 87 and figure 88 in next page it’s clear that the
growth rate of urban population is declining. The data from the National Sample Survey (NSS) confirms the
above observations. Also there is declining trend of migration of males, both in rural and urban areas (Kundu,
2006).
53
http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/jharkhand/leaflet.pdf
54
http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/Jharkhand/4-CHART_PAPER-II.pdf
55
http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/india/Rural_Urban_2011.pdf
56
http://siteresources.worldbank.org/SOUTHASIAEXT/Resources/223546-1181699473021/3876782-
1181699502708/fullreport.pdf
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http://www.uhrc.in/downloads/Jharkhand_wall_chart.pdf
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http://www.jharkhand.gov.in/new_depts/ap201011/Urban_Devlop201011.pdf
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Figure 48: Urbanisation Trend in Jharkhand (Source: National Family Health Survey, 2005-06)
A large urban population in the state resides in slums, estimates by the Jharkhand government puts the slum
population at around 40 per cent of the total urban population. However planning commission estimated slum
dwellers to be 12% of total urban population in 2011. With rise in migration from rural localities, the slum
population is slated to go up in future and its estimated that it will increase to 1.037 million by 2017 from the
current 0.932 million (Planning Commission, 2011).
Table 41: Jharkhand’s Projected Slum Population from 2011 to 2017 (in millions) (Source: Planning commission 2011)
State 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Jharkhand 0.932 0.949 0.966 0.984 1.001 1.019 1.037
The rural demography and trends are discussed in Chapter on agriculture.
12.2 TRANSPORT SECTOR IN JHARKHAND
Figure 49: Vehicles on Jharkhand roads
The vehicles on the roads of Jharkhand are growing at rapid rate, between 2001 and 2006 alone the vehicles in
the state have gone up by 165% (from 9 lakhs to 15 lakhs) 59. It is expected that the trend will continue in coming
59
http://morth.nic.in/writereaddata/linkimages/SSL_RoadTransport2006_07_Book292768426.pdf
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years and stabilize overtime. Using exponential growth function post 2020 it is projected that there will be about
46 lakh vehicles on state roads by year 2050.
Roads are the major means of transportation in the state. The total length of National Highway, State Highway
and others metalled roads in Jharkhand is 8724 km. While that of district roads and rural un-metalled roads is
24,300 km (Department of Planning and Development, 2011).The total rail length in the state is 1053 km, thus
for every 100 sq km of area, there is 2.5 km of railway route length in the state.
The air-connectivity in the state is poor, although the capital city is well connected to major North Indian cities,
other important cities like, Jamshedpur, Dhanbad, Deoghar, Chakulia and Bokaro although have requisite
infrastructure ( air strips) yet are not well connected.
12.3 IMPACT OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS ON CLIMATE CHANGE
12.3.1 URBAN SECTOR EMISSION FOOTPRINT
The urban sector is one of the largest contributors of GHG emissions; services and products used by the
population result in emissions during the consumption as well as during the disposal process. The various
emissions that are considered for calculating the GHG footprint of the urban sector for Jharkhand include:
In order to account for the contribution of urban areas to climate change, Jharkhand’s urban sector (restricted to
urban areas) emissions of GHGs are calculated.
The emissions from urban energy sector are calculated by considering the energy that is used for lighting and
cooking at home. The other major GHG contributor is transportation sector; fuel used in road transportation,
emissions by railways and air traffic are considered for calculating the emissions from state transportation.
There are numerous other economic activities that result in GHG emissions, not all activities are considered for
emission calculation due to paucity of information; direct methane emissions from cattle rearing activities by the
urban cattle population is used for calculating the livelihood sector emissions. To calculate consumption linked
emissions, total households waste generated in Jharkhand is used as proxy to represent resource consumption.
The livelihood linked emissions (from agriculture, agriculture-allied and enterprises has been discussed in
Chapter on agriculture and Chapter on industries).
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Figure 50: Urban sector GHG emissions from MSD and waste water
Figure 51: GHG emissions from transport sector in Jharkhand
Figure 52: Urban sector GHG emissions from fuel used during cooking and lighting (pertaining to year 2005-06)
The net emission of the urban sector in Jharkhand is ~25 million tonnes of CO2 equivalents. Urban cooking and
lighting is the biggest contributor with 58% sector emissions, this is followed by the transportation sector that
contributes to approximately 39% of the sectoral emissions (see Figure-53).
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Figure 53: Urban sector GHG emissions from cooking, waste generation and transportation (pertaining to year 2005-06)
12.3.2 URBAN WATER DEMAND

The water use is lifestyle linked and directly proportional to the economic status of household, hence the water
demand in urban localities is slated to go up considerably in coming years. The economic development will not
only improve household’s economic conditions but also attracts people towards cities; resulting in steep rise in
urban water demand.
With increasing household income and increasing contributions from the service and industrial sectors, the
water demand in the urban and industrial sectors could increase substantially. At the country level, it is
projected that average urban water demand would increase from 85 liters per capita per day (lpcd) in 2000, to
125 and 170 lpcd by 2025 and 2050, respectively (Amarasinghe, Shah, & Anand).
The same estimations are used to develop water demand scenarios for the state of Jharkhand considering BAU
with low and high demand estimations. It should be noted that the urban water demand also includes the water
use of livestock management.
Figure 54: Estimated water demand for urban sector- Jharkhand60
12.4 CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACT ON URBAN SECTOR

Climate projections for India (Table-42) show significant rise in annual temperature of India and an increase in
annual precipitation.
60
Based on national estimations (Mall, Gupta, Singh, Singh, & Rathore, 2006)
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Table 42: Climate change projections based on four GCM outputs for India (Agarwal and Lal (2001) cited in Revi (2008))
Temperature Change (°C) Precipitation Change (%)

Year Annual Winter Monsoon Annual Winter Monsoon
2020s 1.36±0.19 1.61±0.16 1.13±0.43 2.9±3.7 2.7±17.7 2.9±3.7
2050s 2.69±0.41 3.25±0.36 2.19±0.88 6.7±8.9 -2.9±26.3 6.7±8.9
2080s 3.84±0.76 4.52±0.49 3.19±1.42 11.0±12.3 5.3±34.4 11.0±12.3
Provisioning of amenities such as water, food, energy and sanitation is going to become complicated under these
changing climate scenario. The climate extremes can have significantly large negative impact on urban centres
because of greater concentration of population, building and infrastructure in urban areas.
12.4.2 HEAT WAVES AND RISING TEMPERATURE

Increase heat waves and temperature would also increase the use of air conditioning which might increase
energy shortage. Increased use of air conditioners can also add more greenhouse gases to the atmosphere since
most electricity is currently produced by burning fossil fuels. The impact of rising temperature on power
situation is discussed in Chapter on Power.
In Jharkhand, 30 percent of the urban population do not have access to clean water which increases their
vulnerability towards water scarcity and pollution. 22.2 percent population does not have good quality of wall
material while the households with low grade of roof material are very high.
Table 43: Household conditions in urban regions of Jharkhand (Census, 2011)

Total Urban % HHs with lower
Type Remarks
HHs grade material
Material of roof 1495642 3.8 Households with roof material
Grass/Thatch/Plastic/Polythene/
Material of wall 1495642 22.2 Households with wall material
Grass/Thatch/Plastic/Polythene/Mud/Un-burnt Brick
Source of drinking 1495652 30.5 Tap water from untreated source/uncovered
water well/spring/canal/river/tank/pond/lake/
Jharkhand has witnessed weather anomalies in recent past. Jharkhand experienced the highest number of heat
waves in 2000-2010 mainly affecting the urban poor. In addition there were instances of flash flood and heavy
rains.
Table 44: Recorded Heat Waves in Jharkhand (Jharkhand Disaster Management Plan, 2011)
Mar-
Year March April May June
June
2004 16 6 4 3 29
2005 12 1 8 20 41
2010 15 19 4 12 50
A large population in the state are not well equipped or do not have access to resources and services that can
protect them from natural furies and weather anomalies.
12.4.3 CLIMATE CHANGE AND RISK OF FLOOD

Many cities in Jharkhand have faced flood or flood like situations in resent past. Year 2008 witnessed heavy
rainfall and 1,00,000 people got affected in the cities of Ranchi and Jamshedpur alone. During the monsoon
season, rivers Damodar, Kharkai, and Suvarnarekha – received water exceeding their capacity thus increased
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61
flood threat to Ranchi and Jamshedpur cities . In 2008 Jamshedpur got flooded due to heavy rains in the
62
adjoining regions Orissa . During the monsoon in 2011, low lying areas of Ranchi, Gumla, Loharanga, Simdega,
East and West Singhbhum and Saraikela-Kharsawan got inundated completely disturbing the economic routine
63
of the individuals, institutions and industries . Nature’s fury was repeated in September 2012 and city of Bokaro
64
got flooded due to heavy rains .
The draft State Disaster Plan 2011 has listed 11 districts of the state which are vulnerable to floods.
Table 45: Projected climate change during the next century over India (Mall, Gupta, Singh, Singh, & Rathore, 2006)
Region Climate change Rainfall

All India Increase in winter temperature by Precipitation increase of approximately 20%
1–4°C with increased CO2 Increase in heavy rainfall days during the summer
concentration monsoon period and an increased inter-annual
variability
All India Average temperature change is Increase in frequency of heavy rainfall events
predicted to be in the range of
2.33 to 4.78°C, with a doubling in
CO2 concentration
All India Area-averaged annual mean Increase of about 7 to 10% in annual mean
surface temperature rise is precipitation
projected to range between 3.5 Decline of 5–25% in winter precipitation
and 5.5°C by the end of the Increase in monsoon precipitation is 10–15%
century Monsoon season over northwest India – increase of
More warming in winter season 30% or more in rainfall by 2050
Western semi-arid regions of India could receive
higher than normal rainfall in a warmer atmosphere
Decrease in winter precipitation between 10 and
20% over central India by 2050
All the three climate change linked projections predict that the precipitation will increase significantly as
temperature rises as warmer climate will accelerate the hydrologic cycle and alter rainfalls trends, also the
spread of rainfall will change and monsoon rains will increase. Most importantly, frequency of heavy rainfall
events will increase.
Heavy and intense rainfall can cause urban flooding and infiltration of logged water into groundwater. These
events could add to the functioning of Urban Local Bodies and revised urban planning with high premium might
be required to incorporate climate change into their decision making leading to additional costs. This could also
affect the transportation system by damaging roads and pavement, disrupting traffic by creating congestion,
road blocks due to landslides and mudslides and also affect emergency evacuation operations.
Jharkhand which is already vulnerable due to flooding (and flash-floods), will increasingly be exposed to nature’s
fury due to climate change. The state’s infrastructure and city designs have no provisions for planned water
drainages systems65, the rainfall pattern changes will affect the economic performance of the state as cities life
and other communication infrastructure will increasingly face disruptions due to rainfall and flooding.
61
http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/Archived-Stories/Jharkhand-blames-Orissa-for-flood-calls-out-army/Article1-
318309.aspx
62
http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/Archived-Stories/Jharkhand-blames-Orissa-for-flood-calls-out-army/Article1-
318309.aspx
63
http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-24/ranchi/30197677_1_danger-mark-flash-floods-low-lying-areas
64
http://ibnlive.in.com/news/heavy-rains-lash-jharkhand-bokaro-flooded/289122-3-233.html
65
Jharkhand Disaster Plan 2011
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Table 46: Vulnerable urban infrastructure and impacts of climate parameters (Source: Regmi and Hanoka 2009)
Vulnerable Bridge Drains Rail tracks Pavement Culvert Side slopes Airport Road
Infrastructure Signs
Temperature    
Precipitation
Winter        
Summer        
12.5. ISSUES AND CHALLENGES: URBAN SECTOR AND TRANSPORTATION

Urban sector: According to the National Sample Survey Organization (NSSO), 13.2 lakh persons comprising 20.2
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per cent of the state's urban population live below poverty line .
An analysis of migration history for the sample, however, suggests that as many as 60 percent of the households
have recorded livelihood migration over the 20-year period between 1985 and 2005. Of these, about 4 percent
moved to a different district within the state and another 4 percent to a different state, indicating that most of
67
the migration has taken place within the same district .
68
Apart from migration, Jharkhand remains among the most food-insecure states in the country .
Estimates based on NSS data suggest that household access to electricity at 11 percent is extremely low in rural
Jharkhand, compared to 48 percent for rural India (the only state that has a lower access rate than Jharkhand is
Bihar).
The penetration of clean energy options is low in Jharkhand. An analysis based on the World Energy Council
report suggests that the penetration of solar photo voltaic (SPV) technologies in Jharkhand is one of the lowest
when compared to other states in the country.
Status of installation of domestic/ urban SPV systems
Household SPV Home Lights: Relative performance of

