Lab2 Report 1620660042

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
North South University

Summer 2020
EEE 111L.1 Analog Electronics-I Lab
Faculty : Dr. K.M.A. Salam (KAS)
Experiment no. 02: Diode Rectifier Circuits
Name: Md. Jafar Sadik
ID: 1620660042
Date of Submission : 7th August, 2020

NORTH SOUTH UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & COMPUTER ENGINEERING
EEE111L/ETE111L ANALOG ELECTRONICS LAB I LAB
Experiment No: 02
Name of the Experiment: Diode rectifier circuits.
Objective:
Study of different diode rectifier circuits.
Theory:
A rectifier converts an AC signal into a DC signal. From the characteristic curve of a diode we observe
that if allows the current to flow when it is in the forward bias only. In the reverse bias it remains open.
So, when an alternating voltage (signal) is applied across a diode it allows only the half cycle (positive
half cycle depending on the orientation of diode in the circuit) during its forward bias condition, other
half cycle will be clipped off. In the output the load will get DC signal.
Diode rectifier can be categorized in two major types. They are -

1. Half-wave rectifier.
2. Full-wave rectifier.
Half - Wave Rectifier: Half-wave rectifier can be built by using a single diode. The circuit diagram and
the wave shapes of the input and output voltage of half wave rectifier are shown bellow (figure 2.1) -
D
+
Vs RL VO
-
Figure 2.1: Half Wave Rectifier.
The major disadvantages of half wave rectifier are -

 In this circuit the load receives approximately half of input power.
 Average DC voltage is low.
 Due to the presence of ripple output voltage is not smooth one.
Full Wave Rectifier: in the full-wave rectifier both the half cycle is present in the output. Two circuits are
used as full-wave rectifier are shown bellow -
a) Full-wave rectifier using center-tapped transformer.
b) Full-wave bridge rectifier.
Full-wave rectifier using center-tapped transformer: two diodes will be connected to the ends of the
transformer and the load will be between the diode and center tap. The circuit diagram and the wave
shapes are shown in bellow (figure 2.2) -
D1
12 V RL
12 V
Vs
12 V - VO +
D2
Figure 2.2: Full Wave Rectifier Using Center Tapped Transformer.
Full-wave rectifier using center-tapped transformer circuit has some advantages over full-wave rectifier.
Those are -
 Wastage of power is less.
 Average DC output increase significantly.
 Wave shape becomes smoother.
The disadvantages of full-wave rectifier using center-tapped transformer are -

 Require more space and becomes bulky because of the transformer.
 Not cost effective (for using transformer).
Full-wave bridge rectifier: a bridge rectifier overcomes all the disadvantages of described above. Here
four diodes will be connected as bridge connection. The circuit diagram and the wave shapes are shown
in bellow (figure 2.3) -
RL
Vs
- VO +
Figure 2.3: Full Wave Bridge Rectifier.

This rectifier however cannot produce a smooth DC voltage. It produces some ripple in the output. This
ripple can be reducing by using filter capacitor across the load.
Equipments And Components:
Serial no. Component Details Specification Quantity

1. p-n junction diode 1N4007 4 piece
2. Resistor 12KΩ 1 piece
3. Capacitor 0.22µF, 10µF 1 piece each
4. Signal generator 1 unit
5. Trainer Board 1 unit
6. Oscilloscope 1 unit
7. Digital Multimeter 1 unit
8. Chords and wire as required
Experimental Setup:
+ +
D1 D3
10 Vp-p
10 KΩ
10 Vp-p
10 KΩ C VO C VO
1 KHz 1 KHz
D4 D2
- -
Figure 2.4 : Experimental Circuit 1. Figure 2.5 : Experimental Circuit 2.
Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit in breadboard as shown in figure 2.4 without capacitor.
2. Observe the output and input voltages in the oscilloscope and draw them.
3. Connect the 0.22µF capacitor and repeat step 2.
4. Connect the 10µF capacitor and repeat step 2. How does the output wave-shape differ from
that in step 3?
5. Vary the frequency from 10 KHz to 100 Hz. What effects do you observe when frequency is
changed?
6. Connect the circuit breadboard as shown in figure 2.5 without capacitor.
7. Observe the output and input voltages in the oscilloscope and draw them.
8. Connect the 0.22µF capacitor and repeat step 7.
9. Connect the 10µF capacitor and repeat step 7. How does the output wave-shape differ from
that in step 8?
10. Vary the frequency from 10 KHz to 100 Hz. What effects do you observe when frequency is
changed?
Report:
1. Write the answers that were asked during the working procedure.
2. Draw the input wave, output wave (without and with capacitor) for both the circuits.
3. What is the effect in output for changing input signal frequency for both the circuits
(without and with capacitor)?
4. What is the function of capacitor in the both circuits? Why a capacitor of higher value is
preferable?
Answer to the Ques no: 01
Procedure 1:
Figure 1.1: Figure 2.4 without capacitor