Household SPV lantern: Relative performance of Jharkhand Jharkhand
66
http://www.uhrc.in/downloads/Jharkhand_wall_chart.pdf
67
http://siteresources.worldbank.org/SOUTHASIAEXT/Resources/223546-1181699473021/3876782-1181699502708/ch3.pdf
68
http://siteresources.worldbank.org/SOUTHASIAEXT/Resources/223546-1181699473021/3876782-
1181699502708/fullreport.pdf
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Household SPV Pumps: Relative performance of Jharkhand Household SPV Street lights: Relative performance of
Jharkhand
Figure 55: SPV energy solutions for domestic sector: Relative ranking of Jharkhand (as on Jan 2011)
Domestic penetration of solar PV based devices is low in Jharkhand. Compared to other states/UTs the per
capita solar PV energy devices is among the lowest in the country69 for all the appliance categories. Comparing
the state’s performance with that of neighbouring Bihar and Orissa too displays a very grim picture. Among all
the SPV appliance categories, SPV lanterns enjoy the best percolation whereas there have been no taken of the
SPV based water pumps in the state.
Table 47: SPC Appliance Penetration-Performance of Jharkhand
State/UT Solar photo voltaic system Percentage of SPV w.r.t. all India total
Lanterns Home Street Pumps Lanterns Home Street Pumps

lights lights lights lights
Jharkhand 16374 4905 620 0 2.0% 0.7% 0.5% 0.0%
Bihar 50297 3170 955 139 6.2% 0.5% 0.8% 1.9%
Orissa 9882 5156 5819 56 1.2% 0.8% 4.7% 0.7%
INDIA 817549 669805 122697 7495 100% 100% 100% 100%
*(as on Jan 2011)
Transport sector: Only 36 percent of villages in the state have immediate access to all-weather roads compared
51
to the all-India average of 57 percent .
69
Relative ranking is developed based on SPV numbers from India Energy Book 2012 (World Energy Council - Indian Member
Committee, 2012) and census of India 2011 survey (The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, 2011)
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Figure 56: Comparative analysis of Road density (left) and Percentage of surface roads (right) in Jharkhand (Poverty Reduction and
Economic Management-India Country Management Unit, 2007)
A large number of vehicles in Jharkhand support the industries and mining sector. Most of the times these mines
and industries operate in hinterland, poor road conditions not only increases the wear and tear of the vehicles
but also reduces the fuel efficiency of the vehicles (increasing GHG emissions).
Jharkhand has one of the poorest road connectivity among all the Indian states. In terms of road density, the
state rank is poor, it’s better than Bihar and AP but worse than the neighbouring states of Orissa and West
Bengal. In terms of the proportion of surfaced roads in total road length, the state ranks the lowest among the
sample states (see exhibit 102) (Poverty Reduction and Economic Management-India Country Management Unit,
2007).
12.6 ADAPTATION STRATEGIES
Adaptation is considered a vital response for urban systems to build resilience to predicted climate change
impacts. The resilience can be developed through:
Infrastructure development:
1. Upgrading the existing infrastructure especially robustness of water and power supply: Most of the existing
water supply schemes in the cities were designed and installed decades earlier and are now highly
inadequate to meet the challenges of climate change. Cities should have adequate mechanism for the timely
removal of wastes and treatment of wastewater would solve the problem of urban water logging caused by
careless disposal of solid wastes which obstructs water flow in the drainages.
2. Programmatic approach to develop and promote quality housing solutions for urban and rural poor. Using
indigenous techniques low cost housing options can be designed that provide safety against heavy rains and
heat.
3. Infrastructure development for urban waste collection, segregation and safe disposal. Waste to energy
program.
Urban planning:
1. Urban risk assessments: Regional spatial planning and urban design can help to reduce the vulnerability of
urban system by checking misdirected urban sprawl.
2. Emergency preparedness and establishment of early warning system should be designed and implemented
to ensure safety of urban dwellers (especially prone to flooding).
3. Innovative and cost-effective methods should be employed in urban water purification, storm-water
harvesting and storm-water treatment. Wells, ponds and incoming canals to cities should be protected to
maintain water quality and water availability.
4. Better institutional capacity and good governance: Planners should be able to foresee the changes in land-
use, population and climate in coming decades and include all social classes for a robust decision making
process.
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5. Creation of more green spaces and increased tree cover to reduce the urban island effect.
6. Increased absorption capacity of soil (to absorb rain water thus reducing pressure on city drainage system)
by reducing cemented space (wherever possible).
7. Improving urban microenvironment by identification and closure of clandestine/unauthorized operations in
urban centres and compliance to standards in diesel generator sets used by the households and the small
industries. In addition measures specific to the transportation sector may include:
 Notification of vehicle emission norms in accordance with the road map proposed by the expert
committee on Auto Fuel Policy. Introduction of clean fuelled vehicles (running on CNG/LPG/Hybrid
Battery etc) in major urban centres.
 Upgradation of PUC checking system, anti adulteration drives, improvement of mass transport system,
infrastructure development for traffic decongestion, implementation of better traffic management
options like regulation of traffic in peak hours at major traffic intersections& Restriction on movement
of trucks and carrier vehicles in urban areas.
 Strict regulation of vehicles on industrial operations to discourage overloading (to avoid damages to
roads).
 Mandatory yet incentivized pollution checking centres for all type of vehicles.
8. Reduce the ecological footprint of urban centres by improving energy performance of the households and
institutions:
 Programmatic approach development for replacement of incandescent light bulbs with energy efficient
lighting solutions.
 Programmatic approach (PPP model) to replace energy inefficient appliances (e.g. old refrigerators, air
conditioners etc) with energy efficient options.
 Regulatory measures to promote use of energy efficient appliances in government buildings and
government supported institutions.
For Urban and Transportation sector action plan and budget please refer to Section C: Sectoral Action plans.
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Chapter 13
WATER RESOURCES AND CLIMATE CHANGE

Jharkhand is landlocked and depends heavily on rainfall for its water requirement. The state receives majority of
rainfall during the four months of monsoon starting second week of June, the winter season precipitation is
70
meagre and also fluctuates heavily. The average rainfall ranges between 1200-1600 mm per year .
Currently, nearly 90% of the water supplied to rural areas is from ground water sources whereas about 30% of
the water supply in the urban areas comes from ground water sources and the rest from over ground reservoirs
and rivers. The rural Jharkhand too has witnessed a change in the water source, during last 3-4 decades the
villages have shifted to the utilization of water from surface water to ground water through wells and hand
pump for domestic purposes.
13.1 WATER SECTOR OVERVIEW
13.1.1 SURFACE WATER RESOURCE

3 3
The availability of water recourse in the state is 327790 lakhs m , out of which 275280 lakh m is from surface
3
water and remaining 52510 lakh m is from ground water (Report of Central Ground Water Board , 2004).
Considering average annual rainfall of 1200 mm, the state receives 95,652 MCM rain water annually. However,
as per Second Bihar irrigation Commission’s Report (1994), total availability of water in the state of Jharkhand is
32,779 MCM, including downstream discharge from the basins.
Table 48: Surface Water Snapshot of Jharkhand
Surface Water Information of Jharkhand
Average annual rainfall 1200 mm

Total average annual precipitation 95652 MCM
River Basin Area 79,262 sq km
Surface water availability 27,528 MCM
Surface water usage 6,965 MCM
The entire state is drained out by sixteen river basins into the Bay of Bengal. The position of each river basin,
their drainage pattern, etc., is displayed in the river basin map (see map below).
13.1.2 GROUND WATER RESOURCES

Groundwater constitutes a major and widely used resource in
Jharkhand for drinking and domestic purposes. However, it is not
uniformly distributed due to the varied hydrogeology of the state.
About 20% of the available ground water is used for irrigation mainly
from privately owned dug well or shallow tube wells. District-wise
groundwater balance data indicate high levels of ground water
abstraction in certain urban agglomerations where groundwater
potential developed is only a tenth of the utilizable reserves.
The annual replenishable ground water resource in the state has been
established at 5.58 bcm (billion cubic meters) and net annual ground
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The details of rainfall its nature , distribution, changing trend is described in ‘Climate Change in Jharkhand’ section of the
report
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water availability is estimated to be 5.25 bcm (Central Ground Water Board, 2006). Altogether, the state puts to
use 21% of its ground water resources.
Table 49: Groundwater Status and availability in Jharkhand (Central Ground Water Board, 2006)
Annual Replenishable Ground water resource Total Natural loss of Net annual
Monsoon Season Non-monsoon season (bcm) ground water ground
(bcm) water
Recharge
Recharge Recharge Recharge
availability
fromfrom from from
(bcm)
rainfall
other rainfall other
(bcm)
sources (bcm) sources
(bcm) (bcm)
Jharkhand 4.26 0.14 1.00 0.18 5.58 0.33 5.28
All India 248.01 69.59 41.85 73.19 433.02 33.77 399.25
The low dependency of state on ground water is easily understood by the water pump distribution map ( see
below), compared to Gangetic plains, high intensive agriculture belt of Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra and dry
regions of Gujarat, the number of borewells in the state is very low (Shah, 2009).
Figure 57: Distribution of electric and diesel pumpsets in India (each dot represents 5000 borewells) (Shah, 2009)
13.2 WATER SECTOR ISSUES & CHALLENGES

Despite the fact that the state receives good rainfall, surface water availability in the state is not sufficient due to
inadequate storage facilities. Also the topography, soil and rock formations do not support water storage. High
rain variability coupled with monsoon rains, low moisture holding capacity of soils, absence of developed
aquifers due to the hard rock substrate and high run-off due to the undulating terrain results in water deficiency
71
in the state .
About 60 percent of the rainy days have rainfall below 2.5 mm. On about 40 percent rainy days, evaporation
level is more than 2.5 mm per day. As per estimates out of the average annual precipitation of 10 million hectare
meter in the state about 20% is lost in the atmosphere, 50% is lost due to surface runoff and balance 30% gets
soaked into the ground as soil moisture and ground water.
The major water sector issue faced by the state include:
i. In Jharkhand, most of the major and medium irrigation projects were implemented during 1970-80. The
capacity of all the old projects has reduced significantly over the period of time.
ii. During the last decade, there has been a substantial increase in water draft from ground water sources
in the state.
iii. Prevalence of high concentration of iron in mining belts (mainly in granitic terrain), municipal and
industrial pollutants poses serious threats to the ground water quality.
iv. Erratic rainfall in the state needs attention for conjunctive use of surface and ground water. Post-
monsoon flow in most rivers is used for irrigation which further reduces their flows in lean season.
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As per the categorization by Indian Meteorological Department, Jharkhand figures in the "drought corridor” of the country.
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v. Water use efficiency in irrigation as well as in domestic water supply is generally very low and more
importantly there is lack of scientific monitoring and surveillance.
vi. In area under mining, significant water gets stored or is being stored in open mining pits and is not
being put to any use.
13.2.1 GROUND WATER ISSUES

The natural process of ground water recharging in the state is slow, also artificial ground water recharging
facilities are undeveloped in the state the result is that water table in the plateau is going down (Department of
Agriculture and Sugarcane Development , 2011).
Over-Exploitation of Ground Water has rendered several areas devoid of ground water in peak summer,
resulting in drying up of dug wells and tube wells. Excessive withdrawal of ground water by industrial units has
created adverse effect on its quantity also (Water Resources Department, 2011).
Table 50: Groundwater availability, utilization and stage of development in Jharkhand (Central Ground Water Board, 2006)
Net annual Annual Ground Water Draft Projected Ground Stage of

ground demand for water ground
Irrigation Domestic Total
water domestic availability water
(bcm) and (bcm)
availability and for future developm
Industrial
(bcm) industrial irrigation ent (%)
(bcm)
usage (upto (bcm)
2025) (bcm)
Jharkhand 5.25 0.70 0.38 1.09 0.56 3.99 21
All India 399.25 212.51 18.09 230.62 29.17 162.29 58
Ground water scenario in the state can be better understood from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment
(GRACE) satellite mission. Based on subtle variations in the pull of Earth's gravity by using microwaves, GRACE
estimated a falling water table across the northern Indian subcontinent. The GRACE-determined depletion rate
implies that groundwater was being pumped out 70% faster in this decade than the Central Ground Water Board
of India estimated it was in the mid-1990s. The apparent surge in withdrawal would have been large enough to
turn a once-stable water table into a falling one that demands ever-deeper wells and bigger pumps. (Tiwari,
2010)
As displayed in following figure, the ground water in the southern districts of the state has been rising overtime,
whereas in the northern districts it has been depleting fast.
Figure 58: Ground water depletion in Jharkhand (depletion in cm/year) (Tiwari, 2010)
Some districts in Jharkhand have already witnessed sharp fall in ground water table, there are districts where
during last three decades (1980-2010) the water table drop is between 1-4 meters. Water table drop is
important as below a certain level it becomes infeasible to extract water and farmers have to invest in more
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expensive technologies (Sekhri, 2012). Apart the trend is dangerous as Jharkhand does not have deep aquifers as
found in the Gangetic plains, and the existing ones in the rocky terrain are porous and theoretically they can
soon become dry due to overexploitation.
Figure 59: Water depth change in Jharkhand during 1980-2010 (Sekhri, 2012)
Impact of industry on ground water: Industrial pollution has reduced the fresh water available for domestic and
economic purpose, large tract of fresh water streams are polluted and also domestically produced polluted
water is reducing availability of clean surface water.
For example, in Jharkhand, 75 per cent of sponge iron plants the industries use ground water. Sponge iron
industry although is relatively less water intensive but the impact is high as most of the water is sourced from
aquifers. Excessive extraction of ground water leads to reduction in the ground water table and affects the
72
availability of water in the surrounding areas (Bhushan & Juneja, 2011). As per ‘Block-wise Dynamic Ground
Water Resource Estimation’, till 2009, the water quantity in 17 blocks has reached sub-critical state, whereas
water table in 5 blocks was in critical state and in another 5 blocks ground water aquifers had been
overexploited because of unregulated water extraction.
Further, the minerals from mines also leach into the aquifers, thus water from a large number of aquifers is
unsuitable for drinking purposes. Following table provides a list of districts that suffer from fluoride, nitrate and
arsenic pollution.
Table 51: Districts affected by dissolved chemicals
Dissolved chemicals Affected districts

Fluoride (F>1.5mg/l) in groundwater Bokaro, Giridih, Godda, Gumla, Palamu, Ranchi
(Kamyotra, 2011)
Nitrate (>45mg/l) in Ground Water Chatra, Garhwa, Godda, Gumla, Lohardega, Pakur, Palamu,
(Kamyotra, 2011) Paschimi Singhbhum, Purbi Singhbhum, Ranchi, Sahebganj
Arsenic pollution (Sources: DW & S Deptt.) 27 villages are affected in the district of Sahebganj
13.2.2 SURFACE WATER ISSUES

Waste water generated by urban habitats is another big pollution source. With rise in economic activities and
expanding population the water requirement of the urban habitations shoots up, which results in waste water
generation which when left untreated spoils the quality of surface water and ground water. Based on the
numbers and estimations available for the country, state specific waste water numbers are generated for the
urban sector. From the projections it can be inferred that although water use efficiency may go up considerably
but the overall burden of waste water generated by urban areas is going to be huge. If the water efficiency of the
state is increased by 100% still the growing urban population will release close to twice the waste water as it is
generating today.
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http://cseindia.org/userfiles/sponge_iron_layout.pdf
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Table 52: Waste water generated by urban settlements
INDIA (Kamyotra, 2011) JHARKHAND* ( estimations)
Year Urban Wastewater Gross Urban Wastewater Gross

Population Generation Wastewat Population Generation Wastewater
(million) (Litres/Capita/ er (million) (Litres/Capita/ Generation
Day) (lpcd) Generatio Day) (lpcd) (mld)
n (mld)
1977-78 72.8 116 7007 3.2 5.09 308
1989-90 122.7 119 12145 4.46 4.32 441
1994-95 151.6 130 16662 5.13 4.4 564
2009 316.15 121 38255 7.09 2.71 858
2051 1000 121 120000 12.50 1.51 1500
(Projected)
*National average of waste water generated is used to estimate waste water numbers for Jharkhand
13.3 WATER SECTOR VULNERABILITY TO CLIMATE CHANGE

Impact of climate change on rainfall: Climate change is expected to significantly alter India’s hydroclimatic
regime over the 21st century. It is widely agreed that parts of the Indo-Gangetic basin may receive less rain than
in the past; but the rest of India is likely to benefit from greater precipitation. According to IPCC (2001), most
0
Indian landmass below the Ganges plain is likely to experience a 0.5–1 C rise in average temperatures during
0
2020–2029 and 3.5–4.5 C rise in 2090–2099. Many parts of peninsular India, especially the Western Ghats, are
likely to experience a 5–10% increase in total precipitation (IPCC 2001); however, this increase is likely to be
accompanied by greater temporal variability. Throughout the sub-continent, it is expected that ‘very wet days’
are likely to contribute more and more to total precipitation. This is likely to mean higher precipitation intensity
and larger number of dry days in a year.
Climate change impacts on groundwater: Various climate change model predict increased temporal variability
for rainfall, this translates to intense and large rainfall events in short monsoons followed by long dry spells.
Evidence suggest that groundwater recharge through natural infiltration occurs only beyond a threshold level of
precipitation; however, it also suggests not only that runoff increases with precipitation but the run-off
coefficient (i.e. run-off/precipitation) itself increases with increased rainfall intensity (or precipitation per rainfall
event) (Carter 2007).
Increased frequency of extremely wet rainy seasons (Gosain and Rao 2007) is also likely to mean increased run-
off; compared to 1900–1970, most of India is likely to experience 5–20% increase in annual runoff during 2041–
6073. Higher variability in precipitation may thus negatively impact natural recharge in general.
Climate change and increased water demand for agriculture: The rainfall pattern in Jharkhand will be affected
due to change in climate, the net impact on a given location will depend upon the change in both the total
precipitation and the variability of that precipitation. From agriculture point of view this will be disastrous for
Jharkhand as the state is mostly dependent on rainwater for irrigation. Hence managing groundwater storage
will acquire greater significance for the state than ever before. However, besides groundwater demand, climate
change is expected to impact groundwater supply too in direct and myriad ways.
Climate change and increased water demand by thermal power plants: As explained in the ‘Chapter on Power
Sector’ of the report, the rise in stream temperature due to climate change will result in reduced efficiency of
the thermal power plant which uses water for cooling purpose. The rise of stream water temperature can be
73
Rainfall pattern shift is descibed in ‘Climate Change in Jharkhand’ chapter of this report
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compensated to a certain extent by increasing water intake to dissipate the generated waste heat to a larger
quantity of water.
Based on the international experience, it’s clear that the rise in water temperature results in excess intake of
water by the thermal plants to ensure that the efficiency of the power plant is maintained. It’s estimated that for
one degree rise in atmospheric temperature, the water demand goes up by 10%. One result of the analysis
reveals an increase by up to 30% in water demand during the summer month to compensate for an average
increase of 2.1°C (Held, Strepp, Patt, Pfenninger, & Lilliestam, 2012).Hence for years 2025 and 2050, water
requirements for one degree and two degrees rise in ambient temperature is translated into excess water
requirement of the thermal power plants.
Water availability and impact on hydro electric plants: The hydro-electric plants, whether based on run-of-the-
river and reservoir technology will suffer due to water shortages. Long dry spell may reduce the water availability
and bring down the electricity output of the hydro-electric plants.
Climate change and water demand projections: An assessment of the availability of water resource in the
context of future national requirements taking particular account of the multiplying demands for water and
expected impacts of climate change and variability is critical for relevant national and regional long-term
development strategies and sustainable development.
McKinsey study shows that India water demand will grow at 2.8% CAGR and reach 1,498 billion cubic meters
(BCM) in 2030 ( India’s current water supply is 740 BCM) in Business-as-Usual scenario. With increase in regional
mean temperature, water demand will further rise (as already discussed in the chapter). Another business-as-
usual scenaioro puts India’s water demand at 833 BCM in 2025 and 900 BCM in 2050 (Amarasinghe, Shah, &
Anand, 2010).
Figure 60: National water demand-supply estimation
Table 53: National water demand estimation for Irrigation, domestic and industrial purpose
Sector 2000 2025 2050
Total % Total % Total %

groundwater groundwater groundwater
Billion cu. % Billion % Billion %
Meters cu. cu.
Meters Meters
Irrigation 605 45 675 45 637 51
Domestic 34 50 66 45 101 50
Industrial* 42 30 92 30 161 30
Total 680 44 833 43 900 47
*Industrial water demand includes water requirement in thermal power plants (for cooling purposes)
Water projections for domestic, industrial and agriculture sector: National level water demand projection
studies were analyzed to generate water demand estimations for the state of Jharkhand. Growth rate
estimations for each category are used to derive the appropriate rate for Jharkhand and the same was suitably
adjusted to generate sectoral projections for water demand for Jharkhand.
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Water usage and projections for power plants in Jharkhand- A study by NGO, Centre for Science and
Environment has estimated the volume of water used in thermal power plants is to the tune of 35,157.4 million
cubic metres (MCM) annually which constitute 87.8 per cent of the total industrial water use. A similar study
using the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) data has observed that the total wastewater discharged by all
major industrial sources is 83,048 million litres per day (mld).
Thermal power plants in India use an average of 5 cubic meters of water for each mega watt of power produced.
Based on the annual power generation of the thermal power plants in Jharkhand, the annual water demand for
the power plants is calculated in the following table. Also a projected water requirement for the years 2025 and
2050 in business-as-usual scenario is calculated for the state of Jharkhand.
Table 54: Projected water demand for Jharkhand
Domestic water demand Industrial water demand Thermal power plant water
demand
Base year 2010 2010 2010
Demand growth 2.7% p.a. during 2010-25 3.2% p.a. during 2010-25 For year 2010 and till 2015, per
(annual) and reduced to 1.7 % p.a. and reduced to 2.3% p.a. MW water consumption is
3,
during 2025-50 (due to during 2025-50 (due to taken as 5 m , beyond 2025, its
3
rise in efficiency and stagnation in industrial considered as 4 m per annum
decrease in population growth and increase in for each MW of power
growth) efficiency) generated
Base year 1244 Million Cubic 4338 Million Cubic Meters -
water demand Meters
( actual)
2025(projected) 1748 Million Cubic 6420 Million Cubic Meters -
Meters
2050(projected) 2492 Million Cubic 10111 Million Cubic Meters -
Meters
13.4 SECTORAL RESPONSE
13.4.1 SECTORAL VISION AND COMMITMENT

The JAPCC recognizes the critical importance of water resources to the state and the need to safeguard these
through a comprehensive multi-pronged response process. As such, it is committed to taking the necessary steps
to examine all related issues through a consultative process.
13.4.2 STRATEGIES
JAPCC recognizes that climate change impacts on water sector will be widespread, combating climate change will
require a combination of short term reactive and long term anticipatory adaptation strategies.
Planned long term adaptation