Procedure 2:
Figure 1.2.1: Setup for observing output voltage without capacitor of fig 2.4
Figure 1.2.2: Output voltage for figure 2.4 without capacitor
Figure 1.2.3: Setup for observing input voltage without capacitor of fig 2.4
Figure 1.2.4: input voltage for figure 2.4 without capacitor

Procedure 3:
Figure 1.3: Input and output voltage of figure 2.4 with 0.22uF capacitor
Procedure 4:
Figure 1.4: Input and output voltage of figure 2.4 with 10uF capacitor
Procedure 5:
Figure 1.5: A snapshot of varying frequency of figure 2.4

The effect I observed changing the frequency is, if we decrease the frequency the time
period becomes bigger the waves become more detail. Vice-versa happens when we
increase the frequency.
Procedure 6:
Figure 1.6: Figure 2.4 without capacitor

Procedure 7:
Figure 1.7: Output voltage in Channel B, input voltage in channel A

Procedure 8:
Figure 1.8.1 : Setup of figure 2.5 with the 0.22uF capacitor

Figure 1.8.2: Input voltage at Channel A, Output Voltage at Channel B with 0.22uF capacitor
Procedure 9:
Figure 1.9.1: Setup of figure 2.5 with the 10uF capacitor

Figure 1.9.2: Input voltage at Channel A, Output Voltage at Channel B with 10uF capacitor
Procedure 10:
Figure 1.10: A snapshot of varying frequency of figure 2.4

Similar thing happened here as procedure 5.
That is, when changing the frequency is, if we decrease the frequency the time period becomes
bigger the waves become more detail. Vice-versa happens when we increase the frequency.
Answer to the question no: 02

Input wave without capacitor for figure 2.4:
Output wave without capacitor for figure 2.4:

Input & output wave with 0.22uF capacitor for figure 2.4:
Input & output wave without capacitor for figure 2.5:

Input & output wave with 0.22uF capacitor for figure 2.5:
Answer to the Question no: 03

The output voltage wouldn’t change. But as frequency = time^-1, so the less frequency we put on the
input, the graph will be straightened more and will take more time to complete a cycle. As we saw from
the previous experiments and graphs, the lesser the frequency the bigger the period.
Answer to the Question no: 04

In the half wave rectifier circuit, when I used 0.22uF rectifier circuit it created ripple in output voltage.
The curve wasn’t smooth. When the input peak voltage was 8.429, the output voltage was 8.288. But
when I changed the capacitance to 10uF, there was no ripple and the output wave was almost straight.
Where the input voltage was 8.423 and the output voltage was 7.828. In a similar function, using a 0.22
uF capacitor in the full wave rectifier produced small wave output voltage, where input voltage was 8.446
and the output voltage was 7.295. There was a ripple in output voltage wave. When we used 10uF to that
full wave rectifier, the output wave straightened but not as much compared to that of half wave rectifier.
Here the input voltage was 8.450 and the output voltage was 7.165.
Discussion: This experiment was interesting. Learned to examine and observed several characteristics
and the dependency of half and full wave rectifiers. Also learnt more about the software multisim that
we are using.

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Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

North South University

Faculty : Dr. K.M.A. Salam (KAS)

Experiment no. 02: Diode Rectifier Circuits

Name: Md. Jafar Sadik

Date of Submission : 7th August, 2020

Name of the Experiment: Diode rectifier circuits.

Diode rectifier can be categorized in two major types. They are -

Figure 2.1: Half Wave Rectifier.

The major disadvantages of half wave rectifier are -

Figure 2.2: Full Wave Rectifier Using Center Tapped Transformer.

The disadvantages of full-wave rectifier using center-tapped transformer are -

Figure 2.3: Full Wave Bridge Rectifier.

Equipments And Components:

Serial no. Component Details Specification Quantity

Figure 2.4 : Experimental Circuit 1. Figure 2.5 : Experimental Circuit 2.

Figure 1.1: Figure 2.4 without capacitor

Figure 1.2.2: Output voltage for figure 2.4 without capacitor

Figure 1.2.4: input voltage for figure 2.4 without capacitor

Figure 1.5: A snapshot of varying frequency of figure 2.4

Figure 1.6: Figure 2.4 without capacitor

Figure 1.7: Output voltage in Channel B, input voltage in channel A

Figure 1.8.1 : Setup of figure 2.5 with the 0.22uF capacitor

Figure 1.9.1: Setup of figure 2.5 with the 10uF capacitor

Figure 1.10: A snapshot of varying frequency of figure 2.4

Answer to the question no: 02

Output wave without capacitor for figure 2.4:

Input & output wave without capacitor for figure 2.5:

Answer to the Question no: 03

Answer to the Question no: 04

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