Policy measures: Developing an integrated water resource management policy for the state is suggested to bring
all the water resources of the state under one department for sustainable management of water resources.
State level polices from conservation to better management of current water resources are required to maintain
a desired state of the water resource.
Improved water management supply for urban areas for augmenting the availability and meeting the increased
demand in irrigation, domestic and industrial sectors. Replenishable groundwater too needs to be augmented to
meet the domestic, irrigation and industrial demand through techniques like rain water harvesting. This
accompanied by conservation measures and an improved water management supply will further work towards
security a sustainable water supply in the future. In the long term, effective water policies to promote
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conservation, management and enhancement would complement the short-term plans in designing an effective
water adaptation strategy.
In this regard, JAPCC suggests for expediting the formation of Water and Land Management Institute (WALMI)
Jharkhand, which is expected to be the back bone of participatory irrigation management (PIM). The JAPCC also
suggests to promote a Water Resource Regulatory Authority (with jurisdiction over all types of water resources)
to develop a comprehensive water sector response.
Regulatory measures:
Water use regulations need to be developed in consultation with the water users. The regulations need to cover
agriculture, industrial and domestic water use to control use of water and to promote water use efficiency,
water recycling and water harvesting.
Role of panchayats in managing groundwater use in rural areas ( for consumption, irrigation and
industrial use)
Mandatory metering of ground water
Water pricing
Regulations to facilitate use of water efficient appliances
The ‘Water Resource Regulatory Authority’ as suggested by the JAPCC can be housed in water resource
department or it can operate separately to fulfil following:
 Facilitate real time database of all the water resources available to the state. Assisted by a
powerful web enabled platform, the authority will keep track of all the water bodies (surface,
subsurface) in the state. The authority will need to map all the water bodies, catchments and
also measure the water use in respective mini/micro water catchments.
 The authority will review the water sector data quality and parameters currently collected by
various departments. The authority will also review the scale, periodicity and data flow
processes.
 Additional data requirement needs to fill in information gaps
 Setting up of weather stations, monitoring
 Develop ‘situation reports’ and periodic ‘sectoral review reports’ to communicate with the
stakeholders in government and public on the status and health of the water resources. These
reports can form the basis of state actions.
 Facilitate sectoral water audits. These audits will be mandatory in nature and will help the
authorities to check the water consumption pattern against the sectoral water usage
standards.
 Measure and report sectoral water efficiency actions
Detailed water sector database creation: The adaptive mechanism will depend on climate change and its
impact on water sector. The very basic information on water i.e. water availability in the state had been worked
nd
out by the 2 Bihar Irrigation Commission (1994). Since then, no further assessment was carried out to plan out
a detailed water development approach for the state of Jharkhand. Institutionalized approached for climate
change study on water sector, including rainfall variability, sedimentation loads and its’ rate in rivers, discharge
of river, water quality of rivers including data on water pollution in basins need to be followed for effective
climate change planning.
The above information will be critical to design an appropriate and accurate state response towards climate
change. This would require:
Review of the performance of hydrological observation stations required for the state
Review of the numbers and network of automatic weather stations and automated rain gauge stations;
Review of gaps in the existing hydro-meteorological and hydrological data from climate change
monitoring and assessment perspective. Appropriately address the gaps overtime.
Similarly, Water assessment map for the state need to be developed. The water assessment should be
designed to collect data and trends on:
 Ground and surface water status
 Ground and surface water capacity
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 Ground and surface water trends
 Yield from ground water and
 Replenishment capacities of ground and surface water bodies
There is also need for a water resource management study for areas under severe water stress. This
would require exploring technologically advance options to develop water sources for the extremely
critical zones. Artificial ground water recharging, cloud seeding, river linking and exploring very deep
water aquifers to manage water demand in the regions under extreme water stress
Reactive/ anticipatory adaptation: Since it’s clear that rainfall will increase over time but number of rainy days
will go down. Hence it’s necessary to create a water use efficiency and recharge strategy for the state.
Water use efficiency enhancement: The current water use efficiency parameters and approaches are
inadequate. It is suggested to develop water use efficiency mechanisms for all the sectors. Technology centric
and economic tools should be put to use to promote water use efficiency in the state. This may include
i. All water conveyance channel may be lined in phased manner in order to minimize conveyance
loss
ii. Agriculture department may be asked for promotion of sprinkler irrigation system in rabi field
crops and drip irrigation for fruits and vegetable crops where discharge is limited
iii. In deficit basis/ sub basin area industries may be asked to treat the domestic waste water and use
the same in their production processes.
iv. Drinking water Sanitation department may look into minimizing water conveyance and
distribution losses
v. Industrial water use reduction, reuse and recycling measure
Rain Water Harvesting and Management: Decentralised Rain Water Harvesting for augmenting the availability
and meeting the increased demand in irrigation, domestic and industrial sectors may be facilitated to mitigate
effects of climate change. In villages, farmers may be made aware and encouraged to harvest rain water in-situ,
in their fields by ways of various traditional methods. Such methods and technologies may be strengthened,
further developed and extended under Integrated Watershed Management Project (IWMP). Enhancing the
capacity of old reservoirs (whose capacity has been reduced over a period of time) by de-silting and other repair
works may increase the overall availability of water in the state. In phased manned all the water bodies and
harvesting structure may be repaired to regain its’ full capacity and further operation and maintenance. Water
stored in mining pits may be analysed and brought for used after making any necessary treatment, if required.
Water management in mining areas: A stormwater management plan at the mine site should be put in place
and provide for the collection, storage and disposal of water. Site drainage should also aim to separate natural
runoff from water generated by mining and processing operations minimizing the amount of water that needs to
be treated or retained. In Jharkhand, multiple agencies have taken initiatives to managing water in their mines.
The Eastern Coalfields Limited, a subsidiary of Coal India Limited ECL had undertaken a unique aquaculture pilot
Project in an abandoned open cast mine. This abandoned open cast mine had turned into a permanent water
reservoir fed by rainwater, ground water and surface runoff. Private Players like Tata Steel have constructed
Check Dams to arrest surface run off.
Ground water management: Jharkhand has observed significant reduction in ground water level in recent past,
especially nearby industrial enclaves such as Ranchi, Dhanbad, Bokaro etc. This is because of excessive
withdrawal from ground water and poor recharge. Considering the dependency of domestic water requirement
from ground water sustainable use of ground water becomes paramount for the state.
The Ground Water Directorate may be strengthened and engaged with Central Ground water Board in carrying
out study of static and dynamic nature of ground water. Recommendation of the study may be implemented in
phased manner. Some known mechanism such as roof top rain water harvesting may be taken on all
institutional, Public sector undertaking and Government buildings and the water so harvested may be guided for
the artificial recharge of ground water. High altitude / hill top villages prevailing in Santhal Pargana region and
other places may harvest rain water, store them and after basic treatment used for drinking water. Adaptable
models of artificial recharge of ground water may be developed, piloted and implemented in large scale.
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Convergence of efforts: In order to arrive at sustainable use of water in irrigation, domestic, industrial,
environmental and other uses, an inter departmental high power committee or some other mechanism which
would develop sector wise water requirement and plan to fulfil the same and would facilitate all possible
required actions including the measures of climate change impacts. The proposed mechanism needs to have
clear annual active plan with budget may be drawn from all the department pertaining to water sector,
implement the same on timely, monitor the progress and suggest feedback for further improvement in plan and
entire mechanism.
Since the state receives a reasonable amount of rainfall and has undulating topography, there are opportunities
to arrest run off losses by creating water retention structures. This will not only check erosion of surface soil
leading to siltation of the dams/water reservoirs but will also increase irrigation potential and increase sub-
surface moisture, which is essential for good agriculture in the state.
Water use efficiency of thermal power plants- Another measure to improve water-efficiency in power plants
could be the reuse of secondary-treated municipal waste water, as well as passively treated coal mine drainage,
and ash pond effluent. Further it is recommended to enable power plants to produce some of their own water,
i.e. by using the thermal discharges to desalinate water (if such contaminated water is available close to power
plant).
To counter the risks from climate change (in the form of erratic rainfall and increased water demand across
sectors), the most suitable adaptation measure is to increase the reservoir`s net storage volume. Increased
reservoir capacity will also have a significant role in flood control situations or drought like situations.
Awareness generation:
Awareness is key to water resource management. The awareness measures should be designed to:
Conservation of existing water resources
Conservation of aquifers and water bodies
Plastic waste management
Reduction, recycling, reuse of water
Awareness programs for policy makers: Training programs targeting government officials, political leadership
should be designed to familiarize the highest decision makers on impact of climate change on water resources in
the state and also to communicate the severity of the imminent problems.
Awareness programs for service providers: The municipal bodies should be exposed to the water situation in the
state and familiarize them with the outcomes of various climate change models in order to make them aware of
the micro and macro water scenario in the state to facilitate water conservation measures at the municipal level.
Awareness programs for end users: Water use efficiency and conservation requirement and techniques
(processes, technology and other options) should be shared with end users (initial focus on highly inefficient
sectors) through appropriate and smart communication medium.
For water sector action plan and budget please refer to Section C: Sectoral Action plans.
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Chapter 14
KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT ON CLIMATE CHANGE
Climate change action planning is a long term dynamic and process, a cross sectoral micro level (district and
block level) inventory of information is a desired condition to make climate change planning possible and
relevant. The climate change associated uncertainties and ever improvising adaptation mechanisms ensure that
the climate change adaptation process always remains dynamic reacting to the feedback system that
communicates the performance of the activities implemented as part of plan.
During the course of JAPCC development, it became clear to the engaged stakeholders that to develop an
accurate and effective climate change action plan, a knowledge and information management system will be
required. The current practices of data collection and interpretation will require significant alterations to fit into
the new climate change management regime proposed for the state to plan for and ensure timely appropriate
responses. A knowledge management system that will be dedicated to management of information linked to
climate change aspects for mitigation and adaptation is suggested for the state. Such system will help identify
and focus the resources towards the (prescribed) appropriate responses making the whole process of ‘defining
and designing climate change actions’ scientific, accurate, acceptable and resource efficient.
14.1 KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT- REQUIREMENT OF JHARKHAND

During the process of development of JAPCC, it was realized that there is lack of systematic data collection and
management is problem common to most of the state departments, most of the departments don’t maintain
information systems that are required to capture or communicate the climate change linked data. The
information management systems followed by the departments are not integrated with IT interfaces of the
departments thus data compilation and collation is difficult; result is that information is not easily/readily
available to the decision makers.
It is highly recommended to design, develop and establish a state level information management system that
will hell equip the policy makers, subject experts and execution focused entities with relevant and timely
information.
The broad conceptual framework of knowledge management should be based on four pillars of information
collection, information management, knowledge creation and communication.
Data and information collection
Information management: Applying MIS tools to clean, compile and

collate the information and convert it into user friendly format
Knowledge creation- Data and information analysis
Knowledge intrepretation and communication: Analysis of

data, converting it into information and transferring it to the
stakeholders
Information collection:
Timely and precise information availability is one of the necessary conditions to develop an appropriate
adaptation strategy for the state. Particular to Jharkhand, various state departments collect regular information
under various domains to measure performance of various governments actions as well as to design new policies
and programs.
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Globally as well as locally mitigation and adaptation options are available and under trial phases, but the state
may not be in position to fully utilize learning from such interventions unless the state has developed a cross
sectoral clear understanding on the climate change status, sensitivity and capacity.
The existing information available with the state on climate change aspects is clearly not adequate. A significant
effort is required to capture regional climate change information and put it to use by developing empirical
models that support decision making. For relevant yet comprehensive data collection, it will be required to map
the existing data management approaches, create inventory of data that already exists and identify:
1. What new set of data need to be collected,
2. At what level (micro or macro) data need to be collected and
3. What should be data collection frequency
Data collection requirement and need should be clearly identified and acted upon.
Knowledge creation’ i.e., analyzing information on climate change aspects that are crucial for decision making
and implementation actions in the state. The existing information collection and management tools are not
designed keeping in mind the climate change planning and performance of the state, hence there exist crucial
knowledge and data gaps in certain areas.
Climate change and knowledge vacuum:
Table 55: Projected water demand for Jharkhand
Sector Data and information requirements Rationale
Agriculture and Study on Agro ecological zone wise cropping The data collection will help
livestock pattern and productivity levels for various crops understand the impact of climate
change on agriculture sector
Research on micro climatic impacts on the
major crops in Jharkhand The data collection will help map the
opportunities available
Capacity assessment of surface water and
aquifers in the state The data collection will help identify
the potential activities that can be
Long term plans: Development of geospatial
carried out to reduce vulnerability and
based irrigation planning tool
enhance the efficiency of the
Inclusion of livestock productivity in livestock- agriculture sector
census
Socio economic data pertaining to rural
development and agriculture sector; including
financial inclusion, existing market interfaces
and feedback mechanisms
Forests and Impact of climate change on vegetation The data collection will help
biodiversity understand the impact of climate
Impact of precipitation change on biodiversity
change on biodiversity
Phenological shifts: Altered productivity; Shifts
Data collection and analysis will help
in species distributions; Shifts in composition;
identify problems that need priority
Stress-induced mortality; Extirpations and
action
extinctions; Susceptibility to pests and
pathogens
Erosion, sedimentation; Water balance; Species
composition; Shading, stream ; Temperature;
Productivity Invertebrates Exotic species
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Sector Data and information requirements Rationale
Energy sector Detailed studies to map off-grid renewable and Long term dependency on dirty energy
waste to energy options (coal fuel) restricts the options
available to the state for reducing GHG
Study to understand energy saving potential
emissions. Hence demand side
for: MSME sector, public sector building and
efficiency management can be an
households. Sample surveys are recommended
effective short term strategy that can
to derive at energy baselining and energy saving
be adopted as the starting point
potential.
activity.
Renewable energy options are a
necessity due to environmental and
regulatory reasons. Not only such
options are relatively clean (although
costly) but due to central government’s
commitment to introduce renewable
energy in the energy portfolio of
industries it will be necessary to
promote renewable options in
immediate future.
Health sector Health risk mapping for disease linked with Identifying regions with high
climate change ( i.e. vector borne diseases, vulnerability to vector borne diseases
water borne diseases)
Water sector Data collection on water levels, water discharge The water sector data will be an
information from water bodies and reservoirs important input to agriculture sector
analysis
Data on aquifers: Aquifer type, capacity, depth,
recharge The data will help identify the water
demand-supply gaps
Water use and water replenishment data
Socio-economic Data collection on parameters that help Vulnerability assessment and mapping
data identify: of the state is necessary for resource
allocation. Large tribal and poor
1. Coping capacity of the households (i.e.
population of the state and resource
income, physical assets, access to
crunch makes this exercise compulsory
services and facilities etc) to measure
to justify investments.
the resilience of the households.
2. Vulnerability of households: The data
collection should focus on parameters
and proxies that can quantify the risk
exposure of the households towards
changes in climate.
14.2 DATA COLLECTION AND INFORMATION MANAGEMENT REQUIREMENT
The data collection and its analysis is an immediate requirement for the climate change planners. It will not only
help understand and quantify the short, medium and long term impact of climate change on various sectors but
will help develop a plan of action to contain the climate change impact.
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Climate change vulnerability assessment and strategies for better preparedness in the state - The immediate
aim of data collection will be to develop a cross-sectoral adaptation strategy for the state based on the analysis
of the projected climate change impacts and the assessment of vulnerability for the selected sectors.
Understanding low carbon development pathways- There is need to develop future scenarios on the basis of
using an optimization energy environment modelling framework. This will facilitate in long-term planning in
identifying technological and policy choices that would result in sustainable low carbon high growth
development in Jharkhand.
Increasing the scale and distribution of the data- This will aim to enhance the quality of resolution of
Meteorological, hydrological and land use data that are essential to run and validate climate change models to
reduce uncertainty and error of the interpretation. This will enable research to responds to the demands of
policy making more effectively.
1. Vulnerability assessment and strategies development: The overall aim will be to develop a cross sectoral
strategy for the state. The strategy will be based on the climate change impact as projected for the state
and identification of risk exposure and vulnerabilities of various identified sectors (viz. Agriculture,
forestry, water, health, mining, power, urban and transport).
2. Data quality enhancement: The current climate change projects for the state are either based on
meteorological, hydrological data at low resolution and from limited observation centres. In order to
increase accuracy of the observation and the projections it will be required to generate information at
the micro levels.
The climate data creation has to be followed by strategies that may wed by creation of a robust yet dynamic
data management and sharing platform.
Knowledge management: The climate change information availability is either scarce or coarse. The information
on rainfall changes and temperature shifts generated from climate change simulations is available at scales as
micro as district level, but the information required for adaptation and mitigation decisions is either not available
or outdated or is available in forms that simply does not support information integration or analysis. It is
suggested to develop information and knowledge management systems that are able to organize information
from multiple sources and assess them to generate meaningful and easy to understand outputs. The information
technology options can be put to maximum use to generate, share and analyze information.
14.3 CURRENT STATUS OF INFORMATION AND KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT

In Jharkhand, the Directorate of Economics and Statistics is entrusted with the responsibility of collection,
compilation, tabulation and analysis of various types of statistical data required by the state government and
other institutions. Various types of data collected by the Directorate include agriculture sector statistics, vital
statistics, price and other socio-economic statistics. Agriculture survey wing brings out reports on Agriculture
Production, district wise crop yield, reports for agriculture insurance schemes and different use of land etc. Vital
statistics wing is mainly entrusted with the work of registration of births and deaths. State income wing of the
Directorate brings out data on subjects like State Domestic Product, Capital Formation etc. In addition operating
under the NSSO, the National Sample survey wing of the directorate conducts surveys on selected themes.
There are multiple research and education institutions that cater to research requirement of the state. In the
agriculture sector there are important universities like Birsa Agriculture University (Ranchi), also a network of 22
Krishi Vigyan Kendras caters to the agriculture sector scientific research and extension work in Jharkhand.
University level institutions like, Indian School of Mines-Dhanbad and Birla Institute of Technology-Ranchi are
equipped with state of the art resources and can contribute to scientific research in the state.
There are a few research institutions in the state which are purely engaged in variety of primary research work.
These include;
The Central Fuel Research Institute, based in Dhanbad focuses its research in the field of the fuel
resources particularly lignite and coal resources.
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The National Metallurgical Laboratory, Jamshedpur, is involved in various kinds of work associated with
technological and scientific research to facilitate the industrial development of the state, especially in
the areas of minerals, metals and another type of elements called the advanced materials.
The Central Institute of Mining and Fuel Research focuses on research in the field of mining to facilitate
the mining work and reduce the expenses of the mining industry.
Central Tasar Research and Training Institute (Ranchi) and Indian Lac Research Institute (Ranchi) are
dedicated resource centres available to the state for research on issues closely linked with the
livelihood of the rural communities,
Specialized institutions like State Institute of Rural Development (SIRD), Jharkhand is the Apex Institute
for Training & Research in Rural Development and Jharkhand Tribal Welfare Research Institute (TRI-
Ranchi).
14.4 STRATEGIES FOR KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT

Action point 1: A comprehensive interdepartmental data need assessment through stakeholder consultation
depending on requirements of climate change linked actions.
Action point 2: A web enabled tool to be developed for collating, synthesizing and delivering knowledge
products to decision makers on climate change. The endeavour will link various data across sectoral interests
that are important and relevant to climate change actions and policy decisions.
Action point 3: Identifying institutions in the state and outside that can be used for information management
and knowledge creation. E.g. BIT Mesra has a established centre for climate studies. Such centre for excellence
can be roped in when designing knowledge management strategies for the state.
Action point 3: Inventorizing information on community vulnerability and resilience towards climate change.
The baseline clubbed with climate exposure can be used to develop a relative index for identifying communities
and allocating resource.
Ex, tribal and other rural communities in Jharkhand have practised and developed multiple traditional
knowledge systems that may contribute to the strategy-mix to be developed for the agriculture and forestry
sector.
Action point 4: Designing communication tools, awareness generation, capacity building- The climate change
actions will require mainstreaming of the climate change concerns into outreach and other programs of the
government. The information dissemination will be required at every level, starting from policy makers, program
designers, implementation agencies and the general public.
The tool and interface used in outreach/communication will need to be designed keeping in view the target
audience. Some indicative stakeholders include:
1. Awareness and capacity building programs for policy makers and senior officials- The top echelons in
the state with need to develop long term clarity on climate change and its impact on the state economic
and social well being. The goal of the awareness program for the policy and program designers will be
to develop cross sectoral dynamics of climate change issues. Departments covering all major sectors
(covered in this plan) need to be engaged for mitigation and adaptation linked awareness programs.
2. Awareness and capacity enhancement programs for implementing agencies- Agencies responsible for
implementing climate change action plan will have to be equipped with capacity to comprehend
available information and climate models; design and implement micro and macro level plans that are
relevant, acceptable and effective. Awareness programs followed by capacity building activities are
required for the mid and field level human resources.
3. Awareness programs for public- The citizens of the state need to participate in the climate change
actions required, understanding of the community on climate change issues need to be developed and
so should be the clarity on the actions required and planned for the state.
a. Farmers and farm sector: Agriculture sector strategies will need to be piloted, field tested and
shared with the communities through extensive agriculture extension network of the state.
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Decision of selection of extension medium (e.g. audio, video, print) need to be decided on case
to case basis.
b. Industries: SMEs as well as heavy industries need to be made aware on the benefits from
operational efficiencies. In addition regulatory and support mechanism existing in the state and
outside need to be shared with the industrial players.
c. Students and scholars: In order to achieve long term buy-in for climate change actions, state
should direct resources focusing on developing understanding of the students on climate
change problems, issues and options.
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Chapter 15
INSTITUTIONAL MODEL FOR STATE ACTIONS ON CLIMATE CHANGE
A state wide implementation of the state climate change action plan is only possible through highest order of
convergence. The commitment from the highest echelon is required and will have to be translated into sector
wide short, medium and long term program development and its implementation.
In this section of the report, an institutional arrangement is suggested for implementation of the state climate
action plan. The overall institutional arrangement has been designed in order to streamline and strengthen
state’s actions in response to reducing state’s vulnerability to climate change. The five principles on which the
action plan implementation is based upon include-
1. Mainstreaming climate change actions into policies, strategies and programs at the state level and
respective department level
2. Generating revenues and leverage central, bi-lateral, multi-lateral and private funds for implementing
actions
3. Strengthening the knowledge base on the climate change linked localized impacts, vulnerabilities vis-a-
vis local adaptation capacity
4. Developing and identifying best practices and translating it into local action
5. Developing a future course of action for a more resilient Jharkhand at industry, community and
natural stock level
15.1 INSTITUTIONAL STRUCTURE OF THE CLIMATE CHANGE ACTION
The implementation of climate change action plan will be a state wide activity spread across sectors, hence an
inter-departmental institution headed by Department of Environment and Forests and supported by other
sectors is suggested.
Developed on the lines of SAPCC, it is suggested that a governing body with senior officers from all the
concerned departments and sector experts as representatives of civil society and academia be formed. The
governing body will be the highest authority that will ensure that the state actions are in line with the national
missions and actions. Further, the governing body will have to ensure that the state mission as pronounced
under SAPCC is not compromised and funds are invested in an equitable manner.
For the action plan implementation, an autonomous and highly dynamic executive body is suggested for the
state. Functioning under the guidance of governing body, the executive body will be housed in the Department
of Environment and Forests and will be responsible for execution of climate change program. Registered as a
‘non-profit society’, the executive body will be headed by a Secretary level officer and will function under the
guidance of the Principal Secretary of the Department of Environment and Forests.
It is suggested that the executive body has several task forces which are headed by directors for specialized
tasks; each execution arm or task force should be supported by professionals drawn from various departments
and assisted by subject area experts. Since climate change is a dynamic activity, hence the executive body will
require support of autonomous institutions that help develop the relevant programs for the state, ensure inter-
departmental coordination and most importantly identify and generate funds required for the pilot, research
activities and also for program implementation.
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The suggested structure of the implementation agency for Jharkhand Climate Change Action is described in
following figure. The command chain is represented using arrows.
State Level Governing Body
Representatives from State Departments and

Civil Society members
Department of Environment and Forests

Headed by a Principal Secretary Level Officer
(Principal Secretary)
Housed within Department of Environment and

Jharkhand State Climate Change
Forests/ can be a an independent body registered
Action Unit (JSCCAU)
under society’s act
Headed by a secretary level senior Bureaucrat
Task Forces
Several task forces will be housed within JSCCAU,

designed for specific tasks the task forces will
work in a time bound manner
Each task force to be led by a Unit Director ( see

Figure-62)(position for specified program
duration)
The task forces will comprise of subject matter experts
(officers on deputation, positioned within the task forces,
or independent consultants for specific technical task )
Figure 61: Suggestive Institutional Structure for Jharkhand Climate Change Action Implementation
Jharkhand State Climate Change Action Unit: Task Force Units
UNIT DIRECTOR-1 UNIT DIRECTOR-2 UNIT DIRECTOR-2

Climate Change Research Inter-departmental Program Funding Support
Collaboration & Corporate Support
& Pilot Programs
Figure 62: Suggestive list of Directors with respective responsibilities

115
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15.2 KEY AREAS OF POTENTIAL FUTURE WORK
To develop the institutional framework for climate change action implementation, the state will have to devote
resources to establish and streamline a structure that is ‘acceptable’, ‘influential’, ‘capable’ and ‘effective’ to
help the state achieve the desired goals outlined in the state climate change action plan.
The key areas of action to establish such a mechanism are
Goals Roadmap
Role Allocation Process flow
Staffing Legal Structure
Funding and Budget
Figure 63: Key areas of action to establish Climate Change Action Unit
A. Goals Roadmap: Before finalizing the structure of the State Climate Change Action Implementing
Agency, the state should clearly define the future roadmap based on the current understanding of the
problem and anticipated actions as prescribed in the SAPCC document. The Goals roadmap will help
identify the roles of various departments (sector wise action required) in short-medium and long term
and will also help map the resources available to the state and the resources that will be required in the
future.
B. Process flow analysis: The understanding of actions expected from various sectors will indicate the
processes that need to be put in place to ensure timely resource identification and allocation. The
process flow mapping is highly applicable identifying as well as developing protocols for inter-
departmental collaboration and communication.
C. Legal Structure: The goals roadmap and the process flow (as identified) will become the basis for the
legal structure of The Climate Change Action Unit. It is suggested that ‘the unit’ can be made part of the
Department of Environment and Forests, headed by the Principle Secretary of the department the unit
will have to be equipped with administrative powers to perform its functions as described in the State
Climate Change Action Plan.
D. Funding and Budget: The Climate Change Action Unit will require funds for three sets of activities:
i. Meeting operational expenditures
ii. Research and piloting: Conducting state specific research to measure and develop state and
sectoral response for climate change. Develop and demonstrate pilot activities for different sectors.
iii. Awareness generation: The Climate Change Action Unit will have to engage its resources to develop
awareness of state bodies, institutions, administrators, policy makers and public in general.
The funding requirements of the Climate Change Action Unit can be met through multiple sources:
116
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Dedicated funds: Special taxes/levies on ecologically damaging activities ( i.e. mining, thermal power
plants) can be used to generate funds for the climate action
Program funding: The central government has allocated funds for various missions under the NAPCC.
The state can tap such funds by developing appropriate programs under SAPCC in line with the
NAPCC.
Multi/Bi-lateral funds: The state can approach various funding agencies and get a buy-in for its
projects/programs under such funds.
Annual state funding: The state action plan budget can be tied with the state budget cycle, a state
wide fund can be created for initial years when the budgetary demand will be high.
E. Staffing and role allocation: The key positions of the implementation unit will be filled by the state
bureaucracy. The senior positions in the Climate Change Action Unit can be filled by getting subject
matter experts from various departments on deputation or through direct hiring. Full time
recruitments for the managerial posts and support staff can be done.
The staff requirement will depend upon the execution style of ‘the unit’.
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SECTION C: SECTORAL ACTION PLANS
Climate Change Action Plan (Sector-wise)
1. STRETEGIC APPROACH FOR AGRICULTURE SECTOR (2013-18)
Strategies Proposed activities Responsible Implementation Implementation Horizon Level of Cost (Rs Adaptation Mitigation
department/s Support Short Medium Long priority crores) Measure Measure
term74 term75 term76
AG1. Research and Establish a dedicated Centre and network of Agriculture and Bi- / multi-
development-Research
to ascertain impact of
weather stations for research on climate change Sugarcane
Development (ASD)
lateral agency
  4 
and its impact on Agriculture sector in Jharkhand
climate change in
ASD
Jharkhand Climate change vulnerability mapping  2.5 
Development of a state level climate impact ASD
mode-for agriculture sector  
Development of controlled experiments to ASD
understand impact of climate change on   
native/other farm species of Jharkhand
Exploring opportunities to reduce impact of Agriculture and
climate change considering indigenous agriculture Sugarcane
Development (ASD)
  18.3 
practices as well as international experiments
AG2. Increasing climate Mission approach to promote agriculture sector ASD
resilience of agriculture research work through network of agriculture Multi- / Bi-
sector universities in collaboration with ICAR and other lateral agency   6.1 
universities.
74
Short term: 1-2 years
75
Medium term: 3-5 years
76
Long term: 5-10 years
I
Infrastructure promotion to support agriculture Agriculture and
economy (including rural go-downs, cold storage Sugarcane
Development (ASD)
 48 
facilities)
AG3. Exploration of Research on exploring potential of carbon ASD Multi- / Bi-
carbon mitigation sequestration in agriculture sector lateral agency  3 
options
Promotion of agricultural waste and residue Agriculture and
management practices to reduce CH4 emissions Sugarcane  12 
Development (ASD)
‘Agriculture Waste to Energy’ option promotion  30 
ASD
Promotion of use of organic manure  20 
AG4. Increasing Program to enhance productivity of waste and Agriculture Multi- / Bi- 60
resource base barren land through soil management practices Development lateral agency   
Promotion of cultivation of horticulture species Agriculture 30
(similar to NABARD’s WADI Project) Development   
Promotion of on-farm water conservation Agriculture Multi- / Bi- 90
practices Development lateral agency  
AG5. Smart water Promotion of practices to minimize water logging Agriculture 30
management in fields and surroundings Development
    
Promotion of water use efficiency ( micro Agriculture 120
irrigation, efficient water management) Development   
Water cascading and land levelling measures Agriculture
through MGNREGS Development   
AG6. Vulnerability Strengthening and establishment of weather Agriculture Multi- / Bi- 2.4
reduction measures monitoring network Development lateral agency  
Weather based Agromet advisory services for the Agriculture 7.2
agriculture community in the state Development  
Development of insurance products for poor, Agriculture 0
lower middle class households to protect Development  
households assets natural perils
Development of crop and cattle insurance Agriculture 0
products for poor and lower middle class farmers Development  
AG7. Awareness Awareness programs to improve understanding of Agriculture 1
generation on Climate policy makers Development
   
II
Change Awareness programs to improve understanding of Agriculture 1
agriculture sector researchers Development   
Awareness programs to improve understanding of Agriculture 24
agriculture sector extension workers/ farmers/ Development    
panchayat functionary etc.
AG8. Capacity building Capacity building of agriculture sector planners, Agriculture 1
Multi- / Bi-
for sustainable department officials on climate change and its Development
lateral agency  
agriculture impact on agriculture sector
Human resource development/Capacity building Agriculture 0.5
(institutional and personnel) on climate change Development
concerns & planning, weather monitoring and
   
weather services
Capacity building of agriculture extension workers, Agriculture 7.2
farmers on climate proofing and sustainable Development   
agriculture
5-year budget estimate 518.2
III
2. STRATEGIC APPROACH FOR FORESTRY SECTOR
Strategies Proposed activities Responsible Implementation Implementation horizon Level of Cost (Rs Adaptation Mitigation
term term term
FD1. Research and Establish a dedicated Research Centre for Forest Department Multi- / Bi-
development- Climate Change research lateral agency   HIGH 4
Research to ascertain Document impact of climate change on forests, Forest Department USAID
impact of climate wildlife and biodiversity   HIGH 6 
change on forests of Develop controlled environment state of art Forest Department Multi- / Bi-  
Jharkhand facilities to understand impact of climate change lateral agency HIGH 10 
on native forest species of Jharkhand
Exploring opportunities through field trials to Forest Department
reduce impact of climate change considering Multi- / Bi-
indigenous silviculture practices as well as lateral agency
  HIGH 20 
international forestry experiments
FD2. Development of Develop a long term Climate Change Mitigation Research Centre on
climate change plan for forestry sector Climate Change
USAID   HIGH 2.5 
resilient forest Develop responses to climate change (projected Research Centre on
management plans and actual) impacts. Climate Change   HIGH 1.5  
Integrate responses in forest management plans Forest Department   HIGH -  
FD3. Rural energy Programs for promotion of energy efficient Forest Department Multi- / Bi-
management cooking systems in rural Jharkhand lateral agency   HIGH 30.6 
Programs for promotion of clean energy options in Forest Department
urban and rural areas   HIGH 72 
FD4. Increasing Development of programs to improve financial Forest Department
Multi- / Bi-
economic efficiency returns from the forest dependent’s economic
lateral agency   MEDIUM 24 
of the forest development activities
resources Training of communities dependent on forests on Forest Department
Multi- / Bi-
sustainable use of forest resources ( i.e. wood
lateral agency
  HIGH 12 
fuel, fodder, MFP, others)
FD-5. Out of forest Promotion of urban forestry, community forestry, Forest Department
tree cover social forestry, agro forestry    HIGH 72 
enhancement Development of village forests with focus on wood Forest Department
fuel    HIGH 120 
FD-5. Forest Comprehensive documentation of biodiversity in Forest Department Multi- / Bi-
Biodiversity the state lateral agency  HIGH 12 
IV
term term term
management Study of impact and response of climate change Forest Department
on biodiversity of the state   HIGH 5 
Response plan to accommodate biodiversity in Forest Department
case of climate change induced migration
HIGH 2 
Development of state biodiversity action plan (with Forest Department
inclusion of climate change response)
HIGH 2 
FD-7. Capacity Introduction of climate change adaptation and Forest Department Multi- / Bi-
building/ Awareness mitigation in the state forest department lateral agency  HIGH 2 
generation coursework
Departmental awareness on climate change and Forest Department
its impact on forests and biodiversity  HIGH 9.6 
Community awareness generation in regions Forest Department
where pressure on biodiversity is imminent   MEDIUM 9.6 
Capacity building of forest officials to integrate Forest Department
Multi- / Bi-
climate change concerns into forest planning and
lateral agency
  HIGH 4.8 
actions
FD-8. institutional Aligning state forest policies with the Green India Forest Department
arrangement on Mission Multi- / Bi-
climate change and lateral agency   HIGH 0.5 
mitigation
FD-9. Action to reduce Clear demarcation of boundary of mining activity Forest Department
damage to forest using sophisticated techniques  HIGH 5 
property from mining Guidelines to cover exposed soil with vegetation ( Forest Department
activities or other suitable means) within a prescribed  MEDIUM 0.5 
timeframe
Guidelines for transportation of minerals from Forest Department
forested areas (to minimize spill over of minerals  HIGH 1 
in surrounding areas)
Site specific guidelines for use of explosives to Forest Department
control noise pollution depending on the   MEDIUM 1 
biodiversity ( fauna) in the region
FD-10. Exploration of Identify and develop carbon mitigation strategies Forest Department
carbon mitigation to enhance carbon sequestration  MEDIUM 1 
options Explore revenue options and design appropriate Forest Department
carbon sequestration projects   MEDIUM 6 
Development of early warning system for forest Forest Department
FD-11. Forest fire
fire detection and its integration with existing GIS  HIGH 6 
V
term term term
Introduction of modern forest fire management Forest Department
management
systems in existing sanctuaries and national park  HIGH 54 
5-year estimated budget 496.6
VI
3. STRATEGIC APPROACH FOR HEALTH SECTOR
term term term
HLT-1. Research and A detailed study on the climate sensitivity of Medical and Multi- / Bi-
data collection diseases break with focus on both vector borne Public Health lateral agency   High 3 
and water borne diseases
Identify communities and regions that fall under the Medical and Multi- / Bi-
most vulnerable category Public Health
  High - 
lateral agency
Identify data gaps in the present disease Medical and
  High - 
management plan Public Health
HLT-2. Developing and Development of a state level disease warning Medical and Multi- / Bi-
establishment of an system and integrating it with national/regional Public Health lateral agency  Medium 4.8 
(early) warning system level systems
Protocol development to identify and respond to a Medical and
 Medium - 
disease of concern Public Health
Define protocol to ensure time-bound action in Medical and
 Medium - 
response to reporting of a disease Public Health
HLT-3. Monitoring, IT and spatial presentation enabled surveillance Medical and Multi- / Bi-
evaluation and system to capture information on vector borne and Public Health lateral agency  Medium 7 
feedback system other diseases
HLT-4. Awareness on Targeted awareness programs to help communities Medical and Multi- / Bi-
climate change and and health facilitators understand impact of climate Public Health lateral agency  Medium 25 
health issues related diseases
Specially designed training programs for regions Medical and
which are not affected currently but under potential Public Health  Medium - 
threat of vector borne diseases
HLT-5. Quick response Establishment of a state wide system to develop a Medical and Multi- / Bi-
mechanism quick response to any disease outbreak or health Public Health lateral agency  Medium 24  
disaster
A dedicated response mechanism for rural areas Medical and
(including PRIs, SHGs and other village Public Health  Medium -  
institutions)
HLT-6. Institutional Sensitization and capacity building for state health Medical and Multi- / Bi-
arrangement department officials Public Health
  Medium 1.5  
lateral agency
Integration of health sector concerns for the state in Medical and
 Medium 0.5  
health policy and planning document Public Health
VII
Aligning the state plans with the NAPCC Medical and
 Medium 0.25  
Public Health
HLT-7. Health insurance 100% coverage of poor under the Rashtriya Medical and
 Medium 350 
for the poor Swasthya Bima Yojana Public Health
Developing a special health insurance product for Medical and
 Medium - 
the tribal regions Public Health
HLT-8. Partnership with Mobilizing private funds for promotion of rural Medical and
  Medium 36 
private sector health programs Public Health
Engaging corporations in systematically developing Medical and
health infrastructure in underdeveloped regions Public Health
  Medium 0.45 
VIII
4. STRATEGIC APPROACH FOR INDUSTRIAL SECTOR
term term term
IND-1. State GHG GHG inventorization of big industries
mitigation approach
Industries EESL  Medium 1
development GHG inventorization of MSME sector
EESL  Medium 1
Technology inventorization for priority (high impact)
sectors
EESL  Medium 1.5
Green growth planning (with focus on GHG emission)
EESL / BEE  Medium 0.5
IND-2. Infrastructure Inclusion of risk assessment and vulnerability studies in
planning and infrastructure planning   High 1
development Involving industries in energy planning  High 1.5
Redefining standards for new infrastructure to make it
more resilient  High 0.5
IND-3. Promotion of Fiscal measures to support low carbon energy options
green energy options
EESL / BEE    Medium 32
Infrastructure and procedural support to promote green
energy options
EESL / BEE   Medium 2.5
IND-4. Industrial Development of a MSME sector efficiency improvement
Efficiency improvement strategy aligning it with ongoing efficiency improvement
programs of financial institutions and bi-multi lateral
BEE / EESL   Medium 1
institutions
IND-5. Exploring carbon Developing a carbon revenue centric revenue support
revenue options for mechanism for financing of industrial efficiency financing  Medium 0
industrial efficiency PoA, sectoral NAMA app, approaches for MSME sector  Medium 1.5
IND-6. Industry specific Broadening of the manufacturing base (beyond mineral &
Medium 0
adaptation strategies mining)
Revision of environmental performance standards of
Medium 0.5
industries
Develop infrastructure to support industrial supply-chains
  Medium 12
IX
term term term
Conducive environment for market-based financing of
SMEs  Medium 1.5
Monitoring, evaluation and communication system for
environmental performance of industries   Medium 5
Monitoring, evaluation and communication system for
environmental performance of SMEs   Medium 5
5-year budget estimate 68
X
5. STRATEGIC APPROACH FOR MINING SECTOR
Implementation horizon
Responsible Implementation Level of Cost (Rs Adaptation Mitigation
Strategies Proposed activities Short Medium Long
department/s Support priority in crores) Measure Measure
term term term
IND-1. State Level Mining Detailed inventorization of the mining activities in the
Sector Inventorization state ( i.e. Area under mines, annual production etc)
Multi- / Bi-
1. Area under open cast mines Mining  Medium 5 
lateral agency
2. Underground Mining
3. Abandoned Mines
Calculation of annual GHG emissions from the mining
Mining  Medium 0.5 
sector
IND-2. Green growth GHG inventorization of all the big mines Multi- / Bi-
Mining  Medium 3 
planning (with focus on lateral agency
GHG emission) Efficiency standards/ guidelines for mining sector
Mining EESL  Medium 0.5 
operations
Afforestation and back-filling plans for abandoned Multi- / Bi-
mines
Mining/Forest  Medium 3 
lateral agency
IND-3. Infrastructure Development of rail/ road network to improve
planning and connectivity of mines to ease out mineral Mining/Railways -   Medium 300 
development transportation
Reducing pressure on rural roads due to mineral
transport activity
Mining/Railway  Medium - 
Standards for transport of minerals focusing on Multi-/ Bi-
reducing spill over of minerals
lateral agency
Guidelines on conveyer based transportation of
minerals wherever feasible to reduce spill over
IND-4. Water Use of abandoned mines for water harvesting Multi- / Bi-
Mining  High -
management in Mining lateral agency
areas Water cascading measures in mining operations
Mining  High
Water efficiency measures for mining operations Multi- / Bi-
Mining  High 
lateral agency
Rainwater harvesting and ground water recharging
Mining   High 12 
guidelines in mining locations
Guidelines on effluent discharge from mining areas Multi- / Bi-
(into water bodies) Mining  High 1 
lateral agency
XI
Implementation horizon
Responsible Implementation Level of Cost (Rs Adaptation Mitigation
Strategies Proposed activities Short Medium Long
department/s Support priority in crores) Measure Measure
term term term
IND-5. Control measures Guidelines on creating physical boundaries to control
to reduce water wash out of minerals into water bodies during Mining  Medium 1 
contamination due to extremely rainy days
mining activity Erosion management in mining areas to reduce run- Multi- / Bi-
off of minerals and top-soil Mining  Medium - 
lateral agency
5-year budget estimate 326
XII
6. STRATEGIC APPROACH FOR POWER SECTOR
department/s Support priority crores) Measure Measure
Short Medium Long
term term term
PWR-1. Defining Low
emission path for the GHG inventorization of the power generation facilities Energy CenPEEP  0.5 
power sector
GHG mitigation (efficiency improvement) plan Energy CenPEEP  0.25 
Renewable energy and energy efficiency plan for the state JREDA EESL 1 
PWR-2. Enhancing
energy efficiency in Assessment of financial and technical viability to improve CenPEEP /
efficiency of power plants (switching towards super critical Energy
NTPC  1 
electricity generation
boilers)
Designing fiscal incentives to promote energy efficiency in CenPEEP /
Energy
NTPC  0 
power plants
PWR-3. Promotion of Multi-lateral
distributed power Develop a state policy to promote small scale power  0.25 
generation facilities agencies
generation facilities
Dedicated centre to extend technical support to small JREDA As above  5 
scale decentralized power generation units
PWR-4. Demand side
management for Estimation of T&D losses, development of and
improving energy use implementation of a T&D approach that reduces losses Energy BEE / EESL   1 
efficiency and thefts
Subsidy mechanism to promote adoption of Energy Energy BEE / EESL   150 

Efficiency options in urban sector
Subsidy mechanism to promote adoption of Energy Energy BEE / EESL  90 

Efficiency options in SME sector
Promotion of energy efficient technological measures to JREDA,

reduce power consumption in street lighting, government Municipal BEE / EESL  0 
building and other installations Corporations
Regulatory measures to promote energy efficiency- 0.5 
XIII
department/s Support priority crores) Measure Measure
Short Medium Long
term term term
mandatory energy audits for selected establishments
PWR-5. Energy Develop PPP model for introducing EE in urban sector Energy, Urban
efficiency approaches Development
BEE / EESL  0.5 
Develop programmatic EE approach for MSME sector in
Jharkhand
BEE / EESL  0.5 
PWR-6. Awareness
generation
Awareness generation on efficient use of energy BEE / EESL  25 
Awareness generation on process and technological
options to reduce energy use
BEE / EESL  25 
PWR-7. Harnessing Promotion of renewable energy options in villages close to Jharkhand
renewable energy forests Renewable
potential of the state Energy BEE / EESL  12 
Development
Agency (JREDA)
Mapping of villages not connected to grid and develop
lighting programs with focus on micro hydro power
generation as off-grid lighting solutions for villages close to
JREDA BEE / EESL  1 
water streams
Development of programmatic approaches to attract
0.25
carbon revenue for RE projects
PWR-8. Institutional Awareness generation and capacity building of office
mechanisms bearers
Energy, JREDA BEE / EESL   1
Aligning state’s plans with that of National Plans ( National

Solar Mission and National Mission on Enhanced Energy Energy BEE / EESL  0.25 
Efficiency)
PWR-9. Transmission Stringent laws to discourage theft of power Energy BEE / EESL   0.25 
and distribution loss
reduction Technology options to reduce theft of electricity Energy BEE / EESL  20 
Modernization of substations Energy - - - 
XIV
7. STRATEGIC APPROACH FOR URBAN AND TRANSPORT SECTOR
term term term
U&T-1. Urban water Development of operational standards for water sector Urban Multi- / Bi-lateral
use management utilities (High Priority) Development agency / ICLEI
Department  HIGH 0.5 
(UDD) andULBs
Adoption of water efficient devices in government Multi- / Bi-lateral
owned/supported institutions (High Priority) UDD & ULBs
agency
 HIGH 15 
Regulations for use of water efficient devices in buildings and Multi- / Bi-lateral
other urban settlements (High Priority)
UDD & ULBs
agency  HIGH 0.25 
U&T-2. Rainwater Increase in the absorption capacity of urban spaces (High Auroservice d’
management Priority)
UDD & ULBs
Auroville  HIGH 72 
Scientifically developed rainwater drainage systems for all Auroservice d’
the major cities (High Priority) UDD & ULBs
Auroville
 HIGH 50 
Enact laws to avoid potential encroachments of water Auroservice d’
drainage channels (High Priority) UDD & ULBs
Auroville
 HIGH - 
Revive lost glory of city lakes and use them as sinks to Auroservic e d’
capture rain water (High Priority)
UDD & ULBs
Auroville  HIGH 60 
U&T-3. Reducing Regulation for energy audits of commercial and state owned UDD;
carbon footprint of buildings (Medium Priority) Building
urban sector Dept, EESL  MEDIUM 0.25 
Industry
Dept
Develop urban energy guidelines in line with BEE supported
Municipal DSM program (Medium Priority)
UDD & ULBs EESL  MEDIUM 3 
Development of programmatic energy efficiency approaches
for urban water pumping and sewerage disposal (Medium UDD & ULBs EESL  MEDIUM 36 
Priority)
Lighting, cooling and heating centric energy saving options
for bigger buildings (Medium Priority)
UDD & ULBs EESL  MEDIUM 1 
U&T-4.Solid Waste Waste management vision for the state of Jharkhand (High Multi- / Bi-
management Priority) UDD & ULBs lateral agency /  HIGH 0.5 
ICLEI
Development of integrated municipal waste management
(High Priority)
As above -  HIGH Include 
XV
term term term
d above
Capacity building of rag-pickers on waste segregation and
valuation to improve waste to resource recovery (High As above -  HIGH 0.5 
Priority)
U&T-5. Waste water Segregation of water at the household level ( a pilot project
Auroservice
management can help develop a programmatic approach) (Medium UDD & ULBs
d’ Auroville
 MEDIUM 2 
Priority)
Water reuse, reduction and recycling promoted at all levels Auroservice
(Medium Priority) As above
d’ Auroville
  MEDIUM 2  
Implementation of wastewater to resource projects on pilot Auroservice
basis- waste to energy, waste to fertilizer (Medium Priority) As above
d’ Auroville   MEDIUM 2  
U&T-6. Promotion of Develop an urban development plan to promote climate Auroservice
sustainable urban smart cities on pilot basis (Medium Priority)
UDD & ULBs
d’ Auroville
 MEDIUM 1.25  
habitats
Inculcate environmental sustainability practices in citizens Auroservice
(through sensitization programs) (Medium Priority)
As above
d’ Auroville   MEDIUM 7.5 
Promote green cities (components including plans to
Auroservice
increase green cover, efficient transport sector, water storage As above
d’ Auroville
  MEDIUM 6 
and management planning) (Medium Priority)
Development of quality standards for water supplies, and Auroservice
power distribution(Medium Priority)
As above
d’ Auroville
  MEDIUM 1 
U&T-7. Transport Control in the sales of adulterated fuel (Medium Priority)
sector management
UDD & ULBs  MEDIUM 0.5 
Pollution standards for urban as well as rural areas (Medium Multi- / Bi-
Priority)
As above
lateral agency  MEDIUM 0.25 
Network of vehicle pollution testing laboratories (Medium
Priority)
As above  MEDIUM 24 
Implementation of IT enabled inter-city public transport Institute of
service, including a fleet of buses to reduce use of personal Urban Transport
vehicle (Medium Priority) (IUT)/World
Bank
XVI
term term term
Transportation standards for spill free movement of minerals
through road/rail (Medium Priority)
U&T-8. Promotion of IUT/World
PPP model to promote eco-transportation mechanism UDD & ULBs  MEDIUM 5 
eco-friendly
(Medium Priority) Bank
commuting options
Making cities pedestrian and cycling friendly (Medium As above IUT/UNDP  MEDIUM 6 
Priority)
Town planning to address traffic plans in order to reduce As above IUT  MEDIUM 1 
congestion (Medium Priority)
Smart traffic management to optimize traffic speed as well as IUT/World

reduce waiting time on traffic lights (Medium Priority)
As above
Bank  MEDIUM 1 
5 year budget estimate 329.50
XVII
8. STRATEGIC APPROACH FOR WATER SECTOR
term Term term
WAT-1. Policy measures Water Resource Regulatory Authority to regulate whole Water Resource
of water resources in the state Department /
Command Area   2 
Development
Stakeholder consultation to decide jurisdiction of Water
Resource Regulatory Authority
WRD  1 
Appropriate policy to streamline water resource
management strategies
WRD  0.25 
Appropriate policy to create space for Water Resource Water Resource incl.
Regulatory Authority Department  above

Developing a state policy for drought management WRD  0.25 
Regulation for rainwater harvesting:
1. Rainwater harvesting in cities/ selected zones in
cities
Water Resource
2. Rainwater harvesting in government staff colonies,
offices
Department  0.25 
(WRD)
3. Rainwater harvesting in educational institutions (size
limitation to be considered)
4. Rainwater harvesting in industrial zones/ SEZs
WAT-2. Groundwater
management with focused
Creation of water retention structures WRD  360 
attention on over exploited Rain Water Harvesting and Management: WRD; Urban
areas Development Dept   36 
Ground Water Management WRD   36 
WAT-3. Detailed water Water management assessment map of the state WRD; MID  2 
sector Research and
Development Designing a separate study for areas under severe 0.5
water stress
WRD, MID  
XVIII
term Term term
WAT-4. Enhancing Establishment of a drought monitoring and 15
preparedness for drought management mechanism, that culminates into an early
monitoring, drought warning system for drought/ drought like situation WRD    
mitigation and development
of early warning system
WAT-5. Testing and Invest in R&D for water and soil moisture conservation
promotion of technology
WRD   0.25 
based water management Facilitate real time database of all the water resources
options available to the state
WRD  0.25 
Review the water sector data quality and parameters
WRD   0.25 
Additional data requirement needs to fill in information
gaps
WRD  - 
Setting up of weather stations, monitoring systems Incl in
WRD   WAT-4

Periodic reporting system
WRD   - 
WAT-6. Awareness Awareness programs to improve understanding of 0.6
generation policy makers
WRD  
Awareness programs to improve understanding of
industrial department and industries on impact of CC on WRD and ID  0.6 
water resources
Awareness program for farmers to promote adoption of
water smart agriculture.
WRD, MID, ADD  11 
WAT-7. Water management A mining sector guideline for collection, storage and Mines and
in mining areas disposal of water Geology Dept  0.3 
WAT-8. Water use efficiency Water use efficiency planning for mining sector Mines and
measures in industrial Geology Dept
EESL  0.5 
sector Water use efficiency planning for industrial sector WRD and
Industries EESL  0.5 
Development (ID)
Development of water use efficiency standards for
selected ‘high impact’ sectors/subsectors
WRD and ID EESL  incl above 
Introduction of water audit system for industrial plants WRD and ID   0.5 
WAT-9. Improving Water Creation of water retention structures in rural and urban
areas
WRD and MID   40 
XIX
term Term term
Use Efficiency in Strategies to reduce conveyance losses in water
urban/rural settlements channels
MID   0.25 
Promotion of sprinkler irrigation system in rabi field Agriculture
crops and drip irrigation for fruits and vegetable crops Development   120 
Dept
In deficit basins/ sub basin areas industries may be
asked to practices water swapping in PPP mode for WRD and
treatment of domestic waste water and use it in the Industries Dept   25 
production process
Drinking water Sanitation department may look into Drinking Water  
minimizing water conveyance and distribution losses and Sanitation 0.5 
Dept
WAT-10. Payment for Testing of PES option water conservation between  
Ecosystem Services option community-community PES based revenue transfer
1 
as conservation tool mechanism And Community-Industry PES revenue
transfer mechanism
XX
APPENDIX
ANNEXURE 1
The eight different “National Missions” are:-
National Solar Mission: It aims to promote the development and use of solar energy for power
generation and other uses with the ultimate objective of making solar energy competitive with fossil-
based options. The plan includes:
o Specific goals for increasing use of solar thermal technologies in urban areas, industry, and
commercial establishments;
o A goal of increasing production of photovoltaic to 1000 MW/year;
o A goal of deploying at least 1000 MW of solar thermal power generation.
Other objectives include the establishment of a solar research center, increased international
collaboration on technology development, strengthening of domestic manufacturing
capacity, and increased government funding and international support.
National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency: Current initiatives are expected to yield savings of
10,000 MW by 2012. Building on the Energy Conservation Act 2001, the plan recommends:
o Mandating specific energy consumption decreases in large energy-consuming industries,
with a system for companies to trade energy-savings certificates;
o Energy incentives, including reduced taxes on energy-efficient appliances
o Financing for public-private partnerships to reduce energy consumption through demand-
side management programs in the municipal, buildings and agricultural sectors.
National Mission on Sustainable Habitat: To promote energy efficiency as a core component of urban
planning, the plan calls for:
o Extending the existing Energy Conservation Building Code;
o A greater emphasis on urban waste management and recycling, including power production
from waste;
o Strengthening the enforcement of automotive fuel economy standards and using pricing
measures to encourage the purchase of efficient vehicles;
o Incentives for the use of public transportation.
National Water Mission: With water scarcity projected to worsen as a result of climate change, the
mission sets a goal of a 20% improvement in water use efficiency through pricing and other measures.
National Mission for Sustaining the Himalayan Ecosystem: The plan aims to conserve biodiversity,
forest cover, and other ecological values in the Himalayan region, where glaciers that are a major
source of India’s water supply are projected to recede as a result of global warming.
National Mission for a “Green India”: Goals include the afforestation of 6 million hectares of degraded
forest lands and expanding forest cover from 23% to 33% of India’s territory.
National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture: The plan aims to support climate adaptation in
agriculture through the development of climate-resilient crops, expansion of weather insurance
mechanisms and other appropriate agricultural practices.
National Mission on Strategic Knowledge for Climate Change: To gain a better understanding of
climate science, impacts and challenges, the plan envisions a new Climate Science Research Fund,
improved climate modelling and increased international collaboration. It also attempts to encourage
private sector initiatives to develop adaptation and mitigation technologies through venture capital
funds.
Other Programs
The NAPCC also considers the other ongoing initiatives, which may contribute to climate change which
include:
-1-
Power Generation: The government is mandating the retirement of inefficient coal-fired power
plants and supporting the research and development of IGCC and supercritical technologies.
Renewable Energy: Under the Electricity Act 2003 and the National Tariff Policy 2006, the central
and the state electricity regulatory commissions should ensure purchase of certain percentage of
grid-based power from renewable sources.
Energy Efficiency: Under the Energy Conservation Act 2001, large energy-consuming industries are
required to undertake energy audits and an energy labelling program for appliances has been
introduced.
(Source: Prime Minister's Council on Climate Change, 2008)
-2-
ANNEXURE 2
GHG emissions (Garg & Shukla, 2002)
Total for
CH4 ('000 N2O('000 NOX('000
CO2 (MT) SO2('000 tons) district
tons) tons) tons)
(MtCO2e)
1990 1995 1990 1995 1990 1995 1990 1995 1990 1995 1990 1995
Deoghar 0.2 0.17 18.7 18.7 0.08 0.08 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.2 0.61 0.6
Dhanbad 3.03 3.03 132.6 132.6 0.5 0.5 13.7 13.7 29.8 29.8 6.03 6.03
ŧ
Dumka 0.21 0.16 34 33.5 0.12 0.14 1.8 1.9 1.7 1.3 0.97 0.92
East Singhbhum 10.24 11.64 39.1 40 0.24 0.27 21.4 24.2 49.2 56.9 11.13 12.58
Giridih 18.49 21.21 49 47.7 0.37 0.42 39.8 46.3 82.8 96.3 19.63 22.36
Godda 0.1 0.09 17 25.9 0.05 0.06 1 1.3 0.8 0.8 0.47 0.67
Ť
Gumla 0.13 0.08 35.2 34 0.11 0.13 1.2 1.2 1.1 0.9 0.91 0.85
¥
Hazaribagh 3.68 3.14 67.2 75.7 0.38 0.42 14.7 13.5 24.3 23.1 5.23 4.89
Lohardaga 0.06 0.05 7.6 7.4 0.07 0.09 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.24 0.23
ϯ
Palamu 0.34 0.24 39.1 39.9 0.41 0.46 3.1 3.1 2.7 2.1 1.28 1.24
ϒ
Ranchi 1.06 1.11 58.4 56.7 0.62 0.73 5.6 6.1 6.5 6.8 2.48 2.56
Sahebganj 0.18 0.13 27 26.8 0.11 0.12 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.1 0.78 0.74
ϸ
West Singhbhum 1.19 1.56 39.7 39.5 0.08 0.08 4.9 5.6 7.5 8.2 2.04 2.44
TOTAL 51.8 56.11
ŧ
Jamtara’s emissions are included in district Dumka’s emissions
Ť
Simdega’s emissions are included in district Gumla’s emissions
¥
Ramgarh, Koderma and Chatra’s emissions are included in district Hazaribagh’s emissions
ϯ
Garhwa’s emissions are included in district Palamu’s emissions
ϒ
Khunti and Latehar’s emissions are included in district Ranchi’s emissions
ϸ
Kharsawan ‘s emissions are included in district West Singhbhum’s emissions
-3-
ANNEXURE 3
Calculation of Climate Change vulnerability Index
Component Aspect Calculation description

Precipitation variance ( projected rainfall w.r.t. current
average rainfall)
Temperature variance ( projected temperature w.r.t. Normalized values for all the
current average temperature) mentioned parameters are
Exposure generated for each district. A
Sex Ratio
composite category index number
Percentage of ST population is developed by taking an average
Child population (0-6 years) of the normalized values
Decadal Population Growth generated.
Percentage of Population below poverty line
Dense forest
Open forest
Scrub
Land put to non-agricultural use
Barren & unutilised land
Permanent pasture and other grazing land
Cultivable wasteland Normalized values for all the
mentioned parameters are
Sensitivity Land under miscellaneous trees
generated for each district. A
Other than current fallow(2-5years)
composite category index number
Current fallow land is developed by taking an average
Net sown agriculture area of the normalized values
Area sown more than once generated.
Area under paddy cultivation
Area under wheat production
Area under vegetable production
Area under spices production
Area under horticulture plantation
Livestock population
Literacy rate
Percentage of household having toilet
Percentage of household having TV Normalized values for all the
mentioned parameters are
Percentage of household having motor vehicle
generated for each district. A
Percentage of household having electricity
Adaptive capacity composite category index number
Credit/Deposit ratio is developed by taking an average
Household having concrete roof of the normalized values
Number of agricultural Worker generated.
Health Facilities (hospital, PHC, APHS, HCS etc.)
Number of School and College
The vulnerability index is calculated using the formula: { (Exposure-Adoptive Capacity)* Sensitivity }
-4-
ANNEXURE 4
Calculation of agriculture sector Vulnerability Index
Parameter Formula
Climate vulnerability Rainfall Variance and temperature variance are indexed. One reading for
average rainfall, two readings for projected temperatures (year 2030 and year
2080) and one reading for changes in minimum temperatures are used to
develop respective indexes. A simple average of the four indexes is taken as
the category index.
1. Decadal population growth for the district

Demographic features 2. SC, ST population in the district
3. BPL Population in the district
4. Rural population per unit area
Four different normalized indexes are developed. A simple average of the four
indexes is taken as the category index.
Agriculture productivity Horticulture sector productivity (fruits, vegetable and specie) and farm sector
productivity (Maize, paddy, wheat, gram, arhar and sarso) is used to develop a
composite index for the agriculture sector productivity of the state.
Stock and Capacity Number of electrified villages in the district, availability of credit and saving
indexing services in rural areas is used to develop the capacity in rural areas.
Agriculture area available in each district, area sown annually and area sown
more than once is used for developing agriculture sector stocks and capacity.
Each aspect of the determinant has been converted to a normalized index value. Each normalized index value
of the aspects has been aggregated to obtain the determinant value and these determinant values have been
again aggregated into an overall index. The procedure for normalization is as follows:
= (Value of District – Minimum Value of the District)/ (Maximum Value of the District – Minimum Value of the
District)
Composite index for Agriculture sector vulnerability=
(Agriculture sector productivity normalized value+ Stock and Capacity Normalized Value)-
(Normalized value for rural demography+ Normalized values for Climate Sensitivity)
-5-
ANNEXURE 5
Calculation of forestry sector Vulnerability Index
Parameter Formula Weightage assigned
1 Forest cover status (1- Forest area/ District Area) 25%
2 Wasteland Status Wasteland land in the districts 25%
3 Forest vulnerability to Forest Vulnerability to Climate Change 25%

climate change (whether vegetation in the district will
get affected due to climate change).
Value of ‘1’ is assigned to districts that
will get negatively affected due to
climate change, else the value is ‘0’
4 Scheduled or not Value of ‘1’ is assigned to districts is 12.5%

listed as Scheduled area else the value
is ‘0’
5 SC, ST population Percentage of SC, ST population in the 12.5%

district comparison to the rural
population
Each aspect of the determinant has been converted to a normalized index value. Each normalized index value
of the aspects has been aggregated to obtain the determinant value and these determinant values have been
again aggregated into an overall index. The procedure for normalization is as follows:
= (Value of District – Minimum Value of the District)/ (Maximum Value of the District – Minimum Value of the
District)
Composite index= (index of ‘Forest cover status’)*0.25+ (index of ‘Wasteland Status’)*0.25 + (index of ‘Forest
vulnerability to climate change’)*0.25+ (Index of ‘district listed as scheduled or not’)*0.125+ (Index of SC, ST
population in the district)*0.125
-6-
ANNEXURE 6
Captive power plants in Jharkhand
Company Name Project Name Location Type Capacity (MW)
1 ACC Ltd Chaibasa CCP Chaibasa Thermal 15

2 Adhunik Thermal Phase 1 Kandra Thermal 30
Energy
3 Adhunik Thermal phase 2 Kandra Thermal 30
Energy
4 Aditya Birla Thermal Power Thermal 30
Chemicals Ltd plant
5 Bimaldeep Group Bimaldeep steel Jamshedpur Thermal 8
CPP
6 Bimaldeep Group Bimaldeep steel Jamshedpur WHR 4
CPP
7 JSPL Patratu CPP Patratu Thermal 1320
8 JSPL Patratu CPP Patratu Process flue gases 180
9 JSPL Godda CPP Godda Thermal 1320
10 Hindalco Sonahatu CPP Sonahatu Thermal 900
12 Abhijeet Infra CPP Saraikela WHR 90
13 Abhijeet Infra CPP Saraikela Coal fired 30
14 Usha Martin CPP Ranchi Coal based 20
15 Usha Martin Jamshedpur CPP Jamshedpur WHR 29690
18 Pawanjay Steel & CPP Lohardaga Thermal 24
Power Ltd
20 Divine Vidyut Ltd CPP Saraikela Thermal 20
21 Praneet Ispat CPP Hazaribagh Thermal 9.8
Udyog Pvt Ltd
22 Shivam Iron & Steel CPP Giridih Thermal 12
Co Ltd
Total capacity 33732.8
-7-
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Jharkhand Climate Change Impact

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Jharkhand- Action Plan on Climate Change

Sri S.K.Satpathy, Principal Secretary, WRD, GoJ.

Dr H .S. Gupta, IFS

1.2 India’s National Initiatives towards Climate Change ........................................................................................ 2

2.1 Physiography of the state .................................................................................................................................. 4

2.2 Agriculture and animal husbandry .................................................................................................................... 4

2.3 Water Resources ................................................................................................................................................ 5

2.4 Energy ................................................................................................................................................................. 5

2.5 Urban Sector ....................................................................................................................................................... 6

2.6 Transport and Mobility Infrastructure .............................................................................................................. 6

2.7 Forests and Other land use ................................................................................................................................ 6

2.8 Mining and industries ........................................................................................................................................ 7

2.9 Emission footprint of various sectors in Jharkhand: ......................................................................................... 8

2.10 Observed climate change and development issues in Jharkhand: ................................................................. 9

3.1 Public policy Initiatives in Jharkhand .............................................................................................................. 11

3.2 Jharkhand State Action Plan on Climate Change ............................................................................................ 12

4.1 Rainfall trends in Jharkhand ............................................................................................................................ 17

4.2 Prevailing Maximum Temperature .................................................................................................................. 19

4.3 Projections for future climate .......................................................................................................................... 20

4.3.3 IPCC SRES emission scenario ..................................................................................................................... 24

4.4 People’s Voices are observed weather changes ............................................................................................. 25

5.1 Methodology for preparing district vulnerability ranking ....................................................................... 27

5.3 The way forward........................................................................................................................................ 29

6.1 Challenges faced by agriculture sector in Jharkhand ............................................................................... 33

6.2 Impact of climate change on agriculture/ allied sector .................................................................................. 34

6.3 Agriculture Vulnerability index with respect to Climate Change ................................................................... 36

6.4 Agriculture sector climate adaptation strategies ............................................................................................ 38

6.5 Sectoral action plan and budget ...................................................................................................................... 41

7.1 Jharkhand state of forest ................................................................................................................................. 42

7.2 Forestry Vulnerability index with respect to Climate Change ........................................................................ 43

7.3 Issues faced by forestry sector in Jharkhand................................................................................................... 45

7.3.1 Low productivity........................................................................................................................................ 45

7.3.2 Forest fires ................................................................................................................................................ 45

7.3.3 Diversion of forest land ............................................................................................................................. 45

7.3.4 Woodfuel dependency on forests ............................................................................................................. 46

7.3.5 Human activities on forest land ................................................................................................................ 46

7.5 Forests in Jharkhand as Carbon Sinks .............................................................................................................. 48

7.8 Sectoral action plan and budget ...................................................................................................................... 52

8.2 health issues faced by the state ...................................................................................................................... 54

8.3 Health Policies and Interventions .................................................................................................................... 55

8.4 Climate change and health issues.................................................................................................................... 56

8.5 Health sector climate adaptation approach for Jharkhand ............................................................................ 59

8.6 Sectoral action plan and budget ...................................................................................................................... 60

9.1 Industrial Development and Characteristics ................................................................................................... 61

9.2 industrial sector in Jharkhand- Environmental footprint ............................................................................... 62

Overview of GHG emissions from industry ........................................................................................................ 62

9.3 Industrial growth in Jharkhand-Issues............................................................................................................. 63

9.4 Impact of Climate Change on Industries ......................................................................................................... 64

9.6 adaptation approaches for Industrial sector in Jharkhand ............................................................................. 66

9.7 Sectoral action plan and budget ...................................................................................................................... 68

10.1 Mineral resources in the state ....................................................................................................................... 69

10.2 Mining sector associated issues in Jharkhand ............................................................................................... 70

10.4 Climate change and mining activities in Jharkhand ...................................................................................... 72

10.4.1 Natural Hazards ....................................................................................................................................... 73

10.4.2 Other risks ............................................................................................................................................... 75

10.5 Adaptation Plan.............................................................................................................................................. 76

10.6 Sectoral action plan and budget .................................................................................................................... 76

11.1 Electricity generation ..................................................................................................................................... 77

11.2 Electricity sector issues in Jharkhand ............................................................................................................ 78

11.3 Energy policy of Jharkhand ............................................................................................................................ 79